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岡山大学理学部附属量子宇宙研究センター セミナー

2011. 1. 20 @ 岡山大学

多成分ボースアインシュタイン凝縮体の混合ダイナミクス

学習院大学 理学部物理学科

東條 賢

Department of Physics, Gakushuin University

(2)

平野研

@ 学習院大学

東條 賢 (助教) 平野 琢也 (教授) Former members: 桑本 剛 (日大) 田邉 達良 林 太郎 岩田 正文 濱崎 康平 etc... 増山 雄太 (M1) 田口 義久 (M2) 冨貴塚 一規 (B4) 関根 佐和子 (B4) 三輪 いづ美 (B4)

(3)

多成分量子気体

量子縮退した原子気体の混合系における新しい物理

冷却原子系を用いれば

密度が希薄なため2体問題へ帰着 ⇒ 理論と実験が高度に一致

実験と理論が緊密に連携

成分間相互作用を外部から制御可能

ダイナミクスを可視化して観測可能

同じ空間に共存させた多成分超流動の研究が可能

(ex.

3

He-

4

He mixture)

1成分では起こらない新現象を期待

相分離、準安定構造

集団励起、不安定性、非線型励起(ベクトルソリトン)

スピン波、スピンテクスチャー

スピノル

BEC(磁性相、内部ジョセフソン振動など)

etc…

(4)

多成分量子気体

量子縮退した原子気体の混合系における新しい物理

混ぜたら何が起こる?? 磁場 光 外部から操作

BEC1 BEC2 BEC1 BEC2

水 & 油 水 & 酒

(5)

Outline

I.

はじめに

希薄原子気体のBose-Einstein凝縮(BEC)

II.

2成分BEC

2成分BECと相分離

マルチドメイン形成

III. 2成分BEC: hyperfine spin states

磁気トラップ中の2成分BEC

光トラップ中の

2成分BEC

相互作用制御された

2成分BEC: Feshbach共鳴

2成分BECの対向超流動

IV. スピン自由度を持つBEC

スピン交換衝突と内部ジョセフソン振動

スピン2 スピノルBECの磁性相

V. Summary

(6)
(7)

Energy scale

10

2

10

1

0.1

10

3

10

4

10

5

10

6

10

7

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

-7

10

-8

[K]

laser cooling (1µK ~1mK) magnetic refrigeration (1mK) evaporative cooling (<100nK)

10

2

10

1

0.1

10

3

10

4

10

5

10

6 sun (surface) (5780K)

10

7 sun (corona) (5×106 K) sun (core) (1.7×107 K) liquid He (4K) background radiation (3K)

[K]

dry ice (194K) http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/ and Wikipedia superfluid 4He (2.17K) liquid Nitrogen (77K) gaseous BEC!! (< 60 nK) 600 nK 60 nK 1.2 µK room (300K)

(8)

レーザー冷却

ドップラー冷却

ω

laser

x

ω

atom

6方向のレーザー光

J = 0 (基準準位)

z

y

g

MOT (磁気光学トラップ)

v

原子 輻射圧 弱 2準位系 輻射圧 強 周波数ω 吸収係数 ωatom ωlaser 原子の遷移スペクトル z E m 0 0 +1 -1 -1 +1 0 σ+ σ -v J = 1 (励起準位) N ~ 109 T < 1 mK

(9)

磁気トラップと蒸発冷却

磁気トラップ

N E 原子のスピン状態を利用 磁気コイルによって四重極磁場を作る

x

E m = +1

z

y

m = 0 m = -1

蒸発冷却

g

(10)

Experimental setup

2011年1月 2010年4月

(11)

撮影方法 ~吸収イメージング法~

CCD camera

原子集団に共鳴光(プローブ光)を照射し、

原子集団の影を撮影

トラップ中のBEC 数十ms程度落下させる 共鳴光を照射

(12)

Thermal atoms and BEC

BEC

Thermal atoms (1µK)

22 15 10 0ms 5 0ms 6 10 15 22 100 µm 600 nK BEC 1.2 µK

(13)

磁気トラップとスピン自由度

• 磁気トラップ

磁気トラップ : 原子のスピン状態を利用 E m = +1 スピン成分に依存 m = 0 m = -1 スピン自由度がない

• 光双極子力トラップ

Dipole force

( )

2 0

1

2

U x

= −

χ

E

Gaussian beam position x U / U 0

χ

ν

斥力 引力 0 共鳴 感受率 スピン自由度を持つ 光双極子力トラップ : 光-原子間相互作用を利用 スピン成分に依らない

(14)

Experimental procedure

Transfer to optical trap.

m

F = -2 BEC polarized. wait time 200ms ~3x105 ~60nK Create BEC by evaporative cooling. magnetic trap

rf

Control spin-state by rf and MW transition.

Energy level diagram of

87

Rb

(ground hyperfine states)

Δ

=58 kHz

It is possible to selectively prepare any spin-states.

Initial state

+1 0 -1

14.078 MHz

14.020 MHz

Zeeman splitting at B = 20 G

mF =+2 -2

6.8 GHz

rf rf MW

F = 2

F = 1

-1 0 mF =+1

(15)

Experimental procedure

TOF=15ms (free-fall) 90 sec / shot magnetic field gradient 30 G/cm 1~2 ms g mF = +2 +1 0 -1 -2 Stern-Gerlah method Time evolution

Back to the first step!

Transfer to optical trap.

m

F = -2 BEC polarized. wait time 200ms ~3x105 ~60nK Create BEC by evaporative cooling. Observe density distribution directly Transmission 0 1

rf

Control spin-state by rf and MW transition.

absorption imaging”

CCD

atom cloud Probe laser

(16)

一家に

1枚周期表

FD レーザー 冷却 ※2011年1月現在は第5版 BEC http://stw.mext.go.jp/ より

(17)
(18)

BECの内部状態

BECのスピン状態

87Rb, 23Na, 7Li, 41K F =1, 2 85Rb F =2, 3 133Cs F =3, 4 52Cr F =3 (S =3, I =0) 4He*, 40Ca, 84Sr, 86Sr, 168Yb, 170Yb, 174Yb, 176Yb F =0 (S =0, I =0)

good quantum number: hyperfine spin

unstable

= + +

F

S

L

I

hyperfine spin

S

: electron spin

L

: electron orbital

S

I

I

: nuclear spin

F

F=2 F=1 mF = -2 -1 0 +1 +2 5 2S 1/2

光トラップを用いれば様々なスピン状態を用意できる

多成分

BEC

(19)

多成分

BECの実験 (相分離, 準安定構造)

多成分BEC ‥ ‥多成分の凝縮体波動関数により記述

同じ原子の内部スピン状態 を利用した多成分BEC

D.S. Hall et al., PRL 81, 1539 (1998) H.-J Miesner et al., PRL 82, 2228 (1999) H. Schmaljohann et al., PRL 92, 040402 (2004) 87Rb |2, -2>, |2, -1> , |2, 0>, |2, 1> , |2, 2> G. Modugno et al., PRL 89, 190404 (2002) 41K-87Rb M.S. Cheng et al., PRL 92, 140403 (2004) M.D. Barrett et al., PRL 87, 010404 (2001)

T. Kuwamoto et al., PRA 69, 063604 (2004)

23Na |F=1, m

F= 0>, |1, 1>

87Rb |1, -1>, |1, 0>, |1, 1>

S. Tojo et al., PRA 80, 042704 (2009) L.E. Sadler et al., Nature 443, 312 (2006)

87Rb |2, +1>, |1, -1>

K.M. Mertes et al., PRL 99, 190402 (2007) R.P. Anderson et al., PRA 80, 023623 (2009) S. Tojo et al., PRA 82, 033609 (2010)

87Rb |2, -1>, |1, +1>

異なる原子を利用した多成分

BEC

同位体を利用した多成分

BEC

85Rb-87Rb S.B. Papp et al., PRL 101, 040402 (2008) 174Yb-176Yb

174Yb-173Yb

(フェルミ縮退の混合実験は多数: 40K-87Rb, 6Li-40K, 6Li-40K-87Rb, etc …)

(20)

Miscibility of BECs

time-evolution

BECs

BECs

BECs

or

miscible

i

m

m

i

s

c

i

b

l

e

?

Mixture of binary BECs

[

]

2 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 ,trap 12 1 2 1,2

1

,

2

i i i

2

i i i i

E

d

V

g

g

m

ψ ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ ψ

=

=

+

+

+

r

=

平均場によるエネルギー汎関数

Gross-Pitaevskii方程式

:各成分の波動関数 :同種成分間の相互作用パラメータ :異種成分間の相互作用パラメータ 1

,

2

ψ ψ

1

,

2

g g

12

g

2 2 2 2 1 1,trap 1 1 12 2 1 1

2

i

V

g

g

t

m

ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ

= −

+

+

+

=

=

2 2 2 2 2 2,trap 2 2 12 1 2 2

2

i

V

g

g

t

m

ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ

= −

+

+

+

=

=

参考:坪田先生のスライド @京大基研2008

(21)

Miscibility of BECs

time-evolution

BECs

BECs

BECs

or

miscible

i

m

m

i

s

c

i

b

l

e

?

Mixture of binary BECs

相分離の条件

(

2

)

1 2 2 2 ho om 1 1

2

2 1 2

1

2

E

g

N

g

N

g

N

V

N

=

+

+

(a) 体積Vのポテンシャル中に2種類の流体が一様に分布 1,2 homo V V1 V2 1 2 V1 + V2= V inhomo 2 2 2 2 inhom 2 o 1 1 1

1

2

N

g

V

N

g

V

E

=

+

(b) 2種類の流体がそれぞれV1, V2を占めて分布 これを N1, N2, V=V1+V2 が一定のもとで最小にすると 1 2 2 1 1 1

1

g N

,

V

V

g N

= +

1 1 1 1 2 2

1

g N

V

V

g N

= +

(

2

)

1 2 1 inhom 1 2 2 2 1 2 o

1

2

2

g N

g g N N

E

g N

V

=

+

+

参考:坪田先生のスライド @京大基研2008

(22)

Miscibility of BECs

time-evolution

BECs

BECs

BECs

or

miscible

i

m

m

i

s

c

i

b

l

e

?

Mixture of binary BECs

相分離の条件

Ehomo > Einhomo のとき相分離する

(

2 2

)

(

2 2

)

1 1 2 2 12 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

1

1

2

2

2

V

g N

+

g N

+

g

N N

>

2

V

g N

+

g N

+

g

g

N

N

これと相互作用パラメータ

4

2 i i i

g

a

m

π

=

=

同種粒子のとき m1= m2= m であるので 2 2 12 1

a

>

a

a

散乱長の大小関係がダイナミクスを決める ai : 成分i の散乱長

a

a

a

原子間距離

(23)

マルチドメイン形成のダイナミクス

2成分BEC

23

Na |F =1, m

F

=1> & |1,0>

H.-J. Miesner, et al., PRL 82, 2228 (1999)

50%-50% mixture at 0ms 2 12 1 2

a

>

a a

a

1 = 2.65 nm

a

2 = a12 = 2.75 nm ドメインサイズ: ~ 40±15 µm 相分離に関係する不安定性が生じた結果、 このようなダイナミクスが起こる。

K. Kasamatsu and M. Tsubota, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 100402 (2004)

2成分BECの変調不安定性

ドメインサイズ: ~ 15 µm (計算はトラップ中)

(24)
(25)

2成分BEC in mixed hyperfine states

87Rb F=1 F=2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +1 0 -1 mF

87Rb |1,-1> & |2,+1> D. S. Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)

K. M. Mertes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 190402 (2007) R. P. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 023623 (2009)

low-field seeker

high-field seeker

異なるhyperfine state

磁気トラップ可能

???

|1>

|2>

+

(26)

87

Rb |1, -1> & |2, +1> in 磁気トラップ

磁気トラップ中で

|1>=|1,-1> と |2>=|2,+1>を用意

D. S. Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)

K. M. Mertes et al.,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 190402 (2007) 異なるhyperfine の相分離 Ring状に相分離 50%-50% mixture at 0 ms ※ |2>は非弾性衝突により減少 2 12 1 2

a

>

a a

a

12 = 97.66 aB

a

1 = 100.40 aB,

a

2 = 95.00 aB , 10 ms 25 ms 80 ms 30 ms

(27)

III. 2成分BEC:

hyperfine spin states

(28)

2成分BEC in mixed hyperfine states

87Rb F=1 F=2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +1 0 -1 mF

87Rb |1,-1> & |2,+1> D. S. Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)

K. M. Mertes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 190402 (2007) R. P. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 023623 (2009)

low-field seeker

high-field seeker

磁気トラップ可能

S. Tojo et al., (to be submitted)

87Rb |1,0> & |2, 0>

磁場の影響が微小

(時計遷移)

S. Tojo et al., LPHYS ’09; T. Hayashi et al., JSPS ‘09

a

1 = 100.86 aB,

a

2 = 94.57 aB , (a12 = 98.6 aB) 2 12 1 2

a

>

a a

2 12 1 2

a

a a

???

|1>

|2>

+

(29)

Spin manipulation between F = 1 & 2

Energy level diagram of

87

Rb at 20 G

m

F

m

F

g

z

|2,0> |1,0>

F = 2

initial state

F = 1

+2 +1 0 -1 -2 rf rf +1 0 -1 Microwave 6.834

GHz

clock transition

(magnetic dipole transition)

○ 800 mW (output)

Frequency dependence

□ 50 mW (output) Relative popula tion of |1,0> Rabi spectrum

Time dependence

(Rabi

oscillation)

□ 50 mW (output) ○ 800 mW (output) Rabi oscillation

(30)

87

Rb |1, 0> & |2, 0> in 光トラップ

B = 20 G

50 ms

100 ms

150 ms

200 ms

K2(|2>,|1>) = 0

|1, 0>

|2, 0>

100µm

0 ms

|2,0> 原子は 時間とともに減少

計算

|1, 0>

|2, 0>

0 ms 50 ms 100 ms 150 ms 200 ms GP方程式で計算 (電通大 斎藤さんのプログラム) 2 2 2 2 1 1,trap 1 1 12 2 1 1 2 i V g g t m ψ ⎛ ψ ψψ= −+ + + ⎜ ⎟ ∂ = = 2 2 2 2 2 2,trap 2 2 12 1 2 2 2 i V g g t m ψ ⎛ ψ ψψ= −+ + + ⎜ ⎟ ∂ = = 相分離を再現 ドメインサイズは??

(31)

凝縮体の波数の評価

ボゴリューボフ励起の時間発展

( )

2

[

11 1 22 2

g n

g n

ω

=

ε ε

+

+

=

(

)

2 2 11 1 22 2

4

1 2 12

g n

g n

n n g ⎤

±

+

⎥⎦

( )

exp

dt

Im

ω

t

,

50 ms 100 ms 150 ms 200 ms 不安定波数:虚数のとき不安定性が生じる 計算 (|1,0> trap) TOF後ではトラップ中と比べて ドメイン幅がやや大きくなる (1.5~2倍程度) 200ms付近で理論と実験が よい一致 実験 (|1,0>のドメイン) Bogoliubov GP計算 (|1,0> TOF)

(32)

III. 2成分BEC:

hyperfine spin states

(33)

Miscibility of BECs

time-evolution

BECs

BECs

BECs

or

miscible

i

m

m

i

s

c

i

b

l

e

?

Mixture of binary BECs

相分離の条件

Einhomo < Ehomo のとき相分離する

(

2 2

)

(

2 2

)

1 1 2 2 12 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

1

1

2

2

2

V

g N

+

g N

+

g

N N

>

2

V

g N

+

g N

+

g

g

N

N

これと相互作用パラメータ

4

2 i i i

g

a

m

π

=

=

同種粒子のとき m1= m2= m であるので 2 2 12 1

a

>

a

a

散乱長の大小関係がダイナミクスを決める ai : 成分i の散乱長

直接変化させられないか?

“Feshbach共鳴”

を使えば可能!

(34)

2成分BEC in mixed hyperfine states

87Rb F=1 F=2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +1 0 -1 mF

87Rb |1,+1> & |2,-1> D. S. Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)

K. M. Mertes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 190402 (2007) R. P. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 023623 (2009)

low-field seeker

high-field seeker

S. Tojo et al., (to be submitted)

磁気トラップ可能

|1>

|2>

+

???

87Rb |1,0> & |2, 0>

磁場の影響が微小

(時計遷移)

2 12 1 2

a

a a

S. Tojo et al., LPHYS ’09; T. Hayashi et al., JSPS ‘09 2

12 1 2

a

>

a a

Feshbach共鳴が可能

87Rb |1,-1> & |2,-2>

S. Tojo et al., Phys. Rev. A 82, 033609 (2010)

制御する 2

12 1 2

a

a a

similar experiment using 85Rb-87Rb with controlled a 1,

(35)

Feshbach共鳴:

異なる成分間

Feshbach共鳴 --- 原子と分子状態を共鳴

磁場強度を変化

r

E

異なる成分間の 散乱長が変化 原子間距離 resonance! A. Merte et al., PRL 89, 283202 (2002).

two-body loss rates scattering length

@ 1007 G 同じ成分 |1, 1> & |1, 1> T. Voltz et al., PRA 68, 012702(R) (2003). Widera et al., PRL 92, 160406 (2004). M. Erhard et al., PRA 69, 032705 (2004). @ 9.09 G

E.G. van Kempen et al., PRL 88, 093201 (2002).

@ 9.1 G @ 1.9 G

Prediction Experiment Magnetic field dependence of

two-body loss rates

相分離は未報告

(2,+1)+(1,-1)

(2,-1)+(1,+1)

(2,-1)+(1,+1)

(36)

Spin manipulation between F = 1 & 2

Energy level diagram of

87

Rb at 3.0 G

F = 2

m

F

m

F

g

z

initial state +2 +1 0 -1 -2 rf +1 0 -1 Microwave 6.8GHz + rf 2.0 MHz 2-photon transition

(magnetic dipole transition)

Time evolution and imaging

TOF

15ms for F =2

Transmission 0 1

F = 1 and 2

Stern-Gerlach method (SG)

18ms for F =1

+2 +1 0 -1 -2 -1 0 +1 |2,-1>

F = 1

|1,+1> |2,-1>

(37)

トラップ原子数の磁場依存性

Evolution time in a trap: 25, 50, 75 ms

Extensional magnetic field time in TOF: 5ms

Magnetic

Feshbach resonance

was observed at 9.10 G.

B = 9.100±0.005G

Theory

9.1 G Kempen et al.,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 093201 (2002).

9.105 G Kaufman et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 050701(R) (2009). Experiment 9.1047(5) G Kaufman et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 050701(R) (2009) 9.09 G Erhard et al., Phys. Rev. A 69, 032705 (2004). Widera et al.,

Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 160406 (2004).

(38)

12 eff bg

a

a

=

a

a

eff

a

bg

Feshbach共鳴付近の相分離 @ 75 ms

2 12 11 22

a

>

a a

Phase-separation condition 相分離の様子が変化.

低磁場側: 相分離がより顕著に ⇒ enhanced phase separation

高磁場側: 相分離しなくなる ⇒ miscible 9.10G Number of atoms |1, +1> |2, -1> |1, +1> |2, -1> 2 12 11 22

a

<

a a

Miscible condition 理論計算 斎藤プログラム (約1000個のパラメータで計算, best fitを探す)

(39)

Estimation of scattering length from phase separation

Minimum s indicates ∆a.

s =

(40)

Feshbach共鳴近傍の相分離:

散乱長と不安定波数の評価

相分離ダイナミクスより散乱長を評価

Tojo et al., PRA 82, 033609 (2010)

a12 > abg |2,-1> |1,1> |2,-1> |1,1> Exp Theory a12 < abg

不安定波数の散乱長依存性

実験 Bogoliubov ・TOF後ではトラップ中と比べて ドメイン幅がやや大きくなる. ・測定解像度の下限(回折限界) ⇒ (トラップ中の計算が2~3倍程度大きい) x 3 実験 Bogoliubov 理論と実験がよく一致

(41)

III. 2成分BEC:

hyperfine spin states

(42)

2成分BEC in mixed hyperfine states

87Rb F=1 F=2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +1 0 -1 mF

87Rb |1,+1> & |2,-1> D. S. Hall et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1539 (1998)

K. M. Mertes et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 190402 (2007) R. P. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 023623 (2009)

low-field seeker

high-field seeker

S. Tojo et al., (to be submitted)

磁気トラップ可能

87Rb |1,0> & |2, 0>

磁場の影響が微小

(時計遷移)

2 12 1 2

a

a a

S. Tojo et al., LPHYS ’09; T. Hayashi et al., JSPS ‘09 2

12 1 2

a

>

a a

Feshbach共鳴が可能

2 12 1 2

a

<

a a

2 12 1 2

a

>

a a

S. Tojo et al., Phys. Rev. A 82, 033609 (2010)

87Rb |1,-1> & |2,-2>

87Rb |1,-1> & |2,-2>

磁場勾配の影響が正反対

(43)

Spin manipulation between F = 1 & 2

Energy level diagram of

87

Rb at 1.0 G

F = 2

m

F

m

F

g

z

initial state +2 +1 0 -1 -2 +1 0 -1 Microwave 6.8GHz B-field sweeping

F = 1

マイクロ波を照射し磁場を挿引 |2,-2> と |1,-1> を50:50に用意 |2,-2> |1,-1>

(44)

磁場勾配による

BECの分離

B

z

|1,-1>

|2,-2>

B

z

|1,-1>

|2,-2>

F =2 BEC の重心位置 (µ m) F=2 BECの時間発展 |1, -1> |2, -2> |1, -1> |2, -2> 反転させる!

磁場勾配を利用して

2成分を分離

|F=2,mF=-2> |F=1,mF=-1> |F = 2, mF = -2> |F = 1, mF = -1> &

(45)

磁場反転後の時間発展

|2, -2> |2, -2> Relative |1, +1> & 60 ~ 300 msあたりまで 非一様な密度分布が観測

Preliminary

0 ms

(46)

2成分BECにおけるソリトン

ベクトルソリトン

・・・複数の孤立波が結合した複合ソリトン

g

1

= g

2

= g

12

のとき

Manakov system (可積分) [S.V. Manakov Sov. Phys. JETP 38, 248 (1974)] 2 2 2 2 1 1,trap 1 1 12 2 1 1

2

i

V

g

g

t

m

ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ

= −

+

+

+

=

=

2 2 2 2 2 2,trap 2 2 12 1 2 2

2

i

V

g

g

t

m

ψ

ψ

ψ

ψ

= −

+

+

+

=

=

P.G. Kevrekidis, et al., Euro. Phys. J. D 28, 181 (2004) ベクトルソリトンの分類 Dark-antidark Dark-gray a12 = 0.5 a12 = -0.5 a22 = 1 a22 = 1 Bright-antidark a22 = -1 a12 = -0.5 Bright-gray a12 = 0.5 a22 = -1 a12 = 0.2 a12 = 0.86 トラップ系 一様系 a11 (>0) で規格化

(47)

最近の混合

BECの理論

2成分BECの界面不安定性

BEC1

Generation from interference instability

of two component BEC using counter flow BEC2

Takeuchi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 205301 (2010)

ソリトン誘起と量子乱流

2成分界面からソリトンを誘起(Dark soliton) ⇒ ソリトンから量子渦を生成

Rayleigh-Taylor不安定性

2成分界面の微小な凹凸から擾乱が成長 ⇒ 流体運動が不安定化

Kelvin-Helmholtz不安定性

2成分流体が異なる速度で運動 (剪断流) ⇒ 接触界面が不安定に

Takeuchi et al., Phys. Rev. B 81, 094517 (2009)

Sasaki et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 063611 (2009)

に大

きく

(48)

• 2成分

87

Rb BEC の時間発展

|2,1>&|1,-1> : 相分離の研究

|2,0>&|1,0> : 異なる時間発展 ⇒ 散乱長の違い

不安定波数とドメイン構造の関係

変調不安定性の波数を用いて定量的に説明可(過渡的な励起)

2成分間のFeshbach共鳴

|2,-1>&|1,1>間のFeshbach共鳴を観測: B = 9.100±0.005 G.

Feshbach共鳴付近で相分離が変化

低磁場側

: 相分離が劇的に変わる

高磁場側

: ほぼ混ざり合う

Feshbach共鳴による相分離の制御

BECs

Summary

BECs BECs BECs 2 12 11 22

a

>

a a

2 12 11 22

a

<

a a

2成分間の対向流による混合

|2,-2>&|1,-1>間の混合ダイナミクスを観測

通常とは異なる密度分布 ⇒ ソリトンや界面不安定性の可能性

(49)
(50)

Spinor BEC

Internal degrees of freedom

Scalar BEC: spin state is fixed (magnetic trap)

Spinor BEC: spin states are degenerate (optical trap)

hyperfine spin

87Rb, 23Na,

7Li, 41K F =1, 2 85Rb F =2, 3 133Cs F =3, 4 52Cr F =3 (S =3, I =0) 4He*, 40Ca, 174Yb, 176Yb F =0 (S =0, I =0) unstable

Different spin states can be trapped in an optical trap

at weak magnetic field

(51)

IV. スピン自由度を持つBEC

(52)

Optical trap (Far-Off Resonance Trap)

Energy level diagram of

87

Rb

(ground hyperfine states)

Far-Off Resonant Trap (FORT)

Trap depth:

~ 1.0 µK

FORT Beam (radial) coil for magnetic trap λ : 850 nm r (radial) z (axial) g

beam waist radius radial : 90 µm axial : 32 µm 5 deg. FORT Beam (axial) B=20G

Zeeman splitting at B = 20 G

It is possible to selectively prepare any spin-states.

mF =+2

Δ

=58 kHz

Initial state

0 -1

14.078 MHz

14.020 MHz

+1 -2

6.8 GHz

rf rf

F = 2

F = 1

-1 0 mF =+1

(53)

Time-evolution of m

F

= 0 BEC @ 1.5G

Time evolution

m

F

= -1 0 +1

Trap time (ms) 0 10 20 30 80

Total-spin-conserved spin-relaxation process

mF=0 mF=±1 mF=±2 total 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4 Number of atoms ( × 10 5 )

Trap time (ms)

Total remained atoms

Relative population

Decay to lower states of F=2 at finite magnetic field. F=2 F=1 mF= -2 -1 0 +1 +2

quadratic

Zeeman energy

F=2 F=1 mF= -2 -1 0 +1 +2

mF=±1 components appeared !! Decay to lower

hyperfine states Elastic collision

Inelastic collision weak magnetic field

(54)

Time-evolution of m

F

= 0 BEC @ 0.75, 0.3 G

mF= 0 mF= ±1 mF = ±2

Oscillation in spin populations @ B = 0.3, 0.75 G.

B = 0.75 G

cf. F = 1 Josephson Oscillation: Chang, Chapman et al.,

Nature Physics 1, 111 (2005)

B = 0.3 G

spin exchange 1 F m = + 1 F m = − 0 F m = 0 F m = mF=0 F=2 F=1 mF=-1 +1

(55)

IV. スピン自由度を持つBEC

(56)

Magnetic phases diagram of BEC

Phase diagram of F = 1 and 2 BEC at B = 0

Magnetic phases of F = 1

87Rb F = 1 23Na F = 1

Antiferro-magnetic

0

Ferro-magnetic

“ferro-magnetic” “antiferro-magnetic”

(

)

1 2 0

/ 3

c

′ ∝

a

a

c’

1

Ueda & Koashi, Phys. Rev. A 65, 063602 (2002) Ciobanu, Yip, & Ho, Phys. Rev. A 71, 033607 (2000)

Cyclic

c

1

c

2

Magnetic phases of F = 2

“ferro-magnetic” “antiferro-magnetic” “cyclic”

a4, a2, a0 : s-wave scattering length

(

)

2

7

0

10

2

3

4

/ 7

c

a

a

+

a

(

)

1 4 2

/ 7

c

a

a

,

Ferro-magnetic

Antiferro-magnetic

(57)

Symmetry of the Order Parameters

Shape of the order parameter in spin space

Cyclic Phase

OP has T (tetrahedral) symmetry

・π rotation around (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)

・gauge transformation x 2π/3 rotation around (1,1,1)

(-1,-1,1), (-1,1,-1), (1,-1,-1)

0

headless triad 2 / 3 i

e

π 4 / 3π 2 / 3π

(58)

Symmetry of the Ground State Phases

Cyclic:

Tetrahedral Symmetry

Uniaxial Nematic:

U(1) x Z

2

Symmetry

Ferromagnetic:

U(1) Symmetry

Biaxial Nematic:

D

4

Symmetry

x y z z

2

c

1

c

2

20

1

c

=

c

Antiferromagnetic:

(59)

Fractional

vortex in

cyclic

phase

General order parameter

α

,

β

,

γ

,

φ

can vary in space as long as the order parameter is single-valued

Euler rotation in spin space Gauge transformation Scalar BEC Scalar BEC 2

π

/3 gauge transformation

Cyclic BEC

1/3-1/3 vortex

(fractional vortex)

• The operators in Tetrahedral group are

non

-commutable

• Vortices are also non-commutable →

Non

-Abelian Vortex

Kobayashi, Kawaguchi, & Ueda, arXiv:0907.3716 Huhtamäki, Simula, Kobayashi, & Machida,

Phys. Rev. A 80, 051601(R) (2009) Huhtamäki, Simula, Kobayashi, & Machida, Phys. Rev. A 80, 051601(R) (2009)

(60)

Non-Abelian

vortices in cyclic phase

Non

Non

-

-

Abelian” character becomes remarkable when two vortices collide

Abelian

with each other

Numerical simulation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation

Initial state:

two straight vortices in oblique angle

When two vortices collide, they

RECONNECT

vortex line

Abelian

rung

non-Abelian

(61)

Magnetic phases in spin-2 system

Phase diagram in spin-2 system

Cyclic

c

2

c

1

Ferro-magnetic

Ueda & Koashi, PRA 65, 063602 (2002) Saito & Ueda, PRA 72, 053628 (2005)

Widera et al., New J. Phys. 8, 152 (2006)

2 4 2 1

4

7

a

a

c

m

π

=

=

Measured coefficients of

spin-dependent interaction

Antiferro-magnetic

2 0 2 4 2

7

10

3

4

7

a

a

a

c

m

π

+

=

=

(

2

)

1

4

c

π

=

m

(

2

)

2

4

c

π

=

m

(

+

0.99 0.06

±

)

a

B

(

0.53 0.58

±

)

a

B 87Rb

Magnetic phases of

87

Rb F = 2:

“ferro-magnetic” “antiferro-magnetic” “cyclic” “ferro-magnetic” cf. 87Rb F = 1 or New phase!!

(62)

Time-evolution of

m

F

= -2 &

m

F

= +2 BECs @ 45 mG

magnetic field :

45mG

F=2 F=1 mF= -2 -1 0 +1 +2

quadratic

Zeeman energy

Evolve to stable spin-states at almost zero magnetic field. Trap time (ms) mF=+2 mF=-2 300 0 50 100 200

No other spin states appeared

2,

F

2

2,

F

2

F

=

m

= + +

F

=

m

= −

initial spin-state:

Tojo et al., Appl. Phys. B 93, 403 (2008). F=2 F=1 mF= -2 -1 0 +1 +2

Total remained atoms

8.5×10-14 cm-3/s

Two-body inelastic loss rate

Stretched state

Relative population

Strongly suggested as “anti-ferromagnetic”...

Several problems should be considered!! However,

(63)

Determination of magnetic phases

Phase diagram at B = 0

Cyclic

c

1

c

2

Ferro-magnetic

2 4 2 1

4

7

a

a

c

m

π

=

=

Antiferro-magnetic

2 0 2 4 2

7

10

3

4

7

a

a

a

c

m

π

+

=

=

87Rb

However, magnetic phase of spin-2

87

Rb BEC

has

NOT

been determined.

Several problems should be considered.

(A) High rate of spin-dependent inelastic collision

(B) Displacement among other spin states

F=2

F=1

mF = -2 -1 0 +1 +2

|+2>

|-2>

(C) Effect of finite magnetic field

B ≠0 ( B ~ 50 mG )

Tojo et al., Appl. Phys. B 93, 403 (2008) Tojo et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 012715 (2009) Saito & Ueda, PRA 72, 053628 (2005)

|q| : quadratic Zeeman energy

Cyclic

c

1 87Rb

c

2

metastable

10|q| |q|/2

Ferro-magnetic

Antiferro-magnetic

Phase diagram at B ≠ 0

0 ms B 50 ms B-field gradient

(64)

Madison et al., PRL84, 806 (2000)

Future plan: vortex measurement (prediction)

Quantum vortices

can be generated by external rotation.

Cyclic core will appear independently of whether the ground state is

cyclic

or

antiferromagnetic

.

Kobayashi et al., arXiv:0907.3716

(65)

Future plan: vortex measurement (prediction 2)

Quantum vortices

can be generated by external rotation.

Fractional vortices

are appeared in

cyclic

phase.

|2,-1> and |2,+2> states are initially populated.

different angular momentum

(66)

Progress of experimental setup

Magnetic shield room

Optical spoon (prototype)

necessary condition : B ~ 30 mG

Fluctuation of environmental magnetic field

4 Bg [mG] outside of room ~ 10 mG inside of room ~ 3 mG

out of service in Yamanote line

time

(probe: Flux gate sensor)

Installed on April 2010

laser AOM AOM rf rf BEC

AOM: acousto-optical modulator

Reconstruction of BEC setup

2, F 2 F = m = − 2, F 0 F = m = 2, F 1 F = m = − 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 2 0 -2 4 2 0 -2 -4 August 2010 Total atoms: 3 x 105

(67)

Summary

Spinor BEC

Internal degrees of freedom: coherent spin exchange Magnetic phases: cyclic phase in spin-2 system

ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, and cyclic phases

•Determination of magnetic phase of spin-2 BEC

For mF = 0 BEC at 300 mG ⇒ mF = ±2 via coherent spin dynamics For mF = ±2 BEC at 45 mG ⇒ atoms remain in mF = ±2

“Anti-ferromagnetic behavior”

However, NOT exclude a possibility of cyclic phase. high rates of inelastic collisions

relative displacement or phase-separation??

insufficient magnetic field??

Future plan-1: controlled magnetic field gradient below 10 mG

Future plan-2: quantum vortices measurement

F = 2 F = 2

87Rb F = 1 87

(68)

参照

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