අਬȆै̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
ីˏ̶͠ˡ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅɹШᐏᇕɲ
ᣂ྇፬ჿીɭϺǾɹᅊ༎
കǵǵǵॺǵ*
Village Life and Indigenous Resource Management
in Savanna of West Africa
HAYASHI Yukihiro*
A survey of indigenous resources and knowledge in a rural area has been carried out in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria for eight years, as a prelude to development of sustainable management system for the local resources that can provide a vital energy for village life. The village surveyed was Yamrat, located in Bauchi State in the Republic of Nigeria. The villagers have much indigenous knowledge of resource management for maintaining food production and village life, among which knowledge of the management of soil fertility and weather forecasting seem to be particularly important.
It can be said that the people depend on the ecological environment and indigenous knowledge for their livelihood. However, various problems such as population increase and depletion of resources also exist because of changes in the social and ecological environment.
Should we conclude simply that local environment resources have touched the bottom? Is it not wise to try again to utilize such valuable resources more efficiently?
This paper focuses on the results of a research project that was carried out to develop an integrated system that privileges local resources in order to sustain agricultural production and village society.
1
ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵ1994 ॷ 1 ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˓̫̋Ͳɴೣˁᒞȼܕ᭬ၖय़ᦅድଘ (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture: IITA) ɴۊᦅ˹˽̘͌ድᓔ (Systems Agronomist) ɭɌɩᣯК
* ೣ߂ᅊ႒ᣂ྇ዀᨆܕ᭬ܩݖᬖᇍዀ⏋Department of International Development Studies, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences
Ɍɩȴʰ⏋ኽɹីˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅᦅɭɹɦȷȡȦɻࠃʚɤɛ⏏
ǵIITA ɴܧֵɌɛ 1 ॷоˡɹᬚɻ⏋ςɴ̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹആᨆɴеᒞɐʳ̫˗̍ि (Bauchi State) ɴȡʳ͇͠Ͳˡ̊˫Ͳ (Liman Katagun)⏋͓͌͞ͻ̜ (Yamrat)⏋̫˻͇͑ (Bajama) ɹ 3 ᘺˁ̾Ͳ͇̍ͻ˪ɭɌɩ⏋IITA ɹድᓔʰɭɭʢɴᦅᅊɭܩݖܔɹଯɴɦȦ ɩᠭീɌɛ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏Ʉɹ 3 ᘺɻ IITA ɹᦅᐁཕድᓔʰɴʭʳϟմᠭീɴݜɧȦɩ⏋॑ݭ ᐁཕܞʍɹˏ˪́˽ɹᮑ౫⏋ᘺϺؤɹވ֓რ⏋ʚɛᦅɹᮃᏝɹዐˁݜྈɭɌɩ᧧ ࡴɇʶɛɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶɹᘺʢؑ 30 ॷᬚɹϺؤވ֓რɻᏝ 2 ⎾մɭᲞȦ⏏3 ᘺɹ μɫɻɭʱʼȿ͓͌͞ͻ̜ȵᖋខॻᐻ᧑ᤉȴʰȴɲʱᮐʶɛݭଘɴеᒞɌ⏋ʚɛɴᦲɍʳ ᧑ɻ܋ᥢᱤ֪ɫɇȭጓɠ৵ᅊɐʳʭȩɲੲᤉɹɛʠɴ॑ݭʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵʢܐᮑɲɫȡ ʳ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˵̫Ͳ̠ܩݖɴɻ⏋Ʉɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜ɹʭȩɲܩჿᇕɴʢЦᇕɴʢέգ ɲИάɴᒞȴʶ⏋ץᕶᐌᕶᇕɲᅊ༎ˁۊʞᘺȵȼဣܧɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛǾɻ⏋ܕ ȡʳȦɻܩకঌɴʭʳ᧑ᤉɹҺʦఠᔒɹಔؖ⏋ʚɛອʦᮚຩɲɰɹᅊ༎˓Ͳ̶͞Һɻᇖ ံɭʢȦȭʳႥάɴᒞȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵೣዣɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛᭉᅠИάɴȡʳ˵̫Ͳ̠ܩݖᦅɹᕶጓᇕɲᇍࣙخᔨਸˁឿՏɐɛʠ⏋ ɗɹմரɭɲʳჼႥɹܩݖᣂ྇ɹգᅎࡸɭᦅɛɠɴʭɤɩᐙମɇʶɩȷɛШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ ჿીˁᦅᅊᇕᠭീɴʭɤɩ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ɗʶʰˁᤑʚȭɛృɛɲܩݖᄩޅᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎ ɭ୫ᐚᇕ፬ჿ˹˽̘͌ɹ෯፷ˁᇿ୭Ɍɛࡸ៷ᇕድɹᐁᑅˁᦚʏɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫɹܩݖ !1!ȁͼΐͿςͺȆཤΆΣͺΨϋ̤̫ͥͅऔ౷ 30Km
ᄩޅᣂ྇ɭɻܩݖᅊᏙˁ෯ଁɐʳɐʏɩɹᅊ႒ᇕឹᏬɭᄩޅᇕឹᏬ⏋ɗʶʰɴ֓ȭɩϺǾ ɹܔɹሾᡫʢᣂ྇ɭɌɩيʚʶɩȦʳʢɹɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛែဣȴʰয়᠍ܩݖɹᄩޅᣂ ྇ɭ፬ჿીଯˁឿሁɗȩɭɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᦅɛɠȵШᐏᇕɴգᅎɌɩȷɛ ᣂ྇ɹ֟ਸˁද២Ɍ⏋ʚɛᣂ྇ɹԗգᅎʦ࿃ܧᇕɲೡգᅎᣂ྇ˁ֓ȭɛృɛɲᣂ྇፬ჿଯ ɴʭʳᦅɹᕶጓᇕɲᇍࣙخᔨਸˁঃɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗɹࡸჼخᔨਸˁˠͲ ̶ˎͻ͌ࡸ៷᠅ᱻɴʭɤɩද២Ɍɛ⏏ ǵೣድˁᬖࠃɌɛ 94 ॷয়՟ɻΫᦚɹ 3 ˁᠭീࢪᢒɭɌɩȦɛȵ⏋95 ॷГᭇɻ͓͌͞ͻ̜ ɹʛɴࢪᢒˁᐈɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋য়ɹʭȩɴץᕶᐌᕶᇕɲᅊ༎ˁۊʞˁݜဣɭɌ ɛ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲᠭീɭˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌᠅ᱻɴʭʳᦅᬖᇍଝɹ෯፷خᔨਸˁද២ɌʭȩɭɌɛɛ ʠɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീɻ⏋94 ॷГᭇჼܧʚɫɹ 8 ॷᬚɴʼɛʱ⏋ຘॷɹϗ࡚ȡʳȦɻᮒ࡚⏋ʚɛɻ ϗ࡚ɭᮒ࡚ɴکɐʳ০ɫᐙᐚɌɩȷɛ⏏
2
ȅμθρȜΠఆ͈ٽޙȪఆ଼͈ၛഥઇȄၛ౷Ȅ২ٛࠐफഎࠊȫ
ǵ̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɹధ༐ɻആᨆɹ˓̓ (Igbo)⏋ីᨆɹ̫͜͡ (Yoruba)⏋ᨆΥय़ɹ̩˗˵ (Hausa) ɭᧉ႑ɹ̶̢͞ (Fulani or Fulbe) ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࡸ ᭬ɴɻɄʶʰ߂˫͡ͻ̺ˁيʠɩ 374 ʢɹμࢸ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ȵɗʶəʶɹ̘̜͠͠ͻ ɫᅊ༎ˁۊ˃ɫȲʱ⏋̫˗̍िɴɻɗɹԒ 65 ɹࢹధ༐˫͡ͻ̺ȵࡔܧɐʳOtite 1990⏏͓ ͌͞ͻ̜ɫɻϺǾɹʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩȵ⏋̫Ͳˡ͡ (Bankal) ȡʳȦɻ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ (Bankalawa) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɴࣚɌɩȲʱ⏋̩˗˵ܞɴȡɤɩႶᕶɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻ (Bantu) Ꮩɹ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ˁʢɦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ЈɹᘺɹϺɭɹԊᦲɭɌɩɻ।ᇕɴ̩˗˵ˁᅎȦ ɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɴʳШମȴʰ͓͌͞ͻ̜ɹଁʱጓɠˁᦠɤɩʛʳɭ⏋ЁȴʰᏝ 500 ॷմɴჼܧɹ̓ ̨͡िɴሂয়ɐʳ̝̍͑ྲྀɹីܩݖΥय़ˁఌᨗɌɩȦɛˡ̤͠ज़ܕ (Kanuri Empire) ȴʰ ውзɌɩȷɛɄɭɴࠃʚʳɭȦȩ⏏ˡ̤͠ɻաؿ̾̾͠͠ (Beri-Beri) ɭʢ٧ɽʶʳ˛˽̢̒ ˪˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳ⏏ውзɹȷɤȴȿɻ⏋ტɹܦకɴᓘȭȴɷɛᨆɹᬏᓑ͓Ͳ͇͡ (Yanmal) ȵ⏋ΥᨀӾˁৄȷᦹʶɩჼܧɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜ɹܩɴᦣɁᦉ˃ɞɄɭɴȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ჼܧɹ͓ ͌͞ͻ̜ɹؿմɻውзয়ಁɹ᱔ᬏ͓Ͳ͇͡ɴᅓഀɌɩȦʳ⏏ǵ˓̫̋Ͳ߂ɹ Imoagene ఠஐɴʭʶɽ⏋500 ॷմɹˡ̤͠ज़ܕɻ Ali Ghaji ⏃1472-1504⏆ɴ ʭɤɩᐏɇʶɩȦɛಁБɴሂয়ɐʳȵ⏋৳ɻȋަȍȡʳȦɻȋ৶ᓔȍɭȦȩ̢̒˪̦ͻ ͌ɫ٧ɽʶɩȦɛʭȩɴ⏋ज़ܕɹ᯿ܤʦូณˁୟ߂ɐʳɹɴȴɲʱᏄᇕɫ⏋।ɴϝˁЇ ȿʳϺɫȡɤɛʭȩɞImoagene 1990: 7⏏ɗɹɛʠɹᢦȵϺɴɭɤɩܦకɭɲɤɩȦɛ ɭᓒȭʶɽ⏋ɹШମɭʢጾشɐʳ⏏
ͩ͞ɹϺǾȵ༃ጄˁзՃɭɌɩз˃ɫȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋য়ܩɫɹᦅᓚɻውзɌɩȷɛ̾̾͠ ͠ɹϺɴʭɤɩࠃʠʰʶɛ⏋ɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̾̾͠͠ɭ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɹϺǾɻ๖ፀɴᝐᑉᬠѥˁ ʠɩȦɤɛᐄഗ⏋ჼܧɫɻᇖᕶʰˁ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɭዌɐʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ʚɛៜʢ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ ɭɌɩተጓɌɛ⏏ɗʶˁኍɐɹȵ⏋ᰑɴխˁխʞ̮̊ͻͲɹɫȡʳʰɌȦ⏏ɭȦȩɹ ʢ⏋ӯǾɻ̾̾͠͠ˁኍɐխɫȡɤɛʢɹȵ⏋ჼܧɫɻ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɹխ̮̊ͻͲɴɌ ɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ីˏ̶͠ˡɹع˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɴឿʰʶʳᰑɹխ ȵ⏋ߩ᭺ᢼ౫ɹ᭬ɴع˫͡ͻ̺ˁךաɐʳɛʠɴᓒ൜ࡸేɇʶɛɭɐʳᠦɴ߹য়ਸȵȡʳɲ ʰɽ⏋Ʉɹ᠌ɻᆄʼɌȦɭʢȦȭʭȩ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ჼܧᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳූ۬ʦᖏᤑɹিɻ̾͠ ̾͠ɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵჼܧɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜ɻ⏋ɹፆᰄ̍ͻ̶ (Sarkin Yamrat) ȴʰɹᓬʱɴʭʳɭ⏋కᇕɴ ɻᏝ 120 km2ɹԒɴ 33 ךɴՕȴʶɩతܧɌ⏋ᐵϺؤᏝ 5 ΨϺˁୃȭʳປᥒᇕ߂ȷɲɫ ȡʳ⏏عךɻીᓃᇕɲɹ୭ࢷᓔɫȡʳ̍ͻ̶ˁ᱔ᬏɭɌɩ০ଁɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛךᬚɴ ɻᥖȵᦲخᔨɲ᧑ᤉʦยȵҺɇʶɩȦɲȦɛʠ⏋᧑ᤉɴᦏȦ 2⏋3 ךˁ᭑Ȧɛȼɹ ךɻᐁཕᇕɴץ࡛ጓᇕɲႥɴȡʳ⏏ ǵᦅᅊᇕɲຩҌךՕɭɌɩɻ⏋ྂ࿅˵̫Ͳ̠य़ (Guinea savanna) ɭϗၥ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ (Sudan savanna) ɹޅᅠ᯿ݖɴ᠍য়ɐʳJagtap and Ibiyemi 1998⏏ȴʰីᏝ 15 km ɹᤂ ᮐɴȡʳ̫˗̍ዷཬɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɛຩᢒ̚ͻ̊ɴʭʳɭ⏋ؑ 12 ॷᬚ⏃1986-97 ॷ⏆ɹॷॶܯᭇ ᮒᩄɻ 986.1 mm⏋ॷॶܯᲞຩཧɻ 33.0˚C⏋ॷॶܯжຩཧɻ 19.4˚C ɞɤɛȵ⏋ᭇᮒɹॷᬚ ᥒेɻ 87 ॷɹ 744.6 mm ȴʰ 92 ॷɹ 1229.4 mm ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏ʚɛ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃ ʢȦॷɹ 5 3 ⏃95 ॷ⏆ȴʰʢᧆʶɛॷɹ 6 4 ⏃86 ॷ⏆ʚɫɹ 1 ˡɹेȵʛʰ ʶɛȵ⏋ᦲ।ɻ 5 μȴʰάɴȴȿɩᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚʳɭʛɩʭȴʸȩ⏏աॶܯᭇᮒᩄɹ ውȴʰʛʳɭ⏋4 ɴʢᭇᮒɻȡʳȵɗɹȼɻᇍᇕɫȡʱ⏋ᦹᐚɌɛᭇᮒȵʛʰʶʳɹɻ ᦲ। 5 Гᭇɴɲɤɩɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹᇵೝɻ 7 ȴʰ 8 ɴȴȿɩɫȡʱ⏋10 ɴɻϗ࡚ ɴԂʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ᮒ࡚մɴɻ⏋40˚C ˁᣳȭʳʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏য়ܩɹܩ০ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̄̾͡͡˪ ນ!1!ȁΨ;Ιঌ߃͈ࣕܨય۪ޏȪ1986-1997!ාȫ ǵॷ 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ॶܯ ॷᭇᮒᩄ (mm) 946.1 744.6 920.2 909.2 879.6 949.6 1229.4 1141.9 1174.3 961.7 1149.3 827.0 986.1 ᭇᮒధ⏃⏆ 75 61 80 79 69 76 88 72 89 71 73 63 74.7 ॶܯᲞཧ (˚C) 33.1 33.3 32.7 32.0 33.8 32.7 31.9 33.0 33.2 33.8 33.7 * 33.0 ॶܯжཧ (˚C) 19.9 20.0 19.7 18.5 19.9 20.0 17.3 19.4 19.2 19.5 20.0 * 19.4 ᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᬖࠃ1) 6/4 5/19 5/18 5/31 5/7 5/23 5/20 5/18 5/22 5/3 5/9 6/2 ᮒ࡚ሁմɴᲞຩཧȵ 40˚C ГΫɹధ 9 11 6 7 14 2 4 4 4 18 17 * 8.7 1) 5 mm ГΫɹᭇᮒȵᦹᐚ 3 ᦼᬚɴʼɛɤɩ៨᪼ɇʶɛݭغɹ՟ɹᭇᮒ * ̚ͻ̊ೡԂଝ⏋Տଘ⏧̫˗̍ዷཬ፬ჿϟ֭ଘɹຩᢒ̚ͻ̊ɴݜɧȦɩᮃ
⏃ऄႥε⏋Inselberg⏆ȵతܧɐʳປᥒᇕᣱУɹࢹɲȦձռྈॶɫȡʱ⏋ܤޚɻ Lithosols ⏃࣬ Ϋ༓ࣝܤޚ⏆ȵשᣴɐʳIITA 1993⏏ ǵؑ 8 ॷᬚɴʼɛʳᠭീɻ⏋33 ךɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ̶ˎ͞ (Falla) ךɫࡸేɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹ ̶ˎ͞ךɻ Sarkin Yammar ˁીᓃᇕɲ᱔ᬏɭɐʳךɫȡʱ⏋2001 ॷ 6 ɹᠭീಁဣɫ 33 γ य़ 581 Ϻȵзʛ⏋˧̋ (Gida) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᮃغࢃ࣒ɴ 2 ɲȦɌ 3 γय़ȵؾ࣎Ɍɩಬʰɐݭغȵ Ȧ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ᦲ।⏋ع˧̋ɻࢃ࣒ȵ᭰ஞɐʳʭȩɲᮃᘺˁ෯ଁɌɲȦɫךԒɴతܧɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏1 ˧̋ȡɛʱɹॶܯࢃధɻ 17.6 Ϻɫ⏋ࣃᓔ⏃ଁϺȡʳȦɻౖࠦᅖߨ⏆ɹధɻॶܯ 7.5 Ϻɫȡʱ⏋ߨਸɹװʠʳւغȵᲞȦ⏏γय़ςɹॶܯॷᶲɻ 44.4 ɫ⏋˓˽͌͞ఠɭȦȩɄ ɭʢ৯ᯱɐʳɹȴ߿ˁ 2 ɲȦɌ 3 Ϻ୫ɦϺʢȦ⏏ࢸോˁרɌɛȴȡʳȦɻܧɌɛɄɭ ȵȡʳଁϺɹւغɻᏝ 30 ⎾ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ !2!ȁΨ;Ιঌ߃̤̫ࣕͥͅ༆ַࣛၾȪ86-97!ාȫ͂༆डࣞܨأȪ86-96!ාȫ ৢ૯!1!ȁμθρȜΠఆ͈ΆΘ͂ۋܬ̤̫ͥͅࣈ౷͈ࠊ۷
ǵ1999 ॷɹᓬʱᠭീಁɹᐄഗɴʭʶɽ⏋ع˧̋ɴȲȿʳܤܩɹଘณɻሂᐚɴʭɤɩᐙମ ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̶ˎ͞ךɹԃᓚܩᯆዩɻ 396 ha ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄʶɴɻᚩသೳɹᮃݭଘɫԊ ܩᇕɲਸൔˁʢɦဌೠകܩɻيʚʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ع˧̋ȡɛʱɹॶܯଘᯆዩɻ 12.0 ha ɞȵ⏋ ɗɹԒ៱ɻ߂ɹᯆዩˁʢɦ˧̋ɹ 20 ha ȴʰՕࢃɌɩᬚʢɲȦ˧̋ɹ 4 ha ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏏ ॶܯɌɩ 4 ɲȦɌ 5 ፆɹᓚܩˁՕతɌɩଘɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ࢃ࣒ɴ᭰ஞɌɛᓚܩɹॶܯᯆዩɻ 4.1 ha ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵςɲൕݛс႒ɻ⏋ςᰩዤᰖɭɌɩɻ̜͊ͤ̒ (Pearl millet)̅͡ˤ͌ (Guinea corn)̜˗ ͐ͦ˱˹˓̦⏃ອዝɭ᭜ዝ⏆ȵȡʱ⏋̋˓̀˵˵˰̒͞ˡ́˓̫Ͳ̫͇͍͞ɲɰɹᢊ ᰖ⏋˥͑̒˵̫˵͇̓˓͐ɹʭȩɲ˓͐ᰖɭˠ˪̜͇̜͞ɲɰɹᙿᘛɫȡʳ⏏˳͇ʦ̯͇ ˁൕݛɌɩȦʳ˧̋ʢȡʳ⏏Υ⏋Ʉʶʰᅊᅋ႒ɹʓɭ˃ɰȵᕶࢃ༥ᢹɇʶ⏋॑ݭɴ܌ɇʶʳ ɹɻ̒͞ˡ́˓ʦ˵˵˰ɲɰ͇͍ᰖɹоրՕɭ˳͇ʦ̯͇ɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᰲɌɩȦʳࢃᅨɻႌ⏋ᒫ⏋ᒫɭࢃኹᰖ⏃ᵋɭ́ͦ́ͦᴚ⏆ɫ⏋˧̋ȡɛʱɹᰲధɻႌ ȵॶܯ 6 ᰄ⏋ᒫ 23 ᰄ⏋ᒫ 14 ᰄ⏋ࢃኹᰖɻ 48 ᒽɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᰲࢃᅨధɹ˧̋ᬚൔे ɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ႌɹଘధɹʢ߂ȷȦ˧̋ɫɻ 32 ᰄˁᰲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋Υɫԃ˧̋ ɹ 2 ւɻ 1 ᰄɹႌʢ୫ɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ȦɑʶɹᦅࢃɴȲȦɩʢςɛʳჼᩆؚԂ྇ɻɄʶ ʰࢃᅨɴᢦȩɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏
3
ȅഎ̈́ުȆڰ͈̹͈͛ে࡙͂ۯၑ࣐
3.1ȁैັအ ǵয়ܩɴȲȿʳؑ 10 ॷᬚ⏃1988-97⏆ɹсȡʳȦɻᬚсɴьᅎɌɛᓚܩɹւغˁع˧̋ɹ ᦅȴʰᓬʱɴʭɤɩᠭീɌɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗˁʚɭʠʳɭ⏋сɞȿɫᦹᐚьᅎɌɛᓚܩɻ Хᬘܩˁ᭑ȦɛԃᓚܩɹᏝ 2 ւɴȹɲȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋ᦹсˁɐʳɄɭɻ ࢹɲȼ⏋ςᰩɹ˓̦ዀс႒ɭ͇͍ዀс႒ˁᥢсɐʳ̮̊ͻͲȵȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏒̅ ͡ˤ͌⏒̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏒̒͞ˡ́˓ɹʭȩɴ 4 ॷٞೝɹᥢсিɹμɴ⏋3 ॷᦹᐚɫ˓̦ዀс ນ!2ȁμθρȜΠఆً̤̫ͥͅݲ!10!ාۼ͈ౙै͂ۼȆईैͅঀဥ̯̹ͦാ౷၌ဥၚ͂ैັၚȪ1988-97ȫ сЊաܤܩգᅎრ сЊաܤܩգᅎ ܤܩգᅎრ⏃⎾⏆ сɹʛ 21.4 сɭᬚсɹᥥс 79.6 ᬚсɹʛ 0 ⏆ؑ 10 ॷᬚɴ 1 ɫʢХᬘܩɭɌɛܤܩɹւ غɻ 35.7⎾ с႒աɹсЊრ с႒աсЊრ⏃⎾⏆ ൕݛс႒ сൕݛ ᬚсൕݛ Sorghum 79 74 Millet 57 43 Maize 64 43 Cowpea 14 57 Groundnut 86 43႒ˁсൕݛɌɛɴ͇͍ዀс႒ˁ 1 ܌сɫᏼʛᦉʞ̮̊ͻͲʦ⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏒̒͞ˡ́˓⏒ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏒˵˵˰ɹʭȩɴ 1 ॷȲȷɴ˓̦ዀɭ͇͍ዀс႒ˁϯϣɴсɐʳᥢс̮̊ͻͲ ȵȡʳ⏏Υ⏋ʢᅎɇʶɩȦʳсЊিɻсɭᬚсˁᥢсিɹμɴᏼʛᦉʞ̮̊ͻͲ ɫ⏋Ꮭ 8 ւɹᓚܩȵధॷٞೝɫсൕݛɭᬚсൕݛˁϯ್ɇɓɲȵʰьᅎɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹ сɭᬚсɹᥢсিɹςɲᏼʛغʼɓɴɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȴ̅͡ˤ͌ȡʳȦɻ̜͊ͤ̒ˁ сൕݛɌɛɴ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ȡʳȦɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹᬚсˁ 1 ॷɲ ȦɌ 2 ॷȩিɭ⏋̅͡ˤ͌ɭ̜͊ͤ̒ˁᬚсൕݛɌɛɴ̒͞ˡ́˓ȴ˵˵˰ȡʳȦɻ̅ ͡ˤ͌ˁсɐʳিɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᬚсɞȿɹсЊিɫ 10 ॷᬚᦹᐚɌɩьᅎɌɛᓚܩɻ ံȴɤɛ⏏ɄʶɴᰖаɌɛсЊিɻ̠˓˻˙͠ˏᨆɹ̩˗˵ܞɴঃȼឿʰʶʳBuchanan and Pugh 1966; Okpoko A. I. and Okpoko P. U. 1999⏏
ǵয়ܩɹᅣсᓚܩɴȲȿʳςɲൕݛс႒ɫȡʳ 5 ዛᰖɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗʶʰɹс႒ȵсȡʳȦɻ ᬚсൕݛɇʶʳсЊრˁс႒աɴʛʳɭ⏋̅͡ˤ͌⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹʭȩɲςᰩ ዤᰖс႒ȵсɴʢ⏋ʚɛᬚсൕݛɹμɴᏼʛᦉʚʶʳრɹᲞȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏႕ɴ⏋ ̅͡ˤ͌ɻᬚсɇʶʳсЊრȵᲞȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹс႒ȵсɹʛɲʰɑсŅᬚсɹᥢ сিɴᏼʛᦉʚʶʳɄɭȵȦɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʭȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ˁсɭɌɩᓚܩˁ գᅎɐʳრȵᲞȦɹɻсŅᬚсɹᥢсিɹμɫɻсɇʶʳɄɭȵȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴ Ɍ⏋˵˵˰ɻсɇʶʳʭʱʢᬚсɇʶʳრȵᲞȦ⏏ ǵЈ⏋̶ˎ͇̋ (Fadama) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᮒ࡚ɹΥಁೝɴԢອɐʳжྂܩʦࢸໜाɹະɫɻ⏋ ᮒ࡚ᬖࠃሁɴᓚܩȵླྀອɌࠃʠʳɭ˓̦ˁሁൕݛɐʳ⏏Ʉɹ̶ˎ͇̋ɫɻ˓̦ɹсȡʳ Ȧɻ˓̦ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᬚсȵʼʶɩȦʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋˓̦ɻອዝڃዛɭ᭜ዝڃዛˁཌྷɐ ʳݭغʢȡʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ᮒ࡚ˁᦲɍɩמՕɲອȵተѳɫȷɲȦॵɽɦॷɴɻ˓̦ȵέсɭ ɲʳਥȴʰ⏋ᅣс႒ɫȡʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁᬚсɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ˓̦ɹՌсॷɴʢΥࡴɹᰩ షˁተѳɌʭȩɭɐʳ᭝Օత֟ഗˁೝ৺ɌɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦲ।̜͊ͤ̒ɭ̜˗͐ͦ ˱˹ɹᬚсɻɌɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ʁɭɦɴɻ̜͊ͤ̒ɹᗳΩȵᲞȼ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ᭖Ɍɩɗɹ ᅊᔒˁᭀࢀɐʳɛʠɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛθс႒ɹؚዲಁೝȵᩂɲɤɩɌʚȩɛʠؚዲсɹᢦᗼȵΥ ಁɴᲞʚʳɄɭˁ܌᧫ɐʳɛʠɫȡʳɭ⏋ᦅɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ ǵсɭᬚсɹᥢскᏙȴʰ⏋ςᰩዤᰖс႒ɹсᦹᐚൕݛˁ᧫ȿ⏋᧟ಁɴ͇͍ዀс႒ˁ сȡʳȦɻᬚсɭɌɩᥢсিɹμɴᏼʛᦉʞɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܤޚɹᆌȵᦽɐʳɹˁ܌᧫ Ɍ⏋ʚɛ͇͍ዀс႒ɹʢɦዾᏬܔࡴᔨˁգᅎɌɛܤޚᔋ໋ɹᐣ୫ɭ܌ˁܒʸȩɭɐʳᦅ ɹઝܒȵᠧʛɭʶʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ɛȦɩȦɹ˧̋ȵࢃܑ࣒ٞɹᓚܩɫςᰩዤᰖс႒ˁݜॻɭ ɌɛᥢсিˁȦ⏋˧̋ȴʰᮐʶɛᓚܩɫɻςɭɌɩ͇͍ዀс႒ɹсɭᬚсൕݛɹᥢсˁ ɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ࢃᅨᏎȵςɴ˧̋ٞᦇɴᭉࡴɇʶɩేᅎɇʶɩȦʳɄɭɭᬠᦹɐʳ⏏ɭ Ȧȩɹʢ⏋ᭉʰʶɛᩄɹࢃᅨᏎˁςᰩс႒ɹᅊᅋɴւʱয়ɩɩܩɹᐣ୫ˁܒʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛ
ล႒ɹହԂɴʭʳᔋݛ፬ჿɹជ֖ȵɫȷɲȦᓚܩɫɻ͇͍ዀс႒ɹዾᏬܔࡴᔨɴћࡔɌɛс႒ ᅊᅋˁɤɩȦʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ 3.2ȁࣈ౷͈ۯၑ ǵয়ܩɹᦅɛɠȵɤɩȦʳܤޚᔋݛ፬ჿɹˁᠭീɌɛᐄഗ⏋Хᬘ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎ⏋͇ ͍ዀс႒ɭɹᬚсɭᥢс⏋с႒རʦࢃ˳͊ɹ္ဒɹత॒ɲɰȵ⏋ܤޚɹᔋ໋ᐣ୫ɴؖ ʖɐ֟ഗȵᲞȦɭɹ᠗ᡫˁᦅɛɠɻʢɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ ǵɐʏɩɹᠭീ˧̋ɫࢃܑ࣒ٞɹᓚܩГɹɐʏɩɹᓚܩɻХᬘɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹೝᬚɻᬏȼɭ ʢ 10 ॷᬚ⏋ʢቁȦɹɻ 2 ॷᬚХᬘɇɓɩȦʳɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ॶܯɐʳɭᏝ 4.7 ॷɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ Хᬘʚɫɹᓚсೝᬚɻᦲ। 5 ॷȴʰ 8 ॷɫȡʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋Хᬘɇʶʳܤܩɹȼɻ˧̋ȴʰ᧙ ȼᮐʶɛݭଘɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋ᬖᅣГᭇʢࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻᇖံȴ⏋ȡɤɩʢɅȼʼɑȴɫȡ ʳ⏏Υ⏋˧̋ٞᦇɹᓚܩɻ।ᅣգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶˁخᔨɴɌɩȦʳɹȵࢃᅨᏎɹᦹᐚే ᅎɭᥢсিɹᏼغɓɫȡʸȩ⏏ȡʳ˧̋ɫɻ⏋ࢃ࣒ᦏҶɹᓚܩɴ 38 ॷᬚᐙᐚɌɩࢃᅨᏎˁ ేᅎɌɩςᰩс႒ɹᥢсൕݛˁɌɩȷɛёȵȡʳ⏏Υ⏋ࢃ࣒ȴʰᮐʶɛᓚܩɫɻɗɹేᅎ܌ ధʢేᅎᩄʢཝʰɌ⏋1 ॷȲȷȡʳȦɻధॷɴ 1 ܌ɹేᅎɭɲʳ⏏͇͍ዀс႒ˁсɌʭȩɭ ɐʳݭغɴɻ⏋ᦲ।ɗɹᓚܩɴɻᓚсմɴࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻɌɲȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᮒ࡚ೢɴс႒ ᅊᔒȵᇵಁɴɲʳ⏋˧̋ɹٞʱɴɻᗳΩɹᲞȦςᰩс႒ȵᇵɲᅊᔒˁኍɌ⏋˧̋ȴʰᮐ ʶʳɴɦʶɩᅊᔒέᖪɹɛʠɴྻ๖ᗳΩȵжȼɲʱ⏋͇͍ዀс႒ɴȲȷȴʼʳɭȦȩಕ៎ˁ٘ ɐʳ⏏ɗʶɻ˧̋ˁတؤɭឿɲɌɛݭغɹঃȦɐɗᩃˁʢɤɛަɹʭȩɲˡ݀̚͡͞တ ɹ০ɴаɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɭᥢсিɴʭʳܤޚᔋ໋ɹ᧓Ȧ⏋ȡʳȦɻܤ ܩᅊᅋਸˁс႒ዛᰖɭɗɹᅊᔒႥȴʰሁែɌɩՠుɫȷʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋ᧉ႑ɹ̶̢͞ (Fulani) ȵԒɹХᬘܩʦᦏҶɹဌೠകܩɴ͍́̓͡Ͳ̜ˁۊɐʳ ݭغɴɻ⏋ᓚܩɴɇʶɛс႒རˁ̶̢͞ɹႌɴᰲషɭɌɩரњɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋ႌ ˁ୫ɛɲȦᦅࢃɻጫɤɩ̶̢͞ɹႌᒴˁᅣɴᕹɌʭȩɭɐʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋ዤᰖɹʼʰɞȿ ɫɲȼ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ʦ˵˵˰ɹؚዲརɫȡʳᗡᘽᨆˁ࣒ʦปΫɫϗၥɌɛ⏋ᓚܩɴత ʰɽɌɩȲȼɄɭʢȡʳ⏏͇͍ዀс႒ɹརɻ⏋ႌɹᲞᛯᇐᰲషɭɌɩ̶̢͞ȵ߫ʞȴʰɭȦ ȩჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏ధמᰄȴʰᇑధמᰄɹៀฐɹႌᒴȵధᦼᬚɴʼɛɤɩ 1 ፆɹᓚܩɴᩄɹᏎˁ ɐɭ⏋ɗɹɹ 1⑯3 ॷᬚɻံᔋషɫʢᲞȦܤܩᅊᅋਸȵ୫ᐚɐʳɭȦȩ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏܕ Ԓɫɻ⏋عܩɫᧉ႑ɭᦅɭɹᬚɹɴʭʳᏪϝȵᐓȭɲȦȵ⏋͓͌͞ͻ̜ɫɻɄʶʚ ɫɴ̶̢͞ɭ̸̜͞͡ˁᣱɄɌɛɄɭȵɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎ⏋ᥢсি⏋ХᬘȲʭʃ̶ˎ͇̋ɹգᅎȵয়ܩɴȲȿʳςɛʳܤ ޚᔋݛ፬ჿɫȡʳȵ⏋႕ɴࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻܤޚμɴԃသᏬʦԃዾᏬɹʭȩɲล႒ᅓഀɹଁՕ ʦ⏋᭞˓ˠͲᰖ⏋͠Ͳᨧɲɰɹيᩄˁވ֓ɇɓ⏋ʚɛܤޚѳອˁᲞʠʳɲɰ⏋ܤޚɹ ਸʦ႒ჿਸˁఒڵɐʳ֟ഗȵ߂ȷȦɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶ˎ͇̋ɹܤޚʢжܩɴȡʳɛʠȴ⏋
دܩȴʰѢᰩɇʶɛᝠܤɹᮃዩ֟ഗȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ɗɹܤޚɻᨧਸˁኍɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ Ʉʶɻϗ࡚ɴܤޚ᠅షˁɌɛɄɭɭᬠᦹɌɩȦʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ʚɛ֟͠Ͳᨧي ᩄȵෑጩɴࢹɲȦɹʢ⏋ᨧਸႥάɫܔࡴɇʶɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴԢອɇʶɛИά ɫɻ pH ʢᲞȼɲʱ⏋͠Ͳᨧʢ֟ɇʶʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋Ёɹᠭീɫተ᠗ɐʳਖឹȵȡʸ ȩ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏ ǵয়ܩɹʭȩɲᭇᮒՕ॒ȵέࡴɫॵɽɦɹ᭝ਸȵᲞȦຩᢒᄩޅɴȲȦɩ⏋ܤޚອՕѳ୫ ɹ߂ȷȦܤޚˁʢɦઝᒶɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚɤɩɐȽɹᭇᮒɴዛɌՏᗂɌ ɩʢ⏋ɗɹɴᭇᮒȵᐚȴɲȦݭغɴɻഞɌɩɌʚȩ᭝ਸȵᲞȦȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛݭغɫʢܒ 3 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴࢃᅨᏎݡᔋˁॷᦹᅎɌɛᅣܤޚɫɻ⏋ؾɍܩ০Ϋɴȡʳံేᅎᅣɹܤޚɴ ປʏɩᲞȦѳອਸˁʢɠ⏋ɗʶɴఌȭʰʶɩՏᗂɹഞრȵжȼɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ 3.3ȁࣈ౷͈ਏ࿐ ǵЈ⏋ᓚܩԒɴɇʶɛʱඨൕɇʶɛʱɌɛปೠɹปԢάɫɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʦ̅͡ˤ͌ɲ ɰɹዤᰖс႒ȵࢸɇɲᐶɹࢸˁ০ଁɌɩȦʳɹˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᦅɛɠɻɗʶʰɹป ນ!3!ȁز಄ঔဥศ͂ྫঔဥศ̤͍͢ݝ۽౷͂έΘζ͈ാિاڠඅ
ܩ ˵Ͳ̺͡ధ pH Total Ex.Cation(cmol(+)/kg) ECEC5) P2O5
(mg/100g) Zn ppm BD4) g/cm3 (H2O) (KCl) C(%) N(%) Na K Ca Mg ేᅎᅣ1) 5 7.46 7.36 1.68 0.17 0.58 0.96 10.20 1.5 13.2 2.57 22.7 1.45 ံేᅎᅣ 5 6.04 5.82 0.58 0.06 0.18 0.18 2.74 0.5 3.7 0.89 2.9 1.51 Хᬘܩ2) 2 6.00 5.60 0.73 0.08 0.10 0.20 3.90 0.9 5.1 0.33 0.7 1.79 ̶ˎ͇̋3) 2 3.80 3.40 1.70 0.14 0.40 0.20 7.80 1.9 11.6 0.01 2.9 * 1) ݡᔋᦹᅎ 12⑯27 ॷᬚɹᅣ⏏2) 7 ॷᬚɹХᬘ⏏3) ̶ˎ͇̋⏩ᮒ࡚ɴԢອɐʳྂܩ⏏4) BD; Bulk Density ⏃Е ປᩂ⏆⏏5) ECEC; (Ex. Base+Al+H)
* ˱ˏ˵Ͳ̺͡ೡ
ೠȵᔋష֟ഗˁ୫ɦɭ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋ᔋషೠɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏
ǵᓬʱɭ៎࢘ɴʭɤɩᔋష֟ഗȵȡʱɭʛɲɌȩʳปೠɻ 11 ዛȡɤɛ⏃ᝠ 4⏆⏏ɲȴɫʢ⏋ ˤˠ⏃Gao; Hausa ؿ⏆ɹೠ (Faidherbia albida ȡʳȦɻ Acacia albida) ɹปԢάɫɹс႒ᅊᔒȵ ᰒᘿɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏Ʉɹೠɻᘺᘽปɹʁɭɦɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴᘺᘽɌϗ࡚ɴɲʳɭᇵ ɴᘽˁᑢʰɐ႕ᅵɲᅊჿ႕ਸˁʢɦɛʠ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹсЊմɴล႒⏃ปೠᘽ⏆ˁปԢάܤޚɴњ ᐌɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ʚɛсЊೝᬚμɴс႒ˁ᭖ɌɲȦɭȦȩգဣˁʢɦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᦅɛɠ ɻ߫˃ɫˤˠɹปԢάɫςᰩс႒ˁൕݛɐʳ⏏ɗɹЈɹᔋషೠɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ᬖࠃմɴɗɹ ปԢάɹᘺᘽˁᓚܩɴȷᦉ˃ɞʱ⏋ʚɛၚʦɌɛဒˁٞᦇᓚܩɴత॒ɐʳ⏏
ǵɄɹᔋషೠɭʛɲɇʶɩȦʳปೠɻ⏋Υɫᰲషೠ (fodder tree ȡʳȦɻ browse tree) ɹล ᔨʢшɓʢɤɩȦʳݭغȵȦ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ϗ࡚μɴࢃᅨ⏋႕ɴႌɹᰲషȵέɐʳಁೝɴɻ ഘଠɠˁɌ⏋ᘽˁᘺɭɌɩᰩʏɇɓʳɛʠ⏋ႌɻɗɹೠɹปԢάɴᩄɹᏎˁఔՏɐʳɄɭɴ
ນ!4!ȁྦྷͅၳ࿐͂ে̯̞ͦ̀ͥਏਅ
Hausa ؿ ǵLatin ؿ
Bauree Ficus sycomorus Baushee Terminalia avicennioides Danyan Sclerocarya birrea Dorowa Parkia biglobosa
Gamjii Ficus ovata
Gao Faidherbia albida
Kadanya Vitellaria paradoxum Kakkara Acacia polyacanthe Kanyan Disopyros mespiliformis
Maje Daniellia oliveri
Tsamiya Tamarindus indica
ɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ปೠɹᘽɴʭʳᔋష֟ഗȵȡʳɭȦȩʭʱʢ⏋ʞɌʸႌᏎɴʭʳܤޚɹᔋ ໋֟ഗʢᓒૅɐʳਖឹȵȡʸȩ⏏ 3.4ȁΏυͺς ǵ˹ͦˏ͠ݻ (Termite mound) ɹٞᦇɴȲȦɩʢؾɴс႒ᅊᔒɹᖪ߫ɲሂȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɛ ɞɌ⏋ᦅ᧒ɻ˹ͦˏ͠ݻˁఖઝɴगɌɩɗɹ፷ܤˁঃɁʳɄɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ɗȩɌ ɛဤɻ˹ͦˏ͠ɹᅊਖ਼ܩˁᓚܩԒɴᙶযɇɓʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ཉխɲˏ͠ࢀˁഀɐʳɄɭɴ ɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Υɫ⏋˹ͦˏ͠ɹᅊਖ਼Ɍɲȼɲɤɛˏ͠ݻɻगɌɩᓚܩɴత॒ɐʳȵ⏋ɗ ɹᔋష֟ഗɹᲞȦɄɭɻঃȼ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳBaker 2000⏏ 3.5ȁॠͥ͢ͅဴഽບث ǵᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳዛɹ᧓Ȧɴʭɤɩᓚܩɹᔋ໋ˁՠుɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ᦅȴʰɹᓬʱɴ ਃɤɩ៎࢘Ɍɛᐄഗ⏋ປᥒᇕᔋȭɛᓚܩɴӦװɐʳዛɻ 16 ዛ⏋ᆣɓɛܤܩɫɹӦװዛɻ 5 ዛ⏋ ȦɑʶɹᓚܩɴʢӦװɐʳᮊᗳɻ 8 ዛȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹԒ⏋᭑ᗳɹԗᅊᔨȵᇵɲɹɫࢀᮊ ᗳɭឿɲɌɩȦʳ 8 ዛɴɻ⏋ᔋȭɛܤܩɴᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳዛȵȦ⏏ዛմɹᅩጓɩɹ᭬ɴɻᐶ ᔋɭɌɩᮊᗳˁȷᦉʞȵ⏋с႒ൕݛೝɹ᭑ᗳಁɻܩΫɴఔᒞϗၥɇɓʳɞȿɫȡʳ⏏ܤޚ ុɴʭʳᮊᗳ͇̍͡ɹ֟ഗȵȡʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ 3.6ȁഥൡഎ̈́ܨયထ௶ ǵɗɹЈ⏋ីˏ̶͠ˡɹϗ࡚μɴِȦɩȼʳϗȦɛᰟɹ̩͇̒̊͡Ͳ⏃ၖᰟ⏋Harmattan⏆ ȵʢɛʰɐ˵̩͞ቆྴȴʰɹቆނɴɻᓚܩɹܤޚᔋ໋ˁ܌ɇɓʳ֟ഗȵȡʳ⏋ɭᦅ᧒ ɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳɹᖬɴʭɤɩɻᅵɲɤɛឿʢȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᇐȦ̩͡ ͇̒̊Ͳ̋˽̜ɻܤޚˁᔋʦɐ֟ഗȵȡʳȵ⏋ᣧȦ̋˽̜ɻ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹᆖࢀˁʢɛʰɐɭȦ ȩ⏏ ǵɇʰɴ⏋̩͇̒̊͡ͲɴᬠᦹɌɛсЊʦᔋݛ፬ჿɹɛʠɹШᐏᇕɲຩᢒϜཀྵɹៜȦШȭʢ ȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳ̋˽̜ɹཁႥȴʰ๖ɴഀʳᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᩄȡʳȦɻᭇᮒ ధˁϜཀྵɫȷʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹՠుݜྈɻ⏋̩͇̒̊͡ͲಁɴȲȿʳែᅠɹᖪɌੲɌɹዐɴ ʭʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᮮɹࢹʦܤᖬɹɴʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳɴʭʳቆ ނȵȦݭغ⏋๖ɹᮒ࡚ɴɻᩄɹᭇᮒȵೝ৺ɫȷʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȦݭغɴɻॵɽɦɹ᭝ਸȵȡ ʳɭȦȩ⏏ᮒȵϜɇʶʳݭغɴɻ⏋Ӄహᯆʦжܩᨆɫɹᅣс႒ɹсЊˁɫȷʳɞȿ܌᧫Ɍ ɩدܩɹॶܹᨆɫɹсЊˁވʦɌɛʱ⏋ʚɛᅮˁᲞȼɌɛʱɐʳ⏏ɗɹكɻӃహɴɤɩс ʰʶʳ⏏ᩄɹᝠ༑ອɹɛʠɴȦɛዛࡎȵༀȦ༑ɇʶ⏋ʚɛɌȦܤޚѢᰩȵᣱɄʳȴʰɫ ȡʳ⏏ॵɽɦȵϜɇʶʳݭغɴɻ⏋сЊಁೝˁɑʰɌɛʱ⏋ӃహᯆɹΫᨆɫɹൕݛс႒ˁ͊ ̜ͤ̒ʦ̒͞ˡ́˓⏋˵˵˰ɹʭȩɲॵɽɦୄਸˁʢɦс႒ɴȭɛʱɲɰɹᨗૅˁȩ⏏ ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹсЊɴᬠᦹɌɛຩᢒϜཀྵɴ⏋၇ɭຩཧȴʰᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᬖࠃಁೝˁϜཀྵɫȷʳ ɭȦȩɹȵȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ϗ࡚ೢɹ 3⑯4 ɴȴȿɩёॷɴɲȦȦࢮɭᲞȦຩཧɹǾ
ȵᐚȦɛݭغɴɻ⏋ɗɹ๖ɴഀʳᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻёॷʭʱʢ 2⑯3 ᦼʚʳɭȦȩ⏏ ǵᓬʱᠭീɹᐄഗȴʰ⏋ɄȩɌɛШᐏᇕɲຩᢒϜཀྵɹሾᡫˁɐʏɩɹᦅȵሾɤɩɻȦɛ ȵ⏋ɗʶˁѵɍʳȴوȴɴɦȦɩɻ҅Ǿɴ᧓Ȧȵឿʰʶɛ⏏̩͇̒̊͡ͲɭᭇᮒᩄȵᬠѥɌɩ Ȧʳɭѵɍʳɹɻ⏋ෙɌɩॷᬏᓔɴȼᗐॷᓔɴɲʳʓɰᦜѵɴɐȹɲȦɭᓒȭʳᓔȵވȭʳ Ӄكɴȡʳ⏏Υ⏋ᦚɹϗ࡚ೢɹȦࢮɭᲞཧȵȦᮒ࡚ˁሾʰɓʳɭȦȩሾᡫɻᓑᗐˁ کʼɑ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩɹϺȵѵɍɩȦɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ሁմɹᲞຩཧȵ 40˚C ˁᣳȭʳధȵȦ 1990 ॷʦ 95 ॷɭ 96 ॷɹᮒ࡚ᬖࠃɻ⏋ᲞཧɹࢹɲȦॷɴປʏɩȦӃكȵឿʰʶɛ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋1997 ॷɹॵɽɦɭ 2001 ॷɹᮒɹᭇᮒႥʢʚɛ⏋ɗȩɌɛϜཀྵˁԍჼɌɛёɭ ɲɤɛ⏏2001 ॷˁёɴȡɁʳɭ⏋մॷɴᩄɹ̩͇̒̊͡Ͳቆނȵᭇʱ⏋ᮒ࡚մɴɻȦ ࢮɭᲞཧɹǾȵᐚȦɛɛʠ⏋ᦅ᧒ɻЁॷɹᮒ࡚ɻᮒɫᭇᮒȵȼഀʳɭϜཀྵɌɩȦ ɛ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻ 4 ೢɴࠃʚɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻᦲ।ॷʭʱʢץᦏȼȦᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃɫ ȡʱ⏋ᭇᮒʢᦹᐚɌɩᏝ 2 ˡץɴؖ˃ɞ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉʶɻᦅ᧒ɹϜཀྵˁɻʳȴɴΫ ܌ɤɩȦɛɛʠɴ⏋ᮒࢪፑʢӱՕɲ֟ഗˁȡɁɑؚᩄȵץཝɌɛᦅࢃʢȴɤɛ⏏ɗȩɌɛ ϜཀྵȵᦜѵɫȡʳɭɌɩࢪፑˁᡙɍɲȴɤɛᦅɹμȴʰɻ⏋ȋɄȩɌɛϟɴɲɤɩ⏋ȡʰ ɛʠɩШᐏɹሾਜ਼ˁឿሁɌɛȍɭɹުʢᓬȴʶɛ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɩʛʳɭ⏋ɄʶʰɹϟёɻᕶးɴћɌɛᣂ྇፬ჿɹሾਜ਼ɭሾᡫɫȡʳɄɭȵՕȴ ʳ⏏ɄʶʚɫɹᬏȦرɹμɫɻᰪ᰼ʦ߃ပɴឿᖏʼʶɛɄɭʢȴɤɛʸȩɭ࢘ɇʶʳ ȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛᗑɌȦᐁᱻɹɲȴɫᅊʚʶ⏋ៜȦШȭʰʶɩࡸᤋɌɩȷɛሾᡫʦଯȵɄɹɹ ᅊˁఌȭɩȷɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ɗȩɌɛሾᡫʦሾਜ਼ɻɹᅊ༎ɹɲȴɴʢਖ਼ɧȦɩȦʳ⏏ 3.7ȁఆ͈ڰͅ۾࡙ͩͥۯၑ ǵ1 ϺɫɴԂʳ᭬ɴɻᬏᓑɹ 1 Ϻɫȡʳ˵ͤ (Salle) ລɹ˧̋ɴʠɩʢʰȩɄɭɴɌɩȦ ʳ⏏˵ͤລɻɄɹɫʢ͍̒ˡʍɹी⏋̩˻ (hadj) ˁཕʚɓɛధࢹɲȦ̩˻ (Hadji) ɹ 1 Ϻ ɲɹɫ⏋ᦲ।ˏ̩͡˻ (Al hadji) ɭɞȿ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏Ϻɻɐʏɩ͌˽͌͠ɫȡʱ⏋Ǿɹ ଢ଼ˁ๕ȴɐɄɭȵɲȦ⏏˵ͤລɹ˧̋ɴɻॵɌͤͲˤɫсʰʶɛଢ଼ଘȵ᭰ஞɌɩȲʱ⏋ ࢃɞȿɫɲȼᦏ᭰ɹᅖɛɠʦᦲʱɐȵʱɹ̶̢͞ɹᅖʢናʱɹಁᬚɴɻɄɄɴؒᮃɌɩ ଢ଼ɐʳɄɭȵȦ⏏ଢ଼ଘɫɹ 1 4 ܌ɹଢ଼մɴɻਖɑᰑʦ܋ᔊɹནୡˁȩ⏏ଢ଼ಁɅɭ ɴ⏋1 ϺȡɛʱᏝ 1 L ɹອˁ༥ᢹɐʳɛʠ 10 ధ L ȴʰ⏋Ȧಁɴɻధ 10 L ɹອȵьʼʶʳȵ⏋ ьᅎɹອˁଢ଼ଘɹܑٞɴඨȭɛ̠͍͓̓˹ɲɰɹඨ႒ɹဌອɴьȩɲɰɹᨗૅʢʛʰʶ ʳ⏏ ǵɄɹଢ଼մɹནʠɹອɭ၊ဘȷʦᰰషອ⏋ༀɲɰɹᅊ༎ᅎອɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻᦏȼɹଝϥକ ȴʰໄʛΫɁʰʶʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻ᧙ȼᮐʶɛ˳Ͳ˳͞ा (Gongola) ɹໜআˁɤɩཻՏɐʳອ ˁ˃ɫȼʳ⏏ອெɻߨਸʦࡎњɛɠɹᠩɫ⏋1 ܌ɴɦȷ 10 L ࢅɹ̫˭̓ˁᰄɴᥔɓɩл
ʢ৵Ɍɩʉɛʠȴɲʱɹᩂ֝ӈɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᮒ࡚ɴȲȿʳع˧̋ɹ 1 ȡɛʱɹອ༥ᢹᩄɻॶܯɌɩ 148.9 L ɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢃధɴਝɍɩ 60 ȴʰ 250 L ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶˁ 1 Ϻȡɛʱɴழ፤ɐʳɭᏝ 13.2 L⏒ɭɲʳ⏏Ԓɴత ܧɐʳϥକɻ 7 ೣȡʱ⏋ԊؾգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏عϥକɹཉɇˁϗ࡚ɹഞཔಁɴᠭീɌɛᐄഗ⏋ ɐʏɩ 5 m ȴʰ 8 m ɹປᥒᇕ༓ȦϥକɫȡʳɄɭȵՕȴɤɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹᇵಁɴɻϥକɹອеȵ ΫᨆȴʰᏝ 1 m ʚɫΫɐʳɛʠᅊ༎ᅎອɹᮛឹɻʓʖྃɛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹϥ କɻϗ࡚ɹμɴȡɛʳ 12 ȴʰ 1 ɴȴȿɩɐʏɩഞཔɐʳ⏏ɗȩɲʳɭ⏋մᦚɌɛʭȩ ɴໜআˁɤɩɛອˁ˧̋ʚɫʉɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ǵ၊ဘȷɴɻߨਸʦࡎњ᧒ɴʭɤɩХᬘܩʦဌೠകȴʰᮃெɇʶɛᚩȵьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ع˧̋ȡɛʱɹᚩ༥ᢹᩄɻॶܯɌɩ 89.8 kg⏒ᦼɲɹɫ⏋̶ˎ͞ךԃкɫɻ 1 ॷᬚɴ 248.2 t ɹᚩȵ༥ᢹɇʶɩȦʳɭឿዩʢʰʶʳ⏏15⑯20 ॷմʚɫɻ˧̋ȴʰ 500 m⑯1 km ɹ፴ܑɫ ʰʶɛᚩʢ⏋ჼܧ⏃2001 ॷ⏆ɫɻ 3⑯5 km ᮐʶɛဌೠകܩʚɫՏȴȿɲȿʶɽʶɲȼɲɤ ɩȷɛ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏ɄʶɻᘺϺؤɹވ֓ɴʭɤɩᚩɹᮛឹȵᲞʚɤɩȷɛɭȦȩჿᅓɞȿɫ ɲȼ⏋ழᩆᇿᇕɫဌೠˁФɐʳᩄʢࢹɲȼɲȦɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ᚩɹ 10 kg ɹࢸ ɻᦏ᭰ɹᅘɴ୫ɤɩʪȿɽ 20 ̠˓͞⏃Ꮭ 0.2 ̝͡⏆ɫ⏋̫˗̍॑ɫɻ 100 ̠˓͞⏃Ꮭ 1 ̝͡⏆ ɫެʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ɄʶʚɫɴᚩသೳᇿᇕɹඨകȵʼʶɛɄɭ ɻɲȦ⏏ ǵᘺٞᦇɹปೠɻᚩʦᔋషೠȡʳȦɻᰲషೠɭɌɩɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᰩᅎʦᚫᅎ⏋ᦅᓚ᧑ԍʦࢃ ɹলೳፈǾ⏋ɇʚɊʚɴգᅎɇʶɩȷɛകǵ1994; Hayashi et al. 1996⏏ɛɭȭɽᰩᅎɴɻ⏋ ปೠɹᘽˁɦʉɌɩᎳ༰Ⴅɹ˽ͻ̺ɴьȩปዛȵ 8 ዛȡʳ⏏ɗɹԒ⏋।ᇕɴᰈᅎɇʶɩȦ ʳɹɻ̫ˠ̸̫ɹೠɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦʳ˪ˡ (Kuka: Adansonia digitata)⏋ɗɌɩˡ̒ˡ (Kaka:
Sida linifolia) ɭ̈ˤͻ͡ (Zogall: Moringa oleifera) ɹᘽɫȡʳ⏏ഗࡸˁϺᬚȵᅊᰩɫȷʳܧഀ
ɹปዛɻ 15 ዛȡʱ⏋ᘽˁᰲషɭɌɩࢃᅨɴήȭʳปዛɻ 20 ዛȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̝ͦͻͩ (Dorowa, African locust bean: Parkia biglobosa) ɹዛࡎˁᇍᨥɇɓɩсʳ̋ͩ̋ͩ (Dawadawa cakes) ɻ⏋ Ꮲᢊɗɤȼʱɹ᱗ʱȵɐʳ˽ͻ̺ɹ٢Њȿೳɭɲʳ⏏ˡ̋Ͳ͓ (Kadanya, Shea butter tree:
Vitellaria paradoxum) ɹࡸȴʰɻᰩᅎໞȵʰʶʳ⏏ ǵܧഀዛȴഀዛˁکʼɑ⏋ჼܩɴȡʳʓɭ˃ɰɹปዛɴлʰȴɹᚫ֟ȵȡʳɭʛɲɇʶɩȦ ʳ⏏ɗɹգᅎᨆеɻᘽ⏋ഗࡸ⏋⏋ปᇤɭɇʚɊʚɞȵ⏋႕ɴ༥۬Ꮩɹᆓ੮ɭШയਸᆓ੮ɴ ࢪɌɩգᅎɐʳปዛȵȦ⏏ɗɹᚫ֟ɹዐɴɦȦɩɻعᕶɹઝឿɹेȵ߂ȷȼɩࡴȴɫɻɲ Ȧ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᩃᗳʦᮊᗳɹμɴʢᚫ֟ˁʢɦዛȵȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̋˓̝͓ (Daidoya: Ocimum basilicum) ɻ⏋̸͓ᛞɹᬿ᭑ɴ߂ȷɲ֟ഗȵȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ᩃсɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋̋˓̝͓ˁၚʦ Ɍɛ၁ɫ̸͓ᛞˁᦠȦଡɤɛʱ⏋ᘽˁଝɫ௷ʱɦʉɌɩ᤹кɴݸʱЊȿʳ⏏ʚɛࢃɫɻ⏋ϗ ၥɌɛ̋˓̝͓ɹᘽˁᎬቊɌɩ͓˧ȴʰɤɛໞɭཌྷɕɩᛚʭȿɭɌɩᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ᱗
ອɭɌɩʢьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹሾᡫɻ⏋ᓑᗐᅖߨˁکʼɑʓɭ˃ɰɹϺȵʢɤɩȦʳɭȦɤɩʭȴʸȩ⏏ɭȦȩ ɹʢ⏋ع˧̋ɫɹᓬʱᠭീಁʦᩃ៎࢘ɌɩȦɩȦʳಁ⏋ȋŔɹೠ⏃ᗳ⏆ɴɻᚫɹ֟ഗȵ ȡʳȴ⏱ǵɰ˃ɲᆖຩɴ֟ȼɹȴ⏱ȍɲɰɭ០ɷʳɭ⏋ᓑϺɻʢɭʭʱࡎњɛɠȴʰʢএɴ ፐȭȵᦐɤɩȷɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
4
ȅഎ̈́౷֖۪ޏ࡙ۯၑͥ͢ͅఆ͈ুၛഎ̈́อജخෝ
ǵɄʶʚɫɴʛɩȷɛᣂ྇፬ჿીɹϟёɻ⏋Ʉɹɫɹᰩషᅊᅋɭᅊ༎ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɹሾ ᡫɹΥүᯆˁ୲ɁɛɴɐȹɲȦ⏏য়းɹɄɭɲȵʰ⏋ЈɹᇍࣙΫܕɹᦅȵሁᯆɌɩȦʳɇ ʚɊʚɲکᰍ⏋႕ɴϺؤވ֓ʦ॑ݭᐁཕɹᘺЦʍɹ৯ᯱɻ⏋য়ɴȲȦɩʢؾɴୃȭɩ Ȧʳ⏏ɫɻᰩషέȴʰഀʳെ߉ᠭɫᕊˁᕛʰʚɓɛࡎњɛɠˁឿȴȿʳɄɭʢȦ⏏Ϋ ᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ອʦၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɹέɻॷǾ؏ɌȦႥɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᠭീɌɛȵჼܧ ɗȩɌɛکᰍႥάɴȡʳࡸˁᤑʚȭʳɭ⏋ȴɦɩɻɹᅊᅊ༎ˁѳ᭭ɌɩȷɛɄʶʚ ɫɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿીɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɴћࡔɌɩʰʶʳᕶᐌᰩషʦອ⏋ʚɛၚష ˛̦͡˧ͻɲɰɻ⏋ЁɭʢɹϺؤȵވ֓Ɍᐚȿʳɲʰɽ⏋ʭʱཉխɲિਸᇕέႥɴ᭒ ʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭઉɇʶʳ⏏ᦅɛɠʢʚɛ⏋ɄȩɌɛϟˁմɴɌɩጓɠ৵ᅊɌɩȦʳ⏋ ɭȦȩɹȵᠭീɹዐɫઢɍɛፆᓔɹᢒɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ೣድɫɻɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇ɹգᅎɭɗɹ፬ჿીɹࡸˁᤑʚȭɛȋᦅɹ ᕶጓᇕᇍࣙˁѦɐɛʠɹܩݖᄩޅᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎɭɗɹ୫ᐚᇕɲ፬ჿଝɹተጓȍˁᇿ୭Ɍɛᦅ ᬖᇍድɭɌɩᧅɌɩȷɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋য়ɹୃȭʳᅊɭᅊ༎Ϋɹکᰍˁᣂ྇፬ჿᯆȴʰ ౩ተɴɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɫʼʶɩȷɛᣂ྇գᅎɭ፬ჿɴ֓ȭ⏋ೡɞɇʶɩȦʳգᅎخᔨɲᣂ྇ɹ ᇍɭɗɹ༎ᅎɴʭɤɩ⏋ჼܧɹکᰍៗໆˁܒʸȩɭɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ៜȦȴȭʶɽ⏋ᦅɹ ᇍࣙឹᏬˁᨆȴʰɹହԂᣂೳɴɗɹȼˁћࡔɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɫȷʳᭉʱȋܩݖɴȡʳ࿃ ܧᇕɲɇʚɊʚɲᄩޅᣂ྇ȍˁ᧟գᅎɌ⏋ɗɹ୫ᐚᇕ፬ჿɴʭɤɩᕶጓᇕɲᦅᬖᇍȵخᔨ ȴɰȩȴˁද២Ɍɛ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ӦӴᇕɴៗໆɐʏȷکᰍဣɭɌɩࡴɌɛ୫ᐚᇕᰩᏒᅊᅋ˹˽̘͌ɹɛʠɹᔋݛ ፬ჿ⏋ၚష˛̦͡˧ͻέɹఒڵ⏋ԃɲᰰషອɹተѳˁȡɁɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɗʶʰɹکᰍˁៗໆ ɐʳɛʠɹȦȼɦȴɹܩݖᄩޅᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿଯˁர൜Ɍ⏋ਚᦅɹתˁɩˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌ ɫɹࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁࡸేɌɛ⏏ ǵʚɑ⏋ɄɄɫɹድɹμਕෙਥɭʢȦȭʳȋܩݖᄩޅᣂ྇ɭɻлȴ⏱ȍɴɦȦɩࡴᒶɌɩ ʛʭȩ⏏ᣂ྇ɭȦȭɽ⏋Υᖔɴɻ᩿႒ʦс႒ɹʭȩɲ႒ᣒᇕɲࡸкɹȡʳʢɹˁ୭ɐɫȡʸȩ ȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻ⏋߂ຩ⏃߂ຩଁՕ⏋ᰟ⏋ނ⏆⏋ܤ⏋ອ⏋ܩ০⏋߄᭞⏃ཧ⏋ӵ⏆⏋ඨᅊ⏃ปೠ⏋ᮊ ᗳ⏋ᩃᗳ⏋с႒⏆⏋֪႒⏃ࢃᅨ⏋ᩃᅊ֪႒⏋ᛚ⏆⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪⏃ଯ⏋֝⏋ሾᡫ⏋ሾਜ਼⏆ፈǾɹܩݖᅊᏙˁ෯ଁɐʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳɐʏɩɹឹᏬˁيʞɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ၖय़ɹཧ ᄩޅɻฌᲞेɴʭɤɩय़ȴʰၖय़ʚɫɹཧᄩޅˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɲܩݖʢȡʱ⏋ၖय़ ɹᲞฌᲞܩݖɻжཧˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩ༎ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ອᄩޅʢʚɛ⏋ᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȦɭȴ ϗ࡚ɹࡔܧȵգɴɲʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ӵᄩޅʢؾɫȡʳ⏏ᮊᗳʦࢀᛚɲɰʢ⏋ែဣˁȭʶ ɽᣂ྇ɭɲʱȩʳخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ອᣒູയล႒ˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩ܌ؚɐʳែဣɭؾɍɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɗȩɌɛែဣɹ᥊ழɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄʶʚɫᰩషᅊᅋȡʳȦɻᅊ༎ɐʳɴȡɛɤɩέգɲᄩޅɫ ȡʳɭឿɲɇʶɩȷɛϟᢒˁ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɐʶɽʭʱգɲكɴࢷȼخᔨਸȵȡʳȴ⏏Ʉʶ ȵکᰍˁୃȭʳჼݭɫɹᇍ൜ɭࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁࡸేɌɩȷɛᔘಕɴȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɴᦚ ʏɩȷɛɹᣂ྇ɭɗɹШᐏᇕɲ፬ჿીȴʰʰʶʳ͍̜̒͠ɹങˁ⏋ɇʰɴঃɁʳخᔨਸ ˁኍڗɐʳʭȩɲଯᇕ֖ៜʦரៜˁȩɭɭʢɴ⏋ᦅᕶʰɹᐁᱻˁᦲɌɩተጓɇʶʳଯ ɴɐʳɛʠɴ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌ɫࡸేɌɛ⏏ ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ႌɻᩂឹɲ৲ᅨɫȡʳɭؾಁɴɗɹᏎɻс႒རɭɭʢɴШᐏᇕɲᔋݛ፬ჿɴ๕ ȴɓɲȦឹᏬɫȡʳDakora 1996⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ႌᏎʦс႒རˁɗɹʚʚᓚܩɴత॒ɐʳʭʱ ʢ⏋Υ֟რᇕɲၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ̺ͦ́˽ˁɄʶʚɫɹᔋݛ፬ჿɹμɴԂɐ ʳɄɭɫǸ˛̦͡˧ͻɭᔋషɹθȵʰʶʳృɛɲᔋݛ፬ჿଯˁர൜ɌɛHistop 1992: Ch. 6⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ჼܩɫԂଝخᔨɲᣂೳ⏃͍́Ͳ̜፬ɭ̝͌͞ᒊ⏆ˁᏼʛغʼɓ⏋ᦅɭɭ ʢɴсនɌɛࢌᬔࢅ۬⏃̫˓ˠˤ˽ᇍᅊខᒞ⏆ɴႌᏎʦс႒རˁହԂɌɩ͍̊Ͳˤ˽ˁ ʱՏɌ⏋၊ဘȷɹၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩьȩ᠅ᱻˁ 1998 ॷȴʰࡸేɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏Ʉʶ ɻ⏋য়ܩɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲลᔋషɫȡʳႌᏎˁЈɹᇿᇕɴ᥊ᅎɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɛʠ⏋ᓚܩɹ ৢ૯!3!ȁΓιϋΠۯ͂Ρρθ۲́ैୋ̱̹Ψͼ΄Αอ౾
ᔋݛ፬ჿɴᶯᶷˁഀɛɐɄɭɴʢɲʱȴɷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋͍̊Ͳˤ˽ᇍᅊɹ˽͞͠ͻ ⏃ྞ⏆ɻ༰ᔋɐʳɛʠ⏋ɗɹᔋ֟ˁႌᏎేᅎɭປᥒɐʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ൕݛ᠅ᱻˁ 2000 ॷɭ 2001 ॷɴࡸేɌɛᐄഗɫɻ⏋༰ᔋేᅎךɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚᩄȵႌᏎేᅎךɹɗʶɴ֯ʳɭ ʢ֔ʰɲȦɄɭˁኍɌɛ⏏ ǵɄɹ᠅ᱻᐄഗȴʰ⏋ਃഀɹᣂ྇գᅎɹȡʱɴʁɭू߅ˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ʭʱ֟რᇕ ɲᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎȵخᔨɴɲʳɄɭˁኍڗɌɩȦʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ϺᏎɹգᅎȵخᔨȴɰȩȴɴɦȦ ɩɻીᓃᇕɴ؝ࢅɇʶʳɹȴɰȩȴˁيʠ⏋Ёɹᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏ ǵʚɛᦅɛɠȵࡸేɌɩȦʳᮊᗳɹȷᦉʛɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗʶʰˁᮊᗳዛաɴךՕɌ⏋ᅊɹ ʚʚɭϗၥɴՕȿɩȷᦉʛ⏋ʚɛ͇̍͡ೳɭɌɩܤޚˁុɐʳɲɰ⏋ɗɹᐶᔋ֟ഗɭ ͇̍͡Ͳ˫֟ഗȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ɹؚᩄɴؖʖɐ৯ᯱɹ᧓ȦɴɦȦɩʢᦅܘݭɫද២ Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ᮊᗳዛɹμɫʢᢊዀᮊᗳɹ Cassia mimosoides ˁᅊɹʚʚȷᦉ˃ɞݭغɴ⏋ ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ɭʢɴЈɹᮊᗳేᅎɴປʏɩᰒᘿɲވؚȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ ǵɇʰɴ⏋ᦅɛɠȵᔋషೠɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ 11 ዛɹปೠɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᘽɹଁՕՕഓɴʭɤɩ͠ ˫̢Ͳʦ̶͠ͅ˙̨ͻ͡⏋ዾᏬ⏋͠Ͳᨧ⏋ˡ͠يᩄȴʰࢷȷՏɌɛᐶᔋ᧟ᅎ୭ధ (Suitability index) Tian et al. 1995ȵᲞȦɭ᠗ʠʰʶɛܧഀปೠɹᘽʢ⏋ʚɛᓚܩɴȷᦉʛ⏋ɗʶʰɹ ᘽȵ̜͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚᩄɴؖʖɐᐶᔋ֟ഗˁද២Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ᔋషೠɭʛɲɇʶɩȷɛปೠ ɹᘽɻʢɠʸ˃⏋ɄʶʚɫᔋషೠɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ Anogeisus leiocarpus ⏃Marke; ̩ ˗˵ؿ⏆ɹปೠᘽɴɻᲞȦᐶᔋ֟ഗɹȡʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᐄഗɻ⏋Шᐏᇕɲᔋݛ፬ ჿીɹμɴʢ࿃ܧᇕɲܩݖᣂ྇ȵɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁኍڗɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ɹᢌȴɲ၇ɭɗɹఔࢮၖˁգᅎخᔨɲ˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩ༎ᅎɐʳɛʠɹ߄᭞ ၖᮃዩខᒞˁ 1999 ॷɴ᠅сɌɛAlward 1982⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋1 ɲȦɌ 1.5 m ৹ɹ̮̓݀͞͞ࢅ۬ ˁсʱ⏋ɗɹᝠᯆɴˏ̶͊͡˝˓ͻ͡ˁᢺʱЊȿɛɞȿɹខᒞɫȡʱ⏋့ဣᨆɴᚫᒊȡʳȦɻ ᫂⏋̶͞˓̮ͲˁᒞȦɩьȩ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ҹɫʢБᅎخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹខᒞˁᅎȦɩ 2001 ॷɹ 6 ɴࡸేɌɛၖᩄཀྵࡴ᠅ᱻɹᐄഗɫɻ⏋ಘ߃ಁɴɻᏝ 90,000 cal⏒ಁɹၖᩄȵʰʶɛ⏏ჼܧ 3 دɹؾខᒞˁьᅎॕɐʳᦅɹ˧̋ɴᒞɌ⏋।ᇕɲ ᰩϟɹྈҺɫȡʳᎦʦᩃᘛ⏋ᵋɹ၊ဘȷʦཾໝɌɴьɤɩʢʰȦ⏋ᦲ।ɹ।ᅊ༎ɫ༥ᢹɇʶ ʳᚩɹᩄȵɰʶɞȿཝʰɓʳȴɴɦȦɩʢᠭീɌɛ⏏ץॷᬚɹьᅎᐄഗɻ⏋࡚፲ᇕɲ֪ɻȡ ʳʢɹɹॶܯɌɩᏝ 10 kg⏒ɹᚩьᅎᩄˁཝʰɓʳخᔨਸˁኍɌɛ⏏Ʉʶɻᦲ।ɹ 1 ˧̋ȡ ɛʱɹᚩ༥ᢹᩄɹᏝ 2⏒3 ɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹᐄഗȴʰɻ⏋ၖय़˵̫Ͳ̠ɴɻʚɞೡգᅎɲ֟ ˛̦͡˧ͻᣂ྇ȵᢌɴȡʳɄɭˁኍڗɫȷʳ⏏ ǵອɴɦȦɩɻ 33 m ɹय़ອࣝʚɫձɌɩଝɄȹͅͲ̺ɫໄʛΫɁɩȦʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɫʢഞཔ ɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ɄɹཉϥକˁգᅎɌɩȦʳᦅࢃɻ⏋ͅͲ̺ȴʰץ৹ 500 m ፴ܑԒɹ 23 ˧̋ ɫգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹϥକȵᘺɹᅊ༎ɴؖʖɌɛ֟ഗɻ⏋1⏆ປᥒᇕᦏȼȴʰອɫȷʳ
ɹɫ⏋ອெɴឹɐʳಁᬚɭ֝ȵ߂३ɴཝɤɛ⏋2⏆ϥକɹٞʱɴϺȵᮃʚʳɹɫ⏋Ʉʶʚ ɫГΫɴϺɹᬚɫɹϯ༑ȵވ֓Ɍɛ⏋႕ɴߨਸ᧒ɹᬚɫ⏋3⏆᤹кˁནୡɐʳลЦȵވȭɛ ɹɫ⏋ࡎњ᧒ȵན࿀ɴɲɤɛ⏋4⏆ອɴʭʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳάᆡɲɰɹᆖຩȵཝɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩʢɹ ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᇍࣙΫܕɹᕶጓᇕᇍࣙˁخᔨɴɐʳɛʠɴɻఠᔒȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭުᲞɴتɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ɞ ȴʰ⏋ോˁсʱఠढ़ˁ༐ɐʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ఠᔒɴࢪɐʳܕ᭬תʢʚɛɗȩɌɛ كɫᦽ˃ɫȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɛɌȴɴɗɹᦲʱȴɭ⏋ɦȦ᱔ᔐɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋য়ɹ ʭȩɲɹݭغ⏋ఠढ़ˁ༐Ɍോˁсɤɛɞȿɫࡎњ᧒ɴఠᔒɹลЦȵވȭʳȴɭکʼʶʶ ɽ⏋وɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ᚩʦອɹெȵࡎњ᧒ɴήȭʰʶɛᠩɞ ȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ᚩɹᮃݭଘȵ᧙ȼɲʳʓɰ⏋ࡎњ᧒ɹᇎോลЦɻཝʳ⏏ ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ɄɄɫࡸేɌɩȷɛృɛɲᣂ྇፬ჿɹ᠅ʛɻᅊɹ୫ᐚخᔨਸɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ࡎ њ᧒ʦߨਸɹ֝ӈᢦɹᥐཝˁᅊʛՏɐ֟ഗʢែᩃɴԂʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵГΫᦚʏɩȷɛዛǾɹ᠅᠅ᱻɹଁഗɻ⏋ᦅɛɠȴʰɹઝឿʦѝˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɴʭɤ ɩࡸᅎᇕɲଯɴɲʱȭʳਸᣒɹʢɹɫȡʱǸʚɛɄʶʰɹଯɻᦅɛɠɴ̶ˑͻ̝̫̒˪ ɇʶɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʚɫɹଁഗɻཡᇕɲѝɴɭɰʚʳȵ⏋য়᠍ܩݖɫШᐏᇕɴգᅎɇ ʶɩȷɛᣂ྇ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᔋݛ፬ჿʦၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɹӱɴ৲ጓɦ࿃ܧᣂ྇ʢȼɇʶɩȦ ʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ೡգᅎɫȡɤɛᮊᗳʦปೠᘽɴʢᐶᔋ֟ഗȵȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʶ ɽ⏋ɗʶˁɄʶʚɫɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿીɹμɴʱᦉʞɄɭɴʭɤɩ༎ᅎخᔨɫȡʳ⏏ʚ ɛᦅɛɠɹʢɤɩȦʳଯͤ̾͡ɫʢ⏋ႌᏎȴʰᇍᅊɐʳ̫˓ˠˤ˽ˁᚩɴБʼʳၚష˛̦ ͡˧ͻɭɌɩգᅎɫȷʳʭȩɴ⏋ਃഀɹᣂ྇գᅎɭ፬ჿીɹμɴж˱˽̜ɫᎎѤɲଯᇕఒ ڵˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩʢ⏋ᰩషᅊᅋʦᅊ༎ɴգᅎɫȷʳᣂ྇ɹʭʱȦɤɗȩɹ֟༎ᅎȵخ ᔨɫȡʳɄɭȵኍɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶɻࢃᅨɹᰲɴ˛̦͡˧ͻɹօՏɭȦȩʢȩʁɭɦɹѝғˁЊ ৢ૯!4!ȁैୋ̱̹ఊုਬୟ౾
ήɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɛʠ⏋ႌɹᰲᰄధˁވʦɗȩɭɐʳ֪ลЊȿɴʢɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛჼܩᠭീɭᦅɭɹᬠʼʱɹμȴʰᅊʛՏɇʶɛکᰍៗໆɹɛʠɹዛǾɹᇍ൜ɻ⏋ ࡸ៷᠅ᱻɴȲȦɩᦅɛɠɹѝˁᐁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ܩݖɴࡴመخᔨɲృɛɲᣂ྇༎ᅎɭ፬ ჿଯɹர൜ˁࢷȷՏɌʳʢɹɭȦȭʭȩ⏏Ё⏋ɄȩɌɛଯȵ̶ˎ͞ךȴʰ͓͌͞ͻ̜ ʍ⏋ʚɛᦏҶɹʍɭᕶᇍᇕɴອॶው᥊ȵᦽ˃ɫʪȼɲʰɽ⏋˵̫Ͳ̠ܩݖᦅɹᕶጓᇕɲ ᇍࣙخᔨਸʢឿȭɩȼʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ കǵॺ⏏1994⏏ȋីˏ̶͠ˡɹ˧̢ˏ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ɴȲȿʳܔปዛɹᦅգᅎɴɦȦɩȍȏTropical Ecology Lettersȑ17: 1-5.
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