A Laboratory Experiment on the Larval Development of Aedes polynesiensis under Different Rearing Conditions

A Laboratory Experiment on the Larval Development of Aedes polynesiensis under Different Rearing Conditions

Masahiro TAKAGI and Deo NARAYAN

楠cわγ助sβonぁこ加iち腰mゐわ〆月白oi晩殉iGouβnmβmちP0．β肪s仇su城，殉i

Abstract: Larvae of Aedes polynesiensis were reared from hatching to emergence in a laboratory under different conditions of the density, the amount of food and the space. Lar- val developmental period and mortality were clearly affected by the amount of food per lar- va. Larval aggregation effect was observed as shortening of larval period and decreasing mortality under the constant amount of food per larva.

勒w0Yds：LarvaldevelOpment，AedbS♪0b meSiemSis，AmOuntOffo0d

INTRODUCTIOM

Larvaldevelpment of aedine mOsquitoes，which are smallcOntainer breeders，is af．

fectedbyvariousenvirOnmentalcOnditiOns。ManywOrkshadbeencarriedOuttOeValuatethe effectOfvariOusfactOrsOnthedevel0PmentuntilarOund1980f0CuslngtOsOmemedica11yim−

pOrtantSpeCies．EspeciallyinAedのae少4，ti，afterSurtees（1959）shOwedtheinfluenceOflar．

ValdensityOnfluctuatiOnOfnumbersinnaturalpOpulati0ns，MalcOVitch（1960），Keiransand Fay（1968），andPetersetaL（1969）1ightenedtheeffectOff00dcOndition0nthelarvaldevelop．

ment．wada（1965）madeclearthedensityeffectonthelarvaldevelOPmentthrOughmutualin．

teractiOn and resulting adult size．BarbOsa et al．（1972）were ratheerinterestedin the biOIOgicalcOntaminati0n．

AedeSP0b，meSiemSis，whichis very cOmm0n and widely distributedin S0uth Pacific reglOnS，is als0One Of the medicallylmpOrtant speCies，because this mosquito transmits subperiOdic TmlChenria bamcm揮iintheregiOns．Ingram（1954）studiedthebiOnOmicsOfthe speciesunderlab0ratOryCOnditiOns，andrep0rteddevelOpmentaldelayinrearingc0ntainers

Withhighdensity・L0wrieJr−（1973a，b）statedthatthespecieswasalwaysdefeatedbyAedeS

albqi，iCtuSwhenthesetwOsPeCieswererearedtOgetherinacompetitiOneXperiment，andsug−

gested mOre StressinAe。♪0b meSibmSiicaused bymutualinteraction．H0weVer，unlike the

CaseOfAedbSae少4，ti，theexperimentwithAe．♪0b meSiemSistOhigh1ightenfactOrsaffecting

the development ofimmature population has not been carried out sO far．we cOnducted a

preliminarylabaratoryrearlng eXPeriment ofimmatures under different density，f00d and SpaCe COnditions tO Clarifysuchfact0rs．

Thisstudywascarried0utasapartOfwHO／FijiGovernmentpr0jectn0．FIJrVBC／001．

Presentaddress：DepartmentOfMedicalEnt0m0logy，InstituteofTrOpicalMedicine，Magasaki

University，12＿4SakamOt0．maChi，Nagasaki852，Japan・

Received fOrPublicati0n，February4，1992．

ContributiOnNo．2543frOmtheInstituteOfTrOpicalMedicine，MagasakiUmiversity．

MATERIALS AMD METHODS

The firstinStarlarvae Of the F2generatiOn0f a naturalpOPulation cOllectedfrom Mukuivillage near Suva，FijiWere setuP within16hOurs afterhatching．Thelarvae were reared untiladult emergence under certain cOmbinations ofrearlng COnditiOnS as sh0wnin Tablel．TemperatureandphotOperiOdwerenot、COntrOlledbutthOsewereratherconstantas theywere20−24℃and14hOursduringtheexperiment．AlthOughtheinitialfeedingp01icy WasthatalllarvaeWerefedthedesignedamOuntOffishmealOnlyOnCeWhentheywereset up，itwas foundinthe cOurse0frearingthatthe amOuntsWere tOO smalltO COmplete the nOrmallarva1develOPmentinmanyseries．TherefOreeXtrafishmealwasadded0nthe13th Or14thdayafterhatching．ThreetypesOfexperimentalcOntainerswereusedtoexaminethe effect ofthevOlume0fwaterasthe spaceforimmatures．The sma11est oneWas Clearglass

Cylindricaltubesof2．5cmin diameterand5．0cmhigh．Vials Ofthistypewereusedfora

series0f15ccwatervolume．As cOntainers for90cc and135cc series，rOund plastic cups

with6．2cmin diameter and5．0cm highwere used・Forl，350cc and2，250cc series，reC−

tangularplasticjarsof20。0×27．0cmand5．0cmhighWereprePared．DepthwaskeptcOns￣

tant．Tappedwaterwasused，andthewaterinc0ntainerswasnotreplacedthrOughOutthe experiment，butsomeWaterWasaddedtOsupPlementthelossbyevapOrationth0ughallcOn−

tainerswere coveredwith clearplastic bOards．

Tablel．RearingcOnditiOns

Density Am0untOf VO1ume0f F00dper Spaceper F00dper Excess COde f00d（mg）water（cc）1arvae（mg）1arvae（cc）1cc（mg）Rep1icati0n amOuntOf

【L］  ［F］  ［w］ 【F／L］ ［w／L］ ［F／w】      fO0d（mg）

LIFlw15 LIFlw90 L2Flw15 L2F2w90 L5F2w90 L20Flw90

L20F3w90 L20F6w90 L2OF20w135 L30F6w9。

L30F3Ow135 L30F30w1350 L50Flw90 L50F3w90 L50F3w135 L50F5w9。

L50F50w1350 L50F50w2250

1 1 2 2 5 2。

20 20 20 30 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50

1    15 1     90 1

2

15 90 2     90 1     90 3     90 6     90 20    135 6     90 30    135 30  1，350 1     90 3     90 3    135 5     90 50  1，350 50   2，250

1．00 1．00 0．50 1．00 0．40 0．05 0．15 0。30 1。00 0．20 1。00 1．00 0．02 0．06 0．06 0．10 1．00 1．00

15．0 90。0 7．5 45．0 18．0 4．5 4．5 4．5 6・8 3．0 4．5 45．0 1．8 1．8 2．7 1．8 27．0 45．0

0．067 0．011 0．067 0．022 0．022 0．011 0．033 0．067 0．148 0．067 0．222 0．022 0．011 0．033 0．022 0．056 0．037 0．022

10 10 10 10 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 0 2 2 1 3 6 0 6 0 0 7 3 3 5 0 0

Mumber and age Of survivOrS were eXamined every day・Molted skins and deadim．

matures were alsO Counted and theinstar wasidentified as far as pOsSible．The periOd Of eachinstarindayswasdeterminedbydifferenceintimingwhenthecumulativenumber0f immatures exceeded50％of a tOtalin twO SuCCessiveinstars．

RESULTSAMD DISCUSSIOM

MoadultemergedfrOmL20Flw90，and0nlyOneadultdidfr0mL50FIW90OnthefOur−

teenthdayafterhatchingandOnthetenthdayfrOmL50F3W90Whenthemajoritywerestil1

thirdinstar・Therefore，fOllOWingthemethOdOfdeterminingtheperiOdofeachinstardescrib−

edabove，therealisticperi0dsoffOurthinstarandpupalstagecOuldnotcalculate．

ThelarvalperiodbecamelongerandthedifferenceofitwasenlargedwithprOgressOf develOpmentuntilthethirdinstar．ResultsweresummarizedinTable2．Inthefirstinstar，

the average periOds were arOund2days ranglng betweenl．7and2・5days．These were around2．5．3．0dayswithrangefroml．6tO6・4daysinthesecOndinstar，andarOund3．5−4．0days withrangefrom2．7tOl0．5daysinthethirdinstar．InthefOurthinstar，h0weVer，bOthof theperiOdandthedifferenceamOngVarietiesshOrtenedbecause0fextrafeedingexceptfOr

L2Flw15，L20F20W135，L30F30w135，L30F30w1350，L50F50w1350andL50F50w2250．Pro．

minentacceltrationinlarvaldevelOpmentbythis extrafeedingstrOnglysuggeststhatthe f0Odconditionisadecisivefact0rOflarvaldevelopment．

TheeffectOftheamOuntOffOOdperlarva（F／L）Ontheovera11develOpmentalperiOd wasexamined。TheshOrtestperiod，10．6days，wasObservedinL30F30W1350，OfwhichF／L Wasl．00mg・Nearlythesameperiod（10．9days）wasrecOrdedinL20F20W135，L30F30W135 andL50F50w2250，inallOfwhichF／LwasalsOl．00mg．InalmOsta1l0therexperimental POpulationsOfshortimmatureperiOdsasLIFlw15，LIFlw90，L2Flw15andL50F50W1350，

Ofwhichperiodswere12．7，13・5，11．8，andll・2daysrespectively，1arvaewereals0prOVided

agOOdam0untOffoOds（1．00Or0．50mgperlarva）・InthecOntrastwiththese，inapOpula￣

ti0nOfthemOstdelayedlarvaldevelOPment（L50F3W135）F／Lwas0．06mgandlarvaetOOk18．

9daystocompletethe development．Itwasevident，therefOre，thatiffOOdperindividual

（F／L）wasdecreased，theimmatureperiOdratiOnallydelayedeveniflarvaeCOuldsuccessfu11y survivetilladults．TherelatiOnshipbetweentheamOuntOffOOdperlarva（F／ち）andthe developmentalperi0dOfimmaturestagesindayswasillustratedinFig．1．AgOOdnegative

linearrelationship（r2＝0・812）was cOnfirmed・

AsshOwninTable2OntherangebetweenthefirstandthelastdaysOfimmigrantsin eachstagecOuntedfr0mhatching，1rresPeCtiveOfrearlngCOnditiOnsthetimingOfimmlgra．

tiOntOthenextimmaturestagewasn0ts0differentintheearlyimmigrants．Greaterdelay ratherappearedamOngthelateimmigrants．ThisfactsuggeststhatinpO0rfoOdcOnditiOn，

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AMOUNT OF FOOD PER LARVA （mg）

Fig．1．RelatiOnship betweenthe amount off00d perlarva（F／Lmg）and the develOpmentalperiOd0fimmature stagein days．

longerdelay，sOthattheaverageperiOdsinthOsepOpulatiOnsshOuldprop0rtiOnallyprOlong．

MOrtalityofimmatureswasalsOheavilyaffectedbytheavai1ableam0unt0ffOOdper larva・AsshOWninFig。2，whenallrearlngVarietiesweregroupedintOthreeaccOrdingto theamOuntOffoOd（F／L），OVerallmortalityinlarvae0fl・0mggroupdidnotreachtO20％in theaverage．However，inlarvaeunderpOOrfoOdconditiOn，OfwhichF／Lwasbetween0。10 and0・02mg，COntinuOus deathWas ObservedthrOugh0uttheimmature stages，and overall mortalitywas over90％inspite ofextrafeedingOnthethirteenth Orthefourteenth day−

MOrtalityinlarvaefedbetWeen0．5and0．15mgwasprOpOrtiOnallymOderate．Fig．3shOws

therelationshipbetweenF／LandtheoverallmOrtality．AgOOdlinearrelati0nship（r2＝0．846）

was confirmed betWeen them．

OnothertwOVariants，foodcOnCentratiOn（F／W），whichWasrePOrtedtobealimiting factOrOfdevelOpmentinAedbSae少4，tibyPetersetal．（1969），andspace（LIW）wecOuldn0t detectcleareffectstOthelarvaldevelOpmentinrespecttOperiOdandmortalitythrOughthe

regressionanalysis．ThereforewecOnsideredthattheavailablefOOdamountperindividual

mightbethemostactualandeffectivefact0rtOdevelOpmentalsuccessinimmaturepopula．

tiOn Of AedeSP0わ・meSiemSis．

wada（1965）Observedhighmortality，1Ongimmatureperi0d，andsmallresultingadults

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ingdensitywasincreased，andcOnfirmedsOCallednegativedensityeffectinAedのaegyi，tiin．

duced by mutualstimulation．In AedeSP0b′neSiemSiS LoWrieJr．（1973a，b）reported

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mOrta1ityinimmatures。

ascertainagaindevelOPmentaldelayandhighmortalityinimmaturestageofAedbSb0b meSiem￣

SisWhennOadditiOnalfOOdwasprOVided asrearlng densityWasincreased．HOweVer，OnCe the amOunt Of fO0d was prOpOrtiOnallyincreased as rearlng densityincreased，neither the

devel0pmentaldelaynOrthehighmOrtalitycameOutinOurdensityrange（1−50／cOntainer）．

On the cOntrary，the fast develOPment and thelow mOrtality were Observedin crowded

POpulatiOn．TheOVerallimmaturestagesinD20F20w135，D30F30w135，D30F30W1350andD 50F50W2250tOOklessthanlldaysexceptL50F50W1350（11．2days），whilethOseOfDIFlw15and DIFlw90did12・7and13．5days，respeCtively．TheOVerallimmaturemortalitieswerefrOm0。

0％toll．7％in these crOwded populatiOns，while20−0％and40．0％in the sOlitary OneS．

ThesefactssuggeststhepOssibilityOfthepOsitivecrOwdingeffectinimmaturestageofthe

speciesasitWasrepOrtedinAedeSiaemior砂mChuSbyMayer（1969）andMayerandSauerman Jr・（1969）thoughfurtherdetailedexaminatiOnsarestillnecessary．

DifferentresultsbetWeenOursandLowrieJr．（1973a，b），mentiOnedabOVe，maybedue

te extraOrdinaryhighdensityinhis experimentinwhich2，0001arvaewereintrOducedintO

justsmalldishes（20×11・5×6cm）．MOreOVerthedifferencerathersuggeststhepresenceOf the Optimum densityin which the fastest andthe mOst synChrOnOuS develOpment and the lOWestmOrtalitycomeOut．EitherdirectmutualcOntaCtOfbiOloglCalcOntaminatiOnincluding sOmeChemicalsubstancesreleasedbylarvaemaycOntrOlthism0de ofdevelOpmentinthe species・

AcKMOwLEDGMEMT

WearetrulygratefultOProfessOrY．wadaforhisvaluablesuggestiOnsandcritisisms．

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