川西民族走廊・チベット語方言分類語彙集

川西民族走廊・チベット語方言分類語彙集

著者 長野 泰彦, 鈴木 博之

発行年 2009‑01‑15

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10502/4342

日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金 基盤研究 S 研究課題番号：16102001 研究成果報告書 vol.2

チベット文化圏における言語基層の解明

川西民族走廊・チベット語方言分類語彙集

鈴木 博之

研究代表者

国立民族学博物館 長野泰彦

２００９

序文

2004-2008 年度科学研究費補助金を受けて実施してきた基盤研究 S『チベ ット文化圏における言語基層の解明』の成果については､既に日本学術振 興会のホームページに掲載されているところであるが、それとは別に 3 冊 の報告書を印刷媒体により刊行し、研究者の利用に供することとした。

Vol.1 は 2009 年 5 月に刊行される

Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics

, Senri Ethnological Studies No. 75(国立民族学博物館)、

Vo.2 と Vol.3 はプロジェクトで挙がった成果で、Vol.1 に採録できなかっ たもの、である。

プロジェクトでは、

①チベット・ビルマ系未記述言語の調査研究とデータベース作成

②Pre-Tibetan の再構成とチベット語文語成立過程の研究

③シャンシュン語文献の解読と文法の再構成

④歴史言語学の方法としての｢比較｣に｢基層・接触｣の視点を導入すること に関する方法論的観点からの検討、

を主な柱として行ってきた。報告書 Vol.1 は②③④にかかる成果を含み、

報告書 Vol.2 と Vol.3 は主として①の成果である。

Vol.2 と Vol.3 はモノグラフ、語彙資料、テキスト資料であるが、チベッ ト・ビルマ言語学や関連する分野の研究に資すること大であると信じる。

本書は中国四川省川西走廊などに話されるチベット語方言のうち、従前記 述のなかった 24 方言の記述資料である。

2009.01.15

研究代表者 長野 泰彦

も く じ

まえがき

iii

凡例

iv

採録方言分布地図

v

English Index vi

1 gZhungwa

方言（九寨溝県玉瓦郷）

1

2 Hamphen

方言（松潘県水晶郷寒目分村）

24

3 Serpo

方言（松潘県安宏郷肖包寺）

48

4 Rongbrag

方言（丹巴県章谷鎮蒲角頂）

58

5 Phungposhis

方言（康定県朋布西郷）

76

6 Nyayulzhab

方言（雅江県牙衣河郷）

105

7 Lithang

方言（理塘県高城鎮）

136

8 mBathang

方言（巴塘県夏エ卩鎮）

155

9 Nyersul

方言（郷城県尼斯郷）

183

10 Mairi

方言（木里県麦日郷）

196

11 Zulung

方言（得榮県日龍郷）

208

12 mPhagri

方言（得榮県八日郷）

235

13 gTorwa

方言（香格里拉県東旺郷躍進村）

265

14 gYagrwa

方言（徳欽県羊拉郷）

290

15 sPomtserag

方言（徳欽県奔子欄郷）

317

16 Thoteng

方言（徳欽県才

^ノ一也

頂イ栗イ粟族郷）

333

17 Byagzhol/Byagzhol

方言（徳欽県霞若イ栗イ粟族郷霞若村）

344

18 Byagzhol/Shizong

方言（徳欽県霞若イ栗イ粟族郷石茸村）

358

19 mThachu/Qidzong

方言（維西県塔城郷其宗村）

372

20 nJol

方言（徳欽県升平鎮阿土敦子）

389

21 Yanmen/sNyingthong

方言（徳欽県燕門郷尼通村）

415

22 Budy/Lothong

方言（維西県巴迪郷羅通村）

428

23 Melung

方言（維西県永春郷）

443

24 Daan

方言（永勝県大安彝族納西族郷）

451

まえがき

この語彙集は、川西民族走廊のチベット語諸方言について、華侃 主編

(2002)

《藏語安多方言詞匯》 （甘粛民族出版社） （以下、華侃 主編

(2002)

）を調査票とし て筆者が行った方言調査の記録を方言ごとに個別に電子化したものである。

本稿は筆者が

2007

年３月に提出した博士論文『川西民族走廊・チベット語方言 研究』の別冊資料『チベット語方言分類語彙資料集』の続編に当たり、別冊資料 に含まれない

24

種類の方言を収める。これらの資料は博士論文提出以降の調査結 果が大部分を占めている。本来は博士論文別冊資料とともに１冊にまとめると利 便性が向上するのは言うまでもないが、紙数制限のためかなわなかった。川西民 族走廊の方言形式を知るためには、本稿と別冊資料の併用が望まれる。

本稿の基本的な構成は、博士論文別冊資料のそれと大差ない。多少改めた点が あるとすれば、本稿ではすべての見出し語に華侃 主編

(2002)

の項目と対応する 番号を与えたこと、そして未回答の語をすべて削除したこと、配列を北からの分 布地域順に統一したこと、などが挙げられる。また英語の見出し語一覧も添えた が、これはほぼ華侃 主編

(2002)

のデータを流用した。

本稿が扱う方言はヒャルチベット語３種およびカムチベット語

21

種となった。

それぞれの方言語彙の前に、分布地域に関する情報を含めた。詳細は筆者の最近 の論考を参照願いたい。

調査に協力していただいた方々について以下に記し、感謝の意を表したい。

リンヅィン

[Rig-’dzin]

さん、タヤン

[Grags-yangs]

さん、ジンバ・ダッジェ

[sByin-pa Dar-rgyas]

さん、ノム

[Nor-bu]

さん、ケゾン

[sKal-bzang]

さん、ジェカ

[rGyal-dkar]

さん、ゴワ・タシ

[’Go-ba bKra-shis]

さん、スナン・ツォモ

[bSod-nams mTsho-mo]

さん、イェヒェ・ワンモ

[Ye-shes dBang-mo]

さん、ケゾン・ナンジェ

[sKal-bzang rNam-rgyal]

さん、ザンツィン

[rGyal-mtshan]

さん、ロゾン・タシ

[Blo-bzang bKra-

shis]

さん、スナン・ノルブさん

[bSod-nams Nor-bu]

、ケゾン・ツェリン

[sKal-bzang

Tshe-ring]

さん、トゥテン・ツティン

[Thub-bstan Tshul-khrims]

さん、ケゾン・ツェ

リン

[sKal-bzang Tshe-ring]

さん、タシ・ツモ

[bKra-shis mTsho-mo]

さん、ダワ・ド マ

[Zla-ba sGrol-ma]

さん、タシ・ラモ

[bKra-shis Lha-mo]

さん、スナ・ラモ

[bSod-

nams Lha-mo]

さん、ダモ

[Dar-mo]

さん、和延慶さん、ペマ・チュドゥン

[Pad-ma

Chos-sgron]

さん、ヤンツォ・ドマ

[dByangs-mtsho sGrol-ma]

さん、ソナン・ツェリ

[bSod-nams Tshe-ring]

さん、和生文さん、和会菊さん、和生仲さん（順不同）

凡例

本資料は各方言ごとに、華侃 主編

(2002)

の配列にしたがって語彙を並べてあ る。各項目の構成は華侃 主編

(2002)

の見出し語に付される番号と同一の番号、

日本語の見出し、対応する方言形式とする。

調査は主に華侃 主編

(2002)

の漢語項目（もしくはそれに対応するであろう四 川

/

雲南漢語形式）を用いて行っている関係で、各方言形式は厳密な意味で本稿で 与えられる日本語と細かいニュアンスが異なる場合がある。

採録語彙に関しては、１例について原則１つの対応を当てたが、複数の形式が 並行して存在する場合は

“ / ”

を用いて併記している。細かな意味上の異なりは示 していない。また、調査時に現れた異形態と見られる形式も区別なく採録した。た だし、動詞に関しては注意が必要で、調査時に接辞が付加された語にはそれも付 し、また語末にも時制・アスペクトを示す指標である接辞が付加されているもの もある。ただしいちいち説明は加えていない。また、基本的にここで取り上げる 方言には動詞語幹の形態変化は見込まれない。

また、同一語が別の項目で異なる表記で現れる場合もあるが、それが１方言で 許容される形式と判断した結果であり、実際の発音に基づいているためで、その 点を整理してはいない。この語彙集に採録される形式の全てが各語の基本形であ るというわけではない。

方言形式の表記法は、筆者の博士論文『川西民族走廊・チベット語方言研究』

(2007:42-56)

の方法に従う。原則的には、いずれの方言も超分節音要素の記述を除

いて音標文字を使用し、個別的な正書法は採用しない。できる限り実際の発音が 見た目で分かるようにする考えに基づいているからである。各方言の音体系はす べて分析済みであるが、本稿ではさまざまな原因から掲載を見送った。

なお、調査方法上、原則として華侃 主編

(2002)

に挙がっている順に語彙調査 が行われた。時間的な制約から途中で調査を終わらせた方言もあり、同書後半に 位置する動詞についてまったく調査できなかった方言もある。また、他の調査票 を用いて得られた資料も存在するが、整理の都合上本稿には含まれていない。こ のため、本稿は１方言の語彙体系が理解できる基礎語彙集とはなっていない。

次ページには、採録方言分布地図を付した。それに続いて英語による収録語彙

一覧を付し、検索の便に供した。また、本稿では原書にはない意味分類を名詞に

ついて目安として付した。これによって検索するときには利便性が上がると考え

たためである。ただし華侃 主編

(2002)

に付されている索引を活用することがで

きれば、さらに容易に検索が可能となる。

採録方言分布地図

☆

CHENGDU

成都

〇 KANGDING

康定

〇 MAERKANG

馬爾康

〇

香格里拉

XIANGGELILA

徳格

DEGE 〇

巴塘

BATANG 〇

〇

麗江

LIJIANG

・

^玉瓦

・

水晶

・

^安宏

・

章谷

・

朋布西

・

^牙衣河

・

^理塘

・

巴塘

・

尼斯

・

東旺

・

日龍

・

^八日

・

^麦日

・

羊拉

・

^霞若石茸

・

霞若

・ ・

_塔城才 也^ノ一頂

・

巴迪 維西

・

・

^奔子欄

・

^徳欽

・

燕門

・

大安

図

1:

採録方言分布地図

English Index

Astrology and geology 1. sky

2. sun 3. light 4. moon 5. star 6. meteor 7. weather 8. cloud 9. thunder 10. wind 11. rain 12. rainbow 13. snow 14. hail 15. frost 16. dew 17. fog 18. ice 19.fire 20. smoke 21. electricity 22. air; breath 23. steam 24. dry; drought 25.flood; inundation 26. world

27. earth; ground 28. hill; mountain

29. hillside; mountain slope 30. valley

31. cliff 32. rock

33. mountain cave 34. cave; hole 35. river 36. lake 37. sea 38. ferry 39. reservoir 40. pond 41. ditch; gully 42. well 43. pit

44. dike; embankment

45. road 46.flatland 47. swamp 48. soil; earth 49.fields 50. paddyfield 51. dry land 52. farming area 53. pastoral area

54. farming area with pas- toral area

55. stone 56. sand 57. dust 58. mud 59. water 60. wave 61. spring 62. hot spring 63. forest 64. grassland 65. mineral 66. gold 67. silver 68. copper 69. iron 70. tin 71. diamond 72. lead 73. rust 74. aluminium 75. agate 76. brass 77. pig iron 78. coal 79. charcoal 80. sulphur 81. magnet 82. alkali; soda 83. plant ash 84. cinnabar 85. place 86. Yangtse River 87. Yellow River 88. Lhasa

89. Central Tibet (dBus) 90. Central Tibet (gTsang) 91. Khams

92. Amdo 93. Potala [palace]

94. Kumbum Temple 95. bLabrang 96. Xining 97. city 98. street 99. village 100. bridge 101. household

102. hometown; native place

Body parts 103. body 104. head 105. hair 106. braid; plait 107. forehead 108. eyebrow 109. eyelash 110. eye 111. nose 112. nostril 113. ear 114. face 115. cheek 116. mouth 117. lip 118. moustache 119. beard 120. chin 121. neck 122. shoulder 123. back 124. armpit 125. chest 126. breast 127. milk 128. belly 129. navel 130. waist

131. buttocks 132. thigh 133. knee 134. calf 135. foot 136. ankle 137. armpit 138. elbow 139. hand 140. wrist 141.finger 142. palm 143. thumb 144. middlefinger

145. littlefinger; smallfin- ger

146. nail

147. loops and whorls on a finger

148.fish 149. anus 150. male genitals 151. testicle 152. female genitals 153. placenta 154. skin 155. wrinkle 156. mole; nevus 157. sore; boil 158. wound 159. scar

160. tinea; ringworm 161.flesh; muscle 162. blood 163. tendon 164. wrist pulse 165. brains 166. bone

167. spine; backbone 168. rib

169. joint 170. marrow 171. tooth 172. cuspid 173. gum 174. tongue 175. uvula

176. palate 177. throat 178. Adam’s apple 179. lung

180. heart 181. liver 182. spleen 183. kidney 184. gall bladder 185. stomach 186. intestine 187. large instestine 188. small intestine 189. hipbone; innominate bone

190. bladder 191. excrement 192. urine 193. fart 194. sweat 195. sputum 196. saliva 197. nasal mucus 198. tears 199. pus 200. dirt;filth 201. sound 202. corpse 203. life 204. life-span

Human being 205. human being 206. people

207. common people 208. Tibetan 209. Han Chinese 210. Mongolian 211. the Hui people 212. hybrid of Tibetan and Han Chinese

213. foreigner 214. adult 215. child 216. baby 217. old man 218. old lady

219. man 220. woman

221. men and women 222. boy

223. girl 224. cadre 225. expert 226. merchant 227. doctor 228. peasant 229. soldier 230. herdsman 231. herdsman 232. carpenter 233. blacksmith 234. boatman 235. hunter 236. cook 237. hero 238. heroine 239. single 240. scholar 241. translator 242. representative 243. beggar 244. thief 245. robber 246. patient

247. personal enemy 248. king

249. emperor

250. government official 251. leader in a village 252. friend

253. fellow traveller 254. teacher 255. tailor 256. shoemaker 257. stonemason 258. butcher 259. layman; secular 260. lame person; cripple 261. blind person 262. deaf person 263. baldhead

264. person with a pock- marked face

265. hunchback 266. fool; blockhead 267. harelip 268. lunatic 269. stutterer 270. a mute 271. host 272. guest 273. acquaintance 274. stranger 275. servant 276. slavey 277. ancestors 278. grandfather 279. grandmother 280. father 281. mother 282. parent 283. son

284. daughter-in-law 285. daughter 286. son-in-law 287. grandson 288. granddaughter 289. elder brother 290. elder sister 291. younger brother 292. younger sister 293. paternal elder uncle 294. aunt (paternal elder un- cle’s wife)

295. paternal younger uncle 296. aunt (paternal younger uncle’s wife)

297. nephew 298. brothers 299. sisters

300. maternal elder uncle 301. aunt (maternal elder uncle’s wife)

302. maternal younger un- cle

303. aunt (maternal younger uncle’s wife)

304. uncle (paternal sister’s husband)

305. paternal aunt

306. father-in-law 307. mother-in-law 308. family 309. relative 310. husband 311. wife 312. stepmother 313. stepfather 314. widow 315. barren woman 316. twins

317. bastard 318. orphan

Domestic animals 319. domestic animals 320. cattle

321. ox; cattle 322. buffalo 323. yak 324. female yak 325. barren yak

326. offspring of a bull and a female yak

327. female offspring of a bull and a female yak 328. calf

329. bull 330. cow 331. milch cow

332. pack animal; beast of burden

333. cow dung 334. dried cow dung 335. horn

336. hoof 337. skin 338. down; hair 339. hair colour 340. tail 341. horse 342. pony 343. pack-horse 344. stallion 345. mare 346. horse’s mane 347. horse dung

348. sheep and goat 349. sheep

350. ewe; femal sheep 351. goat

352. kid 353. lamb 354. wool 355. sheep dung 356. mule 357. donkey 358. camel 359. pig 360. sow 361. boar 362. piglet 363. pig dung 364. dog 365. bitch 366. hound 367. dog dung 368. cat 369. rabbit 370. chicken 371. cock 372. hen 373. chick 374. cockscomb 375. wing 376. feather 377. chicken dung 378. duck 379. goose 380. dove

Other animals 381. animal; beast 382. beast of prey 383. tiger 384. lion 385. dragon 386. claw; talon 387. monkey 388. elephant 389. wild ox 390. leopard; panther 391. bear

392. brown bear

393. wild boar 394. deer

395. Mongolian gazelle 396. river deer

397. musk

398. wild horse; Asiatic wild ass

399. otter 400. porcupine 401. hedgehog 402. mouse 403. mole 404. mouse dung 405. squirrel 406. yellow weasel 407. jackal 408. wolf 409. fox 410. lynx 411. bird 412. bird’s nest 413. bird’s droppings 414. black-eared kite; hawk;

eagle

415. sparrow hawk 416. vulture

417. cinereous vulture 418. owl

419. swallow 420. wild goose 421. sparrow 422. bat 423. magpie 424. crow 425. pheasant 426. parrot 427. woodpecker 428. cuckoo 429. peacock 430. tortoise 431. snake 432. frog 433. tadpole 434.fish

435. insect; worm 436. bedbug 437.flea

438. louse 439. nit 440.fly 441. maggot 442. mosquito 443. spider 444. web; cobweb 445. centipede 446. earthworm 447. ant 448. anthill 449. bee 450. locust 451. dragonfly 452. butterfly 453. snail 454. scorpion

Plants 455. tree 456. branch; twig 457. sapling 458. trunk 459. root 460. leaf 461.flower 462. pit; stone 463. bud; sprout 464. bud 465. willow 466. cypress 467. pine

468. resin; colophony 469. poplar

470. birch 471. tea tree 472. sandalwood 473. bamboo 474. thorn; splinter 475. fruit

476. peach 477. pear 478. tangerine 479. persimmon 480. grape 481. lotus

482. Chinese caterpillar

fungus

483. saffron; saffron crocus 484. sugarcane

485. walnut 486. tamarisk 487. crops

488. foodstuff; grain 489. paddy; rice 490. seed 491. ear; spike 492. rice straw 493. unhusked rice 494. wheat 495. barley 496. oat

497. highland barley 498. wheat straw 499. awn of wheat 500. maize; corn 501. cotton 502. hemp 503. vegetable 504. radish

505. hot pepper; chili 506. onion

507. garlic 508. ginger 509. Chinese chives 510. potato 511. gourd 512. cucumber 513. pea; bean

514. soya bean; soybean 515. broad bean 516. pea 517. peanut 518. sesame 519. grass 520. mushroom

521. root of pteridophyte 522. sunflower

523. leaf mustard 524. rice

Foods

525. meal; food 526. gruel; porridge

527.flour 528. beanflour 529. steamed bun 530. noodles

531. steamed stuffed bun 532. dumpling

533. cake; pastry

534. solid food;field rations 535. breakfast

536. lunch; midday meal 537. supper

538. tea with milk 539. meat 540. lean meat 541. oil

542. vegetable oil

543. fat; animal fat; animal oil

544. butter 545. skimmed milk 546. yoghurt; sour milk 547. cheese

548. the first milk after a cow gieves birth

549. milk skin; skin on boiled milk

550. cheese cake

551. roasted highland barley flour

552. beef

553. blood sausage 554. salt

555. sugar 556. crystal sugar 557. vinegar

558. Chinese priskly ash 559. egg

560. soup

561. alcoholic drink; wine;

liquour

562. boiled water 563. tea

564. cigarette; tobacco 565. medicine 566. chaff; bran 567. wheat bran 568. pig feed; pigwash

569. fodder for horse; horse feed

570. snuff

571. distiller’s grains 572. noodles made from bean or potato starch

Clothes 573. thread 574. cloth 575. silk 576. silk fabric 577. satin

578. Tibetan woolen cloth 579. cloth robe

580. monk’s clots 581. woolen cloth 582. clothing; garment 583. Tibetan robe 584. collar 585. sleeve 586. button 587. pants; trousers 588. skirt

589. kerchief 590. hat 591. belt; gridle 592. puttee 593. sock; stocking 594. shoe

595. boot 596. shirt

597. fur-lined jacket 598. handkerchief 599. comb 600. curtain 601. ornament 602. treasure 603. coral 604. jasper 605. pearl 606. ivory 607. amber 608. earrings

609. necklace; necklet 610. ring

611. bracelet

Shelters 612. felt blanket 613. pillow 614. mat 615. pad; cushion 616. house 617. roof 618. inn; hotel 619. eaves 620. foundation 621. kitchen

622. a storied building 623. upstairs

624. downstairs

625. warehouse; storehouse 626. cowshed; ox fence 627. pigsty; hogpen 628. stable; horse fence 629. sheepfold; sheeppen 630. chicken coop 631. brick 632. tile 633. wall 634. wood; log 635. plank; board 636. pillar; column 637. door

638. threshold

639. front door; gate; en- trance door

640. window 641. stairs 642. beam 643. rafter 644.flight of steps 645. tent

646. tent made of ox hair 647. bamboo or twig fence 648. garden [plot]

649. toilet 650. thing

Tools for the life 651. table 652. stool; bench 653. bed

654. chest; trunk 655. cupboard; cabinet 656. box; case 657. soap

658. perfumed soap 659. glass

660. mirror 661. broom 662. light; lamp 663. candle 664.firewood 665. live charcoal 666.flint 667. tinder 668. lime

669. steel [forflint]

670. match 671. torch 672. incense

673. garbage; rubbish 674. dye [stuff]

675. cooking stove; kitchen range

676. iron pot; iron pan 677. frying pan

678. food steamer; steam box

679. lid; cover 680. knife 681. ladle 682. spoon

683. gourd ladle; wooden dipper

684. wooden bowl 685. bowl 686. plate; dish 687. chopsticks 688. bottle 689. pot; jar; tin 690. earthen jar 691. kettle; pot 692. teafilter 693. thermos 694. vat; jar 695. bucket

696. wooden tray; wooden basin

697. mortar 698. pestle

699. basket carried on the back

700. hoop; band 701. trivet

702. leather bellows 703. braces; suspenders 704. steelyard; scales 705. unit of dry measure for grain <=1 decalitre>

706. liter 707. money 708. capital 709. interest

710. goods; merchandise 711. ruler

712. needle 713. awl 714. nail; tack 715. scissors; shears 716. ladder

717. umbrella 718. lock 719. key 720. wheel 721. rod; stick 722. saddle 723. halter / bridle 724. belly band 725. bit 726. stirrup 727. horseshoe 728. manger 729. crupper-strap 730. reins 731. whip 732. pack rack 733. yoke

734. ring in a cow’s nose 735. thimble

736. tweezers 737. paste 738. glass 739. seal; stamp 740. oxhide string 741. boat; ship

742. train 743. plane 744. bicycle

Other tools 745. tool 746. axe 747. hammer 748. chisel 749. saw 750. drill; auger 751.file 752. plane

753. carpenter’s ink marker 754. glue; gum

755. spade; shovel 756. plough 757. ploughshare 758. rake 759. hoe

760. long rectangular bag 761. leather bag

762. kneadring board; chop- ping board

763. petrol 764. diesel oil 765. engine oil

766. carrying pole; shoulder pole

767. handle [of a knife]

768. grip; handle [of a cup]

769. wedge 770. rope; string 771. fertiliser; manure 772. sickle

773. open water conduit 774. sieve; sifter 775. millstones 776. loom 777. chopper 778. sling 779. conch 780. lance; spear 781. target

782. sheath; scabbard 783. gun; rifle 784. bullet

785. bow 786. arrow 787. snare; trap 788. trap; pitfall 789. gunpowder 790. poison; toxin 791. net

792. hearthstone 793. machine 794. security 795. gift; present 796. notebook 797. quilt 798. mattress

799. prize / trophy; award

Cultural things 800. script 801. letter 802. alphabet 803. painting 804. book 805. paper 806. pen

807. [Chinese] ink 808. school

809. learning; knowledge 810. speech; words 811. Tibetan language 812. Tibetan script 813. name

814. surname; family name 815. mark; sign

816. newspaper 817. news; message 818. story

819. biography 820. proverb; saying 821. joke; jest 822. riddle 823. voice 824. song 825. folk song 826. dance 827. chess 828. dice 829. drum

830. gong 831. cymbals 832. bell

833. bambooflute 834. vertical bambooflute 835. bell

836. suona horn 837.film

838. painted scrolls 839. mask

840. religion 841. doctrine 842. belief

843. god; celestial being 844. goddess; fairy 845. ghost; spirit 846. female ghost 847. evil spirit; demon 848. Dragon King 849. Buddha

850. soul; consciousness 851. soul; spirit

852. parinirvana 853. heaven; paradise 854. next life; rebirth 855. sam

˙s¯ara 856. fortune; luck 857. destiny 858. alms; charity 859. evil omen 860. lama

861. Living Buddha; the In- carnations

862. abbot 863. monk; priest 864. Buddhist nun 865. Bonpo Religion 866. house keeper

867. monks who resume secular life

868. donor; benefactor;

almsgiver

869. donation of tea 870. wizard; sorcerer 871. soothsayer; fortune teller

872. hell; inferno

873. Yama; king of Hell 874. temple

875. congregation; s¯utra hall

876. religious institution 877. guardian deity hall 878. meditation cell 879. mantra; six-syllable mantra

880. Death anniversary of Tsong Ka pa

881. incense

882. vase of great Treasures 883. tower; pagoda 884. cremation

885. sky burial; celestial burial

886. cone-shaped religious sweets

887. mandala 888. pile of man

˙i stone 889. tomb

890. image of Buddha 891. butter lamp 892. ceremonial scarf 893. amulet box 894. free captive animals 895. soul tree

896. incantation 897. scripture 898. beads; canon

899. modeler of Buddhafig- ures

900. vajra; Buddha’s wor- rior attendant

901. canopy; pillar streamer 902. man

˙i-wheels; prayer- wheel

903. donation; alms giving

Abstract things 904. China 905. status 906. power 907. life; livelihood 908. salary 909. share; portion

910. factory 911. country fair 912. tax

913. advantage; benefit 914. use

915. reason 916. reply

917. famine; crop failure 918. pain; agony 919. mistake; error 920. danger

921. distinction; difference 922. space

923. lucky; auspicious 924. thank

925. rift; crack 926. mark; trace; track 927. dregs; sediment 928. shadow 929. colour 930. dream 931. soul; spirit 932. idea; opinion 933. appearance; shape 934. matter; affair 935. means; way; measure 936. temper

937. physical strength 938. command; order 939. prison

940. rumour 941. guilt 942. contract 943. lining 944. toothpaste 945. barefoot 946. drawer 947. weapon 948. victory 949. state; country 950. experience 951. meeting 952. distance 953. go on foot; walk

Direction

954. direction; orientation

955. east 956. south 957. west 958. north 959. middle 960. side 961. left 962. right 963. front 964. back 965. outside 966. inside 967. corner; angle 968. point; tip 969. surroundings 970. vicinity; nearby 971. boundary line; demar- cation line

972. on [the roof]

973. upper reaches 974. lower reaches 975. on [the table]

976. under [the table]

977. under [the sky]

978. in [the sky]

979. on [the wall]

980. at the bottom of [a hill]

981. over; above 982. below; under 983. upwards 984. downwards

985. upper half of the body 986. lower half of the body 987. edge; rim; margin 988. bottom; base

Time 989. time 990. today 991. yesterday

992. day before yesterday 993. three days ago 994. tomorrow

995. the day after tomorrow 996. three days from now 997. tonight

998. tomorrow night

999. last night 1000. daytime 1001. morning 1002. noon 1003. twilight 1004. evening; night 1005. night

1006. midnight 1007. new moon

1008. 12 animals represent- ing the 12 years

1009. 1st year; mouse 1010. 2nd year; ox 1011. 3rd year; tiger 1012. 4th year; rabbit 1013. 5th year; dragon 1014. 6th year; snake 1015. 7th year; horse 1016. 8th year; ram 1017. 9th year; monkey 1018. 10th year; chicken 1019. 11th year; dog 1020. 12th year; pig 1021. date

1022. 1st day of the lunar month

1023. 2nd day of the lunar month

1024. month 1025. morning 1026. afternoon 1027. January 1028. February 1029. December

1030. beginning of a month 1031. middle of a month 1032. end of a month 1033. birthday 1034. year 1035. age

1036. recently; lately 1037. this year 1038. last year

1039. the year before last 1040. next year

1041. the year after next 1042. in the past

1043. in ancient times 1044. at present; now 1045. future

1046. initially; at the begin- ning

1047. Monday 1048. Tuesday 1049. spring 1050. summer 1051. autumn 1052. winter 1053. New Year 1054. intercalary month 1055. Winter Solstice 1056. Summer Solstice 1057. solar eclipse 1058. lunar eclipse 1059. festival

Numerals 1060. one 1061. two 1062. three 1063. four 1064.five 1065. six 1066. seven 1067. eight 1068. nine 1069. ten 1070. eleven 1071. twelve 1072. thirteen 1073. fourteen 1074.fifteen 1075. sixteen 1076. seventeen 1077. eighteen 1078. nineteen 1079. twenty 1080. twenty-one 1081. twenty-eight 1082. thirty 1083. thirty-two 1084. thirty-eight 1085. forty 1086. forty-three

1087.fifty 1088.fifty-four 1089. sixty 1090. sixty-five 1091. seventy 1092. seventy-six 1093. eighty 1094. eighty-seven 1095. ninety 1096. ninety-eight 1097. ninety-nine 1098. hundred

1099. one hundred and one 1100. one hundred and eight 1101. eight hundred and eighty

1102. thousand 1103. ten thousand

1104. one hundred thousand 1105. million

1106. ten million 1107. hundred million 1108. a half

1109.first 1110. second 1111. two

Classifiers 1112. one [person]

1113. one [bowl]

1114. classifier for speech 1115. page

1116. blade [of grass]

1117. grain [of rice]

1118. bunch / bundle 1119. handful [of rice]

1120. pile

1121. bucket [of water]

1122. bowl [of cooked rice]

1123. patch [of ground]

1124. hour

1125. classifier forflowers 1126. sentence [of speech]

1127. pair [of shoes]

1128. pair [of rabbits]

1129.flock [of sheep]

1130. section [of road]

1131. section

1132. a day’s [journey]

1133. classifier for a single shoe

1134. roll [of paper]

1135. [to have] X meal 1136. square

1137. basketful 1138. bundle; sheaf 1139. X-year-old [animal]

1140. a load on an animal’s back

1141. a bowl 1142. team; line 1143. row [of houses]

1144. string [of beads]

1145. dorp [of oil]

1146. storey

1147. classifier for rooms 1148. parcel; sack [of things]

1149. bottle [of wine]

1150. puddle [of mud]

1151. jin <=0.5kg.>

1152. tael <=50grammes>

1153. weight unit

<=0.1tael>

1154. unit of dry measure for grain <=1 deca litre>

1155. litre

1156. mile <=0.5km>

1157. the length of two arms 1158. foot <=1/3 metre>

1159. the length between twofingers

1160. the width of afinger 1161. the length of an arm 1162. inch

1163. a team [of oxen]

1164. yuan <=Chinese cur- rency>

1165. jiao <=0.1 yuan>

1166. fen <=0.1 jiao>

1167. mu <= 0.0667 hectare>

1168. a while 1169. a day’s [work]

1170. a night’s [work]

1171. a month’s [work]

1172. a year’s [work]

1173. X-year old 1174. a lifetime 1175. [to walk] a step 1176. X time

1177. [to make] X shout (s) 1178. [to hit] X time (s) 1179. [to have] X bits (s) 1180. some

1181. a few; several 1182. every day 1183. each; every 1184. double of [one] fold 1185. every night

1186. a load of cupped- hands

Pronouns 1187. I 1188. two of us 1189. we 1190. you 1191. you 1192. you two 1193. you 1194. he

1195. two of them 1196. they

1197. we <inclusive>

1198. the two of us <=you

& me>

1199. all; every 1200. oneself 1201. other people 1202. this 1203. these 1204. here

1205. this side; here 1206. these two

1207. this [way]; [like] this 1208. that

1209. that [over yonder]

1210. those 1211. there

1212. that side; there

1213. that [way] / [like] that 1214. who

1215. who <plural>

1216. what 1217. where 1218. when 1219. how 1220. how many

1221. how many <small number>

1222. others; else 1223. each

1224. all; everything 1225. all; the whole 1226. this time 1227. some times

Adjectives 1228. big; large 1229. small

1230. wide <in diameter>

1231. thin <in diameter>;

fine

1232. high; tall 1233. low; short 1234. protruding; raised 1235. sunken; dent 1236. concave-convex 1237. long

1238. short 1239. far; distant 1240. near 1241. middle 1242. wide; broad 1243. narrow

1244. spacious; commodi- ous

1245. cramped; narrow 1246. thick

1247. thin 1248. deep 1249. shallow 1250. full 1251. empty 1252. many; much 1253. few; little 1254. square

1255. circle; circular 1256.flat

1257. pointed; tip; top 1258. bald; bare 1259. level;flat

1260. right; obverse side;

front

1261. reverse side; wrong side

1262. on the target 1263. slanting; leaning 1264. askew; wry; slanting 1265. horizontal

1266. vertical 1267. straight

1268. curved; crooked; bent 1269. having many bends or cures

1270. black 1271. pitch-dark 1272. white 1273. red 1274. brilliant red 1275. yellow

1276. glistening yellow 1277. green

1278. blue

1279. azure; skyblue 1280. grey

1281. bright 1282. light; bright 1283. dark 1284. heave

1285. light <weight>

1286. quick; fast 1287. slow 1288. early 1289. late 1290. sharp 1291. blunt; dull 1292. clear

1293. muddy; turbid 1294. fat

1295. fat [pig]

1296. thin 1297. dry 1298. wet

1299. thick [porridge]

1300. watery; thin [por- ridge)]

1301. tightly-woven [fabric]

1302. thin [hair] ; sparse 1303. hard

1304. soft

1305. sticky; glutinous 1306. smooth; glossy; sleek 1307. rough; coarse 1308. slippery [road]

1309. tense; tight; taut 1310. lax; loose; slack 1311. solid

1312. chaotic; disorder 1313. at sixes and sevens 1314. right; correct 1315. wrong 1316. true 1317. false

1318. uncooked; raw 1319. new

1320. old 1321. good 1322. bad

1323. weak; feeble 1324. expensive 1325. cheap 1326. overgrown 1327. old; elderly 1328. young 1329. beautiful 1330. ugly 1331. hot

1332. cold [weather; water]

1333. lukewarm [water]

1334. warm

1335. pleasantly cool 1336. difficult 1337. easy 1338. fragrant 1339. stinking; smelly 1340. savory; appetising 1341. sour

1342. sweet 1343. bitter 1344. hot; spicy

1345. salty

1346. tasteless; insipid 1347. astringent 1348.fish-smelling 1349. greasy; oily 1350. idle; tree time 1351. busy

1352. rich 1353. poor 1354. clean 1355. dirty 1356. living 1357. fresh 1358. dead 1359. clear; lucid 1360. tasty; delicious 1361. pleasant to the ears 1362. pleasant to the eyes 1363. loud; sound 1364. hard; laborious 1365. bored

1366. hurridely; hastily 1367. multicoloured;

colourful

1368. clever; bright 1369. stupid; foolish 1370. honest; well-behaved 1371. sly; cunning

1372. careful; attentive 1373. gentle; amiable 1374. arrogant; conceited 1375. suitable; right 1376.fierce; ferocious 1377. severe; sharp 1378. polite; courteous 1379. stingy

1380. industrious 1381. lazy

1382. clumsy; awkward 1383. well-behaved (child) 1384. hardworking; make great efforts

1385. pitiable; pitiful 1386. happy and excited 1387. blissful; happy 1388. safe and sound 1389. sad; sorrowful

1390. skilled; proficient 1391. affectionate; intimate 1392. bother; disagreeable 1393. alone

1394. cliffy; precipitous 1395. be near to; close to 1396. careless; so-so; not so bad

1397. rare; strange

Verbs

1398. love; like 1399. like [to eat]

1400. install;fix

1401. decoct; cook in [tea]

1402. pull up 1403. to rake 1404. break off

1405. put in order; arrange 1406. swing; sway 1407. lose; defeated 1408. make obeisance to;

worship [god]

1409. move [house]

1410. move [a stool]

1411. help 1412. bind; tie up 1413. to wrap 1414. keep secret 1415. protect

1416. have eaten one’sfill 1417. hold esten one’sfill 1418. dig

1419. shell [peanuts]

1420. to skin [cattle]

1421. [paint] peel off 1422. recite; learn by heart 1423. carry [a child] on the back

1424. become a vegetarian 1425. force; compel 1426. compare 1427. close [the mouth]

1428. to plait; weave 1429. weave [a basket]

1430. change 1431. alter; vary

1432. to be ill 1433. patch [clothing]

1434. tinker [pans]

1435. give alms 1436. wipe [the table]

1437. wipe away; erase 1438. guess [a riddle]

1439. have guessed right 1440. cut [paper; cloth]

1441. step on; tread 1442. join

1443. hide 1444. scratch [itch]

1445. insert; plant 1446. audit [accounts]

1447. unseam [clothing]

1448. pull down [a house]

1449. [a house] fall down;

collapse

1450. support sb. with one’s hand

1451. add [water] ; dilute 1452. mix; blend

1453. to wind [thread onto a keel]

1454. gluttonous; greedy 1455. taste; try theflavor of 1456. repay

1457. sing; make a racket 1458. make a row 1459. stir-fry; saute 1460. quarrel 1461. sink 1462. weigh [food]

1463. commend; praise 1464. prop up; support 1465. open [an umbrella]

1466. be done; accomplish 1467.fill [a bowl with rice]

1468. can hold 1469. admit

1470. clarify; clear up 1471. eat

1472. spurt; sprint [in the front]

1473. rinse;flush 1474. to pestle; pound

1475. take out

1476. to smoke [a cigarette]

1477. whip; thrash 1478. go out 1479. fetch; take out 1480. [the sun] rises; come out

1481. come out 1482. hoe up [weeds]

1483. eat; wear <honorific>

1484. wear [a garment]

1485. put on [the shoes]

1486. thread [a needle]

1487. [sthg] puncture 1488. perforate; punch a hole

1489. hand down [to poster- ity]

1490. infect; be contigous 1491. blow [the trumpet]

1492. blow away [a speck of dust]

1493. beat; thump 1494. jab; poke; stab 1495. pierce through 1496. hurt by stinging 1497. urge; hurry; speed up 1498. twist [rope]

1499. be wrong 1500. promise; consent 1501. hit [a person]

1502. gesticulate 1503. hunt 1504.fire [a shot]

1505. have hit [the target]

1506. fight break up; come to blows

1507. break up; scatter 1508. separate

1509. overthrow; down with 1510. fetch; draw [water]

1511. collect; gather [fire- wood]

1512. to bet; wager 1513. thresh grain 1514. doze off; nod 1515. to yawn

1516. to hiccup 1517. belch; burp 1518. open

1519. thunder bolt breaks 1520. to thunder

1521. carry [money]

1522. go to war; to battle;

fight 1523. knot 1524. snore 1525. sneeze

1526. look after; bring up [children]

1527. lead [the way]

1528. wear [a hat]

1529. wear [a turban]

1530. wear [a bracelet]

1531. be born 1532. hold up; delay 1533. block [the wind] ; keep off

1534. [a wall] fall down;

topple

1535. topple; tear down [a wall]

1536. pound to pieces 1537. to reverse 1538. arrive 1539. get; acquire 1540. wait 1541. earthquake

1542. lower [the head] ; hang one’s head

1543. nod 1544. light [afire]

1545. burn; kindle 1546. light [a light]

1547. to pad 1548. wither

1549. hold in the mouth 1550. drop; fall 1551. hang; suspend 1552. tofish

1553. fall over; tumble 1554. fold up [a quilt]

1555. [mosquito] bite 1556. hammer in [a nail]

1557. lose; mislay 1558. understand; know 1559. [meat] freeze 1560. [hand] be frostbitten 1561. move

1562. stir; budge 1563. read

1564. block up; plug 1565. cross [a river]

1566. [thread] snap 1567. [stick] break; snap 1568. snap [a thread]

1569. snap break [a stick]

1570. to heap; stack [hay- grass]

1571. hide oneself 1572. chop; cut [meat]

1573. stamp [one’s foot]

1574. be hungry

1575. press [with palm or finger]

1576. occur; happen 1577. develop 1578. develop

1579. get angry;flare up 1580. swear; vow 1581. shiverl; tremble 1582. ferment 1583. have a fever 1584. worry; be anxious 1585. germinate; sprout 1586. punish

1587. turn inside out 1588. turn over 1589. oppose 1590. translate 1591. ruminate

1592. to spin [into yarn]

1593. put sthg somewhere 1594. put in [salt]

1595. put out to pasture 1596. set onfire 1597.fly

1598. divide; share

1599. divide up family property and live apart 1600. separate

1601. [cause to] separate 1602. become crazy; mad 1603. sew [up] ; stitch 1604. apply [ointment]

1605. hatch; incubate 1606. put one’s hand[s]

1607. satisfy [conditions];

tally with

1608. [cause to] conform 1609. rot

1610. put [soil] on

1611. pull [a quilt] over one self

1612. be dry 1613. be thirsty 1614. to work; labour 1615. go to market; go to a fair

1616. catch cold 1617. dare to 1618. tell

1619. go to law against sb.

1620. cut [meat]

1621. sever [a rope]

1622. cut off; sever 1623. mow; cut [grass]

1624. separate

1625. [grit in the shoes] hurt [the foot]

1626. give 1627. follow 1628. plough; till 1629. to hook 1630. be enough 1631. asses; estimate 1632. hire; employ

1633. to shave [hairs] ; scrape

1634. [wind] blow 1635. hang [on the wall]

1636. put up [the TV] ; turn off

1637. care about; be con- cerned with

1638. close [the door]

1639. to pen in [sheep]

1640. manage; control

1641.fill [with water] ; irri- gate

1642. kneel 1643. roll

1644. celebrate the New Year

1645. cross [a bridge]

1646. [two years] go by;

pass

1647. be shy; be bashful 1648. be afraid

1649. to ask [sb] to come here; call

1650. yell; shout; cry out 1651. weld; solder 1652. drink 1653. be suitable 1654. close [a book]

1655. hate 1656. dry byfire 1657. coax; fool 1658. regret

1659. paddle [a boat] ; row 1660. draw [a picture]

1661. be pregnant 1662. doubt; distrust 1663. repay [a debt]

1664. return [a pen]

1665. change 1666. wave; wield 1667. return

1668. [cause to] return 1669. recall; recollect 1670. answer; reply 1671. destroy; exterminate 1672. [cause to] destroy 1673. know [to write]

1674. [cause to] mix 1675. muddle [the water]

1676. become alive; be ac- tive

1677. support; raise 1678. get; gain

1679. mix [mud] with water 1680. [water] gather 1681. accumulate; amass 1682. gather; assemble

1683. assemble; muster [a team]

1684. press [a tube of tooth- paste]

1685. squeeze [for milk] ; milk [a cow]

1686. [shoe] pinch 1687. remember 1688. deposit; leave with 1689. send [a letter]

1690. envy

1691. avoid certain food 1692. buckle up; fasten [a belt]

1693. pick up [food with chopsticks]

1694. pick up; collect 1695. reduce; subtract 1696. scissor; shears 1697. tell [a story]

1698. land; descend 1699. exchange 1700. turn; hand over 1701. make friends with 1702. to water; irrigate 1703. be burnt; scorched 1704. chew

1705. teach 1706. to crow 1707. to meow 1708. to bray 1709. to neigh 1710. to moo 1711. to bark 1712. [pigs] grunt 1713. to baa; bleat 1714. [tigers] growl 1715. [wolves] howl 1716. be called; named 1717. lift [the lid] ; uncover;

open

1718. bear [fruit]

1719. freeze; ice up 1720. to marry 1721. untie; undo 1722. to borrow [money]

1723. to borrow [tools]

1724. soak; steep 1725. ban; forbid 1726. immerse; submerge 1727. to enter [a house]

1728. to pass; go by 1729. startle; shock 1730. be startled 1731. rescue; save 1732. live; reside 1733. raise [the hand]

1734. to saw

1735. all get together; com- plete

1736. roll up [cloth]

1737. curl up; shrink 1738. dig; excavate 1739. block; obstruct 1740. [cause to] obstruct;

block; stop 1741. open [a door]

1742. [water] be boiling 1743. [flowers] blossom 1744. start; drive [a car]

1745. start; begin 1746. open up wasteland 1747. chop down [trees]

1748. chop; hew [bones]

1749. watch; see 1750. [let sb] see; show 1751. see; catch sight of 1752. see [a doctor]

1753. to shoulder

1754. warm oneself by [a fire]

1755. rely; depend on; lean 1756. prostrate oneself 1757. to cough 1758. be thirsty 1759. carve; engrave 1760. agree; consent 1761. gnaw; nibble 1762. dig out withfinger or sth.

1763. to buckle; button up 1764. be idle; free time 1765. cry; weep 1766. be sleepy

1767. pull; tug

1768. empty the bowels;

defecate

1769. be peppery; be hot 1770. leave out; be missing 1771. come

1772. drag for; dredge up 1773. be old

1774. rein in

1775. be tired; fatigued 1776. connect; join; link 1777. to measure

1778. to dry [clothes] in the air

1779. chat

1780. split open; rend 1781. drench

1782. [water]flow; run 1783. reserve [seeds]

1784. be deaf

1785. cuddle; embrace 1786. leak

1787. mess up 1788. tofilter; strain 1789. be messy; in chaos 1790. be one’s turn 1791. pile up; stack up 1792. [the sun] set 1793. be numb 1794. scold 1795. bury 1796. buy 1797. sell

1798. be full;fillep up 1799. do not have 1800. cover up 1801. [fire] die out 1802. [birds] cry; chirp 1803. close [the mouth]

lightly

1804. understand; know 1805. stroke; touch 1806. whet [a knife]

1807. grind [flour]

1808. take; hold; get 1809. have taken hold of 1810. scratch [an itch]

1811. can

1812. shrivel up; wither 1813. solidify; congeal 1814. twist [a towell]

1815. throw up; vomit 1816. [people] crawl 1817. [insects] crawl 1818. climb [a mountain]

1819. climb up [a tree]

1820. strike [the table] ; clap

1821. line up

1822. send; dispatch [a per- son]

1823. circle; hover; wheel 1824. run

1825. make [tea]

1826. compensate

1827. sustain losses [in business]

1828. wear; bear 1829. expand; swell 1830. collide; run into;

bump

1831. chop [wood]

1832.float

1833. splash; sprinkle 1834. split up 1835. be torn 1836. split up

1837. cave in; be damaged 1838. be broken

1839. break; smash [a bowl]

1840. cut; rip open 1841. pave; lay

1842. to bully; treat sb.rough

1843. deceive; cheat 1844. build by laying bricks 1845. ride

1846. rise; stand up 1847. pull; lead [a cow]

along

1848. to owe [money]

1849. rob; loot

1850. knock; strike; beat 1851. raise [the tail]

1852. prize; pry 1853. cut up [vegetable]

1854. kiss

1855. despise; look down on

1856. request; ask 1857. drive out; expel 1858. get; fetch 1859. marry [a woman]

1860. go; leave

1861. fully recover [from an illness]

1862. [wound] have healed 1863. chip [the rim] ; gap 1864. be complete 1865. dye 1866. shout; yell

1867. make way for; give way

1868. heat up [cold rice]

1869. recognise 1870. throw; toss 1871. dissolve

1872. [cause to] dissolve 1873. knead [dough]

1874. endure; be patient 1875. tan [hides]

1876. sprinkle; spray 1877. piss; pee 1878. scatter [seeds]

1879. [meeting] break up;

end

1880. [shoelace] come loose 1881. sweep

1882. kill 1883. to sieve; sift

1884. dry [clothes] is the sun

1885. sunbathe; to sun 1886. to lightning

1887. injure; hurt [the arm]

1888. consult; discuss 1889. go upstairs 1890. shoot [an arrow]

1891. have shot [the target]

1892. stretch out [the arm]

1893. extend; elongate

1894. draw out; stretch 1895. seep into; permeate 1896. grow

1897. to rust 1898. grow a boil

1899. give birth to [a child]

1900. be angry; take offense 1901. be left over; remain 1902. rise

1903. lose [sthg]

1904. make; cause 1905. release; set free 1906. try; attempt 1907. be <copula>

1908. to harvest; reap 1909. receive

1910. close [an umbrella]

1911. put in order; to tidy 1912. to guard; defend 1913. to comb

1914. lose [a game] ; be de- feated

1915. be familiar with;

know sth.or sb.

1916. [rice] be cooked 1917. [fruit] be ripe 1918. [body] get thinner 1919. count [numbers]

1920. rinse [the mouth]

1921. fail; decline 1922. fall; tumble down 1923.fling; toss; throw 1924. bolt [the door]

1925. tie [a cow] to 1926. sleep 1927. fall asleep 1928. suck 1929. speak 1930. tear up; rip 1931. die 1932. calculate

1933. [grain] break to pieces

1934. damage; spoil 1935. lock [the door]

1936. collapse; cave in 1937. step on; trample

1938. lift up; carry 1939. shed [tears]

1940. lie

1941. scald; burn [the hand]

1942. escape; run away 1943. beg [for food]

1944. put on

1945. have a [head] ache 1946. kick

1947. shave [the head]

1948. [sky] be cloudy 1949. [weather] be clear;

[weather]fine day

1950. [the day] dawn; day- break

1951. get dark 1952. lick; lap

1953. carry [sthg] with a pole on the shoulder 1954. choose; pick; select 1955. to dance

1956. [long] jump 1957. to pulse; beat 1958. to paste; stick; glue 1959. listen

1960. hear 1961. stop; cease 1962. notify; inform 1963. steal

1964. throw; hurl 1965. spit [sputum]

1966. push; shove 1967. offer as an excuses 1968. move back; retreat 1969. swallow

1970. pull; drag [a log]

1971. dislocate [a joint]

1972. carry on the back 1973. dig; scoop [out]

1974. cut out; gouge out 1975. become curved; bent 1976. bend

1977.finish; be over 1978. play; amuse oneself 1979. forget

1980. violate; breach 1981. breast-feed; suckle

1982. to smell 1983. ask; question 1984. hold; grasp 1985. cover [the mouth]

1986. inhale [air]

1987. be accustomed to 1988. wash [clothes]

1989. like; love; happy 1990. be blind 1991. go down stairs 1992. give birth to [piglets]

1993. lay [egg]

1994. [rain] fall 1995. frighten; scare 1996. cave in; sink 1997. offer; dedicate 1998. admire; envy 1999. bellieve in; trust 2000. think

2001. recall; remember 2002. want [to go]

2003. be like; resemble 2004. digest

2005. disappear; vanish 2006. [swelling] subside 2007. pare; peel with a knife 2008. be careful; be cau- tious

2009. laugh; smile 2010. write 2011. have diarrhea 2012. blow [one’s nose]

2013. wake up 2014. shy; shame 2015. to rest 2016. embroider 2017. learn; study 2018. smoke; fumigate 2019. seek; look for 2020. press; push down 2021. castrate [cocks]

2022. grind; pestle [medicine]

2023. winnow 2024. to itch; tickle 2025. raise [chickens]

2026. rocksway; shake

2027. shake [one’s head]

2028. bite

2029. scoop up [water]

2030. want; need 2031. lead [the way]

2032. rely; lean on 2033. overflow; spill 2034. withhold the facts;

conceal 2035. win; gain

2036. bid sb welcome; greet 2037. embrace; hug 2038. swin 2039. have [money]

2040. there are [people]

2041. there are [trees on the mountain]

2042. meet; come across 2043. agree on; arrange 2044. cross; pass 2045. dizzy; giddy 2046. permit; allow 2047. to plant [trees]

2048. to be [in the house]

2049. to increase; gain 2050. to chisel; to bore 2051. be pricked [on a thorn]

2052. stick into; stab [with a knife]

2053. blink; wink 2054. extract [oil]

2055. pluck [flowers]

2056. stick down [an enve- lope]

2057. stand

2058. open [the mouth]

2059. grow up

2060. [water level] go up;

rise

2061. feel bloated

2062. catch [fire] ; be [on fire]

2063. catch cold

2064. call together; convene 2065. have found; located 2066. [wasps] sting

2067. cover; hide from view 2068. shake; quake 2069. fight for; vie with sb.for sth.

2070. steam 2071. know 2072. weave

2073. point at; point to;

point out

2074. plant; raise [wheat]

2075. swelling 2076. cook; boil

2077. use or lean on [a walking stick]

2078. wish

2079. grab; seize; catch 2080. turn around 2081. turn a corner 2082. turn; shift 2083. [cause to] turn 2084. put into a container;

pack

2085. chase after; pursue 2086. prepare; get ready 2087. catch; hold

2088. [chicken] peck at [rice]

2089. walk

2090. curse; imprecate 2091. get into; go through 2092. to drill

2093. be drunk 2094. sit; stay 2095. do; make 2096. to dream 2097. do; be in business 2098. keep sb. company 2099. way of doing things 2100. testify; bear witness Other words

2101. not only

2102. except; in addition 2103. mostly; propably 2104. of course; certainly 2105. just now

2106. entirely; radically 2107. and

2108. very; quite 2109. still; yet 2110. quickly; at once 2111. interrogative marker 2112. together

2113. surely; must 2114. also

2115. thereupon; then 2116. again

2117. at least 2118. until 2119. most 2120.finality 2121. suddenly

1 gZhungwa 方言（九寨溝県玉瓦郷）

☆

CHENGDU

成都

〇 KANGDING

康定

〇 MAERKANG

馬爾康

〇

香格里拉

XIANGGELILA

徳格

DEGE 〇

巴塘

BATANG 〇

〇

麗江

LIJIANG

・

^{玉瓦gZhungwa}

図

2:

玉瓦郷の位置

天文地理

1.

天   

˚nãNõ^mbo 2.

太陽  

ői wO 4.

月   

^Htsa^hka: 5.

星   

˚^hka^HmO 7.

天気  

˚n˜O 8.

雲   

˚ùi: 9.

雷   

˚^ïã0:

10.

風   

x^ha^hp3 11.

雨   

˚n˜O 12.

虹   

,a ze: 13.

雪   

k^hA:

14.

雹   

˚s^he:tC^hA

15.

霜   

n˜Aje: 16.

露   

si ja: 17.

霧   

˚^hm0 H3 18.

氷   

^˚őtC^ha row 19.

火   

őe 20.

煙   

t8 H8 21.

電気  

˚^Hl8:

22.

空気  

˚^Hlu^hpu 23.

蒸気  

˚^HlO^hpo 25.

水害  

˚tC^hWx^h8:

26.

世界  

ⁿdzO^Hle: 27.

地   

˚s^ha

28.

山   

r@ 29.

尾根  

r@^Ngo 30.

谷   

r@^Ngo˚n˜O 32.

岩石  

˚^FúA:

33.

洞窟  

^FúA^hku: 34.

洞穴  

k^hu: 35.

川   

˚tC^hW 36.

湖   

˚nA^Hőu 37.

海   

˚_˚ⁿts^ho 41.

溝   

luHO 42.

井戸  

towýo: 45.

道   

lO:

46.

平原  

˚^hts@r@ 48.

土   

˚s^ha 49.

畑   

s^ha çe: 50.

水田  

tC^hWçe: 55.

石   

^HdoHo 56.

砂   

CA^Hmo 57.

埃   

s^ha^HnA:

58.

泥   

^ődýu^Hba 59.

水   

˚tC^hu 60.

波   

tC^hW^Hl@w 61.

泉   

˚tC^hW^hku: 63.

森   

˚nA:

64.

草地  

˚^hpO:

66.

金   

˚^hsje: 67.

銀   

˚^HNi: 68.

銅   

s˜A^Hmo 69.

鉄   

˚^htCA 73.

さび  

˚^htsaH 74.

アルミ 

ha jO:

78.

煤   

˚ú^ho 79.

炭   

^Hto s^hA 83.

草木灰 

t^hjE^hpa 85.

場所  

˚s^ha ja 86.

長江  

re:jW 87.

黄河  

˚^HmaýW 88.

ラサ  

˚la^hs^ha 92.

アムド 

˚PaⁿdO 93.

ポタラ宮 

po ta la ji 94.

クンブム 

˚^hku^mbu: 95.

ラプラン 

la^wrO:

98.

通り  

˚ù^hOlO 99.

村   

^Hte wa 100.

橋   

z˜A^mba 101.

家   

ts^h@ⁿdzO:

102.

故郷  

˚p^ha jW:

人体

103.

体   

lW^hpo 104.

頭   

˚^Ngo 105.

髪   

^Ngo^hCa 106.

お下げ 

re:li 107.

額   

t^ha^hpa 108.

眉毛  

˚ői^htsW 110.

目   

˚ői^Hto 111.

鼻   

^hnO^Ngo 112.

鼻の穴 

^hnO^˚Nk^hu: 113.

耳   

˚^Hna^mbu: 114.

顔   

˚k^haNo 116.

口   

˚^˚őtCW^hti:

117.

唇   

˚^˚őtC^hW^hpa 118.

あごひげ 

˚ma re: 120.

あご  

ma^Nge 121.

首   

˚^hke 122.

肩   

˚p^hwO:

123.

背   

^Hke:ri 124.

脇   

^˚őtC^h˜A^Ngu 125.

胸   

^FúO:

126.

乳房  

nu wO 127.

乳   

Ho wO 128.

腹   

s^hW^hpa 129.

へそ  

˚^hti je

130.

腰   

˚^hke^hpa 132.

太もも 

˚^Hla^hk@w 133.

ひざ  

ts˜ı^Ngo 134.

下腿  

˚őa p^ho,@

135.

足   

˚^hkO:

137.

腕   

tC^hA^hpa 139.

手   

lA:

140.

手首  

ts^h˜@ Na 141.

指   

ⁿdzW,W 142.

手のひら 

lA^hpa 143.

親指  

_˚ⁿt^he^htCe: 144.

中指  

ⁿdzWⁿda re:re: 145.

小指  

˚PE Na

146.

爪   

˚s^he wu 148.

拳   

^mbWⁿdzu: 154.

皮膚  

x^ha^hpa 158.

傷口  

˚^Hm@,a 159.

しみ  

˚^Hmo^HtCe 162.

血   

˚ts^hA 163.

筋肉  

˚^Htsa 164.

脈   

ts^hA^htsa 165.

脳   

^Ngo^xko 166.

骨   

rW^hpa 167.

脊椎  

^Hke:zi:

169.

関節  

ts^hi^hka 170.

骨髄  

˚^hkO:

171.

歯   

˚s^ho 173.

歯茎  

s^ho^Hői: 174.

舌   

˚^htCAH 177.

喉   

˚ő@^hpa 179.

肺   

˚^Hl8:

180.

心臓  

˚^hőe: 181.

肝臓  

˚^˚őtC^h@^mb3 182.

脾臓  

˚_˚ⁿts^h@^hp3 183.

腎臓  

^˚Nk^he wO 184.

胆嚢  

˚_˚ⁿts^h@^hp3 186.

腸   

^HtsWwO 187.

大腸  

^HtsW,a: 188.

小腸  

^HtsWnA:

194.

汗   

˚^HNi:nA:

196.

つば  

tC^hu wo 197.

鼻水  

˚^hnOji 198.

涙   

tC^hu wo 201.

声   

˚^hkEP 202.

死体  

ro 203.

命   

ù8P 204.

寿命  

˚ts^he^Hlo:

人物

205.

人   

˚^Hő@

206.

人民  

m@re: 207.

平民  

m@s^he: 208.

チベット人 

pe: 209.

漢族  

˚^Htsa 210.

蒙古族 

s^ho^hpo 211.

回族  

x^h@x^hi 212.

半漢半蔵 

^Htsa mOpe: 213.

外国人 

˚C^hi tC^h@˚^Hő@

214.

大人  

^HgE^hpo 215.

子供  

őA: őu: 216.

赤ん坊 

ko^Hli:

217.

老人  

^HkE^hpo 218.

老婦人 

^HkE^Hmo 219.

男   

˚^Hő@

220.

女   

po wu 221.

男女  

˚p^ha mo 222.

少年  

p^ho sa: 223.

少女  

po wu 225.

専門家 

˚^˚Nk^hE^hpO 226.

商人  

ts^ho:wa 227.

医者  

˚^hmE^mba 228.

農民  

˚s^ha n˜Ogi^Hő@

229.

軍人  

˚^HmA:

231.

牧人  

mr@^hts@:

232.

大工  

miýO:

233.

鍛冶屋 

^Nga ra 235.

狩人  

r@rAd@ ő@

236.

料理人 

˚t^how giő@

237.

英雄  

˚^hpa wu 238.

女英雄 

po wu˚^hpa wu 239.

独身  

˚^Hői^htCi: 240.

学者  

j@,@ⁿ˚te: ő@

242.

代表  

˚kOsO 244.

泥棒  

˚^hkW^HmO 245.

強盗  

tCA:

246.

病人  

nE^hp3 247.

仇   

ma^hk@:s^ha 248.

王   

^HtC@w wu 250.

官   

^NgO:

251.

首領  

˚^Ngo^xú^hi: 252.

友人  

˚zO:s@ 253.

お供  

ⁿdzo rõ^ïã0l0 254.

教師  

^Hlo^hpe: 255.

仕立て屋 

zo wa 256.

靴屋  

˚x^hO: Ci,W: ő@

257.

石屋  

^HtoHo zoő@/ tC^hi kW 258.

肉屋  

˚^hxa^Hba

259.

俗人  

dýo^hpo 261.

盲人  

˚ői:^Hlu: 262.

聾唖者 

˚^Hna w8:

263.

禿げの人 

˚^Ngo ka^hta 265.

猫背の人 

^Hke^hpa k@ro: 266.

ばか者 

˚^Hla^Hle:

267.

口唇裂 

˚^˚őtC^hWx^ho 268.

狂人  

za^HlO:

269.

どもる人 

k^haⁿdi:/ k^ha t^h8:

270.

口の聞けない人 

˚^Hl˜@^mba

272.

客   

^ïão^hpo 273.

知り合い 

No x^he: 274.

知らない人 

No m@x^he: 277.

祖先  

˚p^hOP Paői: 278.

祖父  

˚pApA 279.

祖母  

Pa tC^hA:

280.

父   

Pa po 281.

母   

Pa mo 282.

両親  

p^ha mo 283.

息子  

˚kOli 284.

息子の嫁 

ke wu 285.

娘   

po wu 286.

娘婿  

pA:mo 287.

孫息子 

ts^h0 H0 289.

兄   

Pa^hpi 290.

姉   

Pa^hpi 291.

弟   

˚pej j3:

292.

妹   

˚ùe wu 293.

父の兄 

˚Pa,W 294.

父の兄の妻 

˚Pa ne 295.

父の弟 

˚Pa,W 296.

父の弟の妻 

˚Pa ne 297.

甥   

ts^h0 H0 298.

兄弟  

˚pej j3:

299.

姉妹  

őeùe: 300.

母の兄弟 

xO,O 301.

母の兄弟の妻 

˚Pa ne 309.

親戚  

z˜AzA:

310.

夫   

^Hke^hpo 311.

妻   

^Hke mo 312.

継母  

˚Pa ne 313.

継父  

˚Pa,W 316.

双子  

˚_˚ⁿts^he:

家畜

319.

家畜  

˚z8:

320.

牛   

˚n8:

321.

黄牛  

^Hga^hp@ 323.

ヤク  

˚^HjA: