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【論 文 】 日本 建築 学 会 構 造系論文報告築 第447号・1993年5 月・
Journal of Str腿ct. Constr. Engng, AIJ, No.447, May,1993
MOMENT
CALCULATION
THROUGH
GENERATING
FUNCTION
・ト
母 関数に よ る積 率の計算
Sadaichi
TERADA
*寺 田 貞 一
Amethod to calculate the first several moments of a safety margin and the correlation coeffi − cient between them is derivedしhrough the transformation of correlated basic random variable5 into
ceihmon and independent ones . The cumulants that are calculated through the genera ヒing function
are transformed into the corresponding 皿oments , This adds a method to precisely calculate the re. liability of an engineering system , .
Kegwora醪8二60厂relation coeX万δθηち cumulan ちge『rerating プ妻宛‘tien, me 〃lent,厂etiability,5娩 妙 η 〜4 脅Z
相 関係 数,累 積 率,母 関 数,積 率,信 頼 性,安 全 余 裕
1・ Irltrodりct,ion
If an engineering s¥stem
ha5
the potential tofail
in plural mod6sdu
母te common cause (s>., ever ’ y pairs offailure
eventS will , more orl
とss,be
correlated .In
the case of a structural member , it may someti 皿es fail inbuckli
皿9, flexure, shear , fatigue, brittle fracture, resonance , exc ¢ ssive
deformation
or combinations thereof. If the member is supposed to
fail
in some mode, then the
failures
in anothermode 貫may inc【easingly
be
expected .Th
・f
・i1・ ・e event Eqf
・ ・y・t・m・iSi・th・.
eve ・t i・ whi ・
h
・ne .・ ・m ・・e ・f
th・p・tenti・l
f
・il・ ・e m ・d… ccu ・.That is
つ
E’= E
匚UE2 ∪… UEm ・・…・………・…・……・……….…・…・
∴・・………・… (1 ) in which
E
,(h
=1− m )is thefailure
eventin
theh
−thfailure
.
皿ode .
The
failure
ev 白ntE
κ.is represented asハ ハ ハ
Eκ=[Z髭=9iC(y1, y2, …,.Yn)≦0]・…・
・・・・・・・・……・・………:・…∴・・…・・…・………(2 )
where
Z
,
is
the safety margin thatis
expressed as afunction
ofbasic
random variablesy
’s.
The
probability of the {ai.lu;e eventE
κ wouldbe
obtained through the voiume i皿tegral over thefailure
region .That
is ,・(・
紘
,.。勲9
……・…一 一 …・…・…………一 …・………一 ・…………一 … (・) ハ ハ h ハ where y = (y 、, y2,…,} 厂 ∂is a ve じtor of .
basic
variates . Exact.
evaluation Qf the probability of E
κ generally requires the nunlerical integration of
Eq
,(3 )which seemsinapPropriate
to apPly to ordinarY d6sign. Therefore, the .approximate .method that employs thefirst
few
moments of Zκ hasbeen
developed
for
p田 ctical purposes (Hasofer andLind
1974,Ditlevsen
1979
,Shinozuka
1983).The
probability of thefailure
eventE
inEq
.(1
)is
expressedby
m m ロ m P (E )= Σ P(E 、)一Σ Σ P (E, 、E ,,) h冒k hl=l iC1署2. m れ ユ m 十 Σ Σ Σ P (E,、E ,,E.)一…十(− 1) m+LP 凪 E2 …Em ]ド …・・……・・…………・……・・(4 ) 産L;1 勘昌2 κ3;3 iCi〈勉く・m左皿, 1 ≦ 勧≦m 宰 Emeritus
Prof,,Tokyp Metropo1itan Univ.,DT.Eng 東 京 都 立 大 学 名誉 教 授 ・工博
一 9 一
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Therefore,topreciselyevaluate theprobability of the event E, the
probability
of the intersectionsin Eq.(
4)
must beknowfi.A method toestimate theprobabilityof the intersectionof E, and E,should at leastbedeveloped. The estimate of the correlation coefficient betweenZh
andZi
[pki]
isindispensableto calculate the probabilityof the intersectionEkEi. Itisrather simple tocalculate the correlation
coefficient ifthe perfoTmance
functions
arelinear.
However, ifthey are represented as functionsexpressed nonlineaTly, the exact estimate of p
is
not so simple as to usually resort on approximatemethods.
Once
the value of p.,is
known,
there are several methocls to approximately estimate theprobabilityof
EtEi・
Thispaper
derives
amethod tocalculate themoments of Z.and thecorrelation coefficientbetween
Z,
and
Z,
through the transformation of correlatedbasic
random variables intocommon and independentones. The cumulant generating
function
isemployed tosave an amount of computational effort This isgeneralizationof the paper presented at
The
First
International
Conference
on ComputationalStochastic
Mechanics
(Terada,
1991).
2.
Formulation'
Rewrite
the safety margin as afunction
of standardizedbasic
variatesY}'s
transformeclby
p,-.,(g,)
Yi==
rmL,,(
,(i=i,
2,"', n) ''''''・-・・・・・・・・・・・-・・---・・・・---・・---・・-・・-・-・--・・・J・-・-・(s)
where pt,and ", are themean ancl the variance of
9i,
respectively. Then, ",(Yt)==O, ",(IYt):=1,The
Aprobability
density
function
(PDF)
of Y,isnot confinecl tospecific one,That
is,thereisno re/strictionA S A
on the
Y,.
Moreover, the PDF ofY,
maydiffer
from
that of Y,.
Confirm
thedefinition
of therelated terms so as not to confuse theirmeanings. The moment-generatingfunetionof Y[G,(t)]isthe expectation of etY on Y, and isformally
expressedby
Gr(t)=E[e'n=.L:et'fi(y)dy-・・・・・・-・・・・・・-・・-・-・-・・-・・・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・-・-・・・-・・--・・・--・----・・・-・---(6)
where E
[
・]=the
expectation,f(
.)==the
probabilitydensity
function,
e=exponent and t= auxiliaryvariable. The cumulant-generating
functien
of Y[Cv(t)] isthelogarithm
of the rnoment-generatingfunction
of Y. That is,Cr(t)==ln[Gr(t)]・'-''''''-''''''''-'''''kH''''''-'''''''''''H-'''''''-'h'''"'''''''''H'''"'"''-''"'''''(7) The coeffi¢ientof t'1r.rinthe Taylorseries expansion of
Gv(
t)andCy(
t)are ther-th moment ".<Y)
and r-th cumulant x.(Y), respectively,
The
r-th moment ratio of Yis
ar(Y)=ptT(Y)[#2(Y)]Tf=ptr(Y)
(r)3)"-''-''""-'H"-''"''''''''''''''--''''''--"''-・・・(8)
forstandardized yariate. a3 and a` are generallydefined
as skewness andkurtosis,
respectively.The r-th moment ratio
defined
in terms of the cumulant is71t(Y)=x.(Y)[x2(Y)]nt{==xr(Y)
{r)3)'''"""'''''''''・'・・・・-'-・・・・・・・・-・・・・・・-・-・・・・・・・・-・-(9)
Let
the correlation coefficientbetween
the random variablesM
andY,
be pw{pw)O). Express thevaTiate
Yl
as a sum of mutuallyindependent
and standardized variatesX's,
Yt=aiXt+ZawXtj+ZZatJkXwk+'"+awit..r!.."-i)Xwk...i2..(t-i)=£ aX''''''''''''-'-・・'-・・-・(10)
J' Jic
UtJ ±hi--), t,J.in-=Cl,2,--,n)
where a=the unknown constant thatnormali・zes the variate
X
tostandard one and canbe
determined
by
the examination of the high-ordermoment on
Y
andX's.
Moreover, theyariates thathave
commonsuffix aTe assumed to
be
perfectlycorrelated.For
example,Xij=X,t,
Xwic=Xjht==
Xhw,
and se on. Itisclear thatthe
last
variable inEq.(10)
is common on all variates Y's,The abbreviated notations ac,=awlt・.uJi}, and Xc=Xijit."uLi)will conveniently
be
used.Inparticular, ifA,=O and 1,then
K=X,
andY,--
Xb,
respectively, Moreoyer, ifth,:=p theny}=
atX,+ac,Xc.In
thisway, thevariateY,
is
expressed as a sum of indgpendentvariates thatare common-10-Architectural Institute of Japan
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on one , two , three,… and all variates . The followingとxpression for n ;4will
definitely
clarify thecontents of Eq ,(10).
y
、=α1XL +α12×12+α13×13+αuXl 、+α、23Xl ,3+α12、X、2、+a,3、X、3、+ a123、Xlz3、嬬
:
鷲
:
:
1
:
:
輯
:
:
1
:
:
tl
:
:
漁
:
:
奏
:
:
:
‡
9
:
:
:
爻
:
:
:
‡
:
:
:
:
奏
:
:
:
†
1
:
:
:
:
斐
:
:
:
:
∴・……一 (1
… )Y,= α4×4十α4、X4、十α42X ≧!+α43×43+α412×412+α4lsX413 + a4、3×423 + α 4123×4123
Since the variate Y, is expressed as a sum of mutually independent variates
X
’ s,
G
γ(t)and Cr(t)ar6 expressedby
G
,、ω=G
Σ,(at );HG
.(α彦)…………一 …・…………・……・・・…一 ………・一・一 ……・………・・(11) and ,CVi(t)= =CEx( ’ at )= Σ Cx(αt),・…・・・・・・・・……鹽………・……… .…・・…・……・…・ ・.・…・……
(112) respectively . It
follows
from
Eq
,(12)that∂「
c
,、(t)・・(
y
・〉; ∂tr 、。。 幕 Σ α『κ・(x
) == alxr(X
‘)十ΣαL
κ7(X
‘丿)十Σ Σα乃κκr(XWh
)十…十αさ‘κ T(X
∂ ・………(13
) 」 ’ it エ‘≠’≠κ≠…)/‘,」,厄…=tr,2,…,川This means that the cumulant of the sum of independent variates equals the sum of the cumulants of、 independent variates .
.
For 7=2, the fQllowing relation reduce 寧.
α葦十Σ]α
if
十Σ]Σ】αbt
十・一十αe
,= 1・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・… 一■・一一■一■・・・・… 一… 一・・一・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・… 一■■一(14) ノ ノ 配ぼ≠’≠配≠・・う, 凝,晶・門=ll,2卩… ,η)
The
r−th cumulant ofy
‘ is rewritten throughEq
.(14
)、asfollows
.α
i
[αr
’2 π。(x
、)− x。(}つ1
+Σ αi
、[α夏∫ 2 κ。(x、j)一κ。(Y,)] ’ 十Σ】Σ1
αちκ[α:jk2kr (X‘,κ)一κ r(}「t)]十一・十aZi[aE∫2Xr (Xc
)− Xr(y
‘)]=0 ………一・・−a∴・・・・・… 一一・・(15) ノ 配 工‘≠丿≠rei」」う, ‘1’冒晶一L〒{旦,21」L」冒紘 〔r ≧ 3 レ ’Therefore,Zr (y∂= α「2κア(x‘)=α
f
; 2xr (x
‘丿)=α κ 2 πr(x
躰 )=…=αε厂 2 κ・(X
・)・…∵・……・………幽……… (16) 〔‘≠ノ≠κ≠…い,」,L…=(1,2、一・,n) Inpartitcular,
ifκr(y‘)=解7(yン),
then
αcl = α c,・
3
.Joint Moment
Th
とlo
血t moment −generatingfunctiQn
of y= y置, y』,…, Yn is
defined
as afunction
of auxiliaryvariables
t
−t
、,t
、, ’・t
。 :G
,(t
)=G
,、,r,、...rn(t
、,ち,…,t
。〉 =E
[exp (t、y
,十 t2Y
,十… 十 tn YD ]・ ・
[
exp{
写
・ltt…¥¥
(… tl・・・…)Xl
・+…・(9c
−, t・+… t・・…α… 裁}
]
耳
HGXt
(α‘t‘)・IIIIGXtj
(α wt ‘十aVtt,)…GXc
(αc1 ム十 αc2t2 −・十aCntn )・・・… ∴・… 一… …… (17) ‘ ‘ .丿【‘≠ ’≠ 鳶≠…}・‘・’・ig…噐〔且・2・.…n )
The
joint
cumulant −generatingfuncfion
isCr(t)= Cv 、,v、,_,yn(t、, t2,…, tn) =
ln
[G
,。..,。(t、…tdi] = Σc
,、(a、ti)+Σ Σ】C
頭α、jti +a」、tJ)+… . 、 t . i ノ+
q
、。(aCl t1+ α、,置、+…+ α、。置。).…・………・・…・………・…・・……一 …・鹽 ∴一 一 (18)Therefore
, thejoint
cumulant of Y is∂nCKt )
x・(γ・・ y・・ ’” ・}Yal= ∂
ti
∂t
,_∂tn ,、.、、..t。.;。 =… α ・ ・’”α・… (X
∂ド’嘲… ’… °・”… ’… ””’(19) − ll 一 N工 工一Eleotronio LibraryArchitectural Institute of Japan
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Since π 、(X,)= μ、(X、)= 1, x,(y、, Y,)is x2(y‘, 】つ= α‘∫α,‘π 2〔λ 「 ‘丿〉十Σユα‘ノlea,h‘Xt(Xijκ)十…十αc‘α(riκ 2〔x∂ =awaii +Σai」h α,h、+…+αQ α。 、=ρ、パ ー …………・…・・………・・………一一 (20) 匡 ≠ ’中 iti …〕, K;ql,2,…,n )
Renumber the random variables so that the minimum ρ‘
ノequals ρ12.
Since
the variatesXc
is
common on all variatesY
’s, the maxi 皿 um product of αcl and a:2 isρ12, In consideration of Eq .(16 ), :
Eq
.(19
)becomes
.。(Y、… yn一 ρ12α,,…α、。。。(x∂= A、
lx
。(Y,)…ta(}つ隣 ……・………・…・一 一 ……・一 一 一 (21)If xπ(} )= κ n(y), then κn(Y,…} )= ρ12κ,z(y). In particular, the following relation can
be
derived
onvariates y童 and
y
』.κπ(} 厂
7
−kY 穿)= α窓i一καき2Xn(Xc
>= A21[Xn(y
,)] n−k−L [κn(Y3
)] κ一Ilnn!E・9・…一・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・…
一・・一・.・・(22)
If
κ n(}「O
=κn(Y
,), then th (Y
? 一産γ穿)=・A2κ n(
y
).The
equat 三〇nsderived
above will simphfy the ca]culation of thejoint
moment as an example in thefollowing
.Example l Calculateμ4(y,}ち臨y≧),
The fourth derivative of the cumulant generating
function
Cy(のis∂C
O1
∂ti G ∂2CGII
G
,G
, ∂ti∂t、G
G2
∂3CG1
!3G
監Gz3
十G2G
,3十G
,G
,2 2G ,G2G
,∂ti∂t,∂t, G
G
・+
G
・、t、
器
∂t4 − G蕁
3L古
[Gl2G
・・+・・3G ・ +・・4G ・3+G1
σ・3・…G
・34+ ・・G… + ・aG12 ・・]・
浄
[・・2G ・G・+ ・・3・・σ・+ ・・4G ・G・+ ・・3G ・G・+…GIG
・+G34GIG・] 6GLG2G3G ‘G4
・ … eC − ・ ・ω・ ・ 一 ・ ・(t)・ ・ 一書
霧
… ’一 、雫
1
爰
、、 ・… 一 、、、誓
ξ
、,. ・ …・Therefore
, ∂℃ ,岫 ,.(置1壼2診3孟4) z、(yly2y3y
、)= ∂tT∂tz∂ts∂t4 tl.t,一ε,一乱一。 = μ4(y
奮Y
,y』y≧)一(ρ12メ為4十ρ且3ρh4十ρMρ23)∴μ、(Y,・Y、y、 Y,):::A,[。、(Y,)。a〈 Y4)]
i
+A,th4+A、th、+n、th、……・…一 ・…・….…………一 ・…… (23 ) since κ 1(y>=μ互(y)=0 , κ 2(y)=μ 2(y) = 1 , x2(Y, Y,) =μ 2(y
‘】ら);ρ‘」, and π 4(y、 YをY,】r,)= ρ匸、[x4CY ,)κ 4(Y4>]告from
Eq ,(22). If Y2; yl; y4, then ρ23=P24=ρh.;1 and ρ12=ρ13= A4 .μ 4(
YL
YI
)=κ4(y
旦y
鬘)十3ρ12=A2 [XA(Y
,)十3
]=A2μ4(y2
).・…………・……・…・・……… ……(24) Similarly,μ4(YiY 壅)= 1十2ρ
i2
十 ρ12[π4(Y1>κ 4(Y ,)]量.… 1…・……・…・……・………・・…・・…・……・………・…・ … (25) and , μ4(y且Y2 Y 耋)= A1→−2ρ13ρ23 十AIXI(Y,)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・… 一・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・… 一・一・・・・・・・・・・・… 一・・・・・… (26 )The
first
severa 正moments with the result in the Example are in Table l in order to facilitate the relatedcalculation ,
4
.Reliability
Evaluation
The
evaluation of the exact reliability of a system willgenerally
be
involved. A way to circumvent the− 12 一
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Tabjel "(Z)
Nete:ig,(Z) = pn[M(k)・・・ ig(X,)];t'7;in
-h!ch
pil= rnin(pif)' ・Table2 Assurned condition
CaseI
CaseII
9,p6
or3
ry4'73
'r4g,g,g,
4510
O,125o.es'
O.2
O.377O.150O.608'
O.254O.024O.664ooo' o'oo
situation would
be
the employment of Monte-Carlo Simulation.However, theimpossibly largenumberof sample is necessary to precisely evaluate the reliability of
highly
safe-system. Th'erefore,approximate solution to the problem isindispensableand several methods
have
been
devetoped.
Thisemploys the Gram-CharlierExpansion
(Johnson
and Kotz,1970)which uses thehigh
order moment ofthe safety margin. - ' '
' '
'
Example2 Evaluate the failure
probability
of the safety margin Z representedby
Z==g(fi)=g,Y,-9,・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・-・・・・・・・・・・-・-・-・・---・・-・・・-・・・・--・・・・・・・・・・・・-;・-・・・・-・・・・-・-・・--(27) where,the random variables
g's
have-the
parametersinTable
2.The
variatesV,
and9,
suppose theyieldpointand section modtilus of
beam,
respectively.Therefore,
the procluctofY,
andY2
istheyieldmoment.
The
variateY,
is
load
・effectonbeam,
'The
variatesin
Case
I
andCase
ll
are lognormal and normaldistributigns,
respectively. The r-thmoment・ratio a. of the lognorrnallydistributedvariate is ・
ar=0LTtr.e("1)j
(
JZ)(1+cr2>li'ujHr'J+V
'(r)3)--・・----・--・・・-・・・・・・---・・・・・・・・・・・・・-・・-・
(2s)
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I
I-tt't'tt'tt't.ttttttt'/'"l'tt'ttt'tt' 1I l・vttttt..tt..tlltili'
i lt tlt tttt' t"tt'i 't't't"t'tt't/tt'' ilI}Il・ /'"""'l""""'l・
i--e,,,I',e.f,--.f'i.-,.r....-. Ill ai/x .sC' '[I・e I・ o.oO.2O.4 O.6 P12(a) O,B 1,O AN\F O14 O.3 O.2i'
iiNfts.
'""7・'""" '""' " I ll I・,ii t. 'tt"t'tttttttttttttitttt'tttttttttt-tttttlltt'ttt'ttttttttttttt'tl.t'tttttt'ttt'/'tttjttMttt'ttt'/t'tt't' ' OA--"-"g;---t, L----tt;..-.-+.--.-. ttt.t...t..tti'Ia l・t... t..tt...t.tttttttt tt.t...ttttttt..t ii'<1" 'nall i-.11/
Fig.1 Shape Factor
o.o
of Z
O.2O.4 O.6 O.8 i.O
P12(b)
i9IS.Ept
9.07.05.0
3.0
1.0O.8o,oO.2
O,4 O,6 O,8
pd),,Y,)
(a)
CaseI
1,O HTo-× =E.pt(b>
9.07.05.0 3.0 1.0O.8o,o CaseI O.2<based
O.4 O.6. 0.8 pdr,,S)D
on linearized 1,O function) MTo-× =bm9,O7.05.0
3,O 1.0O.8o.oO.2(c)
O.4 O,6 Pai,Y2) CaseR
O,8 t,O HTo-× L--"Alavm(d)
Fig.2 FailureProba
9.07,O5.0
3,O
1.0O.8
.-/---'-'2,3,4
!'-O.O O.2 O,4 O.6 O.8
P
(Yi,Y2)
Case
ll
(based
on linearized bility1,O
function)
where
o
equals the cQfficient of yariation. This moment ratio istransformed intothe moment ratiodefined
in
termsof the cumulant 71throughthemoment-cumulant relation.As
is
wellknown,
r.=-Ofor
the norrnal
distribution.
Also, ass'ume thatp(9,,g,)==p(g,,
?,)=O
and p(g,,9,)=(O-1).
The
first
fou[
central moments of Z are calculated through the above equations tocompute the r-th moment ratio)1. which
is
defined
by
N.xlll.
Fig.
1compares theexact moment ratios n and n with thoseby
tinear
approximation.The
suffixes eand a intheFigure mean exact and approximate, re$pectively. The moment ratios n and n odi
Case
I
are constantly largerthan those of Casell
and those values inboth
cases increasewith the inc;reaseofthe correlation coefficient
between
9i
and9z.
Note that the approximate calculation alwaysunderestirnates the values.
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The
failure
probabilityis
approximately evaluatedby
p(F)= di(-R.)-
q(-B.)[
X3iil,l)(igl-o+
Z'4(il:)fi,(3-Bl)
]
"H-.""".,,.H.,,.--・-・・・・-・・・・・・・・(29)
where,
F=the
event that(Z<O)
; ¢ =the standird normal cumulativedistribution
function
; ep=thestandard normal probabilitydensityfunction; and
fi
=:the ratio of ", to o and isdefinedas thereliabilityindex,
' 'Fig.2 shows the
failure
probtibilities calculated in several ways. The values inFigs.(b)
and(d)
are based on the safety margin linearizedat the mean, The number inthe Figure isthe ord'er of momentconsidered,
As
for
this example, the -feurthorder solutions seems'tobe
reasonable evaluations.t t
' '
'5.
Concluding Remarks
A transformation of correlated random variables intocommon and independentenes ispropdsed to
calculate the-moments of a safety rnargin and the corre'lation coefficient
between
them.The
generatingfttnctions
are introducedto simplify theformulae
and to save 'an amount of calculational effort.This
isi generalizationof thetransformatioq on two variates tomultivariates, Thejoint
moments inTable1
willhelp
tofacilitate
therelated calculation. InExample
2, the influenceof thecorrelation coefficientbetween
basic
v.ariates tothecumulant of safety rna;gin and tothe reliability index are examined.・As
for
the example, the reasonable reliability indicesare obtained inconsideration ofthe moments up tofourth
order. '
The
writer owes toResetirch
Assoc.
Minami
tind
theformer
studentSakurai
in・preparing
the Figs.1and 2. The writer would
like
tothank thereviewersfor
theirvaluable comrnents which resulted- i'nthe,
' tt
improvement
of this paper. 'Reference
l) Ditlevsen,O. :GeneralizedSecond Moment ReliabilityIndex,t &ruct.Mech.,Vol.7,No.4, pp.435-451, 1979・
2) Hasofer, A. M, and Lind, N., :An Exact and InvariantFirst-OrderReliabilityFormat, J. Eng Mech., ASCE, ]eOO ), pp.lll-l21, 1974'
3) Shinozuka,M.,:Basic Analysis'ofStructuralSafety,X Snet. Engrg.,109 (3),pp.721-740, 1983
4) Terada, S. :Skewness andKurtosLs of SafetyMargin, CbmputationatsiochasticMbchanies,ElsevierApplied Science, pp. 46, l991
5} Johnson,N.L.and Kotz,S.:ContinuousUnivariateDistributions-1,DistributionslnStatistics,JohnWiley&Sons, pp.Is -22, 1970
NotationThe
followingsymbols are used in thepapei.
a:constant
C :cumulant-generating function Cey. :covariance
' '
E,:fhilureevent in the k-thmode
E[.]:expeetation of random yariable inparenthesis
e : exponent F:failuieevent
f{・
}':probabilitydensity functionof random variableinparenthesis
G :rnoment・generating function
g:function that describesthe safety margin
ln:natura] tpgarithm m:number ef events
' n :number of basLcrandom variables
P[・]:probabllityef thelevent'inparenthesis
r:order of cumulant, rnoment and shape factor{ManuscTipt
t: auxMaTy variabte X, Y :basicrandom variable
Z:safety rnargin. ar:r-th moment ratio
p:reliability inde.x(=b,la)
"1r-th rnomept ratio definedinterrns of the cumulant D:coefficient of "ariation(=al"i)
x} :r-th cumuLant
":,p:,"r:rnean, variance and 'r-th'centralmoment p:correlatiencoefficient '
a:standa[d deviation
di: standard normal cumulative distributionfunctlen
g: standard nermal p[obabilitydensityfunction
n :intersectionof events;,and
U :union of events.
received August20, 1992;Papef・Accepted February 1, lgg3>
-15-Architectural Institute of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
Arohiteotural エnstitute of Japan
和 文要 約 1.序 ある工学系に お い て, 共 通の原 因に よる複 数の破 壊 様 式は互い に独 立で は なく,多かれ少なか れ何らかの関 係「 が あ る。 こ の系の破 壊 確 率は各 破壊様式 に対す る破 壊 確 率,複 数の様式 が 同 時におこ る破 壊 確 率に基づ き推 定さ れ る。 ある様式に対する破 壊 確率は そ れ に関 係する基 礎 確 率変数の 関数と し て表わ さ れ る安 全 余 裕に基づ き計 算 さ れ る が,これ らの基 礎 確 率 変 数は互い に独 立で あ る と は限ら ない 。 本論文は互い に相関のある基 礎確 率変数 を 独 立と完 全相関な確 率 変 数の和に変 換 し,これ よ り安 全 余 裕の積 率と それ らの 問の相関係 数を正確に計 算する方 法 を 導い たもの である。 2.定 式 化 ま ず任 意の確 率 分 布を持つ 基 礎確 率 変数 を (5)式に よ り規 準化し, 安全余裕をこれ らの関数と し て表す。積 率母関 数Gv(t)は (6 >式, 累 積 率 母 関 数 Cr(t)は (7) 式で,そ れ ぞ れ 定 義 さ れ る こ と を確 認 し て お こ う。 Gv(t),