脊椎動物の時計遺伝子
海老原史樹文・吉村崇・鈴木亨
名古屋大学農学部資源生物環境学科
動物機能制御学講座
はじめに
高等動物のうち、遺伝学研究が最も進んでい る種は、マウスで、ある。マウスにはさまざまな遺 伝特性を持つ近交系やミュータン卜系が多数存 在し、長年の遺伝学的データの蓄積に加え、 取り扱い易さや比較的世代交代が早いことなど から、遺伝解析に最も適した晴乳動物として利 用されている。特に最近では、マイクロサテライ トなど DNA多型マーカーが充実するなど連鎖 解析技術の進歩に加え、YACライブラリーなど の開発による物理的地図作成技術の進歩、さ らに、長年に渡る膨大な遺伝学データが蓄積 し、インターネットを介して瞬時にデータ検索で、 きる情報科学の進歩などにより、ますますマウ スの重要性が増してきでいる。したがって、概 日リズ‘ムに関する遺伝学研究もマウスを用いた ものが多い。マウス以外の哨乳類で、はハムスタ ーやラットを用いた研究があるが、これらについ ては、マウスほど、十分な遺伝学データの蓄積 がないため解析が進んでいない。しかし、最近 新 し い マ ッ ピ ン グ 解 析 技 術 と し て RLGS (restriction landmark genome scanning)法が開 発され、ハムスターで、もリンケージマップが作成 されたことから(1)、今後これらの動物でも時計 遺伝子の解析が可能となってゆくだ、ろう。哨乳 類以外の脊椎動物で注目すべきは、ゼブラフ イツシュやメタ守カなど、の魚類で、あろう。これらの 魚は、体が小さいため飼育スペースを取らず、 世代交代が速し、うえ、大量に子孫を得ることが できるので、突然変異誘発物質による時計遺 伝子の分離も効率に行えるものと期待できる。 しかし、問題はリズムの測定に関することで、遊 泳行動ではそれほど明瞭なリズムが得られな い。米国で、ゼブ、ラフイツシュを用いた時計遺伝 子の分離が計画されているが、この点の克服 が成功への分かれ道である。 時計遺伝子は、ショウジョウパエの perや tirneless、アカバンカビのj匂など振動の発現に 直接組み込まれていると考えられる遺伝子であ るが、脊椎動物でこれに該当する遺伝子は見 つかっていない。しかし、概日リズムに影響する 遺伝子は多数存在する。従って、本稿では、こ れらの遺伝子を概日リズム関連遺伝子としてま とめた。 時計遺伝子へのアプローチ 突然変異により表れた表現型から、古典的メン テ、ル遺伝に基づ、いた解析により遺伝子を同定 することは、遺伝学の基本的手法である。これ をForwardgeneticsと呼んでし、る。一方、遺伝 子工学や細胞工学の進歩に伴い、遺伝子を直 接操作することができるようになり、遺伝子の働 きや発現を変化させて表現型への影響を見ょ うとするいわゆるR巴verseGeneticsと呼ばれる手 法が盛んに用いられるようになった。遺伝子タ ーゲーッテイング、やアンチセンスDNA法などがこ れに当たる。また、概日リズムの基本的性質で ある、周期の温度補償性、光による位相反応 性、周期が約24時間で持続する自律性などは 全ての生物に共通しているが、このような時計 の生理学的相向性から、概日リズム発現の分 子機構に相向性が存在するものと考え、今まで にクローニング.された時計遺伝子との相同遺伝 子を検索する試みが行われている。これら以外 30一にも、 DifferentialDisplay法により概日リズムを 示す
m
R1サAを検出し遺伝子にアプローチする 方法などが行なわれている。 Forward Genetics Forward Geneticsはクラッシックな手法で、あるが、 最 近 、 SSLP (simple sequence length polymorphism)など、の DNA多型マーカーが多 数マッヒ。ング(マウスで約 8000のマーカーがマ ツヒ。ングされている)され、また、マウスの種間・ 亜種間交配を利用して詳細な連鎖解析が可能 になるなどの連鎖解析技術の進歩やポジ、ンョ ナノレクローニング‘技術の進歩、さらに、マウスデ ータベースの充実などにより、ネオクラッシック と呼ばれる様に ForwardGeneticsの進展には 著ししものがある。 ForwardGeneticsを用いた 時計遺伝子へのアプローチは、まず、概日リズ ムの突然変異を見いだすことからはじまるが、 現在までに得られた突然変異遺伝子は、化学 変異原物質 (ENU:N・エチノレ・ニトロソ尿素など) を用いて人為的に誘発したものと、自然発症し たものとに分けることができる。前者には、マウ スの Clock(2)、Whl(3)があり染色体上へのマ ッヒ。ング.が完了している。Clockは半優性型の 遺伝をし、ヘテロ接合体では周期が 24時間よ り長く(野生型は 24時間より短し、)、ホモ接合体 では最初 27・28時間の極端に長い周期を示し た後リズムが消失する。 Whlも同様に半優性遺 伝子で、周期が 24時間より長くなる。また、この 突然変異マウスは回転行動などの異常行動を 示し、さらに光に対する反応性にも異常が認め られる。自然発症した突然変異では、ハムスタ ーで、発見されたtau突然変異遺伝子がある(
4
)
。 これは哨乳類で最初に発見された概日リズム 突然変異遺伝子で、野生型のハムスターの周 期はほぼ 24時間に近いが、この遺伝子をヘテ ロ接合体で、持っと周期が 22時間となり、ホモ接 合体では 20時間となる。ωu突然変異ハムスタ ーは、概日リズムの生理機構解明のために利 用され成果をあげているが、マウスのような遺 伝学的手法が使えないため、今のところ遺伝 子クローニングなど、への研究の進展はない。 ForwardGeneticsを使ったもう一つのアプロー チは、既存の系統を使った QTL(Quantitative traitlocus)解析である。 QTL法は、量的形質に 関連する複数の遺伝子座をマツヒ。ング‘する方 法として新しく登場した(5)。一般に、行動など の形質は複数の遺伝子が関与する量的形質と してとらえられるが、従来は、このような複数の 遺伝子が関与する形質を遺伝子レベルで解析 することが閤難で、あった。しかし、最近の分子 遺伝学的技術の向上に伴い、高密度な遺伝子 地図が作出されたことやデータ処理における 統計方法の改良などにより、マウスで QTL解 析 を行うことが可能となった。 QTL解析を行った 研究はまだわずかであるが、色々な系統を用 いた QTL解析により、時計遺伝子が存在する 複数の候補遺伝子座領域が明らかになってく るであろう。本稿では、 QTL解析に必要な情報 として概日リズムに関する遺伝的差について報 告した論文も含めた。 Reverse Genetics 特定の遺伝子の機能を欠失させたり、過剰発 現させたりして遺伝子の機能を個体レベルで、 解析しようとする ReverseGen巴ttCSは、遺伝子 産物の生体内での機能を解析する有効な手段 として広く用いられている。概日リズムに関して も、特定の遺伝子産物を欠失させるノックアウト マウスを用いた研究がいくつかの研究室で行 なわれているが、発表されているものは多くな い。この様な、ジーンターゲ‘ッティング‘法は、特定 の機能分子の生体内での役割を探るうえで有 効な手段となることは間違いないが、一方で、、 せっかく作っても他の遺伝子が機能を代償して しまうなどの理由で、表現型が野生型と変わら ないこともよくあると言われている。高等動物の 概日リズムに関しては、今のところ時計遺伝子 可EA q Jが分かっていないが、候補遺伝子が見つかれ ば、原因遺伝子と見極めるために行う rescue実 験として重要である。 相 同 遺 伝 子 の 検 索 今まで、にクローニングされている時計遺伝子は、 ショウジョウパエのper、timeless、アラピドプシス のtocとアカバンカビのjトq,シアノバクテリアの 三つの ORF(D,E,円であるが、これらの聞には 相向性が見られない。高等動物では、歯歯類 において相向性遺伝子の検索をper遺伝子に ついて調べた報告がしてつかある。 振 動 体 組 織 に お け る 時 計 関 連 遺 伝 子 脊椎動物の概日系は生物時計本体である振 動体と、外界からの情報を振動体に伝える入 力系、振動体の時間情報を様々な生理リズム に発現する出力系に分けることができる。振動 体は、種によっても異なるが、一般に、網膜、 松果体、視交差上核に存在すると言われてい る。本稿では、これらの組織について、概日リ ズムに関連する遺伝子や遺伝子発現などを扱 ったものをそれぞれの機能分子ごとにまとめ た。 for circadian behavior. Science 264 :719 -725
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