人工衛星データ活用のための東アジアの植生調査

人工衛星データ活用のための東アジアの植生調査

著者 村本 健一郎

雑誌名 平成17(2005)年度科学研究費補助金 基盤研究

(B)(2) 研究成果報告書

巻 2002 2005

発行年 2006‑03‑01

URL http://doi.org/10.24517/00034745

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja

寮6章 リモートセンシングと森林に関する東アジアの  

環境モニタリング（E関EA）国際シンポジウム  

匠地球温暖化防止と森林の役割   

2005年11月28日（月），KKRホテ／レ金沢（金沢市大手町）   

地球の環境は気圏と水圏および地圏の相互作用の微妙なバランスの上にたっていることは    よく知られている．前世紀における空前な規模の人間活動はこのバランスを崩しはじめ，現    在我々はかつて経験したことのない地球規模の環境問題に直面している．このような状況の    なかで，1999年4月に『東アジアの環境モニタリング（EMEA，EnvironmentalMonitoringin    EastAsia）プロジェクト』が企画された．EMEAプロジェクトでは，地球規模で進む温暖化の防    止策を探るために広域の環境変化を把握することの重要性を指摘Lてきた．実際，地球温暖    化と二酸化炭素の問題は1997年京都国際会議の目的であり，2005年2月に京都議定書が発    効し，二酸化炭素の吸収による地球温暖化防止ならびに地球環境保全としての森林の果たす    役割はますます高まっている．  

村本健一郎（EMEAプロジェクト。リーダ）  

基調講演  

㊥原沢英夫（（独）国立環境研究所社会環境システム研究額域長）  

「最近の地球温暖化防止対策」   

この100年で地球の年平均気温が0．6℃上昇しており，海氷や氷河，動植物の生態系に影響が  

出ていることが確認されている．さらに最近では，熱波，豪雨，台風・ハリケー  ンなど異常気象  

の頻度や強度が増加傾向にあり，被害も深刻なものとなっている．温暖化防止の基本は，発生源   すなわち人間活動から排出される二酸化炭素など温室効果ガスを早急に削減することである．脱   温暖化社会を構築するためのシナリオづくりなどについて話題を提供する．  

㊥森川靖（早稲田大学人間科学学術院教授）  

「京都議定書と森林の役割」   

深刻化する地球温暖化への対策として，森林造成による炭素固定が注目されている．特に人為   影響により荒廃地となった場所での森林造成は，森林生態系の修復という効果も期待できる．本   講演では，京都議定書の吸収源CDM（先進国が技術や資金を提供し，発展途上国で温暖化対策車   業を行い，共同実施と同じように，その事業によって排出削減された量）と関連して，世界各国   で吸収源CD丸4プロジェクトを実施した場合の炭素クレジットを評価した例を紹介する．  

㊥鎌田直人（金沢大学大学院自然科学研究科助教授）  

「近年の森林における異常現象と森林衰退」   

昨秋は日本の多くの地域でツキノワグマが異常出没し，特に北陸地方で顕著であった．クマが   異常出没した直接の原因は冬眠前の餌が山に十分になかったことにある．この出没により，多く   の人々が山では何かが起こっていることに気付いた．今年は，昨年ほど多くはクマが出没しない   と言われている．しかし，山で起こっているナラ枯れや松枯れは年々進行しており，このまま続   くと森林生態系を大きく変えてしまう恐れがある．北陸の調査結果などを紹介する．  

早川和一（金沢大学21世紀COEプログラム  

一環日本海域の環境変動と長期。短期変動予測−：プロジェクト・リーダ）  

− 45 −   

鱈二・・・・・ ・・    ・ ・、     ‥  

29November2005，KanazawaUniversity，Japan  

MorningSession＄  

MeetingRoomG15，GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTbchnology  

Ken−ichiroMtlramOtO（EMEAPrqiectLeader，KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

ActivitiesoftheEMEAPrQjectDuring1999−2005  

（ChineseAcademyofSciences，China）  

MonitorlngandAssessmentofEcosystemsinChina  

JiyuanLiⅦ  

Joon一斑wanShin    （KoreaForestResearchInstitute，Korea）  

EcosystemManagementandEcosystemClass浦cationofKorea  

HiroshiKoizumi    （The21stCenturyCOEProgramLeader，GifuUniversity，Japan）  

Perspectiveof SatelliteEcology‖inthe21stCenhlryCOEProgramatGifuUniversity   YasunobuIwasaka （KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

ProcessesofBackgroundKOSAoutbreak：LidarandBalloon−bomeMeasurementS  

NaotoKamata   （KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

FieldResearchesinChinaandKoreabytheEMEAGroupandSomeImplicationstothe   JapaneseOakWilt  

Jomg−HwanLim    （KoreaForestResearchInstitute，Korea）  

MonitorlngtheDeclineofAbiesko7t？anaForestinMt．Halla  

− 46 一   

Å俺er110tユn Sessi￠nS  

MeetingRoomG15，GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTeclm0logy  

Session3： かe  

Kyu−SungLee   （hhaUniversity，Korea）  

ComparisonofSpectralCharacteristicsofDrought−StressedVegetationObserved   byln−SituMeasurementsandSatelliteRemoteSenslng  

RyotaroKomtlra    （IshikawaNationalCollegeofTbclm0logy，Japan）  

AnalYSisofForestDeclinationUsingHighSpatialResolution   Salellite Imaae 

Seung−HoLee   （KoreaForestResearchInstitute，Korea）  

DetectionofthePineTreesDamagedbyPineWiltDiseaseUsingMultiplatfbrm   andMultitemporalRemoteSenslngData  

emoteSen  

rOCeSSlil   

MamoruKubo   （KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

DetectionofIndividualTreeCrownsinHighSpatialResolutionRemoteSenslng   RonggaoLiu   （ChineseAcademyofSciences，China）  

MapplngChinaUsingMODISData：Method，SoftwareandDataProducts  

Onnga  

QuanqinShao   （ChineseAcademyofSciences，China）  

MonitonngDeltaChangesofYellowRiverbyUsingRemoteSenslngTechniques  

Tae−GeunKim   （I山1aUniversity，Korea）  

ApplicabilityoftheGlobalScaleNPPEstimationModelforRegionalUses   TakuyaKawanishi （KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

ModelingCafbonDYnamicsinanAridForestEcosYStem  

KazuidliHayakawa （The21stCenturyCOEProgramLeader，KanazawaUniversity，Japan）  

Introduction tol．Long− and ShorトTerm Dynamics of Pan−Japan Sea Area：  

ConstruCtionofMonitoringNetworkandAssessmentofHumanEfftcts‖inthe  

21st−CenturyCOEProgramatKanazawaUniversity  

一 47 一   

Poster Presentation 

MeetingRoomG14，GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceand¶∋Chnology   恥ke＄hiShikama（KanaZaWaUmiversity，Japan）  

GeostatisticalModelingforForestManagementUsingIKONOSImagery  

YusukeShinmura（KanaZaWaUniversity，Japan）  

HarmonicAnalysisofTimeSeriesNDⅤIUsingNOAA／AVmData  

KenjiSuzⅦki   （KanaZaWaUniversity，Japan）  

Precipltation Monitorlng Using Multi−instrument Observation System at Ⅵlri0us   Spatiotemporal Scales 

KumikoTbkizawa（KanaZaWaUmiversity，Japan）  

3DReconstruCtionandAnalysisofSnowflakesbyUsingImageData  

Dieu Anh Van  （KanaZaWaUniversity，Japan）  

MonitoringofPolycyclicAromaticHydrocafbons（PAJIs）inWaterandSedimentofthe   RiversinKanazawa，Japan  

Technical Tour  2005年11月30日（水）   

岐阜大学21世紀COEプログラム  

「衛星生態学創生拠点」流域圏をモデルとした生態系機能評価  

2lstCenturyCOEprogramattheRiverBasinResearchCenter，GifuUniversity   SatelliteEcologyfbrBasinEcosystemStudie＄   

ht申：／／www喀柁印．g軌一鋸略加蝕血嘲／印⑬伽鳳旺．btml  

岐阜大学流域圏科学研究センター・高山試験地  

ー48 −   

○ 凰ece皿を瓦＄＄Ⅶe＄￠nl組畳せ短飽食星茸昭G且⑬ba且W盈Fm且mg  

HideoHarasawa  

NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies，  

16−20nogawa，Tsukuba−City，Ibaraki305−8506，Japan  

1．RecentIssuesonGlobalⅥねrm1ng  

◎ImpactsofGlobalWarminghaveemergedinsnow／iceandecosystemsinmanyreglOnS．   

e．g．Seaices，Glaciers，IceshelfandIceSheets，Shiftsofplantsandanimalhabitats，eXtinction    Ofcertainplants，etC．  

◎ Recentextremeweather／climateeventsarepossiblelinkstocurrentongoingGlobalWhrming．   

e．g．HeatwaveinEurope（2003），HugehurricanesinUS（2005），Heavyrainsanddrought，Wild    鮎esinEuropeandUS．  

2．MitigationPolicybasedonKyotoProtocol  

⑳ KyotoProtocoIwas抗nallyenactedon16thFebruary2005．  

⑳ TheJapaneseGovernmentadoptedanewplanto attaintheKyotoProtocoIGHGreduction   

target，i．e．6％reductionduringthe丘rstcommitmentperiod（2008〜12）comparedto1990．  

⑳ However，thetotalGHGemissionin2003was about8％higherthan1990−s，SOthatmore    e能ctivemitigationpolicyoptionsshouldbeinco叩Oratedinfuture，SuChaseconomicincentives   

likecarbontax．  

3．TbwardLow−CarbonSociety  

◎ Inparallel，SOCalled‖BeyondKyoto一 issueshasemergedinthecontextofinternationalclimate   l  Changenegotiation．ThekeylSSueSaretheieveidfsa壬もandstabiiizationofatmospnericG王iG    COnCentrationforecosystemsandhumansocietyand howtostabilizetheGHGTheEuropean   

Unionindicated20ctemperatureincreaseduetoglobalwarmlngShouldbealong−termtarget    forciimatechangemltlgation．  

◎InJ叩an，longtermtargetissuehascometoapoliticalissueandhasbeendiscussedinthe    SubcolⅧIlitteeoftheCentralEnvironmentalCouncil，MinistryofEnvironment，  

◎ Research on Low Carbon Societywasinitiatedlast April，and currentlyfuture scenario    developmentforrealizingsuchLowCarbonSocietyisgoingon．Fromitsanalysis，tOtalGHG    emissionwi11bereducedtoalmostahalfofthecurrentemissionintheworld，andinJapan，a    60−80％GHGreductionshouldbeattainedusingvariouscountermeaSureS．  

− 49 −   

C盈『b￠mSe喝岨eSせ訂組成0皿⑬釘Mam−m盈頗e厨0『eSせ＄：  

Se喝ⅧeSせraせ温￠mEs鐙且m汲をe汲組成耳せ＄恩eay且mgSOmC砂M  

YasushiMorikawa  

FacaltyofHumanSciences，WasedaUniversity，  

2−579−15Mik毎ima，Tbkorozawa，Saitama359−1192，Japan  

Sequestered carbon by treesin plantations hrindustrialmaterialsupply  

Plantations（industrialplantations）inthetropicsis，inthisstudy，eStimatedataboutlO  

tC／ha／yrin good sites・The carbon accumulated by tree planting to rehabilitate  

degradedlands（rehabilitation払rests）is not alwaysless than that ofindustrial   plantations．Selectingthesuitablespeciescouldbeoneofthemostessentialfactorsto  

SuCCeedin establishing and preserving丘）reStS．Rehabilitationforestsin Lombok   IslandandBenakatinSouthSumatrasiteswouldberegardedasthesuccessfu1cases  

fort，hatmatter．  

Whilethe annualcarbonaccumulationbynaturallyregeneratedvegetationat  

baselinesinLombok site amountsto2・9−3．2tCnla／yr，thenetcarbonaccumulation  

（subtractingtheamountsatbaselinefromthecarbonsequestrationofplantedtrees）of   thissiteranges蝕・Om2・9to5・7tCnla／yr・Establishingforestshasmarkedlyincreased   the carbon accumulationin this area．The carbon accumulation at baselines at  

Benakatsiteisl．6−2．8tCnla／yr．Itisalmostthe sameasthatofI．omboksite．The  

above−grOundcarbondryweightof20・year−OldSmaczTPbyih2Plantedforrehabilitation  

PurPOSeSis6．6tCnla／yr．These results suggest that，in short ro七ation，the carbon  

accumulationofrehabilitation最）reStSisnotmarkedlydi鮎rentfromthatofindustrial  

t■、−′−ヽ・．1 planもations・Conservingtnerehabiiitation壬brestsfbraiongtlmeWOuid，therefbre，be   OneOfthemostrationalpracticesforstoringcarbonondegradedlandssustainably．  

ー 50 −   

『0『e＄せ頗ee且且me汲組成盈mOm盈且豆es且m『eCem食yea『S  

Naoto Kamata 

GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology，KanazawaUniversity  

Kakuma，Kanazawa920−1192，Japan  

1nthefhl12004，blackbears，Ui■SuSthibetanus，aPPeared丘equentlyinmanyhumanareasin   Japan，eSPeCiallyinIshikawaandTbyamaPrefbctures．Alackoffbodwasthemainfactorcauslng   frequent appearance ofbears to human areas．According to Forestry Agency announcement，  

extraordinarynumbersoftyphoonsthatlandedtoJapanfbllnutsatimmaturestage．However，Our   Stlldyprovedthatseedinsectsfbdalmostallnutsontreesbefbrematuration．JapaneseOakWilt  

（JOW），inaddition，decreasedthenumberofQue7TuSCri軍ulatrees，Whichdepressedthenumberof  

aCOmS．  

JOW has been prevalent sincelate1980s．InIshikawa Pre￡，JOW was nrst fbund Mt．  

Kariyasuinthewestofthepre伝cture．IthascontinuedtospreadouttoNEandreachedTbyama   Prefbcturein2002．JOWis causedbyan ambrosiafungus，R（毛酔eleaquercivora，Carriedbyan  

ambrosiabeetle，PlaりPuSquerCivorus．Necrosisspreadsoutinsapwoodatanyportionsofthetree   trunk，thenwaterconductancestops，andfina11ytreewilldie．Treemortalityis40−70％inQ．crijPula．  

Pinewiltdiseasecausedbypinewoodnematode（PWDPWN）alsocausesaseriousforestdeclinein   Japan．ThediseasewascausedbyaplneWOOdnematode，Burscphelenchusり′l（philus，Carriedbya   JapaneseplneSaWyer，A40nOChamusalternatus．B．xylqphilusisaninvasionspeciesnativeofNorth   America・Most ofpine speciesinJapan are susceptible to the nematode because ofalackof   COeVOlutionaryprocess，WhichcausesanepidemicofPWDPWNinJapan．  

WemusttakecarethattheseJOWandPWDPWNareinprogresssothatforestecosystemin  

Japanwiiibeaitefedgfeatiy．However，iherearenodeedstobea注aidoftypnoonsorseedinsects． 1    Thenumberoftyphoonseachyearisastochasticphenomenon．Wemustbecarefu1ifthereisany  

increasingtendencyinthenumberoftyphoonsrelatingtoglobalwarming．Mostofbeechnutsare  

demoiishedbyseedinsectsbefbrematuringexceptfbrmastyearsthathappensonceevery4−7years．  

Non−maStyearSOfbeechandthoseofQ．cri4，ulamerelyhaveoccurredinthesameyear，Therefbre，  

eveninnon．mustyearsofbeech，bearsdidnotappearinhumanareasso＆equentlybecausethey   COuldf旨edonacornsofQ．crL5Pula．However，thenumberofacomswilldecreaseeveninmastyears   OfQ・CrL5Puh7ifthenumberofQ．cr〜車ulatreesdecreasebyJOW．Q．cri4）ulawi1lnotplayan   importantroleasasubstitutefbodinnon−maStyearSOfbeech．  

Inconclusion，itisimportanttodistinguishstochasticfhctors録omfactorsthatare   deteriorating．Weshouldtakecarethelatterindeed．  

− 51−   

Ae餉Ⅴ且鮎s￠『を馳eEMEAP班毎eeせ助Ⅶ『畳mg且卵撃−2￠05   

Ken−ichiroMuramoto，NaotoKamata，MamoruKubo，  

TbkuyaKawanishi，MasyukiMikageandRyotaroKomura   TheEMEAPrqiect，KanazawaUniversity，   

Kakuma，Kanazawa920−1192，Japan  

muramoto＠t．kanazawa−u．aCjp   Website：http：〟emea・eC・t・kanazawa−u．aCjp／  

Forestsplayanimportantroleinkeepingenvironmentalconditionssuitableforlifbonearth．  

Eventhough vegetationvarieslargelyln SPatialandtemporalscales，there are slgnS Ofrapid  

degradationin EastAsia due to human activityand which a脆ct the climate．Intemational  

COllaborationintheEMEA（BnvironmentalMonitoringinEastAsia）prqjecthasbeendesignedto   PrOmOte COOPerationinvegetationresearchwithaparticularfocusonremote senslngandneld  

research・ItstartedinApril1999andwil11astforatotalof7years．  

RemotesenslnglSWidelyusedforthemonitoringofforests，andthevisibleandnear−in丘ared   reflectancearecommonlyusedfortheidentificationandcharacterizationofthevegetation・The   renectancedataobtainedathigheraltitudesissomekindofaverageoveracertainextensionofarea，  

buttheatmospherethatliesbetweenthesensorandtheo切ectafEbctsthedata．Therefbre，inthe   interpretation ofthe remote senslng data，knowing the diffbrence betweenthe data obtained at  

di飴rentscalesanddistancesisimportant．  

The experimentis designed to determine the relationship between ground dataand the  

estimate打omsatellitedata・TbstsitesforremotesenslngOftreesandgrasswerelocatedinJapan  

andChii−a・SpectFaidata丘omLandsat，NOAA，‡KONOSandaportabiespectrometerhavebeen   used．  

AnInternationalSylnPOSiumonEnvironmentalMonitoringinEastAsiahasbeenheldfour  

timesinKanazawaandJ3et］lngthesesixyears．in2005，theiastyearofthisprqject，Wehave   OrganizedthemeetingsbothinBeijingandSeoul，andsymposiuminKanaZaWa．Thesymposium  

focusesonglVlnganOVerViewofcurrenttrendsinenvironmentalresearchanddiscusslngreCent  

SCientinc activitiesinEastAsia・Inthese areas，We are facingwithproblemsoflarge−SCale  

deforestation，andnoimmediatesolutionshavebeenproposed・Inthemidstofit，itwillbean   OPPOrtunityforresearchers丘omChina，KoreaandJapantogettogetheranddiscusstheseissues．  

ー 52 −   

Mo孤塁せ￠rimg盈組成Å＄SeSSmemを0ダEeo＄y＄せems畳調C馳温ma   Jiyuan Liu 

InstituteofGeographicalSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch  

ChineseAcademyofSciences，BeijinglOOlOl，RR．China   Email：1ittiy＠igsnrr．ac．cn  

China seconomicalgrowthhasbeenremarkableandthenation spathtowardindustrialization   has been accelerating since economic reformsinitiatedinthelate1970s．The rapidgrowth was   accompaniedwith sortofenvironmentaldegradation．Themore andmore severe environmental  

issues，e．g．，SOilerosion，desertincation，WaterShortageandpollution，lossofbiodiverslty，etC．，have  

tobetackledbeforeChinacanachieveasustainabledevelopmenttarget▲  

Fortunately，alllevelsofgovernmentSandenvironmentaladministrativebureausinChinahave   laidgreatemphases andinvestedmuchinthe monitorlngOfecosystemsandbeguntopreferan  

adaptiveandsustainablemanagementofecosystemsinthereformera．Tostrengththeenvironmental   monitoringcapacityisalwaysoneofthetopprioritiesforChinesescientists．Inthesense，Widely   distributed environmentalmonitoring stations were established across allkinds ofecosystems．  

Meanwhile，reCelVlngandhandlingcentersofmulti−reSOlutionsatelliteremotesensingdatasetupby   ChineseAcademyofSciencehavedramatica11yin甲rOVedtheenvironmentalmonitoringcapacity．  

Apart魚・Ombuildingtheresearchnetwork，designlngthemodelbaseforenvironmentandecosystem   Studies，SCientists丘om environmentaland／or ecologicalresearch重elds have also carried out   activities onecosystemmonitorlngandassessmentandachievedsomevaluable achievements as  

Well，WhichbecomethescientincbasistosupportapromlSlngintemationalcollaborationinEast  

Asianenvironmentandissues．  

ー 53 −   

Eeosy＄せem】覗盈犯意昭e雄且e馳せ盈組成Eeo＄y＄能e孤凰C且assi飽ea鮎m￠『監⑬『e盈  

JoonHwanShin  

KoreaForestResearchInstitute，  

Seoul，監orea  

Ecosystemmanagementisakeystrategytosustainabledevelopmentofnaturalresources．A  

WO正abledefinitionofecosystemisnecessarytomanageecosystemssuccessfu11y・Itisnecessaryto   makehierarchyofecosystemdivisioninspatialscaletode丘neconcreteforestecosystems・Koreais   anationlocatedinapeninsulasituatedbetweenboththelargestcontinentandoceanintheworld．  

ThesespeeialcircumstanceshaverenderedtheKoreanclimateandvegetationveryunlque・Since   reliefanddistancetotheoceanarem呵OrCauSeSOfspatialdi脆rentiation，however，reg10nalclimate   inthe peninsulaispeculiartothereglOnalgeography andtopography・Suchcharacteristics are   importantinelassifyingecosystem・Amongsixlevelsinecosystemunits（ecoprovince，eCOregion，  

ecodistrict，eCOSeCtOr，eCOSeries，eCOtOpe）ofKorea，eCOPrOVinces，eCOregionsandecodistrictshave   beenclassined；the criteriaofecoprovinceclassincationis ecosystem connectivityandcultural   homogeneity・EcoreglOnSareClassi鮎dbyclusteranalysis・Thevariablesusedintheanalysisare  

latitude，longitude，SeaSOnalmeantemperature，andseasonalprecipitation．Koreaisdividedintonine   ecoprovinces，andSouthKoreaintosixteenecoreglOnS・Theecoprovinceisaunitusefu1inshowing   thedistributionsofanimals，theecoreg10n tOeXPreSSClimatereglmeaSWellasthedistributionof  

mushroomandthe丘■equenCyandscaleofforest丘re．SomeecoreglOnShavebeenfoundtohold   PrOblemsforbiodiversityconservationwhilesomehavehighbiodiversitypotentials・  

− 54 −   

Proeesseso『迅aekg『￠Ⅶmd監のSA￠岨抽reak：  

L五感盈『amd迅a且且0￠m−bormeMe絶島Ⅶremem瞳＄  

YIwasakal＊，G−YShi2，D．Trochkinel，A．Matsukil，   

YS・Kiml，M・ⅥmadalandT・Nagatani3  

1Inst，itute of Nature and EnvironmentalTbchnology，Kanazawa   University，Kakuma，Kanazawa920−1192，Japan  

2Institute ofAtmospheric Physics，Chinese Academy ofScience，  

Be再inglOOO29，China  

3Graduate Schoolof EnvironmentalStudies，Nagoya University，  

Chikusa・ku，Nagoya464r8601，Japan  

「‥：㍉〃JJ／Jげノ川・l・り汀ハ／い仙人里＝・．−ノ   

I，idar measurements were made at Dunhuang（40000 N，94030 E），China，tO  

understand the verticaldistribution of aerosoIsin the蝕・ee trOpOSPhere over the  

Taklamakandesert，insummerof2002．Theverticaldistributionsofscatteringratio   suggestedthatparticulatematterdistributedfroⅡ1nearthegroundtoabout6kminthe   rangeofvaluesofabout2−about5，andrapidlydecreasedtoaboutlatabout6km・  

Depolarizationratioshowsthatdustparticlesdistributeintheaerosollayer，and   the dust particlelayer distribute to about6km．Ⅵ∋ry Clear boundary was also   identifiedat6kminthedistributionofdepolarizationratio．  

ParticulatematerialsweredirectlycollectedwithballoonborneParticleimpactor  

in the 丘ee troposphere over the Taklamakan desert，and electron microscopIC   experimentoftheparticlessuggestedthatlargedepolarizationratiowascertainlydue  

toirregularShapedustparticles． 1  

V6rticalpro丘1es of scattering ratio and depolarization ratio suggested that   non−SPhericalshapedustparticles且oatedfromnearsurfacetoabout6kmandshowed   goodcorrespondingtothewindsystemsuggestedbySunetai．（20Ol）andSun（2002）  

whoreportedthattypicalsurfacewindiseastand／ornorthwindintheTarimuBasin   andwestwinddominatedaboveabout5km． Thetrajectoryoftheballoonalsoshowed   thatwestwindappearedabout4kmandthewindspeedlargelyincreasedaboveabout  

5km，andpossiblelong・rangetranSPOrtOfdustparticlesentrainedatanelevation＞  

5kmissuggested．  

ー 55 −   

厨温e乳姐rese盈『e馳esimC臨星組a盈組成監0『e盈馳y髄論e正対宜EAg『0岨pam頗s￠me   畳mp且畳e盈鮎m＄せ0地eJ汲p認meSe⑬a駄馬町姐鐙  

Naoto監amatal，HideakiGotoヲ，RyotaroKomura3，Mamoru監ubol，   

Masay血Mik喝el，SatoshiTsuyuki4and監en−icbin）Muramotol  

1 

KanazawaUniversity，Japan  

2  ForestryandForestProductsResearch7nstitute，Japan  

3  IshikawaNationalCo11egeofTbchnology，Japan  

4  TheUniversityonbkyo，Japan  

OurEMEAgroupconductedseveral且eldresearchesinChinaandKoreaforthesecondtem   OftheEMEAprqiect（FY2002−2005）．In2002，WeVisitednorthernpartsofforestedareainSKorea   inAugustandnorthernChinainSeptember．InChina，Vegetationdeteriorationwasobservedin   relationtomahuang（卑hed［aspp．）distribution．InAugust2003，WeVisitedLiaoningandJilin   ProvincesinnortheastemChinatostudyQuercusvegetationwithspecialreferencetoJapaneseOak   Wilt．InOctober2004atEMEAmeetinginMokpo，WegOtinfbrmationonmassiveoakmortalityin   KoreafromKoreanEMEAmembers．Therefore，WeVisitedKoreaagalnintheendofJuly2005to   SeeOakwiltdiseaseinKoreawithcourtesyofDr．Joon−HwanShin．InAugust2005，Wevisited   LiaonlngandJilinProvincesagaintocompareforestcompositioninChinaandKorea．  

Sincelate1980，inJapan，JapaneseOakWilt（JOW）causedbyanascomycetousfungus，  

R脚eleaquercivora，Carriedbyanambrosiabeetle，Pla妙usque7℃ivorus，havebeenprevalentand   SPreading．Themortalityisknowntobehigh（40−70％）inQuercuscri5P乙ila．InKorea2004，maSSive   OakmortalitysimilartoJOWwasnrstobservedinQue7℃uSmOngOlica．Thepathogenisthoughtto   beacongenericspeciesbelongingtothegenusRq52zelea．¶1eVeCtOrinsectisPlaopuskolγOenSis．It  

●l ishigh1ysuggesモivethatsimiiarpestshavebecomeepICLemicinbotnJaPanandKoreaaimostthe   Sameperiodalthoughalltheconstituents di晩reachother．inthe firstyear ofincidence ofthe   massiveoakmortalityinKorea，alldeadtreesandevenlivingtreeswithmuchinsectfiasswere  

eliminatedaIldtreatedwi血chemicalinsecticideinthesamewayasinJapan．However，agreater   numberofQ．mo77gOlicatreeswerekilledinthesecondyear．Theresultsuggeststhatitisimpossible   tostopJOWevenifal1deadtreesareeliminatedinatraditionalway．Othercontroltacticsmustbe  

inco甲OratedintoacontroIstrategyofJOWInbothKoreaandJapan，treemOrtalitytendstobe   greaterintreeswithlargerdiameter．InJilinProvinceinChina，many氏）reStStandsconsistedofa   largerdiameterofQ．mo喝Olicatrees（sometimes＞60cmDBH）thaninKorea．Thevectorinsect，P   kofγOenSis，hasbeenrecordedinJilinbutmassiveoakmortalityhasnot．Factorsotherthantreesize   ShouldberelatedtoincidencesofmassiveoakmortalitybothinKoreaandJapan．  

ー 56 −   

空相omiせOrimg地eDee且豆me￠厨』ゐ威紺屋わダgα紹αFo『eSせ盈mMせ。斑a且且盈  

J．H．Liml＊，J．H．Chunls．YWoo2，M．J．Kwon2andY二K．Kiml  

1 

KoreaForestResearchInstitute，Seoul，Korea   2universityofSeoul，Korea  

li両h＠鈷a．go．k  

KoreannrG4bieskoreana）isendemicinKoreaandvaluableforornamentaluse．Korean鮎   forestsinMt．Hallahasbeenreportedthataredecliningrecently．WesetpermanentPlotsandsensors   Ofairtemperatureandmoistureon3locationsin2003aroundthepeakofMt．Hallatomonitortree   death，andassessedthedegreeoftreedeclinebysomecharacteristicsofleafconditions．Andthenwe   drewtreemapsandmonitoredthechangesintreemortalityandclimaticvariables．UsingIKONOS  

andLandsatimages，WedrewthedistributionmapofKorean丘randassessedthedegreeofhealthof   Koreannrstands．Wefoundthatthereweredi鮎rencesofdegreeofKorean鮎declinebylocation．  

Southand west reglOnS Were SeVerer than Northeast．Photosynthesis，Water uSe efGciency，Na   COntentSin needle and antioxidant enzymeS SuCh as Ascorbate peroxidase（APX）and GR  

（GlutathioneReductase）weremeasuredtoseethephysiologicalcharacteristics．Photosynthesisrate   OfhealthyKorean丘rwashigherthanthoseofunhealthyindividual．Incontrast，WateruSeefnciency  

andNacontentsintheneedlesofunhealthyindividualswerehigherthanhealthyindividuals．APX   andGRactivitiesofhealthyindividualswerehigherthanthoseofhealthyindividuals．Nacontents  

and alteredwater balance seemed to be contributed to causes offorest declinein Mt．Halla．  

PrOPOSedahypotheticalcausesofKoreanfirdeclineinMt．Halla．TbemaincauseoftheKorean抗r  

declineanditsdif臨rencebylocationwerethoughtthatwaterbalanceproblembetweenrequlrement   atcanopyandsupplyrromrootinwinterandearlysprlngmightbeduetociimaticwarmlng．  

− 57 −   

C￠mp盈『畳＄⑬mO『Speeせ『a且C払組『aeせe『i＄せ畳e＄￠gD『0喝馳せ一触esse戚  

頂庵ge紅組鮎mbe紬eemIm−S盈鐙岨艮僅e盈S岨reme馳せS諷mdSaせe且且温笹e汲em⑬鐙eSemso『  

訂且もこ主亘  

Kyu−SungLee，Min−JungKook，andJung−IIShin  

InhaUniversi軌DepartmentofGeoinformaticEngineering，  

Incheon，Korea  

Monitoring of fbrest canopy drought condition can be cruCialnot onlyfor  

Predicting vulnerability tofoTeSt鮎e and diseases but also王br estimating丘）reSt   productivity as a result of climate changes・In recent years，the frequency and  

magmitudeofforestfireshaveincTeaSedduringthespringdroughtseasonintheKorean  

peninsular・Althoughtherehavebeenseveralstudiesonthespectralcharacteristicsof  

leaf−1evelmoisturecontent，itisstillnotquiteclearwhethertheleaf・1evelproperties   Canbeextendedtothecanopy−1evelthatisobserved鉦omsatelliteremotesensordata．  

Inthisstudy，WeattemPttOCOmParethespectralcharacteristicsofwaterstressed   Vegetation by using thelaboratory measurement onleafsamples and the canopy  

reflectance spectra extracted from satellite hyperspectralimage data．Leaf−1evel   re且ectance spectra were measured using a po琉able spectro−radiometer．Canopy   reflectancespectraofforeststandswerealsoextractedfromEO−1Hyperionimaglng  

SpeCtrOmeterdataobtainedduringthedroughtseasonin2001andthencomparedwith  

the ones obtainedin2002when the precipitation wasin normal・The preliminary   resultsshowedthattheleaf・1evelspectTalcharacteristicsofwater−StreSSedsamplesdid  

not coTreSPOnd with the canopy renectanee spectra・Aithough moisture content of   Vegetation can be aninfluentialfactor to the amount ofradiantflux reflectedfrom  

leaf−1evel，itmaynotbeadirectparametertochangethespectralcharacteristicsof   l CanOpy−⊥eVel，Canopyreflectancespec七raaremuchmorecompiexthanlea土SpeCtraand   Canbe varied by severalstruCturalvariables（such as L朗，PeTCent COVerage，and   biomass）other七hancanopymoisturecontent．  

− 58 −   

Ama且y＄i＄￠『厨⑬reSせDee且畳m盈鮎m岨＄畳mgⅢ豆g馳Spa鮎温風es⑬且Ⅶ鮎mSaせe且且iせe  

亙mage  

RyotaroKomural，NaotoKamata2，MamoruKubo2andKen−ichiroMuramoto2  

1ElectronicsandInformationEngineerlngCourse，  

IshikawaNationalCollegeofl七clmologyJapan  

2GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTbclm0logy，  

KanazawaUniversity，Japan  

Recently，theincidenceofJapaneseoakwilt（JOW）hasbeenincreasinginJapan．JOWis   CauSedby the ambrosiafungusR（！酔elea quercivorus vectored by an ambrosiabeetlePlaopus  

quercivorus．ItisimportantforpreventiontoknowthedistributionofdeadtreeofJOWTheJOW   mainlyoccursinmountainreglOnanditisiInpOSSibletoinvestigatepositionsofdeadtreesbythe  

ground survey．Ⅵ1e remOte SenSlng uSlng Sate11iteimagery make possible to do wide area   investlgation．ByuslngtheLandsatdatatheJOWonthestandlevelcouldbeanalyzed．Butitis   impossibletoidentifyeachdeadtreepositionbecauseoflimitationofspatialresolutionofLandsat  

TM．Recently，highspatialresolutionimaglnary，WhichistakenbysensorsmountedonIKONOS   and Quickbird，has been available，The researchofdistribution oftheJOWtrees on wide area   becomespossibleifananalysis methodforidentincationofdeadtreesuslngthesehigh spatial   resolutionimaglnarieswithimageprocesslng．Agoalofthisstudyisdevelopmentofthemethodof  

JOW deadtreeidentiBcation uslnglmage PrOCeSSlng．Astudy sitein this studyis around Mt．  

Kariyasu，Ishikawaprefbcture，Japan．ThetreesarekilledbyR．quercivorawiltsuddenlyanddonTt   haveenoughtimetomakeanabscissionlayerandtheleavesthatchangecolorasaresultofthe  

diseaseremainonthetree．ThedeadtreecouldbeidentiBedbecauseofthecolorchanglng．The   locations oftheJOW trees areidentiBed using color changlng．In the satellite data，there are  

diffbreneesonthevisibiebanddataneaFiilft汀edbailddatabetweeniiviilgaiidtheJOWtrees．The  

POSitionofdeadtreeswasidentinedusingvisibleandnearin負・aredbandimaglnaryandcalculation   Ofthevegetationindex．Aftertheident摘cationofthedeadtrees，CrOWnreglOnSOfthedeadtrees  

Were deiineateduslng Simiiar coiorcirciemethod．Theresultofidentiacationwithhighspatial   resolutionsatelliteimaglnaryWaSVer浦edwithgrandtruthdataidentifiedusingaerialphotograph．  

ExceptthereglOnWithoutenoughsun1ightcondition，theidentiBcationsucceeded．  

− 59 −   

⑬e鎧ee組の硯￠『敏弘eP塁払e取ee＄取組mage感触yPi弧e彗町姐せDi＄eaSe   Us盈mgMⅦ且軸且盈肋『m盈組成Ⅰ覗Ⅶ且竜舶empor組且鼠e踵且0敏eSems且弧g  

SetmgHoLeeandH叩n監00kCho  

RemoteSensingIJaboratory，KoreaForestResearchInstitute，Seoul130−712，Korea   鮎shlee＠鈷a．go．k  

InrecentyearsplneWiltdiseasehasbeenspreadrapidlyoverinthesouthernpartofKorean  

Peninsula．TbpreventthespreadingofpinewiltdiseaseintimeitisverylmPOrtanttOnndoutthe  

damage丘ontaspossibleasinearlystage．ButconventionalgroundsurveySfordatacollectionare  

laborcostandtimeconsumlnglnarelativelyhugeandruggedmountainarea．Remotesensingdata  

iso氏enregardedasausefulinfbrmationsourceforsuchpurposes．However，theuseofspace−borne   remotesensingdatahasbeenlimitedbytherelativelycoarsespatialresolution．Infact，itisnotease   todetectthedamagedpineforestbypinewiltdiseaseinamediumresolutionimagerylikeLandsat  

data，becauseinmostcasesthesymptomsoccurredinatreelevel，nOtinastandlevelinstead．  

Thepurposeofthisstudywastonndoutthepossibilitieshowtowelldetectthepinetrees  

damagedbypinewiltdiseaseuslngmulti−platformandmulti−temPOralremotesensingdataincluding   highspatialresolutionsatelliteimageof‡KONOSandQuickBird，aeri？1photos，anddigitalaifborne   data．Afurthero切ectiveisaimedto buildthe simulatedimage todeterminetheoptimalspatial   resolution fbr detection ofdamaged pine tree，and tolookinto the fbasibilityofthe planned   KOMPSAT12MSCimagewithaspatialresolutionoflm．  

TimeseriesB＆Waerialphotosatthescaleofl：6，000wereusedtodevelopthemethodology   todetectthedamagedpinetreesonhighspatialresolutionsatelliteimage，andalsotovalidatethe  

results．TheaerialphotoswerescannedbyUltrascan5000witharesolutionof20LLmandanalysed  

throughthedigitalphotogrammetricsystemofSocetSetver・5．2．Alocalmaximumfilteringwas   adaptedtodeterminewhetherthedamagedpinetreescouldbedetectedornotatthetreeleveluslng  

thehighspatialresolutionsatelliteimage，andtolocatethedamaged．pinetrees．Tbdetectthetree   apexaL−Max餌erwithlOpixelsinradiuswasadapted．  

Consideringthel脆cycleofsawyerbeetleandcontrolactiv■ities，dateofimaglnglSVery   importanttodetectthedamagedtreesuslngSate11iteimage．Apan−SharpenedIKONOSGeoimage   ObtainedonJanuary13，2000andJant］ary19ラ2003ラandQuickBirdobtainedonFeburary2，2005   Were uSedas high spatialresolutionimages．Severalenhancementmethods，includingvegetation   indexanddigitalimagetransform，WereteStedto負ndouttheoptimaldetectionmethod．Considering   themeancrownradiusofpinetreesL−Max創terwith3pixelsinradiuswasadaptedtodetectthe   damagedtreeson王KONOSimage．Coloriil丘aredimageswitha坤atiaifeSOiutionof50cmwere   takenbyP監ⅣU−3（REDLAKEMS4000Duncantechcamera）systemonboardonKA32Thellicopter．  

Thesimulatedimageswith spatialresolutionsoflm，2m，and4mweregenerated倉omPKNU−3   image totestthepossibilityoftreedetectioITbothinastereoandasinglemode．The test was  

PerformedwithvisualinterpretationandconlParedwith茄eldsurveyingdata．Inconclusion，tOdetect   thepinetreedamagedbyplneWiltdiseaseatatreelevel，Satelliteimageshouldhaveaspatial  

resolutionoflessthanlminaslnglemodeorlminastereomode，either．  

監eywords：PlneWiltdisease，detection，highspatialsatelliteimage，localmaximumfilter，  

Simulatedimage，KOMPSÅト2MSC  

ー 60 −   

● Deせeeせ温￠m￠『甘reeC『OW孤Si臨斑ig払Spaせia且隠es￠且岨鮎臨隠emoせeSe弧S且臨g  

抽哩（汀さ−  

MamoruKuboandKenrichiroMuramoto  

GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology，KanazawaUniversity，  

Kakuma，Kanazawa920−1192，Japan  

In this study，individualtree crownsinhigh spatialremote senslnglmagery are detected．  

Currently，fbrestershavefbresttypemaPSOftreespecies．However，theydonothavethelocation   and the size ofindividualtrees required fbrforest management．The spatialresolution ofan  

IKONOSsate11iteimagerylSVeryhighsothatthevisualinterpretationofindividualtreecrowncan   becarriedout．  

Thepurposeofthisstudyisdetectingtreecrownsfiomtheseimagesoffbrest，andclassifying   into sometypes．First，inorderto detectindividualtreecrowns，theoutline ofatree crownis   extractedusingthe watershed segmentation algori也m．Next，a SuPervisedmaximum−1ikelihood   ClassiBcationlSPerfbrmedusingthespectralandtexturalftaturesofeachareaofthetreecrown．  

IKONOSdataisfburbandsofred，green，blueandnear−in丘ared，andthespatialresolutionis   lmperpixel．Sincetheindividualtreecrownintheseimagesconsistsofseveralpixels，itcanbe   identinedseparately．PrincIpalcoInPOnentanalysisofthemultispeCtraldatawascarriedout，and   the nrst componentimage was usedfor detection processlng Ofindividualtree crowns．After   SmOOthing theimageuslng a Sma11Gaussian mter，the watershedsegmentationwas applied fbr   detectionofeachtreecrown．Thesegmentedobjectswerewellinagreementwiththetreecrowns  

byvisuaiiilSPeCtion．ThesiiPerVisedciassi鮎ationbasedonmaximumiikeiihooddecisionniies   WaSPerformedusingthespectralf≧aturesofeachtreecrownandthetexturalftatureuslnggraylevel   CO−OCCurrenCematrices．Thelもrestmapwiththelocationandtheshapeofindividualtreecrowns   WaSprOduceGDyOurmethods．  

− 61−   

M盈pp且首唱C臨且m盈U＄星置唱M⑬⑬亜S取組鎧a…M如馳0虚9S￠耽wa『e組組dか盈社a  

「し・駅盲置こ亡‡：・ニ  

RonggaoLiul，JiyuanLiul，Shun1inLiang2，JingM・Chen3andDa負IagZhuangl  

1Institute ofGeographicalSciences and NaturalResources Research，CAS，  

China  

2DepartmentofGeography，UniversityofMaryland，CollegePark，MD，USA   3DepartmentofGeographyandPrograminPlannlng，UniversityofTbronto，  

Canada  

The MODIS aboard the Tbrra and Aqua satellites，Which werelaunched on  

December18，1999and onMay O4，2002respectively，began a new erain remote  

SenSingoftheearthsystem．BothMODISsensorsweredesignedtohavesamespectral  

characteristics，Whichhave36spectralbandsrangefromthevisible（ⅤIS）throughthe   near−infrared（NIR）andmidinfrared（MIR）uptothethermalinfrared（TIR）regionsof   theelectromagneticspectrum．Theirspatialresolutionsatnadiraredi鮎rentaccording   todifEbrentbands：25Om，500mandlkm．Thegeometryofthesensorensuresahigh   accuracyinmulti−SPeCtralandmulti−temPOralregistration．Thesecharactersmakethe   MODIS databepowerfu1foTunderstandingourearth system．Tbmeetthe di鮎rent   needs丘）rdataproductsfromvariousdisciplinescientists，NASAprovidefreelymany   kindofMOD‡Sglobalproduct．However，therearestillmanyspacestoimprovethese   products，Andsomenewproductsarerequiredforsomenewapplications．  

ThispaperpresentsasoftwaresystemwhichprocessesautomaticallyMOD‡SIB  

datatoproduceglobalChinaproducts．ThealgorithmsforgenerationofLAl（MOD15），  

1and cover classificatioii（MOD12），iand su曲ce reflectance（MODO9）and aerosoi  

（MODO4）havebeenredesigned．Theparameters丘）rdrivingthesemodelsareusedthe   localparameters，Whichcandecreasetheuncertaintiesderivedfrominputparameters・  

Somenewproductsthatdon texistinNASAproducthavebeendeslgned，Whichinciude   theforestburnedscar，PARproduct．Thedataprocessingsystemhasoperationallyrun   in NationalData Center 丘）r Resources and Environment．The syste皿 fbr且re  

monitoringhasbeendevelopedandruninChineseAgencyofForest．  

− 62 −   

Ⅳ証￠m畳鎧or且甘昭De且をaC馳amgeso『頂ゐ且且ow鼠盈veFbyUs温血g鼠em￠せeSems且mg  

「陀e払miqⅦeS  

QuanqinShaoandGaohuanLiu  

InstituteofGeographicalSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch，  

CAS，Beijing，100101，China  

ThesiltationprocessesofmodernYe1lowRiverdeltaisthemostrapidintheworld，becauseof   YellowRiver shighestsedimentcontentsand丘equentlychangesofterminalcourses．TheYellow   Rivertransportedannuallyaboutonebilliontonsofsedimentstoitsdeltaandcoast．In1855，the   Ye1lowRiverdikeswerebrokenatTbngWaXiang，KaiFeng，HenanProvince，theY己1lowRiver   abandoneditsformerrivercoursetotheYellowSeathroughnorthJiangshuProvinceandcaptured   the courseoftheDaQingrivertotheBohaiBay，Whereitformedanewdeltanamedmodern  

YellowRiverdelta，From1855−1976，theYe1lowRivershiReditsterminalcourseonceevery8−10   yearsintoBohaiBay，andbuiltupanewsub−deltaeachtime．Therecentm叫Orteminalchannel  

ShiftofYellowRiveroccurredin1976．Since1976，YellowRiver sterminalcourse wasunder  

COntrOlbyhuman，andnobigshiftedoccurred．Inthispaper，theresearchprogressesonmonitorlng   deltachangesofYe1lowRiverusingremotesensingandgeographicalinformationsystem（GIS）  

techniquesbyInstituteofGeographicalSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch（IGSNRR）and   Otherswillbeintroduced・Thecontentsincludes：mOnitoringcoastlinechangesofYtllowRiver   deltabyusingLandsatimagesduring1976−2000；analyzlnglanduse／1andcoverspatial−temPOral   PatternS OfY己Ilow River by uslng Landsatimages and other historic data during1956−1996；  

monitoring the wetland changes of Yellow River mouth by using Landsat images during 

2001−2004．  

− 63 −   

A伊野且且e盈b塁眺yo釘富馳eG且0恥盈且Se盈且e河野PE馬食温血盈を畳￠孤M￠de且蝕『隠喝且⑬皿汲乱  

し†ご：・：ご・さ．．  

勒e−GeunKiml，Ji−HoonParkl，Kyu−SungLeel，Seung−HoLee2andJong−HwanLim2  

1 

InhaUniversity，DepartmentofGeoinformaticEngineering  

Incheon，監orea  

2KoreaForestResearchInstitute  

Seoul，監orea  

NetPrimaryProduction（NpP）hasbeenanimportantenvironmentalparametertounderstand   PrOductivity ofecosystems over severalgeographicalscales．In recent years，globalscale NPP   modelsaredevelopedbycombiningsatelliteremotesensordatawithcarboncycleprocessingforthe  

estimationofglobalcaJbonbudget．MODISNPPproductisoneofsuchdatabasedBiome−BGC   modelthatusesseveralinputparameters derivedfrom sate11iteremote sensordataoftheEarth  

ObservingSystems（EOS）program． AlthoughMODISNPPproducthaveagreatpotentialfor   globalscale cafbon cycle processlng，this globalestimate ofNPP may notfu11y represent the   reg10naland／orlocalcharacteristics．Inputparameters，SuChasclimatedata，叩PliedtotheMODIS   NPPalgorithmsmaynotbeappropriatetoreglOnal−SCale．  

AsapreliminarystudyfbrtheuseoftheMODISNPPalgorithminreglOnSCale，WeattemPt  

toanalyzethesensitivityofthealgorithmbyapplyinghighresolutionleafareaindex（LAl）dataand   the ground stationmeteorology dataoverthe study areainKyonganwatershednearthe Seoul   metropolitanarea．Inputparametersusedforthemodelwerederivedfiomvarioussourcesincluding   丘eldmeasured（LAl），LandsatETM＋image，grOundstationmeteorologydata，andlandcovermap・  

Are良renceNPPmapofthestudyareawaspFO血eedwith30InSPatlalreSOiutionandthencompared ．−t    WithlkmresolutionMODISNPPdata．E貌ctofeachinputparameterisdiscussedfortheestimation   ofNPP. 

ー 64 −   

S￠meE馳rせS鮎rI覗￠de且畳mg取ansporをimSⅦb＄眼訂ぬee間物せer   Emv豆『Omme血せ；厨組1img蝕eGap迅e紬eemMo軸or且mga取成隠ea恩且移  

ThkuyaKawanishi＊，MasatoshiMorimoto，K句iNinagawa，  

Yoshishige Hayashi 

GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTbchnology，KanazawaUniversity，  

Kakuma，Kanazawa920−1192，Japan  

＊correspondingauthor：email：kawanisi＠t．kanazawa−u．aC．jp  

監野WOr成§：馳e髄erogemei軌S址bs岨rぬceemvir￠mme鴫modeli甘唱  

ItisdifBculttomonitorthesubsurfhcewaterenvironment，SOilwater，grOundwater，etC．，Partly   becausenamelywecannotseeitdirectly，andpartlybecauseusuallythemediainthesubsurfaceis  

POrOuSandheterogeneous．Eventhoughtheporousmediacanbeseenashomogeneous，nOWinthe  

mediarevealssignincantheterogeneityifweintroducetwodiffbrentkindsofnuidstothem．Thus，  

itwouldnotbesoeasytopredictthebehaviorofthe蝕1idsandsubstancescontainedinthem．  

So，themonitoringofsubsurfaceenvironmentsuffbrs丘■OmunCertainty，andresearchershave   beentriedto evaluatethe extentofuncertainty，forinstance，byuslngStOChasticmethods．AIso，  

SOmetimespercolationtheory and丘actalgeometrywere employedas strongtooIsformodeling   transportinporousmedia，tOimprovethepredictabilityofbehaviorofnuidsandsubstances．  

Our research group has been tried to apply percolation theory and network modeling to   transportinporousmedia：gaSeOuSdi侃ISioninpartlysaturatedsoilandgroundwaterremediationof   VOlatilepollutantsbyair−SParglng．  

Inmodelinggaseousdi軌1Sioninpartlysaturatedsoil，WeSuCCeededininterpretingthee舵ct   OfgFaiilSizedi5tFibutiononthegaseousdi乱sioiiandaisoiileXPlainiilgthehystefeSeSiflgaSeOuS   di侃1Sionbetweenwettinganddryingprocessesbyuslngthenetworkmodeling．  

Inair−SParglng，reSearChersfbundthatthechangeinconcentrationoftheremovedpollutants   intheextractiongasobeyspowerlawratherthanexponentiai．Byassumlngthattheshapeofthe  

gaseouspathintheairqsparglngis丘actal，WeSuCCeededinmodelingthepower−1awbehaviorofthe   COnCentrationofextractedpollutants．  

These ef払rts do notenableus topredict allthe behavior ofthe nuidsandpollutantsin  

relevantphenomena andremediationtechniques，butwethinkthattheyhelpustO創1the gap   betweenthemonitoringandrealitytosomeextent，eSPeCiallywherethemonitoringrequiresalotof   

reSOurCeS．  

ー 65 一   

耳mせ『￠戚岨eせio弧憧0 iLo孤g−am姐S払￠『慮取rmDy皿am畳es⑬『Pam−冴盈pam＄e盈   Å『e盈三C⑳mSせ『岨eせ温⑳m￠厨Mo孤塁を0『i耳唱Ⅳe紬0『k汲血dAssessmem紬好雄岨m組m  

E晩e☆＄，9温血登臨e2且sせ叫Cem紬『yC￠EP『喝『am汲せ監am盈ZaW盈Um畳ver＄畳せy  

PrqjectLeader：KazuichiHayakawa，  

（・ん・りt／′′皿・、，しノ′川イり／・＼1′／〃n′／▲■ご・万′ハ・、・刷り1・t・／仙車ゞ．1／・1い〃／ハ・吋／ルイ・枇′しぃ′／／…／．くJl山Jミし・、．人一川＝ニ州、り  

＝油−し、ハー小・〃り人J川J・卜′′仙・／′／．人■l′肘二州りりごり」／り∴／叩一朗  

E−mail：hayakawa＠p．kanaZaWa−u．aCjp，TEL：＋8l−76−234−4413，FAX：＋81−76T234L4456  

The21StcenturycoE（CenterofExce11ence）Program EnvironmentalMonltoringandPrediction   OfLong−andShort−TbrmDynamicsofPan−JapanSeaArea＝ConstruCtionofMonitoringNetworkand   AssessmentofHumanE貌cts hasstarted丘om2002supportedbytheMinistryofEducation，Culture，  

Sports，ScienceandTbchnologyofJapan．  

TheSeaofJapanis amarglnalseasurroundedbytheJapaneseIslands，KoreanPeninsulaand  

EurasianContinent，anditisrichinnaturalresourcessuchasaquaticresources．However，thisareaisa   ZOne Of丘equentearthquake andvoIcamic activity，becausethe SeaofJapanislocatedbetweenthe   COntinentandanoceantrench・Moreover，theJapanSeaisvu1nerabletotankeraccidents，Chemical   factoryefnuentsandradioactivecontaminationetcりbecauseitisclosedwithnarrowchannelsatboth   ends・Inthemeantime，JapanandthecountriesthatarelocatedontheoppositeshoreoftheJapanSea  

（Russia，China，Korea and North Korea）havelarge populations and are rapidly developing their  

industriesandeconomieswithremarkableinnovations．  

TheactivitiesofthesecountriesrequiretheconsumPtionoflargeamountsof鈷ssilfuel，andresult   inthereleaseofcarbondioxide，aCidicproductsandcombustionparticulates・Thesepollutants，When   COmbined withthe naturalmaterials such as yellow sands，etC・，Can have alarge e飽ct on the  

environmentalatglobalscale・Therefore，thePan−JapanSeaisone ofthemostattractiveareasfor   enviroI皿entalscientistsintheworld，becauseitlSgOOdplacetodoresearches・Tbpreventthedisaster   andtoensurethatthePan−JapanSeaarearemainsprosperousandsafb，Predictionoflong−andshort−term  

fluctuation in the environment and development and maintenance and accident prevention  

COuntermeaSureSbasedonthepredictionareverylmPOrtant・   

Inthisprogram，theDivisionofGlobalEnvironmentalScienceandEngineenng，GraduateSchool   OfNaturalSeienceandTヒclm0logy，KanazawaUniversityispositionedasacenterofexcellence（COE）in   Japanfbrtheaboveresearchandeducationwithforeignuniversitiesandresearchinstitutes．  

ThegoalsoftheresearchandeducationonthedevelopmentofhighlysensitiveenvirorLmental  

monitonngmethodsforthePan−JapanSeaareaaretOCOnStruCtdatainformationnetworks，tOPredict  

environmentalvariationsbasedonthemonitoring，tOmaintainusefu1resourcesandtousethemefnciently，  

andtopreventaccidentsthatcoulddamagetheenvironment．  

ー 66 −   

Geo＄せ汲せ温s鮎a且Mo頗e且ing紬『厨￠reSせM盈孤agememせU＄i『昭耳監⑬Ⅳ⑬S   亙magery  

1もkeshiShikama，MamoruKuboandKen−ichiroMuramoto  

GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology，KanaZaWaUniverslty，Japan  

RemotesenslnglSane飴ctiveteclmologyforforestmanagementonalargescale．Recently，  

individualtree can be distinguished uslng high spatialresolutionimageslikeIKONOS．  

Consequently，itisimportanttodevelopanalysismethodtomonitoraforestindetail．  

Variogrammodelingeostatisticsisabletocharacterizestructureofspatialdistribution．The   modelhas the sillandrangeparameters thatcan represent spatialvariability．Modeling oftree  

distributionisane脆ctivetechniqueforquantiBeationofspatialvariabilityofthetrees．However，it   isdifBculttodescribetreedistributionatthelargeareabecausethespatialvariabilityofthelarge   areaisdistributedunevenlycomparedwiththesmallarea．  

Theobjectiveofthispaperismodelingtreedistributionatlargeareaus1ngmOVlngWindow   Calculatingvariogramparameters．Wecreatedremotesenseddatawhichistreedensitycalculatedby   imageprocesslnguSlngIKONOSimage．Thespatialvariabilityoftreedensitywasabletomodeled   byvariogramswithinmovingwindowandthevariationoftreedensityatthelargeareawasanalyzed  

byparametersofvarlOgrammOdel．  

− 67 −   

斑a『mOm畳eA血a且ys畳＄0『甘豆meSe『畳e＄阿DV耳Us温皿gN⑬AA偶Ⅴ斑親風恥盈宙a   YusukeShinmura，MamoruKuboandKen−ichiroMuramoto  

GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTbchnology，KanazawaUniversity，Japan  

V己getationhasseasonalcycleandchanges丘omyeartoyear・Itisnecessarytoacqulretime  

Seriesdataforavegetationanalysis・Normalizeddi飴reneevegetationindices（NDⅥ）derivedfrom   NOAAAVHRRsatellitedataareusedtoestimatevegetationactivity．  

HarmOnicanalysisisusefu1inthatseasonalandintra−SeaSOnalcyclescanbehigh1ightedand  

O晩rs greatpromiseforanalyzingseasonalandinter−armualvariationinlandsurfacecondition．  

Harmonic analysis decomposes a time−dependent periodic phenomenoninto a series ofsine   functions，eaChde丘nedbyunlqueamPlitudeandphasevalues・  

Theo切ectivesofthisstudyaretocreatethetimeseriesNDⅥdataset丘omNOAA  

dailydataandquantifyseasonalchangesofvegetation・Inthisstudy，NOAAAVHRRdailydata，  

ObtainedB・OmJanuaryl，2002toNovember30，2004，WereuSed・NDⅥdatawerecomposedusing  

themaximumValueoveraspeci貢edtimeperiodinordertoreducethee飴ctofeloudcontamination．  

Harmonicanalysisofone−yeartimeseriesNDⅥwasperformedinordertocharacterizeseasonal  

Changesofvegetation，theamplitudeandphaseangleimageswereproducedfromthisanalysis，  

respectively．  

ー 68 −   

Preeipiをa鮎mf沌on畳をOri正昭UsimgM畑i−imsせ『Ⅶmemせ⑬bservaせi￠m   Sys鐘e蹟且絶食Ⅴ盈『io硯SSpa鮎せemp￠『a且Se盈且es  

KertjiSuzuki，MasaruHoshino，MamoruKuboandKen−ichiroMuramoto   GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology，KanazawaUniversity  

Kakuma，Kanazawa，920−1192，Japan   muramoto＠t．kanazawa−u．aCjp  

Environmentalphenomenaof［enexhibitdi鮎rentcharacteristicsdependingon   thescaleoftheobservations．7bdetectenvironmentalchanges，determinationofspatial   andtemporalresolutionisimportant．  

Pl・eCipitationisaverylmpOrtantPartOfclimate．Thisincludessnow，hail，rain，  

andevenmist．ChangesintheamountofprecipitationfallingtoEartha鮎ctourlivesin   many ways．Tbolittle precipitation can resultin dry soil，Shallow streams，and  

ShortagesofmunlCIPalwatersupplies．Tbomuchprecipitation，however，Canalsohavea   negativeimpactonhumanactivitiesandtheenvironment．  

Tbmonitormeteorologicalphenomena quantitatively，WeCOnductresearchby  

usingseveralkindsofsensingsystemsandsatelliteimagery．Inthispaper，tOeStimate   SnOWfallcharacteristics，an autOmatic and multi−instru皿ent SnOWfallobserva七ion   SyStemandtechniqueswillbeintroduced．Theinstrumentsincludeamicrowaveradar，  

anopticallidar，aVideocamerabasedimaglngSyStemandahigh・aCCuraCyelectrical   balance．  

ー 69 一   

Edi【ot・i；liBoal・d  

Editor−in−Chief：Ken−ichiroMURAMOTO，KanazawaUniversity，Japan   E−mail：muramOtO＠t．kanazawa−u・aCjp  

Editors：    NaotoKAMATA，KanazawaUniversity，Japan   TbkuyaMANISHI，KanazawaUniversity，Japan   MamoruKUBO，KanazawaUniversity，Japan   JiyuanLIU，ChineseAcademyofSciences，China   Kyu−SungLEE，InhaUniversity，Korea  

http：／／emea．ec．t．kanazawa−u・aCjp／  

Ⅵねbsite：   

TheEMEA（EnvironmentalMonitoringinEastAsia）Prqject