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A CAUCHY TYPE THEOREM ON ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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SUT Journat of Hath●ロat ics (Pormerly TRU 盟atllematics) ▼01ume 26, 貰田ロbo苫 1 (1990), 69−88

     ACAUCHY TYPE THEOREM ON ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQuATIoNs AND ITs APPLIcATIoNs

ToMINosuKE OTSUKI

(Recei▼ed February 27, t990; Revised Hay 14, 1990) Abstract. This paper presents a Cauchy type theorem on ordinary differen− tial equations and its applications in the theorey of geodesics in spaces with general connections・ ∫980Matb¢πじ4‡‘c8 subject classification(1985 R¢ガ‘8‘oπノ. Pr輌mary 53CO5,53C22. Keywords. Cauchy theorem, geodesics.

§0.Motivation.

  Let.Mn be a ll n−dimensional manifbld with a n afiine connection r       , which is represented in local coordinates x l,x2,…,xn as

r一Σ£、

    i ⑧(d2x‘+Σ rl、d・i⑧・d・h),         」,九 where d2 xi are the differentia1 of xi of order 2. Then, any geodes三c 70f (Mn,r)is given by a solution of the system of the ordinary differential equations of order 20n Mn:

d2xi

    十 ∂32       あ九     i=.

Σr;、

    ds ds       ● 1,2,… ,n7 dxi’ dxh        =0,

where s is an affine parameter of 7 and determined皿iquely except

af丑ne transformations. SupPosing a su三table di丑εrentiabiHty of Mn and r,we can expect the differentiability of 7 depending on vo∈T.。Mn,

vo=7’

i80), by mea皿s of Cauchy−LipsChitz Theorem, which per{brms the essential role in the theory of geodesics of mani丘)1ds with a伍ne

comections. Under the scheme of a田ne comections, there d6es not

occur the phenomenon such that all or a proper subset of geodesics near a smooth submanifold with at least 2 codimensions are absorbed to it.

69

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70

C▲uC宜Y TYPE THEOREIH 、﹂   As a・meanS of tfeating the ab㎝e phenomenon, we℃o磁der a general cohhecti6n r・011;Mタ, which {is repreSented二as∵;二・…’、’1:・:^.こ       r一Σ∂9X輌⑭(ΣP/rd・・」+Σr;・d・」⑧・d・h)・       ‘      j       j,九

皿d恥・・he cbm・・n・n・・6f…n…丘・1δP両・・(・,・)・fM・・A・y

geodesic 70f(Mπ,r)is given by a solution of the differential equations:

     “  Σ巧餐+Σr;、誓誓=o,

      」        あ施        i=1,2,、・・.,n.・ L・tQ一Σ・,」∂x’⑧Q}d・’ b・皿y t・n…丘・ld・f typ・.q・1)・f Mnl Then・ 7is a拓o a geodesic fbr the general co血ection       ”

      Qr一Σ∂x’⑧(ΣQ財d2・」.、, .、.

       ‘     k,」        .+:Σo沽4爽4♂)∫.一.』∫ ’一        夫,」,九 with th・・am・affin・p碇可・ter・ごW・d・n・t・t坤・t・f p・i・t・, wh・・e        P=Σ∂♂⑧申♂        、 ; . 、、.8,,J I are degenerate,・by sing r. Jf sing r≠’・のand 1レfn.−sing r≠0, then ageodesic of(Mn,r)inハイπ 一sing r is’alsb a geodesic Of the.afiine co皿ectiol P−1r. Therefbre the above men七ioned phQomellon can ap− pear fbr subma皿ifblds includedl in sing T. In.order to treat geodesics staエting f士om a point Of sing・r,1We have tg consider a Cauchy−Lipschitz type theorem as described in§2. §1・FigulresΩ(v,6)and◎(”,θ)・   For positiveξeal.草umbers、αa屯d b, we define, ap. aiiXiliary,6gUre on the ⑳駿Plaロe鍋   ・  ・’  ご   ...  ..、.    .、

⑲’∴1..Ω⑭〒.「U B2i((tα,0)・i?a2b)・.’

         ㌧.、一’、 、 、o≦t≦1.『 where B2((xo,lyo),r)den6tes the open disk of・・radiusアwith center (’xo s Yo). For tih6 fa mily’of circles with paτameter才   ・ 『』     ・        尾・(X−t・)2+y2=t‘a4b2,

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T. eTSUKI「

71

蓋esee’㎜ed’ately血a趾r°卿ρ〒(°・°)’s°uts’de Kf’f a”d・gn’・

(1・2)     . b〈は三・

   r W・・btai・・a・ily th・ ・ny・19ping⑰Cγ(t)・f K・ in・th・upP・r・h・Jf・plqn・

:y>Ois given by

(1.3)      x=ta(1−2t2a2b『),  y=t2.a2b  1−4t2a2b2        1  0.5        f‘)r O<t〈    ニー       2α6        α6

and

(1・4)    ’)’(2i6)=(;・0)

is inside 6r outside Kl fbr己b> ∨写デ10r』o<ab−〈 ∨タデ1,、respectively二 Since we have from(1.3)

(・・5)書一・(・−6t…6・),誓一4t…6・(・−6・・α・b・),

we see that (1.6)    .       . 、 xごand  y.興e :/        −  1    0.40824…

      ≡°d≦畑r,.・・b,

(・・7)    、」㌦濃一握    、、.

皿d

@11(』1∨「t6ab)一認)・∫,1::

is acusp of’)’. N・xt・we c・n・id・・、th・9。pditi。n th・V 7(t)i・・曲・}Er・the cu随μ=bx2, w]hich is equivalent’狽       1・“’4t2−a2b2 …(i−2t2a?b2)4>0

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72

CAUCHY’ISPE’T血OREN 丘om(1.3). Setting X=2t2a2b2, the above i血equality is equivalent to

2−6X十4×2−X3>0. Since the cubic equation of X:

      2−6X十4×2−X3=0        ・、、 has the uni(lue real solution Xo r・き(4十(3∨短一17)113−(3y短十

17)1/3)=0.456… and∼/耶=0.477… ,we see that

(・・8)  ’・’(t)i・ab・v・・h・P・・ab・1・.y一垣2        0.477…        f()r O<t〈        ab and the cut point of’)’and the parabola y=bx2 is given by

(L9){;:曇蕊x堂〉☆・

  Last, we investiga七e the position of the cusp 7(1/∼n6αb)of the curve. 7」for the circle K1. Since we have

       (壽一う2+(爵)2−a・・b2

      −・・−2壽α+、;t、一・・b・       −3;6,(36・・b・−8%・b+3−36・・b・)       −3;6,(・−VE。b)・(3+砺・b), we see that

(・…) ・(詰。b)i・・u・・id…i・・id・K・・

      1        1       if 76>ab°「7E<ab・ 「espec‘ivel・’・

F瓢ly, wh…b≦圭,’w・hav・輪m(L3)孤d(1.5)’「

D、

       7(1)=(・(1二2α2め,・2b 1−4α2,b2)∈K、

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T.OTsuk工

73

and at 7(1)

坐血

2a4 b2(1−6α2 b3)       /a2b  α(1−6a2b2)

1−4a2b2=

2ab

       ●

1−4α2b2

Noticing these facts, we obtain the graph of 7 as in Fig.1.  Now, we de丘ne an analogous figureΩ(び, b)in Rn fbr v∈Rn, v≠0, and b>OtoΩ(α,b)in R2 ’by (1.11) Ω(V,b)−UBn(t・,・t2・“vll2b),        0<t≦1

andf‘)rO<θ<9

(1.12) ◎(”,θ)={x∈Rn−{0}; ∠(x,v)<θ, x・v≦1回12}. We denote the sets obtained fromΩ@,b)and◎(v,θ)by the parallel translation from. the origin to a point p by Stp(v, b)and◎p(v,θ), respec− tively. Fig.1・ y

711循αの

         7(品) (i)き≦・6<1 Y= bx2 Ic1

y

y=6♂

γ(1 1 7(1/vliab) α     κ1 γ( 2α6 )・ ¢ (ii)0・477…≦・b<}

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74

C▲ucmr TYPE THEOIunI

y=6エ2

1 y・ r κ1 γ(1/v’Gqb)

(1. @ ,γ 0〃7・・

@αb

1 1 α

0

γ(語)∵・ 工

(iii)吉≦・b<0・477…

、. 工 1π. ♂6 =

y

≠ 1   ⋮  77訪,/  4      / T  ・      ノ5   04ブ7 ’ ,  ’  ,’ ︶  ’   ,r.皇.  ’         ,7雨 ‘㌃一46二  ’︶.⊥鋤駅 ゜﹁︰﹄、 ﹁     吟 f 芦 、τ び ’

0

       c、・.(三・)牟く・b<毒

§2・A CauchY , ype theorem on otdinary di丑brential equations・

 Letσ⊂Rn−a丑dγ⊂Rm be connected open subsets and W⊂σbe

aO1−subma tiifold with dim VV<n. Let 『一.       F:  σ×γ→丑π ・aπld  G:. (び一『]レ1づ×γ→Rm

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1T・.’OTS研【1 be・Oi 7mapPings,、We.consider、.the differentia1 equatigns

(2・・)  誓一鞠い一・,…,・,〉

      篭α一σ・⑭α一1,∵二担,

where F=(Fl,… 1)Fn)and(7=(G1,… ,Gm). SinCe F and C are.C1− class, it is clear that(2.1)has.d unique solution(xi(り,Yα(り)through

xo∈σ一W, yo∈γand d6pending on them of O1−class. We want to

treat solutions through xo∈W, yo∈γ. Fbr this purpose, we consider’ theπ二vectors and lm−veCtors as fbllows:  …         「

      ’ ・・Fi−(莞・票・…・勤 

’,

      ∂・Fi〒傷・1曇・…・蒜)

onσ×γand

       ∂・G・一(∂Gα∂σα ∂σα∂Xl’∂¢2”∂Xn)・

      ∂・c・一(蒜α・蒜α・…謝

・n(σ一w)×γ.

 .Now, fbr a point(xo,yo)∈W×γwe suppose that.

(22)    ’・F(・・,y・)¢Tx。死1

And fbrδ(0<δ<1)andθ(0<θ<琴)we suppose that

(2・3){9:ll::1荒。(霊1三㌶。,,。)II,θ)∩W一の

a皿d (2.4)         ll∂xFi ll≦NI  and  II∂y民ll≦N2, (2.5)     .  ”ll∂llGαll≦ハ41 and  ll∂診Gαll≦ハ42’,

for i=1,2,…,πandα=1,2,…,mand

(2.6) liσ(iC,y)一:H(。。ly。llk L、11。一。。ll+L、11;二y。ll・・    ・n(Bn(X。,δ)∩◎。。(F(¢。,’y。)/llF(¢。,y。)II,θ))×Bm(y。,δ). 75’

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76

C▲UCHY TYPE r EORE貰 The condition(2.4)may be sti ppot’ted.naturally丘o血the condition for Fbut(2.5)and(2.6)are essential and additional requirements f()r G. (2.6)imp五es       ,  }鴻G(x(t)・y(t))=∬(Xo・yo) fbr any cllrve¢(りstarting from元o and ’ih       Bn(Xo,δ)∩◎xo(F(x6,yo)/11F(¢o,yo)‖,θ) and y(t)starting fξom yo inγ・ THEOREM 1.砺tder the condition (2.2ノ∼イ2.のt九e system Of differ− ・nti・1・gu・ti・n・(2.1ノ克・・a unigu・ s・luti・n(x(t),y(t))for O≦t≦δ・ witんx(0)・=x。, y(0)=y。, wん…δ3 i・α迦加・c・π吻励娠・九i・ deterη}ined編the beginning{ザ‘九e proOf.   PROOF. We use the method of So called Cauchy approximation.  R)r simplicity, set七ing κ=max{1V、,N2,M・,M2,L・,L2}, E=:mα¢{llF(Xe,yo)ll,llH(XO,yo)ll}, letδ2 be the positive number such that

(・)  δ・+δ砺κ一嘉

and b be the constant defined by (2).

@b4榔襟毒癖)Kδ2)・

where g is the function: (3) 9(x)=:

(eX−x−1)

−占一り白

X2

f()rX≠0,

for X=0,

which is/in O<X<∞. In the following, we .may.put K≠0. Then, we choose positive constants夫o andδ3’such that ko as fbllows: (4)Ω・・(k・F(x・・y・)・b)⊂Bn(x・・δ)∩◎・・(F(x・・y・)/IIF(x・・Yg)11・θ)・       1       ko llF(XO,yo)llb<

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T. OTSUKI’ andδ3 a8 fbllows: (5) δ・≦mi・{llF(。:,。)II・ll恥1,,。)ll・先・}・ (6)      . tt    δ3≦δ2,

(7)    δ、(∨⊆+㎡㌃)K〈1,

(8) δ・+緬κ+1緬砺+>tll)頁・≦嘉,

where we omit the second component in the right hand side in(5)when ∬(XO,yo)=0.  First, we put (9) ・(1;t)=x。+tF(x。,y。), y(1;t) ly。+田(・。,y。)      f…≦t≦mi・{    δllF(x。,y。)ll・llH(。1,,。)ll・k・}一・δ・・ 丘om which we see       x(1;t)∈Bn(Xo,δ)∩ΩZo(瓦oF(Xo,yo),6)

and

       y(1;t)∈B”1(yo,δ) fbr O<t≦δ1. Then, we defi已e x(2;毒)and y(2;t)by

(・・)ぱ;:;1綴lll;:19111㌃

       &)rO<t≦δ1, whe・e we put c・nventi・nany G(x・., y・)=∬(¢・,y・)・Then, we・hav・      ・(2・t)一・(・・t)−f。t{F(・(…)・y(…))−F(鋤}d・ and, fbr the components, by(2.3)∼(2.4),(4)we have 匡(2・り一・1(・・り1≦f,‘IFi(・(…)・y(…))一恥・・y・)ld・          ≦f。t(N、Ilx(1;r)…ll+’N・Ily(…)−y・・11)d・・          ≦;(N・・11F(!・,y・’)II ・+ N・ 11H(q・,・・)ll)≦t・KE,

77

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78

CAUCHY−TYPE THEOREH

a取danalogously

−−y・(…)1≦ル・ll・(…)一・ll+・L・U・(…)−y・IDd・

       ≦姜(L・llF(・・,y・)ll+L・llH(・・,刷)≦醐 theref()re we obtain

(・・)  {ll㌫:榴1ほ:濃霊

We have七〇 check whether x(2;t)(t>0)belongs to the above mentioned domainΩエo(ko F(xo,yo), b). We see that the condition:        t・∼/T・1〈E〈lblltF(X・,y・)ll2 is equivalent to       b>2∼㌃KID/llF(Xo,yo)ll2, which turns out by(2) 2P((.vlli+V偏)Kδ2)>1 and is satisfied§ince《ρ(x):>1/2 f()t X>0.‘We haVe also        t・    t         tF(X。,y。)=−k。F(X。,y。)’冨aPd冨≦1 fbr O<t≦δ3. Regarding y(2;.t), by(1)we have

二 . .㌍(¢。馴+オ2v㌃斑≦Sδ・’

f・r O〈t≦・δ2・H・m(11),we 5・e that・…  .

(・2){溜:霊器翌:蕊:∼蕊㎞’y°)’ b)’

for O〈t≦δ3. N・w・W・d・卑・三・d・・t‘・・1y

(・3)..,{㌶:㍍麗3㌫

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T.OTsbi【1

      f・・O〈t≦δ、,元≧2,

supposmg

(14) x(」;£)∈Ω。。(k。施。,y。),b),’y(」;t)∈B柵(y。,δ)

and

(15)    ll・(元;t)−x(」−1;t)11≦美繭砺+〉’EI)」−2K・”1E・ 〈16)    lly(」;り一y(ゴー1;釧1≦そ毒」〉㌃(∼nn+∼偏)」−2Kゴー2E・ Th㎝, w・・b・・i・fr・rr}(・4),(・5)・nd(・6)as・brf・・e’   llx(」+・;t)−x(ゴ;t)II≦(」辛、)!毒」+1Vli(va+石)」“1K」E・   1,1・y(」+・;t)−y(ゴ;釧1≦(」』、)!老」+1石(∼偏+嘱)」一’K」E・・ from whi,ch we obtain l随+・・り一・(・・釧1≦2・2・V’EKE{i+☆(N/’fi+・/Tm)Kt +4÷2((・,,,’lil+砺)2+…+(ゴ辛、)!((V’E + “v/FI)Kt)・一・}

         <2t2>儒KEg((∼濡+∨li)1〈t)’

    ≦2緬κ勒((、En+、偏)κδ、)f。r・〈’ t”S 6、.∴

糀s㏄th就th

秩@O・di・ti・n・・      2t・,偏叫((、nn+両κδ,)≦ibll・F(。。,y。)ll・ is equivalent to      b≧4・、/liKEg((vCI’十vi”)κδ5)/11F(。。,y。)ll・, which turlls out

      9((砺+、ZTm)Kδ、)≧ψ価+而κδ、)

79

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80

CAUCHY MH THEOREH

1)y(2)and satis丘ed by(6)and the inCreaSingness of g(X). Therefbre

we obtain

        ・(」+1;t)∈Ω。∂(k・F(・・,y・),S旬       ⊂Ω。。(k。F(¢。,y・),6)fbr Od≦δ3・  Next, we obtain analogously fbr O〈t≦δ3

        11y(」+1;り一y。ll≦tE+オゴ∼/TmκE°

+1¢・・噺+嘱)κ2E+…+昊・」・品+・/Tm)」−2κ」−1E

       +( 2」+1)!・」+1>’li(G+石戸一1頁」E

     ≦{63+δ妬K+iδ妬(va+・「・)κ2}E

       +2δ・・n・{6δ9(・/’1+・,,/EI)2κ2+…        +(」:、)!δ1(・nn+va)・一・κ・一・}KE・

When j=2, we have

         lly(3;t)−y。・ll≦{δ、+δ9V’FIK

        +1δ9・“+・n・)κ・}E≦;

by(8). Whenゴ>2, we have『’・

   lly(」+…)−y・ll<;+2δ1・ITm{6+…+(」』、)!}KE

      <;+δ(去+ま+…)

       δ δ

      5 53  2

      <豆+i互×互=蕊δ〈5δ

1)y(8).Therefbre, we obtain    y(」+1;t>∈Bin(y。’…δ)⊂Bm(y。,δ)’f…O〈t≦δ・・

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T. (rTSUKI.・ Thus, gathering these things we obtain (・7)

o:1::1:識蹴6Σ.

      0<¢≦δ、,」≧2:

 Finaily, by means of(15)and(16)we obta桓fbr O<ガ≦δ3

1=, II・(ゴ・t)一・(ゴー…川≦v’fil〈E{⊇9(va+Wt)κ

        +…+昊δ{(“・i!li+va)・一・K・一・+…}          <v IKEδz{   2     21+苗+…+万+…}

       <2(・−2)VliKEδ;

and ana1・9・usly                Σll・(」・り一y(」一・・りll<2(・・2)石KEδ鍵,       」=2

which imply

(18)

by u㎡form convergen㏄and

(19)  五mx(」;t)=x(り and 工im y(ゴ;t)=y(の  」→◎O      J→oo x(の∈ΩZo(ko F(¢o,yo), b) and y(t)∈Bm(yo,δ)

         fbr O◇≦δ3.

Th・・ef・re・f「・m(13)・(18)and(19)W・btain ・ (20)

and

      ・(・)…+f,1F(・(・)・y(・))d・

炸y・+顯G(x(」;ア),y(」;7))d・

一・・+ ?Ctσ(・(・)・・(・))∂・    +㍊‘{G(x(」;τ),y(」・・))一σ(・(・)・・(・))}d・ 81・

(14)

82

CAUCHY TYPE・THEOREH fbr O<£≦δ3. By means of(2.5),(4);’(15),(16),・(17)and(19),’we haVe

伽0〈ア≦δ3 ・・、 _・..・ 1.・.

   llG(x(」;・),y(」;τ))−G(,,1(・),y(・))ll   l     ≦∼/Tm(M、 llx(」;・)−x(・)ll+M,・ll’y(」;・)−si(・)ID>

    ≦・願妬+・⑳儲)!・・+’・(∨㌃+v偏)・一・κ!一・

     一+(∫』2)!・・+2(命石畑+…}KE・、

and hence

   ll fot{G(¢(」; γ)e y(」; γ))  −  G(¢」三), y(τ))}dT il    ≦・偏輌+嚇{  2(ゴ+2)!t’+2(va+“・/’FII)ゴー1K・−1

     +(;+3)!・…(”,/’E+疏」+…}KE −

   ≦∼偏(〉麺+∼偏妬)2t3

     ・{(」:2)!+(」辛3)!+…}KE・ 丘om whi《力we bbtain  ∵..  ’・’  ・’    ・        訂{G(・(」・・)・・(ゴ・・))−G(・(・);・(・))}d・一・一        ‘ 1て    ∵ .  .t. . ・   ・㌃・

and hence

(2・) ・(t)刊・+f,‘G(・(・)・・(・))d・・一”“

(20)and(21)・h・w・th・t・’・(t) ana’ y(t)(0≦i≦δ、)iも…1・ti…f(2ユ). Finally, we prove the皿iqueness of solutions. Let(bl(t),y(t))be an− other solution・We obtain easily fbr X(t)『る(t)−x(t),γ(t)=y(t)−y(t) the fbllowhg illequalities:∵   ,,   馳…     . L  ’ ∵       llx(t)ll≦疏∠㍉x(・)lld・ + N2’f,㍉γ(・)‖d・),       lly(t)ll≦VFI(Mi f,1 ’11X(・)lld・+弓‖y(・)Ud・)・

(15)

.T. OTSUKI

83

Setting Z(t):=llX(t)ll十IIY(t)ll,we obtain

z(t)≦(砺+va)Kf。‘z(・)d・

      f()r O<t≦δS.’

Setting

ζ(t)イz(飾

we obtain

dζ(t)     =Z(t); ζ(0)=O

dt

and

fZS,ll!lt)一両・r・)κζ(t)・−x(t)≦・・ Since X(t)is continuous in O≦t≦δ3,we obtain ζ(t)一・xp{(・,/1+・偏岡f。’exp{一(va+・偏)K・}・(・)d・・ Which implieSζ(り≦Ofbr O≦t≦δ3・賢om the definition of Z(1), we have Z(t)≧Oand henceζ(t)≧0. Therefbre, it must beζ(t)≡Ofor O≦t≦δ3,from which we obtain Z(t)≡O and hence T(t)=x(t) and y(t)=y(t) for O≦t≦δ3. Q.E.D.

§3.APPlications.

  As an applica土ion of、Theoremユ, we consider the geodesics of a ma㎡一 fbld Mπwith a,general connection r near a point of sing r. We.suppose that a connected component Wm of sing r is a smooth submanifold ’

dimension m<π. Fbr a point¢o∈VVm,{♂,…,♂}be a local co−

ordinate system near xo. A geodesic 7 through¢o is a solution of the di丑erential equations:      …・         . :      ・, (3.1)

ΣP/r

 j

d2xj

ds2

       ds ds       j,九      .   i=1,2,… 『,n.

+Σrl、

dxj{dxh       =0,

(16)

84

C且UCHY T1【PE THEOIUIH

Putting

(3.2)

dxt  i

冨=y

and筈一zi,

the above equations are represented as (3.3) ΣP/r・」+Σr;・y」y九一〇・ 」     あ九 Differentiating these, we obtain (3.4) Let 7: (3.5)

蹄一一妄(;藷+r;・+r;、)yhZ・

● 斥

y

y

..J

y

九 ・8.J

r

∂ た ∂

Σ榔

xi=xi

is)with xo=(xi(0))and suppose 7’i0)¢TXo wm・ 7ca皿be considered as a solution of(3.2) at s=0・Since outside sing r, det(P/r)ニ: there‘ as and(3.4)whiCh satis丘es(3.3) H(x)≠0,(3.4)can be written (3.6) 芸一{Σξ1」(x)y九・」       」,ゐ +Σ弓、、(x)y九y駆}/H(司  ゴ,克,斥

by means of the・Cramer formula on determin皿ts, whereξ1」(x)and

ζえ、」(・)・・e・m・・th f皿・ti・n・?f x1,…・♂・and th・1・tt・・i・ sy㎜m・t・i・ with respect to九,先,ゴ.   Putt口19 (3.7) yi i0)=ai and  zt(0):=bi,

we have

(3.8)

Σ・・£、¢鬼wm

 i

(17)

       〆T’◆eTSUkl.kt f−’・       85 and㌧『  .    7       .、 . ・、 ・;.   :  ・       ,=

(3.9) ΣP/r(・。)θ+Σr}、1・。)・元・元一・㌧㌔’;

      」  、」パ...、.、, ’

by(3.5)皿d(3.3). R・garding di・田wi加1・・,、(3.9)h・・…1・ti・n・6・if and only if         ・anls(P/r(x。))一・孤k(巧6。),Σr;、㈲・」♂).        」,ゐ Especially, if」円(xo)=0, then it must be          Σr;、(x。)・」・・−01f・・i−1,2,…,・,       」,克 and 63 ca皿be taken.any rea工numbers.  Now, we oonsider(¢りa取d(yt,zt)as(¢‘)a皿d(Yα)and (3.10) F8(x;y,z) G1(x;y,z) Gら(x;y,z) =yt,

tzi

={Σ」,克ξ;」(¢)yゐ2」 +Σ」,緑ζjA」(x)y九y㌔1}/1(¢)

慧(x,y)and Cα(x,yhave)’nThe°「em1’V迦gthen°tat’ ’nThe°「em

(3.11)         ll∂劣F811=O  a皿d  ll∂ω,z)F¶=1, (3.12)         ll∂エCl llニO  and  ll∂(y,z)Gl ll=1, (3・・3)

@幽H蔦艦)・ゐ・」

      +蕊艦)ywll・

(3.・4)ll妬,。)GSII−ll({Σ・6i,(・)・・+3Σζ融・}/ll(・),        i      夫・」        ヨ       {Σ 6i,(・)y克}/n(・))止      .        ロ        .        み      .        、   「

(18)

86

CLUCEY.’TYPE T田IOREH With respect to the loca1 coordinates xi,x2,…,xn,

δ(0<δ<1)andθ(0<θ〈g)such that on

if we can choose Bn(x・・δ)∩◎x・(llill・θ)   and   」B2n((α;b),6) there eXist positive numbers.Mi,」U2,Ll,L2 (3.15) Il∂劣Gi ll≦Ml

and

ll∂(y,z)

and HS(Xo;α, b)as        、 Gi 11≦M2,

and

(3.16)    11G2(x;y,z)−H2(x・;α,b)11 <五111x−x611十L2‖(y一α,2−b)ll, then there exis七asolutionsピ(3)of(3.1)such that

t’ti0)=::x6, dxi    .d。(o)〒・㌧

d2xi   .

    (o)=         bt.

ds2

  REMARK. In the above arguments, it is not so easy三n general to expect that the conditions(3.15)and(3.』16)hold.・If we c6nsider these geodesics 7 as above from the outside of Wm, they must pass through Wm. Therefbre, if all or a proper subseポof geodesics neaエM/m reach at last to Wm, i.e. its a品e par㎜eters tend to十。。, we can not’find the

geodesics of the sarne kind stq七e⑩above Sぱng丘om町. Regarding

this phenomenon, we consider the example as fbllows(【10D.

  Let Rn be the n−dimensionaユcoordinate space with七he canonical

…di・at・・(・1,…,♂)・qd T;・th・Ch・i・t・ff・1・ymb・1・m・d・by・・ym− metric・tens・r g‘」=σδ元」(σ>0)as

       rl・−9¥・は(怨九+舞一譲)

       一え(δ嘉+鳩一嶋)・

U・ing司=ρδ}, we c・n・id・r.・th・g・n・・al cgnnecti・n r=(・弓,r;、)・n 1∼π.The differential equatiqns of geodeSics of・(Rn,r)becomes (3.17)

d2xi

Pds2

−一σ 十 (Σ・・誓芸一;Σ誓誓・・た      鳶)一・

(19)

ざT.OTSUKI1

87

whereσi=∂σ/∂xt. Singular points of I is the set of the zero points of the function p. Now, sUppqseσandρare the functions of

r=

and

       ρ(0)=O  a丑d  ρ(r)>O  fbr r>0. Then Sing r={0}, where O is the brigin gf 1㌍. We know‘that a丑y.

geodesiC 7 around a ro−peighborhood of(∼in Eqclidean distarice iS

absorbed by O, ifρandσsat三sfy the condition: (3.18)    rσt

1十

       く0    2Pσ

fbr O<r≦ro.

Now, sillceσis posit三ve7’ 唐?狽狽奄獅

ψ=logσ or σ=eψ,

(3.17)becomes as (3.17’)

一;Σ

・駝{Σξ雲

、誓誓ξ・}一い一

1,2,…,n, outside O, where xi=rξi. Fbr r>0, we Put (3.19)

f(・)イ怨4・一∬°諜)d・.・

then(3.17’)is the equation of geodesics with respect・to,the Riemarmian

comection made’by the metric:

(3.20) ds2 ・ ・f(’) 2d・’d・’・       i

Usingψ,(3.18)becomes

2一r

ψ

(20)

88

CAUCHY.、 T〔『PE THEOREn

and・hence

’f(・)〉陸=21・9㌣・’

Therefore, we obtain       2        ∂・2−・∫(「)Σd・’d・’〉睾Σd・‘4♂・       8      8 which shows that s tends to十〇〇fbr、a geo∼lesic 7 in the ro−neibgrhood of O as. r tends to O,{垣d hence、・弱℃Can not c6nsider g60desics startihg from O in the ordinary sence. We ca n alS’o Check this fact directly from』 (3.17’).       ’     馳

REFERENCES

【1】N.ABE, Geneずα’connections on暫ector bttndles, Kodai M.ath.」.8(1985),322−329. 12】H.NAGAYAMA, A£九¢ory o∫geη¢m’re∫α‘i”淘by. generaξconnectionsろ・TRU   Mathematics 20(1984),173−187. {3】H.NAGAYAMA, A t九eory o∫ge況.α∫アe’at垣吻by gεπε冗’connections∬, TRU   Mathematics 21(1985),287−317. 【4】H.NEMOTO,0π♂活r¢ntial geom¢try of general connect‘o叫TRU Mathgmatics   21(1985),67−94.       ・ {5】T.OTSUKI, On generat connections I, Math. J. Okaya皿a Univ.9(1960),99−164. {6】T.OTSUKI,0πgene.α’cennections∫∬, Math. J. Okayama Univ.10(1961),   113−124. 17】T.OTSUKI,0πmetr‘c general¢onneCtio.ns, Proc. Japan Acad.37(1961),183−188. {8】T.OTSUKI,ノ1鴛o‘¢oπm¢tric geπer4’connection3, PmcJapan Acad.38(1962),   409−413.      .. [91T. OTSUIく1,0n normal genera’connections, Kodai Math. Sem. Reports 13(1961),   152−166. 【10】T.OTSUKI,ノt construction o∫8pαcε8 w瓦‘cゐhave points swa’∫o泌πg geodes輌c3, ,Math.」. Okayama Univ.24(1982),157−165・ {11】T.OTSUKI, A cer’α‘箆θραcε・オ‘m¢metric and smooth general coππed‘oπ8, Kod垣   Math.」.8(1985),307−316.      . [’12】A.BEJANcu and T..OTsuKI, Gε碗ral Einsler.connections onαF‘nsler vector   bundle, Kodai Math.」.10(1987),143−152... 【13】T.OTSUKI, Singutar poi帖‘sets∂fαgeπerd connectionαn♂blackゐo∫¢8, Math.   」.Okayama U恥iv.30(1988),199−211.   ・    . .     .      ’・ 【14】T.OTSUKI, G¢neral connections, Math.」. Okayama Univ.32(1990),1−20.

Tominosuke OTSUKI

Department of Mathematics Science University of Tokyo 26 wakamiya−cho, Shinjuku・ku Tokyo, JAPAN 162

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