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(1)Title. Fatigue properties of multi-directionally forged pure titanium plates and thin foils( 本文(Fulltext) ). Author(s). ILHAMDI. Report No.(Doctoral Degree). 博士(工学) 工博甲第540号. Issue Date. 2018-09-30. Type. 博士論文. Version. ETD. URL. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/77252. ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。.

(2) Fatigue Properties of Multi-directionally Forged Pure Titanium Plates and Thin Foils. ILHAMDI 1153812011. A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING. GIFU UNIVERSITY Gifu, Japan September, 2018.

(3) Fatigue Properties of Multi-directionally Forged Pure Titanium Plates and Thin Foils ILHAMDI A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING. Approved by the Thesis Advisor. _________________________________________ Professor Dr. Yoshihiko Uematsu. GIFU UNIVERSITY Gifu, Japan September, 2018. i.

(4) by Ilhamdi All Rights Reserved. ii.

(5) Contents ƒ–‹‰—‡”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ—Ž–‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡†—”‡‹–ƒ‹—ƒŽ–‡•ƒ†Š‹ ‘‹Ž•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹ ‘–‡–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ‹‹‹ ‹•–‘ˆ–ƒ„Ž‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ˜‹ ‹•–‘ˆˆ‹‰—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ˜‹‹  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡– ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤš‹˜ Šƒ’–‡”ͳ

(6) –”‘†— –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ ͳǤͳƒ ‰”‘—†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ ͳǤͳǤͳ ‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡ƒ†‹–ƒ‹— ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ ͳǤͳǤʹ—Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‹‰ȋ ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ ͳǤʹ›‘’•›•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ Šƒ’–‡”ʹ ƒ–‹‰—‡‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡†‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—”‹–› ”ƒ†‡ ʹ‹Žƒ–‡‹ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‹”ƒ†‹‰‡”Ʈ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ „•–”ƒ –ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ ʹǤͳ

(7) –”‘†— –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ ʹǤʹš’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž• ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ16 iii.

(8) ʹǤʹǤͳƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸ ʹǤʹǤʹ’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ7 ʹǤʹǤ͵‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ ʹǤ͵‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ ʹǤ͵Ǥͳ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ ʹǤ͵Ǥʹ ƒ–‹‰—‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸ ʹǤ͵Ǥ͵ ”ƒ –‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ30 ʹǤͶ‹• —••‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ ʹǤͶǤͳˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ ʹǤͶǤʹ ƒ–‹‰—‡‡ Šƒ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ ʹǤͷ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ Šƒ’–‡”͵ ƒ–‹‰—‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‰‡†‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹Ž™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Š‹ ‡•• ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ41 „•–”ƒ –ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ ͵Ǥͳ

(9) –”‘†— –‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶʹ ͵Ǥʹš’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ. iv.

(10) ͵ǤʹǤͳƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ ͵ǤʹǤʹ’‡ ‹‡ƒ†’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ46 ͵ǤʹǤ͵ ƒ–‹‰—‡ ”ƒ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ–‡•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ49 ͵Ǥ͵‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ52 ͵Ǥ͵Ǥͳ‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ52 ͵Ǥ͵Ǥʹ ƒ–‹‰—‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͵ ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ ”ƒ –‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͸ ͵ǤͶ‹• —••‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ ͵Ǥͷ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͳ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹ ‹•–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ ‘—”ƒŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ

(11) –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ   v.

(12) List of tables ƒ„Ž‡ͳ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ ‡†‹ƒ†͵ͷ.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ17. ƒ„Ž‡ʹ‹ ”‘Šƒ”†‡••˜‹ ‡”•˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹ȋ‡ƒ•—”‡†‘–Š‡† ’Žƒ‡ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ. ƒ„Ž‡͵‡•‹Ž‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ ‡†‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹Ž.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ53. ƒ„Ž‡Ͷ‡Žƒ–‹‘–‡•‹Ž‡ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ ‡†‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹ŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ55. ƒ„Ž‡ͷ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ•–‡†‘ˆ ‡†‹‰”ƒ†‡ʹ–Š‹ˆ‘‹Žƒˆ–‡”ˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–Ǥ.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ68. . vi.

(13) List of figures ‹‰ǤͳǤ›’‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ„‘‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•ȏʹȐǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵. ‹‰ǤʹǤ‹‘‹’Žƒ–’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋƒȌ‡š–‡”ƒŽǡȋ„Ȍ‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ȏʹȐ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ3. ‹‰Ǥ͵Ǥ Š‡ƒ–‹ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†ˆ’”‘ ‡••™‹–ŠŽ‘ƒ†‹‰•–”‡••VǤŠ‡‹†‡š —„‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ•’‡ –”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡†‹‡•‹‘ȏͳͷȐǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ. ‹‰ǤͶǤ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‡†‹ƒ† ƒ–‹‰—‡•’‡ ‹‡Ǣȋ‹††Ž‡Ȍ ‡†

(14) ǡ ȋ†‘™Ȍ͵ͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ. ‹‰Ǥͷ‘””‘•‹‘ˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ. ‹‰Ǥ͸ƒ ”‘–‡š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹’Žƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ. ‹‰Ǥ͹ƒ‘‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹ǢȋŽ‡ˆ–Ȍ†‘‹ƒ–‡“—‹ƒš‡†•–”— –—”‡ǡ ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍƒˆ‡™Žƒ›‡”‡†•–”— –—”‡ƒŽ•‘‡š‹•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵. ‹‰Ǥͺ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡͵ͷǡ™Š‹–‡ƒ””‘™ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ–„‹‰‰‡”‰”ƒ‹•‹œ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵. ‹‰ǤͻƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ͵ͷ‘Ǧ’Žƒ‡ǢȋȌ

(15)  ƒ’ǡȋȌ’‘Ž‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ȋͲͲͲͳȌ ’Žƒ‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ. ‹‰ǤͳͲ‡š–—”‡‘ˆ ‡†

(16) ‘„ƒ•ƒŽ’Žƒ‡ȋͲͲͲͳȌ„›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ. vii.

(17) ‹‰Ǥͳͳ Š‡ƒ–‹ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡š–—”‡‹–Š‡ ‡†ƒ†͵ͷ’Žƒ–‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸. ‹‰ǤͳʹǦ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ†͵ͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ. ‹‰Ǥͳ͵‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǧ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹„›‹ ‡”•Šƒ”†‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ. ‹‰ǤͳͶ ƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡•‘ˆ͵ͷǣȋƒȌ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ––Š‡ ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡ȋσƒαͳͻͲƒǡNˆαͳǤͶέͳͲ͸Ȍ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ. ‹‰Ǥͳͷ ƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡•‘ˆ†ˆ‡†–‹‹Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ‹”ȋ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ȌǣȋƒȌ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ†ȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™•ƒ––Š‡ ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡ȋσƒ αʹ͹ͲƒǡNˆα͸ǤͷέͳͲͷǡŽ‘–ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ. ‹‰Ǥͳ͸Fatigue fracture surfaces of MDFed ti in laboratory air (sub-surface crack initiation): (a) overview, (b) magnified views at the crack initiation site (σa = 230MPa, Nf = 3.2×107, lot B).ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵. ‹‰Ǥͳ͹Fatigue fracture surfaces of MDFed Ti in Ringer’S solution air (sub-surface crack initiation): (a) overview, (b) magnified views at the crack initiation site (σa = 230MPa, Nf = 8.9×106, lot A).ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵. viii.

(18) ‹‰ǤͳͺƒƒŽ›•‹•”‡•—Ž–ǣȋƒȌ‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡ǡȋ„Ȍ‹ ƒ’’‹‰ǡȋ Ȍ•’‡ –”—ȋVaα ʹ͵ͲƒǡN α͵ǤʹέͳͲ͹ǡŽ‘–ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹. ‹‰ǤͳͻƒƒŽ›•‹•”‡•—Ž–ǣȋƒȌ‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡ǡȋ„Ȍ ’‘Ž‡ˆ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‹ˆ‹‰ǤȋƒȌǡȋ Ȍ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•‹œ‡•ȋ6$α ʹ͵ͲƒǡN α͵ǤʹέͳͲ͹ǡŽ‘–ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ. ‹‰ǤʹͲ ƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ ‡†‹‹Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ‹”ȋ•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ȌǣȋƒȌ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™•ƒ– ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡ȋVƒαʹͷͲƒǡ N αͳǤͻέͳͲ͸ǡŽ‘–ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ. ‹‰Ǥʹͳ‡ Šƒ‹•‘ˆ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ. ‹‰Ǥʹʹ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹Ž‰”ƒ†‡ʹˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡†„› ǡ•—’’Ž‹‡† ˆ”‘ƒ™ƒ‘–‘ ‡ƒ˜›

(19) †—•–”›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͸. ‹‰Ǥʹ͵’‡ ‹‡‰‡‘‡–”›‘ˆǢȋ—’Ȍ–‡•‹Ž‡–‡•–ǡȋ„‘––‘Ȍˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͹. ‹‰ǤʹͶ’‡ ‹‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–‡•‹Ž‡ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͺ. ‹‰Ǥʹͷ‡–—’•’‡ ‹‡ˆ‘”–‡•‹Ž‡ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͻ. ‹‰Ǥʹ͸’‡ ‹‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ˆ‘” –‡•–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ0. ix.

(20) ‹‰Ǥʹ͹–›’‹ ƒŽ–‡•‹Ž‡–‡•– —”˜‡Ǥ•’‡ ‹‡–Š‹ ‡••‹•ͷͲPǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ. ‹‰ǤʹͺǦ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹Žˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡†„› ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ5. ‹‰Ǥʹͻ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǧ†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ‹–Š‹ˆ‘‹Žˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡†„› ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͸. ‹‰Ǥ͵Ͳ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰–‡•‹Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆͳ͵Ɋˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡȋƒȌ ™Š‘Ž‡˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ– ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹. ‹‰Ǥ͵ͳ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰–‡•‹Ž‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆʹͲɊˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ ȋƒȌ™Š‘Ž‡˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ. ‹‰Ǥ͵ʹ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰–‡•‹Ž‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ͵ͲɊˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ ȋƒȌ™Š‘Ž‡˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ. ‹‰Ǥ͵͵‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰–‡•‹Ž‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆͷͲɊˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ ȋƒȌ™Š‘Ž‡˜‹‡™ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͻ. x.

(21) ‹‰Ǥ͵Ͷ ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆͳ͵Ɋˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ σƒαʹͷͲƒǡNˆαͳǤͶ㽢ͳͲ͸ › Ž‡•ǢȋƒȌŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ –—”‡Ž‹‡ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ. ‹‰Ǥ͵ͷ ‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ͵ͲɊˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ ɐƒαʹͻͲƒǡˆαͳͺͳǡ͸Ͳʹ › Ž‡•ǢȋƒȌŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ –—”‡Ž‹‡ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸2. ‹‰Ǥ͵͸‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š••Š‘™‹‰ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆͷͲɊˆ‘‹Ž•’‡ ‹‡ǡ ɐƒαʹ͹ͲƒǡˆαͳǤ͵™ͳͲͷ › Ž‡•ǢȋƒȌŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ –—”‡Ž‹‡ǡȋ„Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǡȋ†Ȍƒ‰‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ƒ–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸3. ‹‰Ǥ͵͹›’‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡‘ –‡•–•’‡ ‹‡ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͷ. ‹‰Ǥ͵ͺ›’‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ ’”‘’ƒ’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡Ǥ’‡ ‹‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆͳ͵ P.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͷ. ‹‰Ǥ͵ͻ –‡•–”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ ͳ͵ P.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ. ‹‰ǤͶͲ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ ”‘•••‡ –‹‘‘ˆ –‡•–Ǥ’‡ ‹‡–Š‹ ‡‡‘ˆͳ͵ P.ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ. . xi.

(22) Acknowledgment. In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǡAlhamdulillahǡ’”ƒ‹•‡ƒ†–Šƒ›‘—„‡Ž‘‰–‘ŽŽƒŠ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–›Ǥ”ƒ‹•‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ †ƒ› ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– ‹• ƒ† ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ‹‰ ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ › ŠǤǤ ‘—”•‡ ƒ– ‡ƒ–•—Ǧƒ‹— Š‹ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‘ˆ ‹ˆ— ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ’ƒǤ ŽŽ –Š‡ Š—”†Ž‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•†—”‹‰–Š‹•™‘”™‡”‡‘Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡„›‘Ž›ˆ”‘ ‹•’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ › •’‡ ‹ƒŽ –Šƒ• –‘ › •—’‡”˜‹•‘” ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ”Ǥ ‘•Š‹Š‹‘ ‡ƒ–•—ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ‡–‘” ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ

(23)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ ›‘— ˆ‘” ‰‡–Ž› ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰›”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‡–‘‰”‘™ƒ•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ǥ .

(24) ƒ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ•‘— Š–‘• Ǥ”‘ˆ‡••‘””Ǥ‘•Š‹ˆ—‹ƒ‹— Š‹ǡƒ† ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹‘”—ƒƒ•Š‹–ƒƒ• ‘‹––‡‡‡„‡”‘›”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ–Šƒ•›‘—ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‡–•ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡‘›”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ƒ›†‹•–—”„›‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›• Š‡†—Ž‡Ǥ  . ‹‰ –Šƒ ›‘—

(25)  •Š‘—Ž† ƒ††”‡•• –‘ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ”Ǥ ƒ•ƒ‹ ƒƒŒ‹ƒǡ ˆ‘” ™ƒ” ™‡Ž ‘‡ƒ†ƒ†˜‹ ‡•‘›”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

(26) ™‹ŽŽ‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––Š‡‹†‡••‘ˆ”Ǥƒ•ƒ›—‹ ‹–ƒǡ–Šƒ›‘—•‘— Š‹–ƒǦ•ƒǤŽŽ‡ƒ–•—Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†‡–•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘” xii.

(27) › ˆ‘”‡” –‡ƒ ƒ–‡Ǣ ‘‘Š‹‘ —‹Šƒ”ƒ ƒ† ‡‹ Š‹ ‘‘Šƒƒǡ ƒƒ†ƒǦ•ƒǡ ƒ†ˆ‘”‡”‡„‡”‘ˆǦ”‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Š—‘”ǡ•—’’‘”–ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ǡǤ.

(28) ƒŽ•‘™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‡š’”‡••›ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Šƒ•–‘”‘ˆ‡••‘” —ƒ™ƒ”ƒǡ ›’ƒ”‡–•ǡ›‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•ǡ›ƒ†‘’–‡†’ƒ”‡–•ǡƒŽŽ›„”‘–Š‡”•ƒ†•‹•–‡”•ǡ› ’ƒ”‡–•Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™ ƒ† › Ž‘˜‡Ž› ™‹ˆ‡ ƒ† †ƒ—‰Š–‡”• ƒ† —„‘” „ƒ„› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡ ‡•ǡ•—’’‘”–ƒ†’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ †–Š‡Žƒ•–„—–‘––Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ–Šƒ›‘—˜‡”›— Š–‘

(29) †‘‡•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡––Šƒ– ‰‹˜‡‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”––‘’—”•—‡–Š‹•†‘ –‘”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’‘ˆ ‹”‡ –‘”ƒ–‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡ ˆ‘”  ‹‡ ‡ǡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‹‰Š‡” †— ƒ–‹‘ ȋǦ‹–‹ȌǤ. xiii.

(30) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Health issue and Titanium  ‡ƒŽ–Š ‹• ƒ‡‹–› ˆ‘” Ž‹˜‹‰ –Š‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ƒ‹‰ ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›Š‡ƒŽ–Š›‹•’Žƒ›‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡Š—ƒ‹†Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ†‡ ƒ „‡––‡” ˆ—–—”‡ –Šƒ Ž‡•• Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(31) – ‹• ‘‘ •‡•‡ –Šƒ– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ Š—ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š –Šƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–— ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ‹†‡š ̻ ʹͲͳ͹ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹†‡š ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ ‹• –Š‡ „‡•– ˆ‘—”ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡

(32) †‘‡•‹ƒ ‘ ͳͲͳ ƒ‘‰ ͳͺͶ ‘—–”‹‡• ȏͳȐǤ Š‹• ‹†‡š ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š”‡‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ „ƒ•‹  ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡Ǥ  —ƒ „‘†› ‘—Ž† „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ •‹Ȁ†‡”ƒǡ •‘ˆ– –‹••—‡ ȋ‡ƒ–ǡ „Ž‘‘† ˜‡••‡Žǡ‡—”‘ǡ‡– Ȍƒ†Šƒ”†’ƒ”– ȋ„‘‡ǡ•—ŽŽƒ†–‡‡–ŠȌǤŠ‡ Š—ƒ „‘†›ƒ› ‰‡– ‹Œ—”‹‡•ˆ”‘•‘‡ƒ ‹†‡–•‘”‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‹‰ǤŠ‡‹Œ—”‹‡• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•Ǣ —– ‘” ”‡‘˜‡† •‹ǡ —– ‘” „Ž‡‡†‹‰ –‹••—‡ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ ‡† ‘” „”‘‡ Šƒ”† ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŠ—ƒ„‘†›ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡”‡ ‘˜‡”›’”‘ ‡••ƒˆ–‡”‹Œ—”› ‡˜‡ ˜‡”› Ž‹‹–‡† †‡‰”‡‡ ‘” Ž‘™ ”ƒ–‡Ǥ •—ƒŽŽ› •‹ ƒ† •‘ˆ– –‹••—‡ ƒ”‡ ˆƒ•–‡” ‹ ”‡ ‘˜‡”›–ŠƒŠƒ”†’ƒ”–Ǥ   . 1.

(33) Š‡ Šƒ”† ’ƒ”– ‘•–”— –‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ‹Ž› ƒŽ ‹— ˆ‘” Šƒ”† ‘—–‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‘—–‡” ‘˜‡”• •‘‡ ˜‘‹† ™‹–Š •‡‹ Ž‹“—‹† ƒ† ‡—”‘ •›•–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹•‹†‡ ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‘–Š ‘ˆ „‘‡ǡ•—ŽŽƒ†–‡‡–ŠŠƒ˜‡–Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Ǥ‡‡–Šƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–‡š’‘•‡†Šƒ”†’ƒ”– ™Š‹Ž‡ •—ŽŽ ‹• ‘˜‡”‡† „› •‹ ƒ† „‘‡ „› •‹ ƒ† •‘ˆ– ’ƒ”–Ǥ ‘ǡ „”‘‡ –‘‘–Š ‹• ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘‰‡–ƒ–—”ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‘’ƒ”‡–‘ˆ”ƒ –—”‡„‘‡‘”•—ŽŽǤ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ƒ••‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ† „‡‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ƒ†”‡ ‘˜‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡„”‘‡’ƒ”–Š—ƒ„‘†›Ǥ    ‘‡ –›’‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ  ‘” ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ •‡‡ ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͳǤ ‹‰Š‡” †‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ†ƒƒ‰‡‘–Š‡„‘‡”‡“—‹”‡†Ž‘‰‡”–‹‡–‘–ƒ‡”‡ ‘˜‡”›Ǥ‡™„‘‡™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡ˆ‘”‡† ˆ”‘ †‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒŽ ‹— ‘ –Š‡ –‹’ ‘ˆ „”‘‡ „‘‡Ǥ ƒŽ ‹— ”‡•‘—” ‡ ƒ› –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ —–”‹–‹‘—• ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘†• ‘” •—’’Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡™ „‘‡ ‹• ‘–ƒ•Šƒ”†ƒ•–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰ǡ•‘‡’Žƒ–‡•‘””‘†•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘ƒ –ƒ••—’’‘”–†—”‹‰ ‹–• ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† ”‡ ‘˜‡”›Ǥ Š‹• •—’’‘”– •›•–‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ• „‹‘ ‹’Žƒ– ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ƒ• •Š‘™‹ ‹‰ǤʹǤŠ‹••—’’‘”–•›•–‡ ƒ„‡ƒ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‘”‹–‡”ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡‡––‘–Š‡ „”‘‡„‘‡ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡†ƒƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ•‹’Ž‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡‘–Š‡„‘‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ˆ‹šƒ–‡†—•‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ›—•‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹••—’’‘”–•›•–‡ ‘—Ž†„‡”‡‘˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”‡™„‘‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒ•Šƒ”†ƒ• –Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰„‘‡ǡƒ„‘—–ƒˆ‡™™‡‡•‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š•ƒˆ–‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ   . 2.

(34) .  ‹‰ǤͳǤ›’‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ„‘‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•ȏʹȐǤ . . . ‹‰ǤʹǤ‹‘‹’Žƒ–’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋƒȌ‡š–‡”ƒŽǡȋ„Ȍ

(35) –‡”ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ȏʹȐ  ”‘–Š‡ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ„‹‘‹’Žƒ–•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‡“—ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰„‘‡Ǣƒ‡Ž›‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Šǡ‘—‰Ʈ•‘†—Ž—•ǡ ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ„‹‘‹’Žƒ–•Š‘—Ž†‘– ƒ—•‡. 3.

(36) •‘‡ „ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ •‘ˆ– –‹••—‡• ‹– ‘–ƒ –‡† ™‹–ŠǤ – Ž‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž –Š‡”‡•’‘•‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽŽ‡”‰‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ǡ„—–‹Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‹– ƒ„‡–‘š‹ ‹–›”‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘‡ ‡–ƒŽ ƒ „‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ȋ ‘””‘†‡†Ȍ ‹–‘ –Š‡‹” ‡˜‹”‘‡– –Š”‘—‰Š ‡Ž‡ –”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› •‘‡ ™‡– ‘” •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ‘ –Šƒ–ǡ ‹– ‹• †‡•‹”‡† –Šƒ–„‹‘‹’Žƒ–•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘””‘•‹‘ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ‡”‰‹ Ǧ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ†–‘š‹Ǧ‡Ž‡‡–Ǥ   ‘™‡˜‡”‹„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–‹‡ǡŠ—ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–˜‡”›•‹’Ž‡ˆ‘””‡’Žƒ ‹‰–Š‡ Ž‘•––‡‡–Š‘”ˆ‹š‹‰–Š‡„”‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”„‘†›Ǥƒ‹‹‡–ǤƒŽǤ‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–‹’Žƒ– ™ƒ•–”ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ ‹‡–‡”ƒ‘ˆ‰›’–ƒ†‘—–Š‡”‹ ƒ ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǣƒ•—ŽŽ™‹–Š ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘‘–Šˆ”‘†ƒ”•–‘‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ”‘‘Ž—„‹ƒ‡”ƒȏ͵ȐǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–”‡ ‘”†‡† „‘‡‰”ƒˆ–‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‹ͳ͸͸ͺ„›”Ǥƒ‡‡‡”‡‡Ǥ‹ ‡ͳͺͲͲǡ•‘‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡–ƒŽ• •— Š ƒ• ƒŽ—‹—ǡ •‹Ž˜‡”ǡ „”ƒ••ǡ ”‡† ‘’’‡”ǡ ƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ ‰‘Ž† ƒ† •‘ˆ– •–‡‡Ž ’Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š‰‘Ž†ƒ†‹ ‡Žǡƒ†–‹–ƒ‹—™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•†‡–ƒŽ‹’Žƒ–Ǥ  

(37)  –Š‡ ‘†‡” ‡”ƒǡ –‹–ƒ‹— ™ƒ• —•‡† ‹ •—”‰‡”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ͳͻͷͲƮ• ˆ‘” ‹‡” „‘†›†‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡†‹ ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–Ǥ‹–ƒ‹— ƒ†‹–•ƒŽŽ‘›• ƒ „‡ —•‡† ƒ• „‹‘ ‹’Žƒ– ˆ”‘ Š‡ƒ† –‘ –‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ ‹–ƒ‹— ƒ •–ƒ› ‹ –Š‡ Š—ƒ „‘†› —’ –‘ ʹͲ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ• „‹‘ ‹’Žƒ–ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ• †‡–ƒŽ ‹’Žƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ ‹–ƒ‹— ƒ• „‹‘ ‹’Žƒ– ƒ”‡ „‹‘ ‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š Š—ƒ. 4.

(38) –‹••—‡ ƒ† „‘‡ǡ Š‹‰Š ‘””‘•‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‘–‘š‹ ‹–›Ǥ –Š‡” ‰‘‘† ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘™ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‰”ƒ˜‹–› ‘ˆ ͶǤͷ ȋ̱ͷͲΨ ‘ˆ ‘’’‡”ǡ ̱͸ͲΨ ‘ˆ ‹”‘Ȍǡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ •–”‡‰–Š –‘ •–‡‡Ž ™‹–Š ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ‘—‰Ʈ• ‘†—Ž—•ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ˆ‘”‡† Ž‹‡ ƒ •–ƒ‹Ž‡•• •–‡‡ŽǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –‹–ƒ‹— ƒ† ‹–• ƒŽŽ‘›• „‡ ‘‡ ƒ‹ ‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘”„‹‘‹’Žƒ–Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘

(39) •–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘” ‡”‰› ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋ

(40) Ȍ –‹–ƒ‹— ‘—Ž† „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ „‹‰ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǣ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ’—”‡ –‹–ƒ‹— ƒ† –‹–ƒ‹— ƒŽŽ‘›• ȏͶȐǤ Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›’—”‡–‹–ƒ‹—‹•ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‡†ƒ•‹ǡƒ†Šƒ•ˆ‘—”ƒ‹‰”ƒ†‡„ƒ•‡† ‘–Š‡‹”’—”‹–›Ǥ‹ ”ƒ†‡ͳ‹•—ƒŽŽ‘›‡†–‹–ƒ‹—™Š‹ Š‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘’–‹—†— –‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‘Ž† ˆ‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š —•‡ˆ—Ž •–”‡‰–Šǡ Š‹‰ŠǦ‹’ƒ – –‘—‰Š‡••ǡ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– ™‡Ž†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ Š‹‰Š ‘””‘•‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‹ ‘š‹†‹œ‹‰ ƒ† ‹Ž† ‘””‘•‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ‹ ”‡†— ‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ŠŽ‘”‹†‡•Ǥ ”ƒ†‡ʹ‹•–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†‹ ‹ ƒŽŽ ’”‘†— – ˆ‘”• ˆ‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– „ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ •–”‡‰–Šƒ†”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡†— –‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ† ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘””‘•‹‘’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‹–Š‰”ƒ†‡ ͳǤ ”ƒ†‡ ͵ Šƒ• ‘’–‹— †— –‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ‘Ž† ˆ‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š —•‡ˆ—Ž •–”‡‰–Šǡ Š‹‰ŠǦ‹’ƒ ––‘—‰Š‡••ǡƒ†‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–™‡Ž†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‹ ”ƒ†‡Ͷ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‘””‘•‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • –Šƒ– ‘’ƒ”‡ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž› –‘ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‹ ‡Žƒ†•–‡‡ŽƒŽŽ‘›•Ǥ

(41) –‹•–Š‡•–”‘‰‡•–‰”ƒ†‡™‹–Š‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽŽ‘›™‹–Š. 5.

(42) ‰‘‘††— –‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  ŽŽ –Š‡  ‹ ‹• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› DǦ’Šƒ•‡ ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ ™‹–Š •ƒŽŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ •’Š‡”‘‹† EǦ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ Š‡‹” ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ „‡ ”‡•—‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǣ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ •–”‡‰–Š  ˜ƒ”‹‡•  „‡–™‡‡ ʹͶͲǦ͸ͺͷ ƒǡ ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ͷͲ  ‹• „‡–™‡‡ʹͶǦͳͷΨƒ†‘—‰Ʈ•‘†—Ž—•‹•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲʹǦͳͲͶ ƒǤŠ‹•‘†—Ž—•‹•Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡–ƒŽŽ‹  „‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ž‹‡ •–ƒ‹Ž‡•• •–‡‡Ž ȋʹͲ͸ ƒȌ ƒ† ‘„ƒŽ– –›’‡ ƒŽŽ‘›•ȋʹͶͲ ƒȌǡ„—–•–‹ŽŽ— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ„‘‡™Š‹ Š‹•‹„‡–™‡‡ͳ͹–‘ ʹͺ ƒȏͷȐǤ  ‹–ƒ‹—ƒŽŽ‘›•Šƒ˜‡„‹‰”ƒ‰‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡˆ”‘‰”ƒ†‡ͷ–‘‰”ƒ†‡ʹͻǤ‘‡Š‹‰Š —„‡”• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ†‡• ‘ˆ ‹ Šƒ˜‡ ‡“—ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‹–Š  ‹ǡ „—– „‡––‡” ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‹•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ‹–ƒ‹—‰”ƒ†‡͹ǡͳ͸ƒ†ʹ͸ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ™‹–Š‹‰”ƒ†‡ ʹ‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ„—–’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒˆ‡™†‹–Š‡‰”ƒ†‡͹ƒ†ͳ͸‘”ƒˆ‡™ —‹–Š‡‰”ƒ†‡ʹ͸ƒ†‡–Š‡‹” ‘””‘•‹‘”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡„‡––‡”ȏͶȐǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ ‘•–‹–—‡–ǡ –Š‡› ‘—Ž† „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ ƒŽ’ŠƒǦ„‡–ƒ ’Šƒ•‡ ƒŽŽ‘›•ǡ ƒ† „‡–ƒǦ’Šƒ•‡ ƒŽŽ‘›• ȏͶȐǤ Š‡ DǦ’Šƒ•‡ ‹• ƒ ‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ Ž‘•‡†ƒ ‡†ȋ Ȍ ”›•–ƒŽŽƒ––‹ ‡•–”— –—”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡EǦ’Šƒ•‡‹•‹‘†›‡–‡”‡† —„‹  ȋȌ ˆ‘”Ǥ

(43)  –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ DǦ’Šƒ•‡ ƒ› „‡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡† „› Žǡ ƒǡ  ƒ† ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š‘ǡǡǡƒƒ†‹ƒ›„‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‘•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡EǦ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ. 6.

(44) ‹ƒŽŽ‘›•Šƒ˜‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š•—’–‘ͳͳͲͲƒǡ— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘’ƒ”‡ –‘  ‹Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ”‡•– ƒŽŽ‘› –‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ’—”‡ –‹–ƒ‹— ‹• ‰”ƒ†‡ ͷǡ ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ ȋ•‘‡–‹‡• ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‡† ƒ• ‹͸ͶȌǤ Š‹• ƒŽŽ‘› ‹• ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ƒ• „‹‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‹’Žƒ–•ǡ „‘–Š ‹ †‡–ƒŽ ‘” •—”‰‡”› ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ  ‹ •–”‡•• ‘””‘•‹‘ ”ƒ ‹‰ ȋȌǡ ‹͸Ͷ ™ƒ• ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ 

(45)  ȋš–”ƒ ‘™

(46) –‡”•–‹–‹ƒŽȌ „› ”‡†— ‹‰‹–•‹–‡”•–‹–‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ȋǡǡȌǤŠ‡ Žƒ––‡”ƒŽŽ‘› ‹•ƒŽ•‘ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡†ƒ•ƒ •–”— –—”ƒŽ„‹‘‹’Žƒ– ˆ‘””‡’Žƒ ‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž‡†Šƒ”† ’ƒ”–Ž‹‡ Š‹’ Œ‘‹–‘” ˆ‘”• ”‡™ƒ† ”‘™ ‹ †‡–ƒŽ ‹’Žƒ–ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘””‘•‹‘”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ȏ͸ǡ͹ȐǤ . 1.1.2 Multi Directionally Forging (MDF) Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ› ™ƒ›• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •— Š ƒ• ƒŽŽ‘›‹‰ǡ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘Ž† ™‘”‹‰ ‡– Ǥ ‡–ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‘›• ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› •–”‡‰–Š‡‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽŽ‘›‹‰ǡŠ‡ƒ––”‡ƒ–‡–‘” ‘Ž†™‘”‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’—”‡‡–ƒŽ ‹• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ „‡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡–‹‘‡† ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”• Šƒ†ǡƒ††‹‰•‘‡‡Ž‡‡–•ȋƒŽŽ‘›‹‰Ȍ‹–‘ƒ†‘‹ƒ–Ȁ„ƒ•‡‡–ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ‹–•‡ŽˆǢ ‘””‘•‹‘’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‹͸Ͷƒ”‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘’ƒ”‡ –‘‹ǡ„—–‹–•‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ . 7.

(47) – •‘‡ Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ ƒ› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ •‡˜‡”‡ ’Žƒ•–‹  †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ ’—”‡ ‘” ƒŽŽ‘› ‡–ƒŽ ™‹–Š Ž‘™ •–”‡‰–ŠǤ Š‡  –‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† ƒ• ƒ••‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ™‘”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ™‹–Š ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ƒ’’Ž‹‡† •–”ƒ‹ ‘ •—„Œ‡ –‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘Ž† ™‘”‹‰ ‹ ƒš‹— ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ„‘—–ͲǤʹ‘ˆ•–”ƒ‹‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ—–ǡ ƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡ „‡–™‡‡ͲǤ͸–‹ŽŽͳ‘ˆ•–”ƒ‹‹‘‡•–‡’‘ˆ‹–•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  Ǥ•–”‹ƒ†Ǥ‹‘‰”ƒ†‘˜‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡‘†‡”Ǧ†ƒ›Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •‡‹ƒŽ ™‘” ‘ˆ ǤǤ ”‹†‰ƒ ™Š‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‰”‘—†• ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡• ˆ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠŠ›†”‘•–ƒ–‹ ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†•Š‡ƒ”†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘dzȏͺȐǤ

(48) –™ƒ•‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘ˆͳͻͷͲƮ•Ǥ ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒŽ‹‡˜ ‡– ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‡†  ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ• Dzƒ› ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ˆ‘”‹‰ —†‡” ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ Š›†”‘•–ƒ–‹  ’”‡••—”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ› „‡ —•‡† –‘ ‹’‘•‡ ƒ ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š •–”ƒ‹ ‘ ƒ „—Ž •‘Ž‹† ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ  ‰”ƒ‹ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡–dzȏͻȐǤ  ‘‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰  –‡ Š‹“—‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ Ž‹•–‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǣ “—ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž ‰—Žƒ””‡••‹‰ȋȌȏͳͲȐǡ ‹‰Š”‡••—”‡‘”•‹‘ȋ ȌȏͳͳȐǡ—Ž–‹‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‹‰ȋ ȌȏͳʹȐǡƒ† ——Žƒ–‡†‘ŽŽ‡†‹‰ȋȌȏͳ͵ȐǤŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–. 8.

(49) ’‘‹–‹–‡ Š‹“—‡•‹•–Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”‘†— ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•‡‘”Š‘‘‰‡‘—•‰”ƒ‹ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡– ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •—„‹ ”‘ ȋͳͲͲǦͳͲͲͲ Ȍ –‘ ƒ‘‡–‡” ȋδͳͲͲȌ ȋƒŽ•‘ ‘™ƒ•—Ž–”ƒǦˆ‹‡†‰”ƒ‹ǡ Ȍǡƒ†„—ŽǦ• ƒŽ‡™‘”Ǧ’‹‡ ‡•Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡ǡ   ‹• •‡‡‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ „‡•– •—‹–‡† –‘ ƒ’’Ž› ‘ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ™‘”–‘’”‘†— ‡Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•‹œ‡„‹ŽŽ‡–•™‹–Š •–”— –—”‡•ƒ†™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȏͳͶȐǤ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘” ’”‘ ‡•• ‘—Ž† „‡•‡‡‹ ‹‰Ǥ͵Ǥ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆ”‡‡Ǧˆ‘”‰‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†•‡––‹‰‹–Š”‡‡ ‘”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ †‹”‡ –‹‘• ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž› ƒŽ‘‰ ǡ  ƒ† Ǧƒš‹•Ǥ  ŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ‹• ƒ‡†ƒ•‘‡’ƒ••‘”‘‡ › Ž‡Ǥ

(50) –Šƒ–ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ‹†‡š‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡†‹‡•‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™ǡƒ†•‹œ‡„ƒ –‘‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒˆ–‡”‘‡’ƒ••Ǥ‘–ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹‹‘‡’ƒ••‘ˆ  ‘ ͸ͳ ƒ‰‡•‹— ƒŽŽ‘›• ‹• ƒ„‘—– ͲǤͺ ȏͳʹȐǡ ƒ — Š Š‹‰Š‡” —„‡” –Šƒ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ž†™‘”‹‰Ǥ .  ‹‰Ǥ͵Ǥ   Š‡ƒ–‹ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••™‹–ŠŽ‘ƒ†‹‰•–”‡••V VȏͳͷȐǤ  9.

(51) •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ   ‹• ‘†— –‡† —†‡” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ͲǤͳȂͲǤͷTmǡ ™Š‡”‡Tm‹• –Š‡ ‡Ž–‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‰”ƒ‹ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡– ‹ –Š‡   ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‘–‹—‘—• †›ƒ‹  ”‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ”‡’‘”–‡† „› ‡Ž›ƒ‘˜ ‡– ƒŽǤ ƒ† ƒƒ›ƒƒ ‡– ƒŽ ȏͳ͸ǡ ͳ͹ȐǤ Šƒ• –‘ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ   ƒŽ•‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‘ ”‡ˆ‹‡‡– ‘ˆ „”‹––Ž‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ —•‡ Ž‘™ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Ž‘ƒ†•‘–‘‘Ž‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ  ‡‘ˆ–Š‡„”‹––Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Šƒ–™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†–Š”‘—‰Š  ‹• ‹ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ‘—” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”ǡ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” Ǥ‹—”ƒǤ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ†‡ʹ™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†—’–‘̱ͳͲͲͲƒǡ‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹ƒŽŽ‘›• •— Šƒ•‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶǤ

(52) –‹•‰‘‘†‡™•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹„‹‘‡†‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‹ ‡•ƒ†„‹‘ ‹’Žƒ–•Ǥ

(53) – ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ‘™ –Šƒ– ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ Šƒ• ƒŽ—‹— ƒ† ˜ƒƒ†‹— ƒ• ƒŽŽ‘›‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡–•Ǣ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘›•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆŽƒ†‹‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ•‘‡–‹‡•”ƒ‹•‡ƒŽŽ‡”‰‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘‘’ƒ–‹‡–ƒˆ–‡” „‹‘ ‹’Žƒ– •‡– —’Ǥ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‘–Š ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ‡”‰‹  ‡Ž‡‡– ƒ† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Šƒˆ–‡” ƒ†‡‹‘”‡’”‘’‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”„‹‘ ‹’Žƒ–’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ   „‘˜‡•–—†‹‡••Š‘™‡†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‹–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ•ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǥ

(54) –‡”‘ˆ„‹‘‹’Žƒ–•— Šƒ•’‡. 10.

(55) ‹„”‘‡„‘‡ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŠ‹’Œ‘‹–ǡ„‹‘‹’Žƒ–™‹ŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ”Š›–Š‹  Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‹‡‘”–›’‹ ƒŽˆƒ–‹‰—‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™ –Šƒ– „‡ˆ‘”‡ —•‹‰ ƒ• •–”— –—”ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–ǡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ™‡ŽŽ—†‡”•–‘‘†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•–—†›ƒ„‘—– ˆƒ–‹‰—‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡–‹–ƒ‹—ƒˆ–‡” ‹•“—‹–‡Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ 

(56) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡•Š‡‡–•ƒ†ˆ‘‹Ž•‘ˆ‹ˆ”‘ƒ™ƒ‘–‘ ‡ƒ˜›

(57) †—•–”›ǡ –Šƒ–™‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†„› ǡ™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ƒ–‹‰—‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆͳ  ‡†•Š‡‡–ǡƒ†ͷͲǡ͵ͲǡʹͲǡͳ͵P ‡†ˆ‘‹Ž•™ƒ•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ  1.2. Synopsis of thesis Š‡ ’”‡•‡– –Š‡•‹• ‘–ƒ‹• –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ’ƒ”–•ǣ “ ƒ–‹‰—‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡†‘‡” ‹ƒŽ—”‹–› ”ƒ†‡ʹ‹Žƒ–‡‹ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‹”ƒ† ‹‰‡”ǯ• ‘Ž—–‹‘dz ƒ† Dzˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹ ‡•• ‘ ‡•‹Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‰—‡ ”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ —”‹–› ”ƒ†‡ ʹ ‹ Š‹ ‘‹ŽdzǤ Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•–”— –—”‡‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ Šƒ’–‡” ͳ ’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ’”‡Ž—†‡ –‘ –Š‡ –‘’‹ • ‘˜‡”‡† ‹ Žƒ–‡” Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ

(58)  Šƒ’–‡” ʹ “ ƒ–‹‰—‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ —”‹–› ”ƒ†‡ʹ‹Žƒ–‡‹ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‹”ƒ†‹‰‡”ǯ•‘Ž—–‹‘dzǡˆƒ–‹‰—‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ  ‡†  ‹ ‰”ƒ†‡ ʹ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‹• —••‡†Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –‡š–—”‡ ƒ† ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ 11.

(59) ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ •–”‡‰–Š ™ƒ• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ† ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ ‡ Šƒ‹• ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ† ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ 

(60)  Šƒ’–‡” ͵ Dzˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹ ‡•• ‘ ‡•‹Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‰—‡ ”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‘”‰‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ —”‹–› ”ƒ†‡ ʹ ‹ Š‹ ‘‹Ždzǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ƒ† –‡•‹Ž‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† —•‹‰  ‹ ˆ‘‹Ž• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –Š‹ ‡••‡• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ‹–• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ

(61)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ”ƒ  ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘†— –‡† ‘ –Š‡ –Š‹‡•– ƒ† –Š‹ ‡•–  ‹ ˆ‘‹Ž•Ǥ ƒ–‹‰—‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™ƒ• †‹• —••‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  Š‡Žƒ•–Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ‹••—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡•—Ž–ƒ†ˆ‹†‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡–Š‡•‡•Ǥ.      . 12.

(62) Chapter 2 Fatigue Behavior of Multi-Directionally Forged Commercial Purity Grade 2 Ti Plate in Laboratory Air and Ringer’s Solution Abstract ƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–• ‘ˆ —Ž–”ƒˆ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡† ’—”‡ ‹ ’Žƒ–‡• ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡† „› —Ž–‹Ǧ †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”‰‹‰ȋ ‹‰Ȍ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡†‹Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ‹”ƒ†‹’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ͳ  ‹ –Š‹ ‡•• ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ– †‡–ƒŽ ‹’Žƒ– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘”‰‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ’—”‡ –‹–ƒ‹— ȋ ‡†  ‹Ȍ ’Žƒ–‡• ‹ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ‹” ™‡”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘ŽŽ‡† ’—”‡ ‹ ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ

(63) – ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ — Š ˆ‹‡” ‰”ƒ‹• ‡˜‘Ž˜‡†„› ‹‰Ǥ

(64) –Š‡˜‡”›Š‹‰Š › Ž‡ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ȋ  Ȍ”‡‰‹‡ǡ•—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‡  ‡†  ‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •—„Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ”ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Šƒ‹•™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹ Ž—•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘””‘•‹‘ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‹ ‹‰‡”Ʈ• •‘Ž—–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ‹ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ‹”ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰Š‹‰Š ‘””‘•‹‘”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‡†‹Ǥ  . ‡›™‘”†•ǣ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ›’—”‡–‹–ƒ‹—ǡ—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‰‹‰ǡˆƒ–‹‰—‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ ‘””‘•‹‘ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡˆ‹•ŠǦ‡›‡ǡ‹Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡Ǥ . 13.

(65) 2.1 Introduction —”‡–‹–ƒ‹—ƒ†–‹–ƒ‹—ƒŽŽ‘›•ƒ”‡‘•–ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘” „‹‘‡†‹ ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‰”ƒ†‡ͷǡ‘‡‰”ƒ†‡Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ’—”‡‹ȏͳͺȐǡŠƒ•„‡‡—•‡†ƒ••–”— –—”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”„‹‘‹’Žƒ–•†—‡–‘‹–• Š‹‰Š•–”‡‰–Š•ƒ†•—’‡”‹‘” ‘””‘•‹‘”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡•ȏͳͻȐǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‹‰Š•–”‡‰–Š ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†„›ƒ††‹‰ƒŽŽ‘›‡Ž‡‡–••— Šƒ•ƒƒ†‹—‹–‘’—”‡‹Ǥ Ž‡ ƒ† ‹ˆŽ‡””‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆƒ–‹‰—‡•–”‡‰–Š•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’—”‹–›‰”ƒ†‡ʹ‹™‡”‡ƒ„‘—– ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‘ˆ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶȏʹͲȐǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ”‘–Š‡˜‹‡™’‘‹–‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”—•‡ ‹Š—ƒ„‘†›ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘›ƒ††‹–‹˜‡• ‘—Ž†•‘‡–‹‡•‹†— ‡‡–ƒŽ‹‘•–‹—Ž—• ‘™ƒ•‡–ƒŽƒŽŽ‡”‰›ǤŠ—•ǡ’—”‡‹ ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›ƒŽŽ‘›‡Ž‡‡–•‹• „‡––‡”–Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ‘›• ˆ‘” Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” —•‡ ƒ• ‹’Žƒ–•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ’—”‡‹™Š‹ Š‹•‹ˆ‡”‹‘”‹ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡•–”‡‰–Š–‘‹ƒŽŽ‘›•Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ’—”‡‹™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›ƒŽŽ‘›‡Ž‡‡–•„‡ ƒ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒŽ‹’Žƒ–•Ǥ ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡” ’Žƒ•–‹  †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ‡–Š‘†• •— Š ƒ• ‡“—ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ‰—Žƒ”’”‡••‹‰ȋȌȏ͵Ȑƒ†Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡–‘”•‹‘ȋ ȌȏͶȐƒ––”ƒ –ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒ• •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ•Ǥ —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ȋ ‹‰Ȍ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‰‡† ™‹–Š Šƒ‰‹‰ ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ƒš‡• ˆ‘” ͻͲ. 14.

(66) †‡‰”‡‡•’ƒ••„›’ƒ••ȏͷǦ͹ȐǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†•™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‘™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡ƒŽŽ‘›• ƒ†’—”‡‡–ƒŽ••— Šƒ• ‘’’‡”ǡƒŽ—‹—ǡƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ–‹–ƒ‹—ǡ‡˜‡‘•–‡‡ŽȏͺȐǤ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ   ‹• ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘’‘‡–Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡• ”‡’‘”–‡† –Š‹• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ „› ƒ‹„›•Š‡˜ ™Š‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†   ‘ ͸ –‹–ƒ‹—ƒŽŽ‘›ȏͻȐǤ  ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ Š‹‰Š •–”‡‰–Š ’—”‡ ‹ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š ‘””‘•‹‘ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡†„› ‘„‹‡†’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‹‰ƒ†”‘ŽŽ‹‰ȋŠ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”†‡‘–‡†ƒ• ‡† ‹ˆ‘”•‹’Ž‹ ‹–›Ȍˆ‘”†‡–ƒŽ‹’Žƒ–•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š†‡–‹•–”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡƒ†–”‹ƒŽ†‡–ƒŽ ”‘™•™‡”‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡† ȏʹͳǡʹʹȐǤ ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” †—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’Žƒ–•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† Š‹‰Š › Ž‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ȋ  Ȍ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”‡Ž› †‡ˆ‘”‡† ’—”‡ ‹ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ‘””‘•‹˜‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹’ƒ –•‘–Š‡‹’Žƒ–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ‡†’—”‡‹‹ƒ‹”ƒ†‹ ‘””‘•‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹•‘–•–—†‹‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ™‡ —•‡† —Ž–”ƒǦˆ‹‡† ‰”ƒ‹‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› ’—”‡ ‹ ‰”ƒ†‡ ʹǢ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’”‘†— ‡† „› —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ‡–Š‘† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•– ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ‹” ƒ† ‹ ‹‰‡”Ʈ• •‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ •‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡†‡–ƒŽ‹’Žƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ . 15.

(67) 2.2. Experimental Details 2.2.1. Materials Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡†‹•ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ†‡’—”‡‹’Žƒ–‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ†‡ʹȋ†‡‘–‡†ƒ•  ‡†  ‹ ƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ȍ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’”‘ ‡••‡† „›  ‹‰ ƒ– ƒ™ƒ‘–‘ ‡ƒ˜›

(68) †—•–”‹‡•ǡ ƒ’ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†  ‡†  ‹ ’Žƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ͹ͷͲǡ™‹†–Š‘ˆ͹Ͳƒ† –Š‹ ‡••‘ˆͳƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰ǤͶǤ Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‘ŽŽ‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋȌǡ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋȌƒ†‘”ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘ ȋȌ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ž†Ǧ”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’—”‹–›‰”ƒ†‡ʹ‹™ƒ•—•‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•͵ͷ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š

(69) ȋ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡

(70) †—•–”‹ƒŽ–ƒ†ƒ”†Ȍ Ͷ͸ͲͲǤŠ‡ƒ•Ǧ”‘ŽŽ‡†’Žƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ͵ͺʹǡ™‹†–Š‘ˆͶ͹ƒ†–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆͲǤͳͷǤ ‡”‡ǡ   ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž› ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ƒ ‘•–ƒ– ˆ‘”‰‹‰ ’ƒ••Ǧ–‘Ǧ’ƒ–Š†‹•–‘”–‹‘ȟɂ–‘ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ•Šƒ’‡–‡•–’‹‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘–Š”‡‡•‹†‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘Ž‘ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘„› ͻͲιǡƒ†ƒ††‹‰ Š—‰‡•–”ƒ‹Ǥ   ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡†  ‹ ƒ† ͵ͷ ƒ”‡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ ‡†‹’‘••‡••‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡‰–Šƒ†’”‘‘ˆ•–”‡••–Šƒ͵ͷǤ Š‹• •–ƒ–‹  •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ  ‡†  ‹ ‹• ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͺ͸ͲǦͻ͹͸ƒȏͳͲȐǤ

(71) –•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘‹•Žƒ”‰‡”‹ 16.

(72)  ‡†  ‹ –Šƒ ‹ ͵ͷǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘– ‘Ž› –‡•‹Ž‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• „—– ƒŽ•‘ †— –‹Ž‹–› ™‡”‡ ‹’”‘˜‡† „›  ‹‰Ǥ

(73)  ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ †— –‹Ž‹–› ‡ƒ•  ‡†  ‹ Šƒ• Š‹‰Š‡” ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „‡ ˆ‘”‡† –Šƒ ͵ͷ ‘”ǡ ‡˜‡ ‘’ƒ”‡ –‘ ‹Ǧ͸ŽǦͶ ™Š‹ Š ‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͷǦͳͷΨȏͳͲȐǤ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ ‡†‹ƒ†͵ͷǤ. 2.2.2. Specimens and procedures ƒ–‹‰—‡ •’‡ ‹‡• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ‘—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ”‘ŽŽ‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘ „› ™‹”‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ †‹• Šƒ”‰‡ ƒ Š‹‹‰ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹‰ǤͶǤŠ‡ ‡†‹•’‡ ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆʹͲƒ†™‹†–Š‘ˆͺ Ǥ Š‡ ‡›Š‘Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‹’ •‡ –‹‘ ƒ‹‡† –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ˆƒ•–‡‹‰ ‡ Šƒ‹• †—”‹‰ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–ǤŠ‡–‡•–‹‰ƒ Š‹‡ —•‡†‹• ƒ ͷͲ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‡Ž‡ –”‘ǦŠ›†”ƒ—Ž‹  ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ –Š‹ –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ –‡•‹‘Ǧ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–• ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‘†— –‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ –‡•‹‘Ǧ–‡•‹‘ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•– ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‹—•‘‹†ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ† ™ƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† 17.

(74) —†‡” –Š‡ •–”‡•• ”ƒ–‹‘ R α 󏋐Ȁσƒš ™ƒ• •‡– –‘ „‡ ͲǤͳ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ͳͲ œǤ Š‡•‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† ‹ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǣ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ‹” ™‹–Š ƒ„‹‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ‹ ƒ ‹‰‡”Ʈ• •‘Ž—–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘” ‘””‘•‹‘ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–Ǥ ‹‰‡”Ʈ• •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘–ƒ‹• ͺǤ͸‰ȀŽƒŽǡŽͲǤ͵‰ȀŽǡͲǤ͵͵ƒŽʹǤʹ ʹǤŠ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™ƒ•‡’–ƒ–͵͹ι „›–Š‡”‘•–ƒ–ƒ†‡’–ˆŽ‘™‹‰†—”‹‰–Š‡–‡•–„›ƒ‡–‡”‹‰’—’ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͷǤ  ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ –‡•–ǡ ‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹‡ ™ƒ• ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ› ’‘Ž‹•Š‡† ™‹–Š ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‹‡” ‡‡”› ’ƒ’‡”• ƒ† ƒŽ—‹ƒ ’ƒ•–‡ –‹ŽŽ ƒ ‹””‘”ǦŽ‹‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ Š‡ ƒ•Ǧ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†  ‡†  ‹ ™ƒ• ͵ ’Žƒ–‡• ȋŠ‡”‡ ‘ †‡‘–‡† ƒ• Ž‘–ȌǤ Š‡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡Ž‘–•ƒ”‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǤŠ—•ǡŠƒ”†‡••‘ˆƒ‹””‘”ǦŽ‹‡ Ž‘–•’‡ ‹‡™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†„›‹ ”‘‹ ‡”• ƒ”†‡••‡–Š‘†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ͵ͲͲˆ‘”͵Ͳ•‡ ‘†•–‘‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǧ‰”ƒ’ŠǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‹†‡–ƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ʹͲǤŠ‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Šƒ”†‡••˜ƒŽ—‡™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǧ‰”ƒ’ŠǤ. 18.

(75) ‹‰ǤͶǤ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‡†‹ƒ†ˆƒ–‹‰—‡•’‡ ‹‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǣȋ‹††Ž‡Ȍ  ‡†‹ǡȋ†‘™Ȍ͵ͷ. 19.

(76)  ‹‰ǤͷǤ‘””‘•‹‘ˆƒ–‹‰—‡–‡•–ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—• 2.2.3. Microstructure and fatigue fracture observation. ‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ ͵ͷ ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡† ™‹–Š • ƒ‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –”‘ ‹ ”‘• ‘’‡ȋȌ™Š‹Ž‡‘•–”— –—”‡‹ƒ‰‡™ƒ•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‘–Š‡ ‡†‹ǤŠ—•ǡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡  ‡†  ‹ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† —†‡” –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ‡Ž‡ –”‘ ‹ ”‘• ‘’‡ȋȌǤŠ‡‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡•‡ –‹‘ ʹǤ͵ǤͳǤ 20.

(77) ‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‹””‘”ǦŽ‹‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͵ͷ •’‡ ‹‡ ™ƒ• ‡– Š‡† ‹ ʹΨ 㸩͵Ψ ͵㸩ͻͷΨ†‹•–‹ŽŽ‡†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ . ƒ”–™‹–Šˆƒ–‹‰—‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‹•‹œ‡ƒ„‘—–ͳͲ‹Š‡‹‰Š–™ƒ• —–‘ˆˆ ˆ”‘•’‡ ‹‡„‘†›Ǥˆ–‡” Ž‡ƒ‡†„›ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹—Ž–”ƒ•‘‹  Ž‡ƒ‡”ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡† —•‹‰‘ˆ  ͸Ͳ͸Ͳƒ–ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͷǤ  .

(78)  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ •‹–‡ ‡ƒ” ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ”ƒ  ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘‡ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†Ǣ  ‹–ƒ Š‹ ǦͶ͵ͲͲ  –‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡– †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‰”ƒ‹•‹œ‡Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•™‹–Šǡ–Š‡ˆ‹•ŠǦ‡›‡ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ’‘Ž‹•Š‡† „› ƒŽ—‹ƒ •—•’‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹‘ ‹ŽŽ‡† „›

(79) 

(80) ǣ

(81) Ǧ͵ͲͲͲ Žƒ– ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ›•–‡Ǥ Ǧ”ƒ› †‹ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ȋȌ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡–‡š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡—•‹‰

(82) ƒ”–ƒ„Ǥ. 2.3. Results 2.3.1. Microstructures. ‹‰Ǥ͸•Š‘™•–Š‡ƒ ”‘–‡š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹’Žƒ–‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„›Ǥ ƒ Š ’Žƒ‡ Šƒ• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Ǣ  ’Žƒ‡ •Š‘™‡† ƒ –‹‰Š–‡” „—†Ž‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ›‡”‡†–‹••—‡–Šƒ‹ƒ†’Žƒ‡Ǥ‘‡‹ ”‘‡– Š’‹–•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹’Žƒ‡ ™‹–Š†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆͶǤŠ‡•‡Š‘Ž‡•ƒ”‡•—•’‡ –‡†–‘„‡ ‘””‘•‹‘•‹–‡†—”‹‰ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ 21.

(83) –‡•–™‹–Š‹•ƒŽ‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ

(84) –‹‰Š–„‡ƒ ”ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡Ǥ  ‘‰”ƒ‹‹••‡‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘’–‹ ƒŽ‹ ”‘• ‘’‡†—‡–‘—Ž–”ƒˆ‹‡‰”ƒ‹‡†‹ ”‘•–”— –—”‡„› ‹‰Ǥ

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