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The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseSociety forPlant Systematics

ISSNOOOI-6799 Acta Phytotax. Geobot 44 (2):113-122 (1993)

Cytotaxonomic Aspects of Annonaceae,

with Special Reference to Differences

in Proportion of Polyploids between Asia and America

HIROSHI OKADA

Department ofBiology,

College

of

GeneralEducation,

Osaka

Uhiversity,

Tbyenaka, Cisaka560

Abstract The diversificationofbasic chromosome numbers, i.e.,7,8and 9,within theAnnonaeeae ispresumed tohaveoccurred atthevery earlystage of evolution of thefamily,

i,

e.,at

least before

thc

separation of the continents of Asia,Africaand Arnerica,The factthatxT=8

is

themost

frequent

number supports theassumption thatx=8 istheoriginal basicchromosome number

for

thisfamily.

Judging from differences in

the proportion of

basic

chromosome numbers between Asia and

America, diversMcation

of the Asian

Annonaceae is

considered to

have

proceeded mainiy at thex=:9 level,while these in America

frequently diversified

at the xr=7 level.Further,conspicuous

differencesintheproportionof polyploidsbetweenAsia and America were observed.

(Received

September 20,

1993; Accepted October

18,1993)

Key words: Annonaceae, Asia,America, basicchromoseme number, distribution,polyploidy,

,troplcs

The

species of

Annonaceae

are

interesting

subjects

for biosystematic

studies, especially when one

intends

to clarify the evolutionary

trends in

members of tropical

forests. The Annonaceae has diverged into

about

130 genera

and more

than 24oo

species

(Cronquist, 1980)

majnly

in

tropical and sub-tropical

forests. Their distribution is pan-tropical. In

contrast with

the fact

that

many

Polycarpicae

are monotypic or relict,

the Annonaceae

are extremely

diyerse.

Almost

al1 genera

of

the Annonaceae

are endemic

to

a particularregion;

Asia, Africa

or

America. Only

a

few

genera occur

in

two or three regions.

In

other words, aimost

al1 genera

and species

have

diversified

within a single region.

What kinds

of

karyological

events

have

occurred

in

the

evolutionary

process? hre

thereany

karyological

differences

between

thethreeregions?

To

answer these

questions, karyological

surveys were carried out

in the Asian

tropics

(Okada

and Ueda,

1984)

and compared with published reports of similar studies

in

theAmerica.

Little karyologicai

information is

available

for Africa, this

article will

focus

mainly on

differences between Asia

and America.

Materials

alld

Methods

wereFresh

materials used

in

thisstudy are

listed in Table 1. Young leaves

collected

in

the

field

pretreated

with O.03-O.05%

colchicine aqueous solution at

17-200C. Root

tips were

(2)

114 Acta Phytotax. Geobot. vol. "

obtained

from

seedlings grown at

Osaka

university.

Material gathered in the field

was cooled

by dissolution

of ammonium nitrate

(NH4N03). Materials

were

fixed in

modified

Carnoy's

solution

(absolute EtOH:ch]oroform:glacial

acetic acid=2:1:1)

for

more than

1 hour.

Young

leayes

were stained with amixture of

2%

aceto-orcein

in 111O

volume

1N HCI for

about

20

minutes,

heated

to

600C for

several seconds and squashed.

Materials

not staining

by

thismethod were treatedusing

Fuelgen's

reaction, then stained with 2% aceto-orcein

for

about

1 hour,

and squashed.

Root tips

were transferredto

45%

acetic acid at

5eC for

about

20

minutes, macerated with

IN HCI

at

600C

for

about

20

seconds, then stained with

2%

aceto-orcein

for

about

15

minutes and squashed.

Voucher

specimens are

kept in Osaka University, KYO, TI, BO, BRI, LAE (Table 1).

Results

and

Discussion

Chromosomes

were counted

for 19 genera

and

24

species

(Fig. 1, Table 1). Almost

all are

newly reported

here. Chromosome

counts of seven

genera; Cleistopetaium. Disepalum,

Enicosanthum. Mezzettiopsis, Oncodostigma, Polyaulex

and

Ryramidunthe,

are reported

for

the

first

time.

Information

on the

basic

chromosome number

is

now available

for 35

of

51 genera

from Asia

and

16

of

36 genera from America (Tables 2, 3) (Ehrendorfer

etal.,

1968; Walker, 1972;

Bawa, 1973; Okada

and

Ueda, 1984; Morawetz,

1984a, b, c, 1986a,

b, 1988; Sauer

and

Ehrendorfer, 1984; Morawetz

and

Waha, 1985; Morawetz

and

Le Thomas, 1988; Okada, 1990;

Datta

and

De, 1990). These

observations

provide

an opportunity to

discuss

evolutionary trends

in

the

Annonaceae based

on chromosome numbers.

The

majority of chromosome counts so

far indicate

a

basic

chromosome number of

8 (29

of

61 genera).

This

pattern is

constant throughout the threeregions

(Fig. 2). Genera

with x=7 are

rather

few

except

in the Americas,

supporting theconclusions

drawn by Okada

and

Ueda (1984)

and

Morawetz (1986)

thatthe original

basic

chromosome number

for

the

Annonaceae is 8.

Although

nearly

al1

genera are endemic to one of

the three

main regions

(cf. Fries, 1959;

Walker, 1972),

some

genera

are

distributed

widely throughout two or

three

regions.

These genera have basic

chromosome number, x=7

in Annona, 8 in Antzxagorea, Artabott:ys, Uvaria

and

Jb,lopia,

and

9 in

Polyalthia.

This

suggests that

diversification in basic

chromosome number,

from 8 to 9

and

from 8

to

7,

occurred at an early stage of

diversification in

the

family,

at

least before the three

regions were separated

from

each other, after which

migration

to the other

regions

became impossible. It is dithcult

toconsider that

parallelism in

chromosome evolution or

in

morphological changes occurred

independently in

many

genera. The fact that

thechromosome nurnber of the majority of pan-tropicalgenera

is

x=

8

also supports

the

conciusions of

Okada

and

Ueda (1984)

and

Morawetz (1986).

It

has become

clear thatevolutionary trends

in

chromosome numbers,

i.

e.,aneuploidy and polyploidy,

have played

an

important

role

in

the

diyersification

of the

family. Aiieuploid

changes,

8

to

9

and

8

to

7,

appear to

have influenced

generic

diversification in

the

family. Like

morphological criteria

(for

example;

Walker, 1971;

Le Thomas,

1981; Klucking, 1986; Metcalfe,

1987; Heusden,

1992),

these changes can

also be

used as reliable criteria to understand

phylogenetic

relationships

between genera. Judging from

the occurrence of

distinct basic

(3)

The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseSociety for Plant Systematics

December 1993 OKADA:Cytotaxonomic Aspects

of Annonaceae

115 Table 1.

genusChrornosome

counts of Annonaceae

from

Malesia, Indicatesnew record

for

**, A: Australia,I:Indonesia,M: Malaysia,

P: Papua New Guinea,

T:Taiwan.species' and

specles 2n source voucher

Alphonsea

orthQpetala Okada'

Ancana

stenopetala Muell.

Artabotrys

cf,scortechinii King*

Cleistopetalumsumatranum

Okada"*

Clyathoealyx

sp, 1*

CY.

sp.2*

Disepatum plaijLpetalumMerr."

E7iicosanthumcf.

congnetatum

(King)

Nry-Shaw'*

Goniothalamus

amayon

(Blanco)

Merr.*

Go.

sp.'

Hbplostichanthtts

novoguineensis Okada*

Mlezzettiopsiscreaghii Ridl,@'"

Mitrephora gtabra

Scheff.*

OncodostigmamicrcV7brum

Okada"*

On, monospetma

(Hk. f. & Th.)

Sincl.'*

Orophea

sp.'

Rhaeanthus

macropedus Diels' Ph, cf.crcassipetalus

Becc."

Polyaithiasp."

Polyaulaxcf.cylinch'ecatpa**

Rseuduvaria villosaJessup*

Rseuduvaria sp.*

Ib,ramidantheprismatica

(Hk.

f.

&

Th.)

Sincl."

Uvariasp.*

181816

16l61616 P;Madang

A; New

South

Wales

I; W. Sumatra

I;

W. Sumatra

I;S.Kalimantan I;W.

Surnatra

I;W.

Sumatra

18 I; E.

Kalimantan 1616

181818

18

1818181818181818

1616 TP;

Morobe P; Morobe

I;

Bogor (cult.)

I;E.

Kalimantan

I;W. Sumatra

M;

Tarnan Negara

M; Tarnan

Negara

P; Morobe

I;W,

Sumatra

P;'Morobe P; Morobe

A; N.

Queensland

P;Merobe

I;E.

Kalimantan

I;E.Kalimantan

O,

Ke, Ka. 4362

(KYO,

TI,LAE, BRI)

O,Im, U. 733

(TI,

BRI)

H, O.198

(KYO,

BO)

O.4607

(KYO,

BO)

M & al. 26117

(TI, BO)

H, O. 190

(KYO,

BO)

H, O,

It.654

(KYO,

BO)

K

&

al,20704

(TI,

BO)

C. 835

(Osaka

U.)

O, Ka. 4318

(KYO,

LAE,

BRI)

O, Ka. 4202

(KYO,

TI,LAE, BRI)

O. 3541

(KYO, BO)

K & al. 20732

(TI, BO)

H, O, It. 263 (KYO,

BO) O

&

al,

82 (TI,

BO)

O & al. 907

(TI,

BO)

W & al. 1

(KYO,

TI,

LAE,

BRI)

H, O.6S

(KYO,

BO)

O, Ka.4314

(KYO,

LAE)

O, Ka.4296

(KYO,

TI,LAE, BRI)

J.733

(BRI)

O,

K,4340

(KYO, TI, LAE)

K & al,20643

(TI,

BO)

K &

al.

20731 (TI,

BO)

@:Misidentified as Rseuduvaria reticulata

(Bl.)

Miq. byOkada and Ueda

<1984).

chromosome numbers

in

each of three regions, aneuploid changes may

have

occurred

independently in

each region,

but

evolutionary trends

in

Asian

Annonaeeae proceeded difflerently

from those

in

the

Americas (Table

2,

3, Fig. 2). The American Annonaceae

contain a

high proportion

of genera

with

x=7, while

Asian Annona

¢eae

have

many

genera

with x=9, and only one

genus

with x=7.

In

other words,

diversification

ofgenera

has

mainly proceeded at

the

x==7

level in America, but

at

the

x=9

level in Asia. These

events may

have

occurred after

the

continents separated.

It

would

be interesting

to

know

whether or not other

groups

exhibit

(4)

Vol. 個

Acta

 

PhVtotax.

 

Geobot 116

牌 臼

鷹 瀬

軌 冊

U

無 怨 甲

 

tt

齪   内

轄 腫

齪 鴃

ぼ  

鰻 … 虞 岸 勲

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饒 摩

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F

 

臨     誤 P 獄

乱 F距

 

 

庫   晦   p

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跚 照 广

 

 

  に  

 

盤 竇 蓐 儲

F

. 囁   广

繍 飜

騰 攤

攤 鱈

                               

                                   

お  

               

爨     黙

                               

 

         

           

 

 

广

   

   

鑵  

篝 ・

           

簿

  鰻 .

       

 

、 撫 、

醜   瀬

讐 藍

                           

ド    

     

 

 

   

脚    

懿 麟

灘 糶

灘 孅

   

   

. .

             

1

Photomicrographs of chromosomes  of some  Annonaceae

 AGon othalamus  amayon

2n

16

B Pseuduvaria v ’〃osa

2n

18 ) ,

 

C

1llphonsea  orthopetala

2n

18

 D Polyau

c cf

 cytindrocarpa

( 2

− 18 ) ,

E D

卿 typet

( 2n− 16 ) ,

 F C

tum

 um

2n

16

G・ 0

codostigma  monosperma

2n 18

 H Polya

hia

 sp

, (

2n

18

yramidanthe prismatca

2n

16

Phaea 2n

= 8 . Bar 5 .

Fig

(5)

The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseSociety for Plant Systematics

December 1993 OKADA: Cytotaxonomic Aspects

of

Annonaceae 117

ff60

50

>. 40oco=

30cr9L 20 10

o

7s9 789

Asia America

Fig.2. Proponion ofgenera with

basic

chromosome number of x=7

(dotted),

8

(stripes)

and 9

(solid),

patterns

similar tothat

in

the

Annonaceae. Such

analyses might clarify the

process

of species

diversification in tropical forests in

each region.

Difflerences in

the

proportion

of

polyploids between Asia

and

America

might

indicate

therole of polyploidy

in

speciation

(Fig. 3). Polyploids

are observed

frequently in American

species of

Annonaceae, but

are very rare

in Asian

ones.

According to

previous reports

(Okada

and

Ueda,

1984; Morawetz, 1984a, 1986a, b, 1988), karyological

obseryations of American plants were mainly carriedout on species

frorn

rather xeric

habitats,

as

in

the

Brazilian Cerrado,

while

Asian

materials were collected mainly

from

thewet tropicswith very

high humidity. In general, floras

at

high Iatitudes, high

altitudes and

in harsh

environments contain a

higher proponion

of polyploids

(cf. Funabiki, 1967; Grant,

1981).

Polyploids

are composed of multiple

genome

sets, ofwhich two

fundarnental

setsassure

the

original

genetic

system, while theadditional sets

have

the ability to change

genetic

systems to allow the organism to adapt to

harsher

environments.

Another

%

>oco]croLL

1OO

75

50

25

o

Asia America

Fig.3. Proportionof

diploids

and polyploidsinAsiaand America.

(6)

118

Acta Phytotax.

Geobot. Vol. 44

Tablc2. PloidylevelsandbasicchromosomenumbersofAnnonaceaeinAsiaandAmerica. Apomictictaxa

excluded.

Nurnerals in

parenthesesindicatenumber of species observed and totalnumber ofspecies.

ploidy

basicnumber Asia(51

genera)

America

(36genera)

2x x==7

Mlezzettia (217)

Annona

(121125)

Rollina

(2165)

7letrameranthus (112)

x=8 Antzxagorea

(1129)

Artabot,}ts

(6floo)

Cananga

(2f2)

Cleistopetatum

(112) Cyathoealyx (6125)

Desmos

(S/2S)

Disepalum

(118)

Mssistigma

(2180)

1#}'ieyodielsia

(2140)

Goniothalamus

(6180)

Mlelodorum

(314)

Mitrella

(11S)

Ilyramidanthe(111) Ra"wenhqt77a

(2f5)

Ctvaria

(21175)

Jkylopia

(2f170)

Anczxagorea

(2129)

Asimina

(7!8)

Bocageopsis (113)

Desm

opsis

(1/16)

Duguetia

(15174)

Htsaea

(113)

Alylopia (87170)

x=9

Aiphonsea (3130)

Ancana (213)

Enicosanthum

(1116)

FVtzalania

(1/2)

Hdptostichanthus

(5!6)

Mbzzettiopsis

(111)

Miiiusa

(3140)

Mitrephora (3140)

IVbouvaria

(ll3)

Oncodostigma

(215)

Orophea (2160)

Phaeanthus

(2120)

Platymitra

(112)

Polyalthia

(141150)

Polyaulax(112?) Pqpowia (1140)

Ilseuduvaria

(6135)

StelechocaJ;ptts

(212S)

Cymbqpetalum (2113)

Porcelia (lfS)

Sapranthus(1112)

3x

x=8 Asimina(118)

x=9

Ombopetalum (1113)

(7)

The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseSociety for Plant Systematics

December 1993 OKADA:Cytotaxonomic Aspects

of

Annonaceae 119 Table 2.

continued

ploidy basicnumber

Asia(51genera)

America

(36genera)

4x x==7 Annona

(2/125)

Guatteria

(241250)

Guatteriella

(112)

Guatteric\isis

(415)

RoUinia (2165)

7letrameranthus

(112)

x=8 Duguetia

(3174)

x=9 Enieosanth"m

(1116)'

Polyalthia

<11150)

6x x=7 RoUinia

(3!65)

x=8

Anczxtrgorea (1129)

Duguetia

(1174)

8x x=:7 RoUina

(116S)

x=8

Cyathocalyx (112S)

x=9 Clymbopetatum

(1113)

" :

Polyalthia

grandifblia

is

treated as a synonym of Enicosanthum grand(fbtium

Table3.Number of generawith basicchromosome numbeT ef 7,8and

9.

basicnumber

Asia

(51)

number of genera

Africa

(40) America (36)

total

x==7x=8x=9 11618 361 673 102922

total

35

10 16

61

explanation

is

thatnew regions, where the original vegetation may

have been destroyed,

supply

habitats for

newcomers.

Some

newcomers may

have

originated

from hybrids between parental

species which grow

in

stable

habitats. The hybrids

are thought to

have

a greaterability toadapt

to harsher

environment than the

parental

species

because

they contain a

heterogeneous

genome

inherited

from

both parental

species.

But

usually they are sterile

because

of

hybrid

weakness or some other reasons.

The polyploidization guarantees

continuation of

further

generations

by

formation

of

fertile gametes (Stebbins, 1984, 1985). In

any cases,

polyploids

seem to tolerate

harsher

environments.

A high

proportion of polyploids

in the Brazilian Cerrado

may

have

arisen from an evolutionary strategy toadapt toxeric environments, not

just because

of the

long history

of the

family. It is

therefore

presumed

that

if

we observe

the

chromosomes of species of wet

forests in America,

a

low frequency

of

polyploidy

might

be

observed.

(8)

120 Acta Phytotax. Geobot. Vol. 44

I

would

like

toexpress my cordial thanks to

Drs. M. Hotta, Kagoshima University,

and

M.

Kato, University

of

Tokyo,

who

provided

opportunities tostudy

in Indonesia. Thanks

are

also

due to

Mr. Mohd Khan

bin

Momin

Khan, Director General for Wildlife

and

National Parks, Malaysia, Dr. Fransis Ng,

the

former Deputy Director General, Forest Research Institute

of

Malaysia, Malaysia, for kindly

arranging

for the

survey at

Taman Negara, MaEaysia,

and to

Mr.

T. Hainald, LIPI, Indonesia, and Dr.

J. R. Croft, Acting Director, Division

of

Botany, Department

of

Forests, Lae, Papua New Guinea, for

their

kind

support and arrangement of my

field

studies.

Dr. L. W. Jessup, Senior Botanist, Queensland Herbarium, Australia, kindly

permitted

me touse

herbarium

equipment and

gave

me

fresh

seeds.

Dr. S.-M. Chaw, Institute

of

Botany, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, provided fresh

seeds.

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1984b.How stable are genomes of trepicalwoody plants?HeterozygosityinC-banded karyotypes of Porceliaas comparcd with Annona

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1986a.Remarks on karyological

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1986b.Systematicsand

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7letrameranthusas compared with other Annonaeeae generaof thesame chromosome number. Pl,Syst.Evol.154:147-173.

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1988.Karyosystematicsand eyolution ofAustralianAnnonaceae as compared with Eupomatiaeeae,

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Evol,IS9:49-80.

.

and LeThomas, A. 1988.Karyologyand systematics of thegenusAmbavia and other Annonaceae from Madagascar. Pl.Syst.Evol,158:155-160.

.

and Waha, M. 1985.

A

new pollentype,

C-banded

and fiuorochromecounterstained chromosomes,

and evolution inGuatteriaand related genera

(Annonaceae).

Pl.Syst.Evol.150:119-141.

(9)

The Japanese Society for Plant Systematics

NII-Electronic Library Service

The  Japanese  Sooiety  for  Plant  Systematios

December  1993

OKADA

Cytotaxonomic

 

Aspects

 of 

Annonaceae 121

Okada  H

1990

 Reproductive biology of Polyalthia 

littoralis

Annonaceae

  P1

 

Syst

』 voL  170

237−245.

       

and 

Ueda

 

K 。

1984

 

Cytotaxonomical

 studies on  Asian Annonaceae

  P1

 Syst

 Evol

144:165

177

Sauer

 W

 ad Ehrendorfer F

1984

 Notes on  the karyosystematics of Annonaceae

  PL Syst

 EvoL

   

14647

55

Stebbins ,

 L

  1984.

 Polyploidy and  the 

distribution

 of the arCtic

alpine

ora new evidence and  a new

 

approach

 Botanica Helvetica 941

13

      .

1985

Polyploidy hybridization

 and  the invasion of new  habitats

  Ann

 Missouri Bot

 Gard

 

72:

824−832.

Walker,

 

J.

 

W .1971.Pollen

 morphology

 phytogeography  and  phylogeny  of the 

Annonaceae,

 

Contr.

 

Gray

   Herb

2021

123

摘 要

  博

ア ジ ア

科 植 物

細 胞 分 類 学 的 特 質

と ア メ リ

倍 数 体 頻 度

の 相違

 

科植物

に は

重 山

諸島

た だ 1

ボ ウ

ド キ

Po

yalthia

liukiuensis

 

Hatusima

る だ け

な じ み

植物

し か し ,

こ の

リ カ

ア メ

リ カ の 熱帯

亜 熱帯

く分

,約130属

2300種

Cronquist

 

1982

原 始 的

植物

大き

1

こ の

本数 に は 7,8, 9

が 知

ら れ る

れ ら の 染

体基

原 始 的 被 子

植物

植物群

の の 1

上 げ

(例

x

19

, デ ネ リ

x

12

ミ モ

ド キ 科

x

=13,

ウ ポ

x

=10 な ど で い ず

ン レ

よ り大

細胞

学 的

観 点

植 物 群

原 始 的

植物

根幹

る を

細 胞 分 類 学 的 特 質

原 始 的 被 子 植 物

系 統 進 化

え る 上

無 視

重 要

情報 1

一 方

こ の

熱 帯

に お

の よ

多 く

分 類 群

分 化

し た

熟帯

て い る

り ,

熱 帯

に お

被 子 植 物

進 化 的 傾 向

種 分 化

機 構 な どを 研 究 す

是 非 取 り扱

植 物 群

1

 

こ の

Okada & Ueda ,1984

い て

行 な

東 南

ア ジ ア

分 布 す

ン レ

植物

19属

24

染 色 体 数 を 観

Table

 

1

こ の

ち 8

染 色 体 数

め て 明 ら か に さ れ た

の で

今 回

も含

現 在

で に ア ジ ア

地 域分 布 す

51 属

35

リ カ

地 域

分 布 す

40

ち 10

て ア

リ カ

地 域

分 布 す

約 36

16

染色体数

か に

う ち ,

ア メ

リ カ

す る 特徴 を 比

した

結 果 (

Table

 

2 )

以 下

記 す

うな

と が わ

リ カ

地 域

報 告 数

な く 比 較

対 象

に し な か

 1

) 染 色 体 基 本 数

x

=8 を 示

す 属

に お

て も

を 示 し た

事 実

は Okada & Ueda

1984

 

Morawetz

1986

し た

こ の

原 始

基 本数

8 で

と い

支 持 す

の で

る グ

し た と き

て い

, そ

プ の

多 く派 生 形

じた 時

維持 さ れ

続 け

性 が

 

2

ア フ リ カ

の 2

3

地 域

に ま た が

分 布 す

染 色 体 基 本 数

に は 7

( Annona )

8

Anaxagorea ,

 

Artabotrys

 

Uvaria

 

Xytopi

, 9

Polyaithia ) の

ず れ も

れ は

ソ レ

シ科 植 物

基 本

変化 3 地

離 す

を示 唆 す

ま た ,1

繰 り返

し に

染 色 体 基 本 数

,8

が 多

くみ ら れ る

と は ,

N工 工

Eleotronio  Library  

(10)

122 Acta

 

Phytotax.

 

Geobot . Vo1 .44

は や

x

; 8

原 初

特質

と を

  3

ア メ

リ カ

ソ レ

科植物

基 本

頻 度

る と , 両 地

進 化 傾 向

が み

られ

で は

x

= 9

多 く派

生 し

一 方

ア メ

カ で

x

7

く派 生

し て

こ の 違 い は

隔離 さ れ た

ろ う

こ の

傾 向

何 を 意 味 す

の か

今 回

研 究

で は

味深 現象

 

4

リ カ の 倍 数

頻 度

明 ら か に

ア で

は ほ と ん

2

倍 体

ま ま で

し て

ア メ

リ カ

多 く 倍 数 体

報 告

さ れ

る 。

報 告

湿 潤 熱 帯

そ れ 準 ず

雨 緑 林

分 布 す

種 を 用

の で

リ カ で

報 告 が 主湿 潤 熱 帯 林

分 布 す

で は

な く

や 乾 燥

し た

ラ ジ

る サ

生 )

分布

植物 い て い る

大 き く影 響

し て

い る

考 え られ

地 域

植 生

倍 数 体

頻 度

ら高 緯 度

る に

て ,

る い は

標 高

高 くな

る に

増 え

行 く傾 向

る こ と が

さ れ て い る

Grant

 

1981

環 境

生 物

生 育

し い

思 わ れ

倍 数 体

に は

ム セ

ト が

複 数 あ

り ,

基 本 的

遺 伝 子

ト に よ

最 低 限 生 活

保 証

ト の 遺 伝 子

無 方 向突 然 変 異 を起

し て

環 境 も耐 え

行 く

出 来

る よ

遺 伝 子

ト が

形 成 され

考 え ら れ

見 解 も あ

Stebbinbs

 

1984,1985

氷 期

そ れ ま で

が 氷 河

に よ

さ れ , や

氷 河

後 退

空 白

い ち

入 し た

は 旧

雑 種 起 源 植 物

そ の よ

植物

遺伝

ト を 持

つ こ

に よ

生 育 地

適 応

し て

た 。

た だ こ の ま ま で は

な ど 現象

次 世

確保

場 合 が 多

安 定

した

次 世

供給

植物

数 が 倍 加 す

に よ

減 数 分 裂

安 定

稔 性

配 偶

出す

1

方法

,高

緯 度 地 域

倍 数 体

増 え

と解 釈 さ

植物

る た

び し

え ら れ

な る に

倍 数 体 が

え る

向 が

み ら れ る

科 植 物

に み ら

両 地 域

倍 数 体

頻 度

い は こ の

傾 向

端 的

わ し

て い

る も

ろ う

も し

ア メ

リ カ

分 布 す

植物

染 色

体数 調

ジ ア

2

頻 度

高 くな

る こ

予 想 され

       

560

大 阪 府 豊 中 市 待 兼 山 町

1− 1

大 阪 大 学 教 養 部 生 物 学 教

室 )

Fig. 3. Proportion of diploids and polyploids in Asia and America.
Table 3.Number of genera with basic chromosome numbeT ef 7, 8 and 9.

参照

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