2-A-03 距離知覚に注意配分が及ぼす影響 : 2-A-03 奥行知覚との比較(2002年度 日本基礎心理学会第21回大会優秀発表賞)

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Prizewinner's

Summary2-A-03

Attention

in

depth

modulates

spatial

_perception

A

comparison

between

depth

_perception

and

distance

_perceptioni)

Takahiko

KiMuRA*'

** and

Toshiaki

MiuRA**

ISAS

Resear=h Fellow,*

Osaha

LbeiversiC),**

We conducted two experiments to

investigate

the relation between attention and

_perceptual

processing, Itisknown that

"distance

perception" isbased on egocentric _processing, and that

"depth

perception" isbased on exocentric _processing. Many researchcrs havc examjned various

aspccts of spatial perception

in

3-D

space.

However

there

are

few

studies about therelationships

between attention and

distance

or

depth

_perception.

In thisstudy we examined how attention

operates when depth and distance _perceptionsare required. We controlled theexpectancy of the

locationof targetby using

the

validity ofa_precue,

The

results revealed

that

there

is

arelationship

between attention and depth _perception. However a relationship

between

attention and distance

perceptionwas not apparent.

The

results

indicated

thatthe allocation of attention might change

according tothe

demands

of thetask.

Key words: attention, three-dimensional space,

depth

perception,

distance

perception, expectancy

Generally

attention and _perceptual processing

have been examined independently and

conse-quently therelation between

these

two

factors

has

been considered inonly a

few

studies.

The

same

is

true for three-dimensional

(3-D)

space re$earch,

Al-though there

has

been research intodepth

percep-tionor distance_perception,there has been little

con-tributien

of attention

in

modcls of

depth

perception

or

distance

_perception.

Kawabata

(1986>

however, has reported thatwhen

participantsattended

to

a specific edge when they

observecl a Necker cube

(which

is

an ambiguous

figureL the plane which

included

the emphasised

edge was

judged

to

be

nearer than any other _plane.

Inaddition, Kimura and Miura

<2001)

suggested that

depth

perception was

infiuenced

by

attention

in

3-D

space, that is,an expectancy of a targetislocation

made depth _perception more accurate. These

find-ings indicatethat attention

has

some

kind

ef effect

on depth _perception.

Depth

perception issaid tooperate inan

exocen-tricrnode, whereas distance _perception operates in

- This study was supported by _grants from

the

JSPS

and the Socicty forthe Support of Osaka

University,

** _{Dcpartment of}

_Applied

_Cognitive

_Psychology,

Graduate

School

of

Human

Sciences,

Osaka

versity, 1-2

Yamadaoka,

Suita,

Osaka

565-0871

an egocentric mode, How then,are there any

dif-ferences between the effects of attention on

depth

perception,and the effects of attention on

distance

perception? In the present study we used a spatial

cueing _paradigm

(e.g.

Posner,Nissen

&

Ogden,

1978)

so that the validity of expectancy could be

con-trolled.This _procedure seemed appropriate

for

an

exarnination of the relations

between

attention

in

3

-D

space and distanceand attention in3-D space and

depth _perception,

Methods

Participants Twelve volunteers _participated in

Experiment 1and Experiment

2.

Apparatus

and

Stimulus

Three

_pairs of

LEDs,

each consisting of a red LED and a _green LED, were

used as fixation_points,and werc also _presented as

precues

for

target

locations,

The

red

LEDs

were used

as targets,

The

distances

from

an observer to the

fixation

_points were 140cm, 240cm, and 340cm.

Two near, and two far,targetswere located around

each fixation_point,The

distances

from

an observer

toeach of the targets

(Figure

la)

were

123

cm, 128

cm,

152

cm, 165 cm, 192 cm, 219 cm, 290 cm, 315 cm,

365 cm, and 415cm.

Procedure

In

Experiment

1,

observers were asked tomake a simple

cletection

by pressing a

The Japanese Psychonomic Society

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40 The

Japanese

Journal

of Psychonomic Science VoL 22,No. 1

(a)

FixationlCPrecue)(t40cm)Fi:]tion2(Precue)(Z4Dcm)F=etion3{Precue)(34bpmp iaa o.sge"W<Z.aetsg,.ii (ae_=ZEo.ssE o:

(b)

DmsTANCE JUDGEMENT

Figure 1.

_(a)

The apparatus

in

thisstudy

(see

text

for

details)

depth

perception,and reaction time,when the validity of th

ton as soon as possibleand to

judge

the

depth,

in

centimeters,

from

a

fixation

point to a target.

In

Experiment

2

the task was $ame as that

in

Experi-ment1except thattheobservers were asked to

judge

the

distance

from

themselves toa target

instead

of

thedcpth

from

a fixationpoint toa target.

The time course of a

trial

was

the

same in

both

experiments, and 1,OOOms after the

beginnjng

of a

triala precue was presented

for

a random

duration

betwecn

3,OOOms to4,OOOms, An observer's

atten-tionwas directedtoa _particularregion of depth by a

precue,and the target appeared inthatregion

{Va]id)

in

44,4%

of a:ltrials.

On

theother

hand,

atargetwas

presented inan opposite region to the _precue

(In-valid) in 22.2% of

the

tria]s.

A control

(NcutraD

condition

{33.3%

of all trials)did not

include

any

information

about a target location, At the same

time thatthe _prccue disappeared one of _{the targets}

appeared either nearer to a fixation_point or further away.

Results

and

Discussion

Attention

amd

depth

perception

The

magnitude of

depth

_perception was more accurate at a near

fixation

_point than at a fixation_point which was

further away

[F(2,22)=14.64,

P<.OOOI],

Further-more, although not significant, theresults

indicated

a tendency

for

observers to more adequately

judge

depth

_(P<,06)

when a valid cue was _presented. The

observer's reaction time

in

Experiment

1

indicated

that the effects ofa cue were apparent at

fixation

2,

and thattherewas a tendency forthe reaction time

to belonger at a near fixation_point than at a more

350 -vel;dperception) Zirrvelidlperoeption) Npmnetrtt-tperception)

eob2'

i:]xe/elwhcRn

B

+neutreicRn

,g

1zsog

lo

oDEPTH

.

{b)

The accuracy of distance

_perception,

e precue was controlled.

distant

fixation

point. Thus when depth

_perception

was

demanded,

attention would have an a]]ocated

gradient.

Attention and distance _perception Regardless of

the

distance

of the

fixation

points, the magnitude of

the distanceperception was adequate and theeffect

of va]idity wa$ not significant

(P<.6376}.

This

indi-cated that attention

did

not

have

an effect on

dis-tance

_perceptlon.

A comparison between depth and

distance

per-ception Figure lb revealed that distance was

judged

more accurately than

depth

([F(1,22)=9.47,

p<.O055]; see

bars

in

Figure

lb).

The

results

indj-cated therefere,that there was a differenceinthe a]location of attention

in

3-D

space when observers

judged

a distance in an egocentric rnode or when

they

_judged

depth inan exocentric mode. Further-more, the increa$ed reaction tirne

fer

depth

percep-tion,relative to that for

distance

_perception,

indi-cates that the allocation of attention might change

dcpending on the taskdemand.

References

Kawabata,

N.

1986

Attention

and depth perception,

Pt,rcePtion,

15,

563-572.

Kimura, T,,

&

Miura,

T,

2001

The

relation

between

attention in three-dimensional space and depth

perception:

An

investigation

in terms of

tancy,

The

fopanese

lburnal

of

Psychonomic

ence, 20,37-38

(in

Japanese

with abstract in

lish).Posner,

M. I.Nissen, M.

_J.

& Ogden, W.

C.

1978

tended and unattended _processing modes: The role

of set

for

spatial

location,

In H,L,Pick and E.

J,

Saltzman

{Eds,),

Modes

ofPerceiving

and

_processing