会の経済的状況とソーシャル・キャピタルの役割を 中心に
著者 林 万平, 塩谷 尚正, 広沢 俊宗, 陳 那森
雑誌名 研究紀要
号 22
ページ 145‑163
発行年 2021‑03‑10
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1084/00000860/
ᅇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ ᖺ ᭶Ⅼ࡛ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᨻᗓࡀ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫឤᰁ⥭ᛴែᐉゝ
ࢆฟࡍ ᭶ ᪥௨㝆ࡣࠊࡉࡽࡇࢀࡽࡢഴྥࡀቑᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸᥎ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⌧ᅾࡢ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫࢆᐃࡋࡓࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⏕άᵝᘧࠖࡢ୰ࠊឤᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕዲ㸦ឤ㸧ࠖ
ࢆపୗࡉࡏ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊேࢆᏙ❧ࡉࡏ࡞࠸⏕άᵝᘧࠊ⏕άࡢ㉁ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕᚰࡢᗣࠖࢆపୗࡉࡏ
࡞࠸⏕άᵝᘧࢆ⪃࠼࡚⾜ࡃࡇࡀࠊ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫୗࡢ⏕ά࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
Ϭ ⤖ㄽ
ᖺ ᭶㸦ࢥࣟࢼ๓㸸ᑐ↷㸧⩣ᖺ ᭶㸦ࢥࣟࢼᣑ㸧ࡢㄪᰝ࠾ࡅࡿẚ㍑࡛ࡣࠊ ᖺ
᭶ⅬࡢᡤㅝࢥࣟࢼᏳࡼࡾࠊ᭷ព࡞ࠕዲ㸦ឤ㸧ࠖࡢపୗࠊࠕᚰࡢᗣࠖࡢపୗഴྥࡀྛࠎㄆ
ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫࢆᐃࡋࡓࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⏕άᵝᘧࠖࡢ୰ࠊឤᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕዲ㸦ឤ㸧ࠖ
ࢆపୗࡉࡏ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊேࢆᏙ❧ࡉࡏ࡞࠸⏕άᵝᘧࠊ⏕άࡢ㉁ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕᚰࡢᗣࠖࢆపୗࡉࡏ
࡞࠸⏕άᵝᘧࢆ⪃࠼࡚⾜ࡃࡇࡀࠊ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫୗࡢ⏕ά࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ
࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤♧ࡍࡁ &2, ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ
࠙ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩ࠚ
ཌ⏕ປാ┬ࠕ᪂ᆺࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫឤᰁࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ≧ἣཌ⏕ປാ┬ࡢᑐᛂࡘ࠸࡚㸦௧㸰ᖺ㸱
᭶㸰᪥∧㸧ࠖKWWSVZZZPKOZJRMSVWIQHZSDJHBKWPO
᪩ᆏಙဢᚋ⸨ᗣᙲᰩཎⱱኵ Ἠ⏝ᆺᗣቑ㐍タࡢㄆᐃせ௳ࡢ⦆ࡘ࠸࡚᪥ Ẽ≀་
ㄅ
-XYL+HXFKHUW'RXJODV0F1DLU ཎⴭ࣭ᶓᒣோ┘ヂ3206᪥ᮏㄒ∧࣐ࢽࣗࣝ㔠Ꮚ᭩ᡣ )XNXKDUD6%LWR6*UHHQ-HWDO7UDQVODWLRQDGDSWDWLRQDQGYDOLGDWLRQRIWKH6)
+HDOWK6XUYH\IRUXVHLQ-DSDQ-RXUQDORI&OLQLFDO(SLGHPLRORJ\
すᮧⰾ,ᒣ୰⿱:රᗜ┴ከྍ⏫ࡢ࢚࢘ࣝࢿࢫ࢛࣮࢘࢟ࣥࢢࡼࡿ ືᶵࡅࣟࢥࣔᗘᨵၿຠᯝ ࡢ◊✲,࢛࣮࢘࢟ࣥࢢ◊✲
㯮℩⪷ྖ㸪ᒣ୰⿱㸪⸨ᙬ:ᆅᇦఫẸ࠾ࡅࡿ⬻ᶵ⬟ࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ࣭ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࢶ࣮ࣝࡢ⏝ࡀ ㄆ▱ᶵ⬟⾜ືኚᐜ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪,ಖ་⒪Ꮫ㞧ㄅ,11 maki (2):81-92, 2020 .
ཌ⏕ປാ┬ 㸺ࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⏕άᵝᘧࠖࡢᐇ㊶㸼
KWWSVZZZPKOZJRMSVWIVHLVDNXQLWVXLWHEXQ\DBQHZOLIHVW\OHKWPO
ே䚻䛾ほⓗ䛺Ᏻᚰឤ䛻㛵䛩䜛ᐇドศᯒ㻌
㸫ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡢᙺࢆ୰ᚰ̿
An Empirical Analysis of People’s Sense of Security in life
-Focusing on the Role of the Economic Status of the Community and Social Capital-
ᯘ ᖹ
ሷ ㇂ ᑦ ṇ
ᗈ ἑ ಇ ᐀
㝞 㑣 ᳃
Mampei HAYASHI Takamasa SHIOTANI Toshimune HIROSAWA Nasen CHENAbstract
Insecurity in social life is increasing among people. It has been believed that such people's subjective well-being can be secured by ensuring social safety. However, recent researches have come to argue that there are different mechanisms between ensuring social safety and people's sense of security. There is a growing need for empirical research on the social factors that determine people's sense of security.
In recent years, there has been a development in research on people’s subjective well-being in life. In the study, the scores of people's subjective well-being, which is self-reported in various surveys, are estimated by using economic and social factors in order to identify policy measures that affect people’s subjective well-being in life. A series of empirical studies on happiness and life satisfaction in economics, sociology, and psychology have focused on factors such as the economic status of society, social capital, and people’s sense of control. However, there are few studies that explicitly treated people's sense of security in life as a kind of subjective well-being and analyzed it with the same approach.
In this paper, we analyze the relationship between people’s sense of security in life and social-economic factors by using the micro data collected through a questionnaire survey. This analysis focuses on the people’s sense of security in local life.
Because we assumed that the people’s subjective well-being in life is nurtured by their daily lives and the community environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the sense of security in local life is defined by factors such as (1) the economic status of the community and (2) social capital, and (3) the sense of control that expresses individual psychological characteristics.
The results show that enhancing the sense of control, accumulating bridging and network-type social capital and reducing unemployment rate of the communities contribute to ensure people's sense of security in local life. Furthermore, raising the level of education is also found to be effective.
࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸Ᏻᚰឤ㸪ᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤ㸪ᆅᇦ⤒῭
㛵すᅜ㝿Ꮫ⤒ႠᏛ㒊 ᱵⰼዪᏊᏛᚰ⌮ࡇࡶᏛ㒊
Ϩ㸬ࡣࡌࡵ
ேࠎࡢ㛫࡛♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⏕ά㛵ࡍࡿୡ ㄽㄪᰝࠖࡣ ᖺࡽ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛㸪ࡑࡢㄪᰝࡢ୰࡛ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㸪᪥㡭ࡢ⏕άࡢ୰࡛㸪ᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍ㸪ࡑࢀࡶ㸪ᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࠋࠖ࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆ⣔ิ࡛ほ ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸪 ᖺ௨㝆㸪ࠕᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ேࡢྜࡣቑຍ㌿ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡇ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠕᝎ
ࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖᅇ⟅ࡍࡿேࡢྜࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋ
Ᏻࢆឤࡌࡿᑐ㇟ࡣㄪᰝᖺࡼࡗ࡚ኚືࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪㊅ໃࡋ࡚ࡣ⏕ά₍↛ࡋࡓᏳࢆឤࡌࡿேࡢྜ
ࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ேࠎࡢ♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀ୍㐣ᛶࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿேࠎࡢᏳࡣ㸪ಶேࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ែᗘࡢၥ㢟ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ㸪♫ࡢᏳࢆ☜ಖࡍ
ࢀࡤ⮬ࡎゎᾘࡉࢀࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋேࠎࡀ♫⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᬒẼࡸ㞠⏝ࡢ
Ᏻ㸪ᗣࡸ⪁ᚋࡢၥ㢟㸪⮬ẅ㸪♫ಖ㞀ไᗘࡸ㈈ᨻࡢᏳᐃᛶ㸪Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡸ⫱ඣ㸪⎔ቃၥ㢟㸪㣗ရࡢᏳ㸪ᨺᑕᛶ
≀㉁ࡢᣑᩓ㸪ᆅ᪉ࡢ⾶㏥㸪ᨻࡸ⾜ᨻࡢở⫋ࡸ⭉ᩋ㸪つᶍ࡞ᨾࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖ㸪ឤᰁ㸪≢⨥ࡸࢸࣟ⾜Ⅽ➼࠸
ࡗࡓᵝࠎ࡞ࣜࢫࢡᑐࡋ࡚㸪Ᏻ࡞⎔ቃࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ༶ࡕேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ
⮬᫂ࡢࡇࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ㸪ࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪♫⏕ά
࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡁࡿᗘ㸪ࡲࡿ࡛ࠕࡶࡄࡽ྇ࡁࠖࡢࡼ࠺㸪ᚋⓗ㸪ᑐ⒪ἲⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ゎỴࡀᚿྥࡉࢀ
࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋ㸪㏆ᖺ㸪ᏳᏳᚰ♫ࡢ◊✲࠾࠸࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᒎ㛤ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗ᆏ㸦2010㸧 ࡣ㸪ᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࡢᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞♫ၥ㢟ࡢಶูⓗゎỴࡣูࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ
ᙇࡋ㸪♫ⓗಙ㢗ࡢほⅬࡽேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡢつᐃせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰㇂ෆ㸦2006࣭ 2008㸧ࡶ㸪♫ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ࣜࢫࢡࡽᐈほⓗぢ࡚Ᏻ࡛࠶ࢀࡤேࠎࡀ┤ࡕᏳᚰឤࢆᚓࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪 Ᏻᚰࡢ☜ಖࡢୖ࡛♫ⓗಙ㢗ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿὀ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪℧ᮏ࣭ᇛ㸦2016㸧ࡸࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈
⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦2008㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪♫ࡢᏳேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡢ☜ಖࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᏑ ᅾࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡿὀࠋࡉࡽ㸪ࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦2009㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࠖࡣ༢♫
ࡢ༴㝤ࡸᏳࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡀ㧗࠸♫࡛࠶ࡿᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿὀ ࠋࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡽ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞༴㝤ࡸ♫Ᏻࡢ๐ῶࡢඛேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆぢฟࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ேࠎࡢᏳᚰឤ
ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ♫ⓗせᅉࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪ᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࡢᐇ⌧ྥࡅࡓᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡼ࠺
ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᏳᏳᚰ♫ࡢ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿศᯒࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㸪㏆ᖺ㸪┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᖾ⚟ᗘ
㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲ㏆࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᖾ⚟◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤほⓗ
࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࢆጞࡵࡋ࡚㸦Lachman and Weaver, 1998㸧㸪ከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓὀࠋ ࡔࡀ㏆ᖺ㸪⤒῭Ꮫศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ඛ㥑ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛࠶ࡿFrey and Stutzer(2002)௨㝆㸪ேࠎࡢᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ
࠸ࡗࡓほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢ✚ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲
࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᐈほⓗ࡞ศᯒࡣ㥆ᰁࡲ࡞࠸ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞ᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓ࢙࢘ࣝ
ࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢᴫᛕࡢ୰㌟❧ࡕධࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᇶேࠎࡢほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ≧ែࢆ
ᢕᥱࡋ㸪⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Clark, 2006; Clark and Oswald, 1994;
Pedersen and Schmidt, 2011; Winkelmann and Winkelmann, 1998㸧ࠋ≉㸪㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱ
ࣝ㸦♫㛵ಀ㈨ᮏ㸧╔┠ࡋࡓศᯒࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Bjørnskov,2006; Helliwell, 2003; 2004;
Helliwell and Putnam, 2004; Hudson, 2006; Kuroki, 2011; ᓮ 2017㸧ࠋࡓࡔ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕
ά‶㊊ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂♧ⓗྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡼࡾேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ
ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᮏศᯒ࡛ࡣᆅᇦ♫࠾ࡅࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠋ
ேࠎࡀ♫⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌࡿᏳᚰឤࡣ㸪᪥ࠎࡢ⏕άࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⎔ቃ࠾࠸࡚㔊ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⪃
࠼ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࡀ㸪㸦㸯㸧ಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ≉ᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࢥ
ࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪㸦㸰㸧ᆅᇦࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࡸ㸪㸦㸱㸧ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࠸ࡗࡓせᅉつᐃࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡀᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ❶࡛ࡣほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆᕠࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱❶࡛ࡣ㸪 ᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚㸪ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆᇶㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࢆ⾲ࡍ࣐ࢡࣟ⤫ィ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᴫほࡍࡿࠋ➨㸲❶࡛ࡣ᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ㸪➨㸳❶࡛⤖ㄽࢆ㏙ࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸯 ⏕άᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌࡿேࡢྜ㛵ࡍࡿ⣔ิ᥎⛣
ࢹ࣮ࢱฟ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⏕ά㛵ࡍࡿୡㄽㄪᰝࠖ
ϩ㸬ඛ⾜◊✲
㏆ᖺ㸪⤒῭Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ᖾ⚟ᗘ㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡴࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡁࡗࡅࡣFrey and Stutzer(2002)㐳
ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛⤒῭Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣ㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓᣦᶆࡣᐈほⓗほᐹྍ⬟࡛࡞࠸ࡇࡽ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ
࡞ศᯒ㐺ࡉ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋ㸪Frey and Stutzerࡣ㸪ほᐹྍ⬟࡞ಶேࡢ⾜ືࡣほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝ
ࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ༑ศ࡞௦⌮ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪General Social SurveysࡸWorld Value Survey࠸ࡗࡓᅜ 㝿ⓗ࡞ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࠾࠸࡚⮬ᕫ⏦࿌ࡉࢀࡓᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢࢫࢥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿ
⤒῭ⓗせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒ࡛ࡁࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊
ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢࢫࢥࡀᐇドศᯒ࠾࠸࡚᭷ຠ࡞ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ⤂
ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘ㛵ᩘࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡑࡢỴᐃせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ
࣮ࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡿᖾ⚟ᗘࡣ㸪ᖺ㱋ࡸᛶู㸪ᗣ≧ែ㸪⤖፧ࡢ᭷↓࠸ࡗࡓಶேࡢᒓᛶࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㞠⏝ࡸࣥࣇࣞ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉࡸ㸪ࡉࡽࡣᅜẸࡢᨻཧຍࡢ≧ἣ࠸ࡗࡓᨻࡢពᛮỴᐃ㐣⛬ࡶᙳ㡪 ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Ϩ㸬ࡣࡌࡵ
ேࠎࡢ㛫࡛♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⏕ά㛵ࡍࡿୡ ㄽㄪᰝࠖࡣ ᖺࡽ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛㸪ࡑࡢㄪᰝࡢ୰࡛ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㸪᪥㡭ࡢ⏕άࡢ୰࡛㸪ᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚
࠸ࡲࡍ㸪ࡑࢀࡶ㸪ᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࠋࠖ࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆ⣔ิ࡛ほ ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ㸪 ᖺ௨㝆㸪ࠕᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ேࡢྜࡣቑຍ㌿ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡇ᭱㏆࡛ࡣࠕᝎ
ࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖᅇ⟅ࡍࡿேࡢྜࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸Ỉ‽࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᅗ㸯㸧ࠋ
Ᏻࢆឤࡌࡿᑐ㇟ࡣㄪᰝᖺࡼࡗ࡚ኚືࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪㊅ໃࡋ࡚ࡣ⏕ά₍↛ࡋࡓᏳࢆឤࡌࡿேࡢྜ
ࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ேࠎࡢ♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀ୍㐣ᛶࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀศࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿேࠎࡢᏳࡣ㸪ಶேࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ែᗘࡢၥ㢟ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ㸪♫ࡢᏳࢆ☜ಖࡍ
ࢀࡤ⮬ࡎゎᾘࡉࢀࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋேࠎࡀ♫⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᬒẼࡸ㞠⏝ࡢ
Ᏻ㸪ᗣࡸ⪁ᚋࡢၥ㢟㸪⮬ẅ㸪♫ಖ㞀ไᗘࡸ㈈ᨻࡢᏳᐃᛶ㸪Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡸ⫱ඣ㸪⎔ቃၥ㢟㸪㣗ရࡢᏳ㸪ᨺᑕᛶ
≀㉁ࡢᣑᩓ㸪ᆅ᪉ࡢ⾶㏥㸪ᨻࡸ⾜ᨻࡢở⫋ࡸ⭉ᩋ㸪つᶍ࡞ᨾࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖ㸪ឤᰁ㸪≢⨥ࡸࢸࣟ⾜Ⅽ➼࠸
ࡗࡓᵝࠎ࡞ࣜࢫࢡᑐࡋ࡚㸪Ᏻ࡞⎔ቃࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ༶ࡕேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ
⮬᫂ࡢࡇࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⤖ᯝⓗ㸪ࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪♫⏕ά
࠾࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡁࡿᗘ㸪ࡲࡿ࡛ࠕࡶࡄࡽ྇ࡁࠖࡢࡼ࠺㸪ᚋⓗ㸪ᑐ⒪ἲⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ゎỴࡀᚿྥࡉࢀ
࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ࡋࡋ㸪㏆ᖺ㸪ᏳᏳᚰ♫ࡢ◊✲࠾࠸࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᒎ㛤ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗ᆏ㸦2010㸧 ࡣ㸪ᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࡢᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞♫ၥ㢟ࡢಶูⓗゎỴࡣูࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ
ᙇࡋ㸪♫ⓗಙ㢗ࡢほⅬࡽேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡢつᐃせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰㇂ෆ㸦2006࣭ 2008㸧ࡶ㸪♫ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ࣜࢫࢡࡽᐈほⓗぢ࡚Ᏻ࡛࠶ࢀࡤேࠎࡀ┤ࡕᏳᚰឤࢆᚓࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪 Ᏻᚰࡢ☜ಖࡢୖ࡛♫ⓗಙ㢗ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿὀ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪℧ᮏ࣭ᇛ㸦2016㸧ࡸࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈
⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦2008㸧ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪♫ࡢᏳேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡢ☜ಖࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᏑ ᅾࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡿὀࠋࡉࡽ㸪ࡦࡻ࠺ࡈ㟈⅏グᛕ ୡ⣖◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦2009㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࠖࡣ༢♫
ࡢ༴㝤ࡸᏳࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡀ㧗࠸♫࡛࠶ࡿᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿὀ ࠋࡇ
࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡽ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞༴㝤ࡸ♫Ᏻࡢ๐ῶࡢඛேࠎࡢᏳᚰࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆぢฟࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ேࠎࡢᏳᚰឤ
ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ♫ⓗせᅉࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪ᏳᏳᚰ࡞♫ࡢᐇ⌧ྥࡅࡓᨻ⟇ᑐᛂࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡼ࠺
ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᏳᏳᚰ♫ࡢ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿศᯒࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㸪㏆ᖺ㸪┒ࢇ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓᖾ⚟ᗘ
㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢ᪉ἲ㏆࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᖾ⚟◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤほⓗ
࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ㛵ࡍࡿศᯒࢆጞࡵࡋ࡚㸦Lachman and Weaver, 1998㸧㸪ከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓὀࠋ ࡔࡀ㏆ᖺ㸪⤒῭Ꮫศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ඛ㥑ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛࠶ࡿFrey and Stutzer(2002)௨㝆㸪ேࠎࡢᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ
࠸ࡗࡓほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡢ✚ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲
࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᐈほⓗ࡞ศᯒࡣ㥆ᰁࡲ࡞࠸ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞ᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓ࢙࢘ࣝ
ࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢᴫᛕࡢ୰㌟❧ࡕධࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ㸪ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᇶேࠎࡢほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ≧ែࢆ
ᢕᥱࡋ㸪⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Clark, 2006; Clark and Oswald, 1994;
Pedersen and Schmidt, 2011; Winkelmann and Winkelmann, 1998㸧ࠋ≉㸪㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱ
ࣝ㸦♫㛵ಀ㈨ᮏ㸧╔┠ࡋࡓศᯒࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Bjørnskov,2006; Helliwell, 2003; 2004;
Helliwell and Putnam, 2004; Hudson, 2006; Kuroki, 2011; ᓮ 2017㸧ࠋࡓࡔ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣᖾ⚟ឤࡸ⏕
ά‶㊊ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᫂♧ⓗྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡼࡾேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ
ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ᮏศᯒ࡛ࡣᆅᇦ♫࠾ࡅࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠋ
ேࠎࡀ♫⏕ά࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌࡿᏳᚰឤࡣ㸪᪥ࠎࡢ⏕άࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⎔ቃ࠾࠸࡚㔊ᡂࡉࢀࡿ⪃
࠼ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࡀ㸪㸦㸯㸧ಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ≉ᛶࢆ⾲ࡍࢥ
ࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪㸦㸰㸧ᆅᇦࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࡸ㸪㸦㸱㸧ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ࠸ࡗࡓせᅉつᐃࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡀᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟ❶࡛ࡣほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆᕠࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ➨㸱❶࡛ࡣ㸪 ᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚㸪ㄪᰝ⚊ࢆᇶㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࢆ⾲ࡍ࣐ࢡࣟ⤫ィ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᴫほࡍࡿࠋ➨㸲❶࡛ࡣ᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ♧ࡋ㸪➨㸳❶࡛⤖ㄽࢆ㏙ࡿࠋ
ᅗ㸯 ⏕άᝎࡳࡸᏳࢆឤࡌࡿேࡢྜ㛵ࡍࡿ⣔ิ᥎⛣
ࢹ࣮ࢱฟ㸸ෆ㛶ᗓࠕᅜẸ⏕ά㛵ࡍࡿୡㄽㄪᰝࠖ
ϩ㸬ඛ⾜◊✲
㏆ᖺ㸪⤒῭Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ᖾ⚟ᗘ㛵ࡍࡿᐇド◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡴࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡁࡗࡅࡣFrey and Stutzer(2002)㐳
ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛⤒῭Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣ㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓᣦᶆࡣᐈほⓗほᐹྍ⬟࡛࡞࠸ࡇࡽ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ
࡞ศᯒ㐺ࡉ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋ㸪Frey and Stutzerࡣ㸪ほᐹྍ⬟࡞ಶேࡢ⾜ືࡣほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝ
ࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ༑ศ࡞௦⌮ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪General Social SurveysࡸWorld Value Survey࠸ࡗࡓᅜ 㝿ⓗ࡞ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ࠾࠸࡚⮬ᕫ⏦࿌ࡉࢀࡓᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢࢫࢥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿ
⤒῭ⓗせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒ࡛ࡁࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿᵝࠎ࡞◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊
ᗘ࠸ࡗࡓほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢࢫࢥࡀᐇドศᯒ࠾࠸࡚᭷ຠ࡞ኚᩘ࡛࠶ࡿ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ⤂
ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᖾ⚟ᗘ㛵ᩘࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡑࡢỴᐃせᅉࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ
࣮ࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡿᖾ⚟ᗘࡣ㸪ᖺ㱋ࡸᛶู㸪ᗣ≧ែ㸪⤖፧ࡢ᭷↓࠸ࡗࡓಶேࡢᒓᛶࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㞠⏝ࡸࣥࣇࣞ
࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉࡸ㸪ࡉࡽࡣᅜẸࡢᨻཧຍࡢ≧ἣ࠸ࡗࡓᨻࡢពᛮỴᐃ㐣⛬ࡶᙳ㡪 ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀࡁࡗࡅ࡞ࡾ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ㛵ࡍ
ࡿᐇドศᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ≉㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ኻᴗὀ┠ࡋࡓศᯒࡀከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋClark and Oswald(1994)ࡣ㸪British Household Panel Survey(BHPS)ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜࠸㸪ኻᴗ⪅ࡣ⏕
ά‶㊊ᗘࡀᘬࡁୗࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋWinkelmann and Winkelmann(1998)ࡣ㸪 GSOEP(German Socio-Economic Panel)ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ኻᴗ⤒㦂ࡀ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᥎ ᐃࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅛᐃຠᯝࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ኻᴗࡼࡾேࠎࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Clark(2006)࡛ࡣ㸪GSOEP㸪BHPS㸪Europian Community Household Panel(ECHP)࠸ࡗࡓࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ேࠎࡢ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡣ㸪ᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗▷㛵ࢃࡽࡎኻᴗࡼࡗ࡚ࡁࡃᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㸪Helliwell(2003)㸪Helliwell and Putnam(2004)㸪Hudson(2006)㸪Kuroki(2011)㸪Pedersen and
Schmidt(2011)࡛ࡶ㸪ኻᴗࡸධࡢపୗࡀேࠎࡢ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦♫㛵ಀ㈨ᮏ㸧ࡀほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࡀ ᗈࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡣ㸪ࠕಶே㛫ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡸ♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸪
࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿሗᛶಙ㢗ᛶࡢつ⠊ὀ5ࠖ㸦Putnam, 2000㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿὀ6ࠋSzreter and Woolcock(2004)ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡣ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡢ✀㢮ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⤖᮰ᆺ㸦Bonding㸧㸪ᶫΏࡋᆺ 㸦Bridging㸧㸪㐃⤖ᆺ㸦Linking㸧ࡢ୕✀ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ὀ7ࠋほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ◊✲ࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠕᶫΏࡋᆺࠖࡸࠕ㐃⤖ᆺࠖᒓࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡸไᗘࡢಙ㢗ឤ࠸ࡗࡓせᅉ╔┠ࡋࡓᐇド◊
✲ࡀ✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKuroki(2011)ࡣ㸪JGSS(Japanese General Social Surveys)ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋࡓ
ࡇࢁ㸪ᏛṔ㸪ධ㸪⤖፧㸪ᗣ࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲ࡀ㧗࠸ᖾ⚟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿඹ㸪♫ⓗಙ㢗⪅
ࡢಙ㢗ࡢ୧᪉ࡀ㸪ேࠎࡢᖾ⚟ᗘᑐࡋ࡚ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋBjørnskov(2006)ࡸ Helliwell(2003)ࡣ㸪WVS(World Values Survey)ࡼࡿྛᅜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸
ேࠎ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHelliwell and Putnam(2004)࡛ࡣ㸪WVS㸪 USBS(US Benchmark Survey)㸪CCS(Comparable Canadian Survey)ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡇࢁ㸪୍⯡ⓗ
ಙ㢗ឤࡸ㏆㞄ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㆙ᐹࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸㸪ほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHudson(2006)࡛ࡣ㸪EUࡢྛᅜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪୰ኸ㖟⾜㸪EU㸪ྛᅜᨻ ᗓ㸪ἲᚊࡸᅜ㐃⤌⧊ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸㸪ேࠎࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᓮ(2017) ࡣ㸪ᮾி㒔ࡢఫேࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋ㸪ᡤᚓ㝵ᒙࡀ㧗࠸ேࠎࡗ࡚ࡣ⤒῭ⓗᏳᚰࡼ
ࡾࡶ୍⯡ⓗಙ㢗ࡀ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢྥୖ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ✚ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLachman and Weaver(1998)ࡣ㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡣ┠ᶆྥࡗ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ࡢಶேࡢຠຊឤࡸ᭷
ຠᛶࡢࡇ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿୖ࡛ಶேࡢᡭ㈇࠼࡞࠸㞀ᐖࡀ࠶ࡿಙࡎࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓୖ
࡛㸪ேࠎࡢ⤒῭㝵ᒙࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ㸪㧗ධ࡞ேࠎࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ഴ
ྥ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪పධࡢேࠎ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜࡣ㸪㧗ධࡢேࠎྠ⛬ᗘࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀほ ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ୖᣲࡆࡓ୍㐃ࡢᐇド◊✲࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡋ࡚ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࢆࡑࡢศᯒᑐ㇟
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ேࠎࡢ♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳᚰឤࢆほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ୍✀ࡋ࡚᫂♧ⓗᢅࡗࡓศᯒࡣ㸪 㧗ᆏ㸦2010㸧ࡸᯘ㸦2011㸧ࢆ㝖࠸࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ㧗ᆏࡣ㸪රᗜ┴ࢆᑐ㇟ᐇࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇ ドศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⅏ᐖࡢ⾜ᨻࡢಙ㢗ឤࡸไᗘࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀᇶ┙࡞ࡗ࡚ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿᵓ㐀ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢᬽࡽࡋ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌࡿᏳᚰឤ᪥ᮏ♫࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ
ࡿᏳᚰឤࡣṇ┦㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᯘ㸦2011㸧ࡣྠࡌࢹ࣮
ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡸไᗘ㸪⅏ᐖࡢ⾜ᨻᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ឤࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᒃఫᆅᇦ ࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ≉ᛶࢆ
⾲ࡍせᅉࡣ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞≉ᛶ
ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࡸࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ
࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢศᯒࡍࡿࠋḟ❶࡛ࡣศᯒᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚⤂ࡍࡿࠋ
Ϫ㸬ศᯒࢹ࣮ࢱ
ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢᬽࡽࡋ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ
✏࡛ࡣ㸪➹⪅ࡽࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᐇࡋࡓࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸪 ᮏㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢ♫࣭⤒῭ⓗ≧ែࢆ⾲ࡍᆅᇦ⤫ィࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡢヲ
⣽ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
㸯㸬ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᴫせ ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ
ᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪 ᖺ ᭶ㄪᰝ♫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㞟ࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝ ᑐ㇟ࡣරᗜ┴ᅾఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ṓࡽ ṓࡲ࡛ࡢ ே࡛㸪⏨ዪẚࡣྛ ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᒃఫᆅᇦ
ࡸᖺ㱋೫ࡾࡀ࡛࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㸪⚄ᡞᕷࡽ ே㸪⚄ᡞᕷ௨እࡢරᗜ┴ୗࡢᕷ⏫ࡽ ேࡢᅇ⟅ࢆ㞟ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡋࡓࠋᖺ㱋㝵ᒙࡣ㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦ࡢྛᖺ㱋㝵ᒙ࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ዪࡢᅇ⟅ᩘࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ ே ࡎࡘ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ㄪᰝࢆタィࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪 ᖺࡢරᗜ┴࠾ࡅࡿᑵᴗᵓ㐀ᇶᮏㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸪ᮏ ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ㧗ᏛṔࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀከ࠸ὀࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᮏศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࡢゎ㔘࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ㉳ᅉࡍ
ࡿࣂࢫࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿὀࠋ
ㄪᰝ⚊ࡢタィ
ㄪᰝ⚊࡛ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ࠖࡘ࠸࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ⚊ࡢ୰
ࡽᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࡑࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
➨୍㸪ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ࠎࡢ⏕ά
ࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⎔ቃࢆᛕ㢌ᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦࡣ㸪Ᏻ࡛Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ
ࡿឤࡌࡲࡍࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪Ᏻᚰឤ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆタࡅࡓࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕ Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏࡿࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾㸪ᮏ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㧗ᆏ㸦㸧࡛⏝࠸ࡓㄪᰝ⚊ࢆ
ཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ
➨㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣၥ࠸ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕఱࢆࡍࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ⚾ࡣ༑ศ࡞ᚰ ࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣᚰࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣ㸪ᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠺ࡇ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡑࢀࢆ
࠺ࡲࡃࡸࢀࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠼ࡤᐇ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆᡭධࢀࡽࢀࡿ࠺ࡣ㸪
⚾⮬㌟ࡢᡭࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡀᡭධࡿࡣ⮬ศḟ➨ࠖ㸧㸪ࠕᑗ᮶⚾ࡢ㌟㉳ࡁࡿࡇࡣ
ࡲࡗࡓࡃ⚾ḟ➨ࡔࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕᑗ᮶ࡢࡇࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ⮬ศḟ➨ࠖ㸧࠸ࡗࡓ㢮ఝࡢタၥࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ
⫥ࡣࠕࡲࡗࡓࡃࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᙉࡃࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ㸪Lachman and Weaver(1998)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚సᡂࡋࡓࠋ
➨୕㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡀࡁࡗࡅ࡞ࡾ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ⤒῭࣭♫ⓗせᅉ㛵ࡍ
ࡿᐇドศᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ≉㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ኻᴗὀ┠ࡋࡓศᯒࡀከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋClark and Oswald(1994)ࡣ㸪British Household Panel Survey(BHPS)ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇドศᯒࢆ⾜࠸㸪ኻᴗ⪅ࡣ⏕
ά‶㊊ᗘࡀᘬࡁୗࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋWinkelmann and Winkelmann(1998)ࡣ㸪 GSOEP(German Socio-Economic Panel)ࡢࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ኻᴗ⤒㦂ࡀ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᥎ ᐃࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪ᅛᐃຠᯝࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ኻᴗࡼࡾேࠎࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Clark(2006)࡛ࡣ㸪GSOEP㸪BHPS㸪Europian Community Household Panel(ECHP)࠸ࡗࡓࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ேࠎࡢ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡣ㸪ᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗▷㛵ࢃࡽࡎኻᴗࡼࡗ࡚ࡁࡃᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㸪Helliwell(2003)㸪Helliwell and Putnam(2004)㸪Hudson(2006)㸪Kuroki(2011)㸪Pedersen and
Schmidt(2011)࡛ࡶ㸪ኻᴗࡸධࡢపୗࡀேࠎࡢ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㏆ᖺ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦♫㛵ಀ㈨ᮏ㸧ࡀほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㛵ࡍࡿᐇドศᯒࡀ ᗈࡃ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡣ㸪ࠕಶே㛫ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡸ♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸪
࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿሗᛶಙ㢗ᛶࡢつ⠊ὀ5ࠖ㸦Putnam, 2000㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿὀ6ࠋSzreter and Woolcock(2004)ࡼࢀࡤ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡣ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡢ✀㢮ࡼࡗ࡚㸪⤖᮰ᆺ㸦Bonding㸧㸪ᶫΏࡋᆺ 㸦Bridging㸧㸪㐃⤖ᆺ㸦Linking㸧ࡢ୕✀ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ὀ7ࠋほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ◊✲ࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚
ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠕᶫΏࡋᆺࠖࡸࠕ㐃⤖ᆺࠖᒓࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡸไᗘࡢಙ㢗ឤ࠸ࡗࡓせᅉ╔┠ࡋࡓᐇド◊
✲ࡀ✚ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋKuroki(2011)ࡣ㸪JGSS(Japanese General Social Surveys)ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋࡓ
ࡇࢁ㸪ᏛṔ㸪ධ㸪⤖፧㸪ᗣ࠸ࡗࡓせ⣲ࡀ㧗࠸ᖾ⚟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿඹ㸪♫ⓗಙ㢗⪅
ࡢಙ㢗ࡢ୧᪉ࡀ㸪ேࠎࡢᖾ⚟ᗘᑐࡋ࡚ṇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋBjørnskov(2006)ࡸ Helliwell(2003)ࡣ㸪WVS(World Values Survey)ࡼࡿྛᅜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸
ேࠎ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHelliwell and Putnam(2004)࡛ࡣ㸪WVS㸪 USBS(US Benchmark Survey)㸪CCS(Comparable Canadian Survey)ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡇࢁ㸪୍⯡ⓗ
ಙ㢗ឤࡸ㏆㞄ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪㆙ᐹࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸㸪ほⓗ࡞࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋHudson(2006)࡛ࡣ㸪EUࡢྛᅜࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡋࡓศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪୰ኸ㖟⾜㸪EU㸪ྛᅜᨻ ᗓ㸪ἲᚊࡸᅜ㐃⤌⧊ࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀ㧗࠸㸪ேࠎࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᓮ(2017) ࡣ㸪ᮾி㒔ࡢఫேࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆศᯒࡋ㸪ᡤᚓ㝵ᒙࡀ㧗࠸ேࠎࡗ࡚ࡣ⤒῭ⓗᏳᚰࡼ
ࡾࡶ୍⯡ⓗಙ㢗ࡀ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡢྥୖ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿ◊✲ࡀ✚ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLachman and Weaver(1998)ࡣ㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡣ┠ᶆྥࡗ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ࡢಶேࡢຠຊឤࡸ᭷
ຠᛶࡢࡇ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿୖ࡛ಶேࡢᡭ㈇࠼࡞࠸㞀ᐖࡀ࠶ࡿಙࡎࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡓୖ
࡛㸪ேࠎࡢ⤒῭㝵ᒙࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ㸪㧗ධ࡞ேࠎࡣ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ഴ
ྥ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪పධࡢேࠎ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࡀ㧗࠸ሙྜࡣ㸪㧗ධࡢேࠎྠ⛬ᗘࡢ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࡀほ ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ୖᣲࡆࡓ୍㐃ࡢᐇド◊✲࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡋ࡚ᖾ⚟ᗘࡸ⏕ά‶㊊ᗘࢆࡑࡢศᯒᑐ㇟
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ேࠎࡢ♫⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿᏳᚰឤࢆほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࡢ୍✀ࡋ࡚᫂♧ⓗᢅࡗࡓศᯒࡣ㸪 㧗ᆏ㸦2010㸧ࡸᯘ㸦2011㸧ࢆ㝖࠸࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋ㧗ᆏࡣ㸪රᗜ┴ࢆᑐ㇟ᐇࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᐇ ドศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⅏ᐖࡢ⾜ᨻࡢಙ㢗ឤࡸไᗘࡢಙ㢗ឤࡀᇶ┙࡞ࡗ࡚ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿᵓ㐀ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢᬽࡽࡋ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌࡿᏳᚰឤ᪥ᮏ♫࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ
ࡿᏳᚰឤࡣṇ┦㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᯘ㸦2011㸧ࡣྠࡌࢹ࣮
ࢱࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪅ࡸไᗘ㸪⅏ᐖࡢ⾜ᨻᑐࡍࡿಙ㢗ឤࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᒃఫᆅᇦ ࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗⋡ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ≉ᛶࢆ
⾲ࡍせᅉࡣ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪ேࠎࡢほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㸪ಶேࡢᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞≉ᛶ
ࢆ⾲ࡍࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࡸࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ
࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢศᯒࡍࡿࠋḟ❶࡛ࡣศᯒᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚⤂ࡍࡿࠋ
Ϫ㸬ศᯒࢹ࣮ࢱ
ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢᬽࡽࡋ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿほⓗ࡞Ᏻᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋࡓㄪᰝࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ
✏࡛ࡣ㸪➹⪅ࡽࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᐇࡋࡓࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝࠖࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱ㸪 ᮏㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦࡢ♫࣭⤒῭ⓗ≧ែࢆ⾲ࡍᆅᇦ⤫ィࢆ⏝࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࡢヲ
⣽ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
㸯㸬ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࡢᴫせ ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ
ᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪 ᖺ ᭶ㄪᰝ♫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㞟ࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝ ᑐ㇟ࡣරᗜ┴ᅾఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ṓࡽ ṓࡲ࡛ࡢ ே࡛㸪⏨ዪẚࡣྛ ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᒃఫᆅᇦ
ࡸᖺ㱋೫ࡾࡀ࡛࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㸪⚄ᡞᕷࡽ ே㸪⚄ᡞᕷ௨እࡢරᗜ┴ୗࡢᕷ⏫ࡽ ேࡢᅇ⟅ࢆ㞟ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡋࡓࠋᖺ㱋㝵ᒙࡣ㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦㸪 ௦ࡢྛᖺ㱋㝵ᒙ࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ዪࡢᅇ⟅ᩘࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ ே ࡎࡘ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ㄪᰝࢆタィࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪 ᖺࡢරᗜ┴࠾ࡅࡿᑵᴗᵓ㐀ᇶᮏㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝẚ㍑ࡍࡿ㸪ᮏ ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ㧗ᏛṔࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡀከ࠸ὀࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㸪ᮏศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࡢゎ㔘࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢧࣥࣉࣜࣥࢢ㉳ᅉࡍ
ࡿࣂࢫࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿὀࠋ
ㄪᰝ⚊ࡢタィ
ㄪᰝ⚊࡛ࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ࠖࡘ࠸࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲㸯㸧ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ㄪᰝ⚊ࡢ୰
ࡽᮏศᯒ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࡑࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
➨୍㸪ேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࡘ࠸࡚⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥ࠎࡢ⏕ά
ࡑࢀࢆᨭ࠼ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⎔ቃࢆᛕ㢌ᅇ⟅࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦࡣ㸪Ᏻ࡛Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ
ࡿឤࡌࡲࡍࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪Ᏻᚰឤ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆタࡅࡓࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕ Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏࡿࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾㸪ᮏ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㧗ᆏ㸦㸧࡛⏝࠸ࡓㄪᰝ⚊ࢆ
ཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ
➨㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣၥ࠸ࡋ࡚㸪ࠕఱࢆࡍࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ⚾ࡣ༑ศ࡞ᚰ ࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣᚰࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣ㸪ᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠺ࡇ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡑࢀࢆ
࠺ࡲࡃࡸࢀࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ⚾ࡣᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠼ࡤᐇ⾜࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆᡭධࢀࡽࢀࡿ࠺ࡣ㸪
⚾⮬㌟ࡢᡭࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡀᡭධࡿࡣ⮬ศḟ➨ࠖ㸧㸪ࠕᑗ᮶⚾ࡢ㌟㉳ࡁࡿࡇࡣ
ࡲࡗࡓࡃ⚾ḟ➨ࡔࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕᑗ᮶ࡢࡇࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ⮬ศḟ➨ࠖ㸧࠸ࡗࡓ㢮ఝࡢタၥࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ
⫥ࡣࠕࡲࡗࡓࡃࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᙉࡃࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣ㸪Lachman and Weaver(1998)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚సᡂࡋࡓࠋ
➨୕㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣேࠎࡀᒃఫࡍࡿᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ឤࡌ࡚࠸
ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ᆅᇦࡢேࠎࡸ⮬యࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆタࡅࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪Szreter and Woolcock(2004)࡞ࡽ࠸㸪
⤖᮰ᆺ㸦Bonding㸧㸪ᶫΏࡋᆺ㸦Bridging㸧㸪㐃⤖ᆺ㸦Linking㸧ࡢ୕ศ㢮ศࡅ࡚㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ┒ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠋ⤖᮰ᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ⌧ᅾ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦ࡛㸪
㏆ᡤ࡙ࡁ࠶࠸ࢆࡢ⛬ᗘࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ㏆ᡤࡁྜ࠸ࠖ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆタࡅࡓࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠕぶ ࡋࡃࡁྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡽࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋᶫΏࡋᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕఫẸࡣṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸
ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕఫẸࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢே
ࡣᇶᮏⓗၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ఫẸࡣၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ
ࡽࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵࡛ホ౯ࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐃⤖ᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪┴ᕷ⏫ᮧࡢ
⮬యࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣ㸪࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧㸪 ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫ᮧ㸧ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫
ᮧ㸧ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡢሗⓎಙࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧࠸ࡗࡓ⾜ᨻᑐࡍ
ࡿಙ㢗ឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵࡛⪺
࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ಶேࡢᐈほⓗ࡞ᒓᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ᛶู㸪ᖺ㱋㸪ᒃఫᆅࡢ㒑౽␒ྕ㸪
፧ጻࡢ᭷↓㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢ᭷↓㸪ಶேࡢᖺᗘࡢධ㸦ᐇᩘ㸧㸪ᏛṔ㸪㞠⏝ᙧែࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪᥎ᐃ
⏝࠸ࡿ㝿㸪ಶேࡢධࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑐᩘࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ಶேࡢධࡀࢮ࡛ࣟ࠶ࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝࡣᑐᩘࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢧࣥࣉࣝࡣ್ ࢆຍ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ᑐᩘࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ḟ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪᥎ᐃ⏝࠸ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࢆ⾲ࡍᆅᇦ⤫ィࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
⾲㸯ࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ࠖᑐࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ න̏ɻऀճ҈સͳ҈ৼͶؖͤΖқࣟͶؖͤΖ࣯ߴ ㉁ၥෆᐜᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ ほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦࡣࠊᏳ࡛Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏࡿឤࡌࡲࡍࠋࠖࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ ࡿࠖ ࠕఱࢆࡍࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ⚾ࡣ༑ศ࡞ᚰࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ⚾ࡣࠊᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠺ࡇ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡑࢀࢆ࠺ࡲࡃࡸࢀࡿࠋࠖ ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆᡭධࢀࡽࢀࡿ࠺ࡣࠊ⚾⮬㌟ࡢᡭࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᑗ᮶⚾ࡢ㌟㉳ࡁࡿࡇࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ⚾ḟ➨ࡔࠋࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦⤖᮰ᆺ㸧ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ⌧ᅾ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࠊ㏆ᡤ࡙ࡁ࠶࠸ࢆࡢ⛬ᗘࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࠖ
ࠕぶࡋࡃࡘࡁ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ ࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊぶࡋࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕ࠶ࡲࡾࡘࡁ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ
ᴫᛕ㉁ၥ㡯┠ ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࠕࡲࡗࡓࡃࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᙉࡃࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦ᶫΏࡋᆺ㸧 ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽࡶ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦㐃⤖ᆺ㸧
ࡿࠖ
ࡿᬽࡽࡋࡢᏳᚰឤࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽ㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ࡀᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ᆅᇦࡢேࠎࡸ⮬యࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆタࡅࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪Szreter and Woolcock(2004)࡞ࡽ࠸㸪
⤖᮰ᆺ㸦Bonding㸧㸪ᶫΏࡋᆺ㸦Bridging㸧㸪㐃⤖ᆺ㸦Linking㸧ࡢ୕ศ㢮ศࡅ࡚㸪ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࢆ┒ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠋ⤖᮰ᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ⌧ᅾ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦ࡛㸪
㏆ᡤ࡙ࡁ࠶࠸ࢆࡢ⛬ᗘࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ㏆ᡤࡁྜ࠸ࠖ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥࢆタࡅࡓࠋᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠕぶ ࡋࡃࡁྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡽࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵ࡋࡓࠋᶫΏࡋᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ
࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕఫẸࡣṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸
ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕఫẸࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇࡢே
ࡣᇶᮏⓗၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ఫẸࡣၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧࠸࠺㉁ၥᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ
ࡽࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵࡛ホ౯ࢆ⪺࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㐃⤖ᆺࡢࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱ࡛ࣝࡣ㸪┴ᕷ⏫ᮧࡢ
⮬యࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣ㸪࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸧㸪 ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫ᮧ㸧ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸧㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫
ᮧ㸧ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ㸦௨ୗ㸪ࠕ┴㸦ᕷ⏫㸧ࡢሗⓎಙࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠖ㸧࠸ࡗࡓ⾜ᨻᑐࡍ
ࡿಙ㢗ឤࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡅ࡚ࡢ ẁ㝵࡛⪺
࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ㸪ᅇ⟅⪅ಶேࡢᐈほⓗ࡞ᒓᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ᛶู㸪ᖺ㱋㸪ᒃఫᆅࡢ㒑౽␒ྕ㸪
፧ጻࡢ᭷↓㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢ᭷↓㸪ಶேࡢᖺᗘࡢධ㸦ᐇᩘ㸧㸪ᏛṔ㸪㞠⏝ᙧែࡘ࠸࡚㉁ၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪᥎ᐃ
⏝࠸ࡿ㝿㸪ಶேࡢධࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑐᩘࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿㸪ಶேࡢධࡀࢮ࡛ࣟ࠶ࡿࢧࣥࣉࣝࡣᑐᩘࡀ࡛ࡁ
࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢧࣥࣉࣝࡣ್ ࢆຍ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ᑐᩘࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ḟ⠇࡛ࡣ㸪᥎ᐃ⏝࠸ࡿᆅᇦ♫ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ≧ἣࢆ⾲ࡍᆅᇦ⤫ィࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
⾲㸯ࠕ♫ࡢᏳᏳᚰ㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ࠖᑐࡍࡿ㉁ၥ㡯┠ න̏ɻऀճ҈સͳ҈ৼͶؖͤΖқࣟͶؖͤΖ࣯ߴ ㉁ၥෆᐜᅇ⟅ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ ほⓗ࢙࢘ࣝࣅ࣮ࣥࢢࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦࡣࠊᏳ࡛Ᏻᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏࡿឤࡌࡲࡍࠋࠖࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᏳᚰࡋ࡚ᬽࡽࡏ ࡿࠖ ࠕఱࢆࡍࡿࡋ࡚ࡶ⚾ࡣ༑ศ࡞ᚰࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ⚾ࡣࠊᮏᙜࡋࡓ࠸㢪࠺ࡇ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡑࢀࢆ࠺ࡲࡃࡸࢀࡿࠋࠖ ࠕࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆᡭධࢀࡽࢀࡿ࠺ࡣࠊ⚾⮬㌟ࡢᡭࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᑗ᮶⚾ࡢ㌟㉳ࡁࡿࡇࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ⚾ḟ➨ࡔࠋࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦⤖᮰ᆺ㸧ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ⌧ᅾ࠾ఫࡲ࠸ࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࠊ㏆ᡤ࡙ࡁ࠶࠸ࢆࡢ⛬ᗘࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࠖ
ࠕぶࡋࡃࡘࡁ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ ࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊぶࡋࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕ࠶ࡲࡾࡘࡁ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗṇ┤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡿᆅᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࢇࡢேࡣᇶᮏⓗၿⰋ࡛ぶษ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕ┴ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡣࠊ࠾࠾ࡴࡡఫẸᑐࡋ࡚ㄔᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡣఫẸࡢ❧ሙࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࠕᕷ⏫ࡀఫẸⓎಙࡍࡿሗࡣಙ㢗࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ
ᴫᛕ㉁ၥ㡯┠ ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝឤࠕࡲࡗࡓࡃࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࡽࠕᙉࡃࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦ᶫΏࡋᆺ㸧 ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽࡶ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠖ ࠕࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝ㸦㐃⤖ᆺ㸧
ࡿࠖ
