᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅Ⓨ㡢⬟ຊホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨ
㧗ᶫ ᜨᏊ㸦┠ⓑᏛ እᅜㄒᏛ㒊㸧⏿బ ⏤⣖Ꮚ㸦ᗈᓥᏛ ᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲⛉㸧 ᒣඖ ၨྐ㸦ᮾிᕤᴗᏛ ♫⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉㸧 ๓ᕝ ┾୍㸦ᮾிᕤᴗᏛ ♫⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉㸧 ⏿బ ୍㸦ࣃࢹ࣮ࣗᏛ ேᩥᏛ㒊㸧 ᮏ◊✲ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⮬ືホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏ㄪᰝ ࡋ࡚㸪୰ᅜே᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ㡢ኌࢹ࣮ࢱ㸪ࡑࢀᑐࡍࡿẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ୍ᑐẚ㍑ホ౯ࢹ࣮ࢱࡽ㸪ㄢ㢟 ᩥཬࡧホ౯᪉ἲࡢጇᙜᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ㸬 ホ౯⪅ࡢᒓᛶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢホ౯ࡣࡰ୍⮴ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡓࡇࡽ㸪୍ᑐẚ㍑ࡼࡿホ౯᪉ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡢᒓᛶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ጇᙜ࡞ホ౯್ࡀᚓࡽ ࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣦ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ᚋ㸪ࡉࡽホ౯ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ㡢ኌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆቑࡸࡋ࡚ᅇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪୍ᑐẚ㍑ࡼࡿ⭾࡞ホ౯సᴗ࠾ࡅࡿホ౯⪅ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪୍⯡ẕㄒ ヰ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢព⩏ㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡍࡿ㸬The development of an automatic evaluation system of L2
pronunciation in Japanese
Eriko Takahashi (Faculty of Foreign Language Studies, Mejiro University) / Yukiko Hatasa (Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University) /
Hilofumi Yamamoto (Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology) /
Shin-ichi Maekawa (Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology) /
Kazumi Hatasa (College of Liberal Arts, Purdue University)
The present project aims at developing an automatic evaluation system of non-native speakers’ pronunciation in Japanese. In order to examine the quality of stimulus sentences and feasibility of the paired-comparison method to be used in our main study, a group of Japanese native speakers were asked to judge pairs of sentences read by Chinse leaners of Japanese. The results showed that native speakers’ judgements were highly consistent, suggesting that the paired-comparison method can be used to establish an evaluation measure for a computer-based assessment. We plan to expand the data size by increasing the number of learners and by employing a crowdsourcing technique to obtain paired-comparison data from a large pool of native speakers.
㸯㸬ࡲ࠼ࡀࡁ
㡢ኌࡣ㸪ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡀ㠀ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ⬟ຊࢆ ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ㸪ࡶࡗࡶ⡆౽࡞ᮦᩱ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᩥἲ ⓗṇ☜࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪Ⓨ㡢ࡀᝏ࠸ẕㄒヰ⪅ṇ ࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡾ㸪⬟ຊࡀప࠸ホ౯ࡉࢀ ࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ᅵᒱ 1994㸸78㸧㸬ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝே ᮦὶࡀᣑࡍࡿ୰࡛㸪᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡗ࡚㔜 せ࡞ࡢࡣ㸪༢㏻ࡌࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࡼࡾ㐺ษ࡛ዲ ࡲࡋ࠸ヰࡋ᪉ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪⮬ศࡢ Ⓨ㡢ࡀ୍⯡ẕㄒヰ⪅࠺ホ౯ࡉࢀࡿ㸪ఱࢆ ࠺ᨵၿࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ࠸ࡗࡓሗࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁ ࡿ⮬ືホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣᮍࡔᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㸬 ᚑ᮶ࡢⓎ㡢ホ౯◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡀᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⓎ ヰ㡢ኌࢆ⪺ࡁ㸪㡯┠ࡈ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣయⓗ࡞༳㇟ ࡘ࠸࡚㸪4㹼7 ẁ㝵ࡢᑻᗘ࡛ホ౯ࡍࡿᡭἲ㸦Ⱚ 1984㸸105-6㸧ࡀྲྀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ ࡣ㸪ྠࡌ㡢ኌ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶホ౯⪅ࡢᒓᛶࡸᩥ⬦ࡼ ࡗ࡚ホ౯್ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᑠụ 1998㸸151㸪ᑠἙཎ 1993㸸11㸪Ἑ㔝࣭ᯇᓮ 1998㸸 25㸪Ώ㎶࣭ᯇᓮ 2014㸸65㸪ᯇᓮ 2007㸸303㸧㸬 ୍᪉࡛㸪ホ౯⪅ࡀ୍⯡ẕㄒヰ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ㡢ኌࡢᑓ 㛛ᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ࡰྠᵝࡢホ౯್࡞ ࡿ࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸦Schmid and Hopp 2014: 377; Warren et al. 2009: 94 㸧㸪ホ౯⪅ࡢカ⦎࡞ ࡋᑻᗘἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓሙྜࡢಙ㢗ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣព ぢࡀศࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࡣᑻᗘࡸẁ㝵ࡢゎ㔘ࡀ㸪ホ౯⪅㛫୍࡛⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡸ㸪୰ᚰ ഴྥ㸦୰ኸࢆ㑅ࡪഴྥ㸧㸪ᐶഴྥ㸦ఱ࡛ࡶ ࢇ࡛ࡶࡼ࠸᪉ࢆ㑅ࡪഴྥ㸧㸪ࣁ࣮ࣟຠᯝ㸦ᑐ㇟ ⪅ᮇᚅࢆࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾࡑࢀᙳ㡪ࢆ࠺ࡅ࡚࣏ࢪ ࢸࣈࡶࢿ࢞ࢸࣈࡶṍࡵࡽࢀࡿഴྥ㸧࡞ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࡸࡍ࠸ḞⅬࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᮾ 1973㸸444-5㸧㸬 ࡇࡢゎỴ᪉ἲࡋ࡚㸪㡢㡪ศᯒࢆᇶࡋ࡚⮬ື ⓗⓎ㡢ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿᡭἲࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢᡭ ἲࡣホ౯⪅ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪㡢㡪ศᯒ ࡽ⟬ฟࡉࢀࡓ㡢ኌࡢ㐓⬺ࡣே㛫ࡀឤࡌࡿ㐓⬺ ᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬Ꮫ⩦⪅ ࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡀㄡ࡛࠶ࢀ㸪୍⯡ⓗ࠺ホ౯ ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡼࡾ⤫ྜⓗ ࡞ホ౯ࢆ㑏ඖࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᒓᛶࡼࡗ࡚ホ౯ ⪅ࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ㸪ከࡃࡢホ౯⪅ ࡼࡾ㸪ࡼࡾከࡃࡢᏛ⩦⪅ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ ࡞ࡿ㸬ᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒㛤Ⓨࡢ๓ ㄪᰝࡋ࡚㸪ホ౯⪅ࡢᆒ㉁ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ ⓗࡋ㸪୍ᑐẚ㍑ἲ㸦ᮾ㸦1973㸧㸸445㸪507㸧 ࢆホ౯ἲࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿ㸬 ୍ᑐẚ㍑ἲࡣ㸪࿊♧ࡉࢀࡿ2 ่⃭ࡽࡼࡾዲࡲ ࡋ࠸᪉ࢆ㑅ᢥࡉࡏࡿホ౯᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᡭἲࡣ㸪 㢮ఝᗘࡢ㧗࠸่⃭࡛ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢᕪ␗ࢆヲࡋࡃホ౯ศ ᯒࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡓࡵ㸪ಙ㢗ᛶ࣭ጇᙜᛶࡀ㧗࠸㸬 ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪୍ᑐẚ㍑ἲࡣ㸪่⃭ᩘࡀከ࠸సᴗ 㛫ࡀࡿ࠸࠺ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡲࡎ㸪ホ౯ࡍࡁ㡢ኌࢆ⥲ᙜࡓࡾ ࡛⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆ୍ᑐࡈࡢẚ㍑࡛ホ౯ࢆ ヨࡳ㸪ホ౯⪅㛫ࡢホ౯ഴྥ㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࢆ ᳨ウࡍࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࢆྲྀ ࡾධࢀࡿࡇࡼࡾಶࠎࡢホ౯⪅ࡢసᴗ㈇ᢸࢆ ㍍ῶࡋ㸪ேࡢ㞟ྜ▱ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓホ౯ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ㛤 Ⓨࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ㸬
㸰㸬᪉ἲ
ᮦᩱ Ⓨ㡢ㄢ㢟⏝ࡢ▷ᩥࡋ࡚㸪ẚ㍑ⓗ⮬↛࡞≧ែ࡛ 㘓㡢ࡉࢀࡓᮦᩱ㸦࣮࢜ࢭࣥࢸࢵࢡ࡞ᮦᩱ㸧ࢆ᥇ ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓ㸬ࢸࣞࣅࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ␒⤌㸪 ࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜࡸ㸪ᐇ㝿ࡢヰࡽ㸪㛗ࡍࡂ࡞ ࠸ࡇ㸪ព⌮ゎࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡇ㸪㡢ኌࡀ᫂░ ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡞ࢆ᮲௳㸪10 ࡢ▷ᩥࡑࡢ㡢ኌ ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ㸦⾲1 ཧ↷㸧㸬 ⾲㸯 ㄢ㢟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ▷ᩥࣜࢫࢺ SID ࡣࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫ ID SID ㄢ㢟ᩥ S01 ࡇࡇࡀ⋞㛵࡛ࡍ㸬 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08 S09 S10 ஸࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࠾ࡤ࠶ࡕࡷࢇࡢ┿࡛ࡍ㸬 ┒ࡾ࡛ࡍ㸬 ෭㣗ရࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪉ࡀከ࠸࡛ࡍ ࡡ㸬 㸯㸰㸮㸮࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬 ࡇࢀࡣ෭ⶶᗜ࡛ࡍ㸬 ᜥᏊࡉࢇࡣ࠾࠸ࡃࡘ࡛ࡍ㸬 ࡇࢀࡀ୍␒࠸ࡸࡍ࠸࡛ࡍࡡ㸬 㸯࠾㡸ࡾ࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍ㸬 ୰ࡣఱ࡞ࡾࡲࡍ㸬 㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ 㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿⓎ㡢ࢆホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࠕᏛ⏕ࠖ ᙜࡓࡿ㸧ࡣ2 ྡࡢẕㄒヰ⪅ 4 ྡࡢ୰ᅜே᪥ᮏ ㄒᏛ⩦⪅࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᑻᗘࢆ⥙⨶ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡿࡓ ࡵ㸪᭱㧗ࡢᢏ⬟ࢆᣢࡘ⪅ࡋ࡚ẕㄒヰ⪅㸦NS1㸪 NS2㸧㸪ࡰࢿࢸࣈỈ‽ࡢⓎ㡢ᢏ⬟ࢆᣢࡘ⪅ 㸦CH1,CH2 㸧 㸪 㢧 ⴭ ࡞ እ ᅜ ே ケ ࡾ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ⪅ 㸦CM1,CM2㸧ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ㸬 ᡭ⥆ࡁ ㄢ㢟ࡣㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟ࡢ 2 ✀㢮 ࢆ⏝ពࡋࡓ㸬㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ࡣ㸪ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ⏬㠃 ࿊♧ࡉࢀࡿᩥࢆㄞࡳୖࡆࡿࡇࢆồࡵࡓ㸬⥆࠸ ࡚㸪⫈ぬᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿᩥࢆ༶ᗙࣜࣆ࣮ࢺ⏕ࡍࡿ ࡇࡶồࡵࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣヰ㏿ᩥᮎࣥࢺࢿ࣮ࢩࣙ ࣥࡢ⌮ゎࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ㄞࡳ ୖࡆ㡢ኌࣜࣆ࣮ࢺ㡢ኌࡣ㸯ᩥࡎࡘ᥇ྲྀ ࡋࡓ㸬࡞࠾㸪ㄢ㢟ᩥࢆࣃ࣮࣏࣡ࣥࢺ㸦ࣉࣞࢮࣥ ࢸ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⏝࿊♧ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘㸪PPT㸧࡛࿊♧ࡍ ࡿ㝿ࡣ㸪₎Ꮠࡣㄞࡳ௬ྡࢆࡘࡅ㸪ࡉࡽ୰ᅜ ㄒヂࡶῧ࠼࡚࿊♧ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ1 ཧ↷㸧㸬ྛ㡢ኌᥦ౪ ⪅ࡽㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟㸪ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟ࡢྛ10 ಶࡢ 㡢ኌ㈨ᩱࢆᚓࡓ㸬 ホ౯⏝่⃭ࡋ࡚㸪1 ᩥࡈ 6 ྡࡢ㡢ኌࢆ⥲ ᙜࡓࡾ࡛࣌ࡋ࡚㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࡢ㡢ኌ㸪ࣜࣆ ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟ࡢ㡢ኌ㸪ྛ150 ಶ㸦1065㸭2㸧ࡢ㡢 ኌ่⃭ࣇࣝࢆసᡂࡋࡓ㸬300 ಶࡢ่⃭ࢆࣛ ࣥࢲ࣒㓄⨨ࡋ㸪5 ྡࡢホ౯⪅㸦ᩍᖌ 1 ྡ㸪Ꮫ 㝔⏕2 ྡ㸪Ꮫ㒊⏕ 2 ྡ㸧ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡛⫈ぬ࿊♧ࡋ ࡓ㸬ホ౯⪅㡢ኌᏛࢆᑓᨷࡍࡿ⪅ࡣྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ࠸㸬ࡲࡓᩍᖌᏛ㝔⏕ࡣ␃Ꮫ⏕ࡢ᥋ゐ㢖ᗘࡀ 㧗࠸ࡀ㸪Ꮫ㒊⏕ࡣ␃Ꮫ⏕᥋ࡍࡿᶵࡣࢇ ࡞࠸㸬ホ౯⪅ࡣ௵ព2 ྡࡢ㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ࡼࡿ㘓㡢 㡢ኌࢆ⪺ࡁ㸪┤ឤⓗࡼࡾ⮬↛ࡔᛮࡗࡓ᪉ࢆ࢟ ࣮ධຊ࡛ᅇ⟅ࡍࡿࡇࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡓ㸬ホ౯ࡢᡤせ 㛫ࡣ㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ40 ศ㹼50 ศ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬࡞ ࠾ホ౯⪅ࡢẕ᪉ゝࡣၥࢃ࡞࠸ࡇࡋࡓ㸬㸱㸬⤖ᯝ
୍ᑐẚ㍑ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㡢ኌࢆ 5 ྡࡢホ౯⪅ࡀホ౯
ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢホ౯ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆከḟඖᑻᗘᵓᡂἲࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ ࠶ࡿ MDPREF㸦Multidimensional Preference Scaling㸧ࡢ᭱ᑬゎ㸦Okubo and Mayekawa 2015㸧
࡛ィ⟬ࡋࡓ1㸬௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㸪ホ౯⪅ㄢ 㢟ᩥࡢほⅬࡽ㏙ࡿ㸬 ホ౯⪅ ホ ౯ ⪅ 㸦E00001~E00005 㸧 㡢 ኌ ᥦ ౪ ⪅ 㸦NS1,NS2,CH1,CH2,CM1,CM2 㸧 ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ biplot ࡛⾲ࡋࡓࡢࡀ㸪ᅗ 2-a㸦ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟㸧ᅗ 2-b㸦ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 1 MDPREF ⏝ࡢ R ࣃࢵࢣ࣮ࢪࡣ㸪๓ᕝ◊✲ᐊࡢ R ࣃࢵࢣ࣮ ࢪࡢ࣮࣌ࢪࡽ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 (http://www.ms.hum.titech.ac.jp/Rpackages.html) ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪࡚ࡢホ౯⪅ྠኈࡢ ┦㛵ࡣ0.922 ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡶ㸪E00001 E00003 ࡢホ౯⪅㛫ࡢ┦㛵ࡀ 0.861 ࡛࠶ࡿࡣ㸪࡚ 0.936 ௨ୖࡢ┦㛵ࡀ࠶ࡗ ࡓ㸬MDPREF ࡢ d1 ㍈ࡢ⥲యⓗ࡞ᐤࡣ㸪ㄞࡳ ୖࡆㄢ㢟࡛0.970㸪ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛ 0.962 ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࠸ࡎࢀ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ୍ඖⓗ࡞ᑻᗘぢ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸ ᩘ್࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬 ㄢ㢟ᩥ ㄢ㢟ᩥ㸦S01㹼S10㸧㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ 㸦NS1,NS2,CH1,CH2,CM1,CM2㸧ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ biplot ࡛⾲ࡋࡓࡢࡀ㸪ᅗ 3-a㸦ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟㸧㸪 ᅗ3-b㸦ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟㸧࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟㸪ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠾࠸࡚ ࡶ㸪ࢭࣥࢸࣥࢫࡈࡢㄢ㢟ࡢ࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡣྑྥࡁࢆ ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪MDPREF ࡢ d1 ㍈ࡢ⥲యⓗ࡞ᐤ ࡣ㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟0.892㸪ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟 0.917 ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛ ࡣ㸪CH1 ࡢᕸ⨨ࡀࡁࡃኚࢃࡾ㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟 ࡛ࡣ㸪NS1-NS2-CH2-CH1-CM2-CM1 ࡢ㡰㸪 ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛ࡣNS1-NS2-CH2-CM2-CH1- CM1 ࡢ㡰࡞ࡗࡓ㸬 ᅗ1 ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡼࡿㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟㸦ᕥ㸧 ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟㸦ྑ㸧ࡢᩍ♧⏬㠃 ᅗ3-a ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟ᩥ 10 㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ 6 ྡࡢ biplot ᅗ2-a ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟࠾ࡅࡿホ౯⪅ 5 ྡ㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅6 ྡࡢ biplot ᅗ2-b ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࠾ࡅࡿホ౯⪅ 5 ྡ㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅6 ྡࡢ biplot
ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟࡛㢧ⴭ࡞࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡣㄢ㢟ᩥS09a ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬S09a 㢮ఝࡍࡿㄢ㢟ᩥࡣ S02a ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ┦㛵ಀᩘ0.994 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪Ⓨ㡢≉ᚩୖࡢඹ㏻Ⅼ ࡣ୧⪅ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸬S09a ┤ࡍࡿ㍈࡛㡢 ኌᥦ౪⪅ࡢᕸ⨨ࢆぢࡿ㸪NS1-NS2-CH2-CH1-CM2-CM1 ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࢿࢸࣈ㸦NS㸧 ЍࢿࢸࣈỈ‽㸦CH㸧Ѝእᅜேケࡾ࠶ࡾ㸦C M㸧ࡢ㡰ᗎ୍⮴ࡋ㸪ホᐃࡋ࡚ጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛㢧ⴭ࡞ㄢ㢟ᩥࡣ S05b ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࡑࢀ᭱ࡶ┦㛵ࡀ㧗࠸ࡢࡣS06b㸦0.993㸧࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓ㸬㏫㸪S05b ᭱ࡶ┦㛵ࡀప࠸࣋ࢡࢺࣝࡣ S04b㸦0.344㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㸪S05b ࡼࡾࡶ S04b ࡢ᪉ࡀࡢㄢ㢟ᩥࡢ┦㛵ࡣ㧗ࡗࡓ㸦࠼ࡤ㸪 S04b S09b ࡣ 0.959㸪S01b ࡣ 0.955㸪S02b ࡣ 0.976 ࡞㸧㸬 ㄢ㢟ᩥS05b S04b ࡛┤ࡍࡿሙྜࡢ㡢ኌᥦ ౪⪅ࡢᕸ⨨ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿ㸪S05b ┤ࡍࡿ㍈࡛ ࡣ㸪NS2-NS1-CM2-CH2-CM1-CH1 ࡢ㡰࡞ࡗ ࡓ㸬CM2 ࡀࢿࢸࣈ㸦NS㸧㏕ࡿ㧗ホ౯࡛࠶ ࡿ୍᪉㸪CH1 ࡀእᅜேケࡾ࠶ࡾ㸦CM㸧ࡼࡾࡶࡎ ࡗప࠸ホ౯࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬S04b ┤ࡍࡿ㍈ ࡛ࡣ㸪NS1-NS2-CH1-CH2-CM2-CM1 ࡢ㡰࡞ ࡾ㸪ࢿࢸࣈ㸦NS㸧ЍࢿࢸࣈỈ‽㸦CH㸧 Ѝእᅜேケࡾ࠶ࡾ㸦CM㸧ࡢ㡰ᗎ୍⮴ࡍࡿ㸬
㸲㸬⪃ᐹ
ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪ㄢ㢟ᩥࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ㡢ホ౯㡰 ኚືࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢽࢿࢸࣈỈ‽ࡢCH1 ࡢ ホ౯ࡀపࡃ࡞ࡿ⌧㇟ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ㄢ㢟ࡢ ᛶ㉁㸪ࡘࡲࡾᐇ㝿ࡢⓎヰᇶ࡙࠸ࡓࣜࣆ࣮ࢺࢆồ ࡵࡓࡇࡼࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪 ࠕ㡢ኌࢆ⪺࠸࡚ྠࡌࡼ࠺ゝࡗ࡚ࡃࡔࡉ࠸ࠖ࠸ ࠺ᩍ♧ࢆ࠼ࡓࡀ㸪CH1 ࡣᩍ♧ᚑ࠸㸪ኌⰍࢆ ྵࡵࡓᛅᐇ࡞ᶍೌࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ᐇ㝿ࡢヰࡸ ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡽษࡾฟࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ㡢ኌࡣ㸪Ⓨヰ⪅ ࡢⒷࡸࡑࡢሙࡢⓎヰពᅗࡶྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ ࡋẕㄒヰ⪅ࡀホ౯ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣࣔࢹࣝ࡞ࡗࡓ㡢 ※ࡣ࿊♧ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㡢ኌⓗ≉ᚩࡣవ ሗ࡞ࡾ㸪CH1 ࡢᛅᐇ࡞ᶍೌࡀ༷ࡗ࡚ወ␗ ࡞༳㇟ࢆ࠼ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ࡋࡋయⓗࡣ㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ 㢟ࡢ㛫ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢホ౯࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡁ࡞ᕪࡣぢ ࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆㄢ㢟ࡼࡗ ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓ㡢ኌࡔࡅ࡛ࡶホ౯ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 5 ྡࡢホ౯⪅㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᖺ㱋ࡶ␃Ꮫ⏕ࡢ᥋ ゐ㢖ᗘࡶẕ᪉ゝࡶ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ホ౯⪅㛫㧗 ࠸┦㛵ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ ⪅࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪␃Ꮫ⏕ࡢ᥋ゐ㢖ᗘ㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪 ࡰྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇࡶศࡗࡓ㸬ࡇ ࢀࡣ㸪ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡣඹ㏻ࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢホ౯ཎ⌮ࡀᏑ ᅾࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⪅ᢥ୍ࢆ㏕ࡿ୍ᑐ ẚ㍑ἲ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢཎ⌮ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓホ౯ࡢᕪࡀ⌧ࢀ ࡸࡍ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬 ࡞࠾ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡼࡿㄗ⏝⟠ᡤࡢ≉ᐃ ࡸ㸪ุ᩿⌮⏤㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࡞ࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚ ࠸࡞࠸㸬ᑓ㛛ᐙࡣⓎ㡢ࡢㄗ⏝⟠ᡤࢆලయⓗᣦ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪୍⯡ࡢẕㄒヰ⪅ࡣ㸪Ⓨ㡢ࡢ ᕦᣋࡢ༳㇟ホ౯ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶ㸪ㄗ⏝⟠ᡤࡸࢱࣉࢆ ≉ᐃࡋㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡛㸪ࠕ࡞ࢇ࡞ࡃኚࡔ ࡗࡓࠖࠕ⮬↛ࠖ࠸ࡗࡓ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺ ␃ࡲࡿࡇࡀከ࠸㸦ᯇᓮ2007㸸303㸧㸬ࡉࡽ」 ྜⓗ࡞ㄗ⏝㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣุ᩿ࡸ⾲⌧ࡀ୍ᒙᅔ㞴 ࡞ࡿ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡣࡴࡋࢁ㸪ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ┤ឤࡼࡿ༳ ㇟ホ౯ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ホ౯ࡢ⌮⏤ࡸ㸪Ⓨ㡢ୖࡢ ၥ㢟Ⅼ㛵ࡍࡿሗᥦ౪ࢆồࡵ࡞ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪 ᚋ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡸ㸪ホ౯㛵ࢃ ࡿ㡢ኌⓗ≉ᚩࢆὙ࠸ฟࡍࡓࡵࡣ㸪Ⓨ㡢ࡢㄗ⏝ศ ᯒࡣྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ㸬ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪5 ྡࡢ ホ౯ࡀศࢀࡿ่⃭ᩥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡽ㸪ᴫࡡࡢ ホ౯ࡣ୍⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ඃඛホ౯㡯┠ࡀホ౯⪅㛫 ࡛㒊ศⓗ␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀㄗ ᕪࡢ⠊ᅖ␃ࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྰ㸪ᅇࡢࢹ࣮ ࢱࡽࡣุ᩿࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ᚋ㸪ࡉࡽ㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ ࠾ࡼࡧホ౯⪅ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ✚ࡋ㸪ホ౯ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ ࡿⓎ㡢ୖࡢ≉ᚩࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡶ㸪 ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢほⓗホ౯ཎ⌮ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせ ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬㸳㸬ᚋࡢㄢ㢟
ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡢά⏝ ᚋ㸪つᶍࢆᣑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㞟ࡍࡿ ࡓࡵ㸪㞟ྜ▱ࡢά⏝㸪࠾ࡼࡧホ౯సᴗࡢ㈇ᢸ㍍ ῶ ࠸ ࠺ 2 Ⅼ ࡽ ࢡ ࣛ ࢘ ࢻ ࢯ ࣮ ࢩ ࣥ ࢢ 㸦crowdsourcing㸧ࡢά⏝ࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡣ㸪ᑓ㛛ᐙ࣭㠀ᑓ㛛ᐙࢆၥ ࢃࡎ≉ᐃከᩘࡢேࠎసᴗࡢධࢆಁࡋ㸪ㄢ ᅗ3-b ࣜࣆ࣮ࢺㄢ㢟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟ᩥ 10 㡢ኌᥦ౪⪅ 6 ྡࡢ biplot㢟ࢆฎ⌮ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛࠶ࡿ㸬సᴗࢆࢿࢵࢺୖ࡛ බ㛤࣭ඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪ከ✀ከᵝ࡞ேࠎࡢ㞟ྜ▱ ࢆ㞟✚ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦Ọ⏣2014㸸475㸪Ọ⏣ 2013㸸373㸧㸬㏻ᖖࡢᩍᐊᣦᑟ࡛ࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡ ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪୍ேࡢᩍᖌࡼࡿホ౯࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᮏ ◊✲ࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡣ㸪Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢⓎ㡢ᑐࡍࡿ୍ ⯡ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢホ౯ࢆࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡍࡿࡇ࡛ ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ≉ᐃከᩘࡢẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ㞟ྜ▱ࡼ ࡗ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡢ ཎ⌮࡞࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡲࡓ㸪≉ᐃከᩘࡢே≀ࡼࡿศᢸసᴗ࠸࠺ ഃ㠃ࡶᮏ◊✲ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬୍ᑐẚ㍑ἲࡣ㸪 ᮏ◊✲ࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࡼ࠺㸪ཝ᱁࡛Ᏻᐃ ࡋࡓホ౯್ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿⅬ࡛ඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪 ⥲ᙜࡓࡾ࣌ࡢẚ㍑ࡀ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ㄢ㢟ᩥ ホ౯ࡍࡁᏛ⩦⪅ࡢᩘࡀቑ࠼ࡿ㸪ẚ㍑ࡍࡁ࣌ ࡢᩘࡀ⃭ቑࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺㸬ᅇࡣ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡢ㈇ᢸ ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ㄢ㢟ᩥࡢᩘࢆ10 㝈ᐃࡋࡓࡀ㸪ホ౯ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣ㸪ẕㄒࡢ㡢ኌⓗ≉ᚩ࡞ࢆ⪃៖ධ ࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪Ⓨ㡢ㄗ⏝ࢆ⥙⨶ⓗᢳฟ࡛ࡁࡿㄢ㢟ᩥ ࢭࢵࢺࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ḟࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉࡋ࡚㸪 ⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅≉ᚩⓗ࡞Ⓨ㡢ࡢၥ㢟ࢆྵࡴㄢ㢟 ᩥ 40 ᩥࢆ 40 ྡࡢⱥㄒẕㄒヰ⪅㡢ㄞࡉࡏࡓ㡢 ኌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ⭾࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ୍ᑐẚ ㍑ࢆ୍ேࡢே㛫ࡀ⾜࠺ࡇࡣ㸪ホ౯సᴗࡢ㈇ᢸࢆ ⪃࠼ࡿᐇୖྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ⟇ࡋ࡚ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ ࡢά⏝ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ᚑ᮶㸪Ⓨ㡢ࡢホ౯࠸ࡗࡓ సᴗࡣ㸪㡢ኌᏛࡸゝㄒᏛࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࢆᚲせࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓࡓࡵ㸪㔞ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱฎ⌮ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ ࡋ㸪ホ౯⪅ࡢᆒ㉁ᛶࡀಖド࡛ࡁࢀࡤ㸪㔞ࡢ㡢ኌ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ」ᩘࡢホ౯⪅࡛ศᢸホ౯ࡋ㸪⤖ᯝࢆ⤫ྜ ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿ㸬ᅇࡢ୍ᑐẚ㍑ࡢㄪᰝ⤖ ᯝࡽ㸪ㄡࡀホ౯ࡋ࡚ࡶᏳᐃࡋࡓホ౯ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿ ࡇࡀࡦࡲࡎ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸪᪥ᮏㄒ ẕㄒヰ⪅࡛࠶ࢀࡤㄡ࡛ࡶጇᙜ࡞ホ౯ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ ࡿ௬ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ࡞࠾ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࡢᵓ⠏ᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪 ୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗࡽ㸪ホ౯⪅ᒓᛶ㸦ᖺ㱋㸪ᛶู㸪 ฟ㌟ᆅ㸪⫋ᴗ࡞㸧ࢆ☜ㄆࡋ㸪ホ౯⏝㡢ኌࣇ ࣝࢆࡾᙜ࡚ࡿࡇࡍࡿ㸬 ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᵓ⠏ ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢࢆᐇࡍࡿඛ❧ࡗ࡚㸪ࡲ ࡎࡣホ౯่⃭ࡢసᡂࢆ⾜࠺㸬㞟ࡋࡓᏛ⩦⪅ࡢㄢ 㢟ᩥㄞࡳୖࡆࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࢧ࣮ࣂ࣮ୖಖ⟶ࡋ㸪2 ่ ⃭1 ᑐࡢホ౯⏝㡢ኌࣇࣝࢆ⮬ືసᡂࡍࡿ㸬ホ ౯༠ຊ⪅ࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣂ࣮ୖಖ⟶ࡉࢀࡓホ౯⏝㡢 ኌࣇࣝࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆồࡵࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡁ㸪ホ ౯༠ຊ⪅㡢ኌࣇࣝࢆ 20㹼30 ⛬ᗘ࿊♧ࡋ㸪 ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆ୍ᑐẚ㍑࡛ホ౯ࡉࡏ㸪⤖ᯝࢆࢧ࣮ࣂ࣮ ୖ࡛ᅇࡍࡿ㸬ホ౯⪅ྛ⮬ࡀ➃ᮎࡽࢧ࣮ࣂ࣮ ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡤ㸪ሙᡤࡸ㛫㛵ࢃࡽࡎ㸪ホ౯స ᴗࢆᐇ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬㸦ᅗ4 ཧ↷㸧㸬 㔞ࡢศᢸసᴗࡀᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ㸪ᮏⓎ⾲ࡢࡼ ࠺࡞㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓ᮲௳࡛㸪ㄞࡳୖࡆ㡢ኌࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⤌ ࡳྜࢃࡏ㸪ホ౯⪅୍ᑐホ౯ࢆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺㸬ࡇࡢ ホ౯ࢹ࣮ࢱࡘ࠸࡚㸪MDPREF ࡼࡿホ౯್ࡢ
ẚ㍑ศᯒࢆ⾜࠸ (Okubo & Mayekawa 2015㸧㸪
Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢ㡢ኌᑐࡍࡿẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢホ౯ᙳ㡪ࢆ ࠼ࡿ㡢ኌⓗ≉ᚩࡑࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆศᯒࡋ㸪ホ౯ࢆ ୗࡆࡿ㡢ኌⓗ≉ᚩࢆᢳฟࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࢆᇶ㸪᪤Ꮡ ࡢ㡢ኌࢹ࣮ࢱ᪂ࡋ࠸㡢ኌࢆ㏣ຍࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㡢ኌ ่⃭ࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓ⤖ ᯝࢆ᭦᪂ࡍࡿᙧ࡛㸪ᴟ㝈ἲ㸦ᕷᕝ㸦1991㸧㸸158㸧 ࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿୖୗἲ㸦up-and-down method㸧ࢆ ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿ࡞ࡋ࡚㸪ホ౯⤖ᯝࡢ⮬᫂࡞࣌ࢆ ⮬ືⓗุ᩿ࡋ┬␎ࡍࡿ⤌ࡳࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ㸬ࡇࢀ ࡼࡾ㸪ホ౯ᑐ㇟่⃭ᩘࢆᢚ࠼ࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ ࡿ㸬 ᅇࡣ6 ྡࡢ㡢ኌࢹ࣮ࢱᑐࡍࡿ 5 ྡࡢホ౯⪅ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᢅ࠸㸪ホ౯ࡀጇᙜ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ☜ ㄆࡋࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ホ౯ᑐ㇟ࡣࢿࢸࣈ㸪ࢿࢸ ࣈỈ‽㸪እᅜேケࡾ࠶ࡾ࠸࠺㸪㐪࠸ࡢศࡾ ࡸࡍ࠸㡢ኌ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ホ౯ࡀ୍⮴ࡋࡸࡍࡗ ࡓ࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡣྰᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬ᚋࡣࡑࡢ୰㛫 ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㡢ኌࡶྵࡵࡓୖ࡛㸪⥙⨶ⓗᢅࡗ࡚࠸ ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓホ౯⪅㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ᖺ௦ࡸ⫋ ᴗ㸪ẕ᪉ゝ࡞ᖜࢆᗈࡆ࡞ࡀࡽࢹ࣮ࢱࢆቑࡸࡋホ ౯⪅ᒓᛶ೫ࡾࡀ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬 ᅗ4 ࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ࣓࣮ࢪᅗ
ཧ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࣜࢫࢺ ᮾὒ࣭ᒣṇ࣭ルᦶṊಇ࣭⸨Ọಖ㸦⦅㸧㸸ᚰ⌮⏝ ㄒࡢᇶ♏▱㆑㸸ᴫᛕࡢṇ☜࡞⌮ゎᩚ⌮㸪᭷ᩫ 㛶㸦1973㸧㸬 ᕷᕝఙ୍㸸ᚰ⌮ ᐃἲࡢᣍᚅ㸸 ᐃࡽࡳࡓᚰ ⌮Ꮫධ㛛㸪ࢧ࢚ࣥࢫ♫㸦1991㸧㸬 ᑠἙཎ⩏ᮁ㸸እᅜேࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࡢⓎ㡢ᑐࡍࡿ᪥ᮏ ேࡢホ౯㸪ᮾᏛᩥᏛ㒊᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⛉ㄽ㞟㸪 No.3㸪pp.1-12㸦1993㸧 ᑠụ┿⌮㸸Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢヰ⬟ຊᑐࡍࡿホ౯ぢࡽ ࢀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒᩍᖌ୍⯡᪥ᮏேࡢࡎࢀ㸸ึ⣭Ꮫ⩦ ⪅ࡢ฿㐩ᗘヨ㦂ࡢ࣮ࣟࣝࣉࣞᑐࡍࡿホ౯㸪 ᾏ 㐨 Ꮫ ␃ Ꮫ ⏕ ࢭ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ⣖ せ 㸪No.2 㸪 pp.138-156㸦1998㸧㸬 Ἑ㔝ಇஅ࣭ᯇᓮᐶ㸸୍⯡᪥ᮏே᪥ᮏㄒᩍᖌࡢ㡢 ኌホ౯ࡢᕪ␗㸪᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱᪉ἲ◊✲ㄅ㸪Vol.5, No.2㸪pp.24-25㸦1998㸧㸬 Ⱚ♸㡰࣭Ώ㒊ὒ࣭▼ሯᬛ୍㸸⤫ィ⏝ㄒ㎡㸪᪂᭙ ♫㸦1984㸧㸬 ᅵᒱဴ㸸⪺ࡁᡭࡢᅜ㝿㸪᪥ᮏㄒᏛ㸪Vol.13㸪 pp.74-80㸦1994㸧㸬 Ọᓮ◊ᐉ㸸᪥ᮏㄒࢡࣛ࢘ࢻࢯ࣮ࢩࣥࢢ⩻้ྥࡅ ࡚㸸≉㞟ࢹࢪࢱࣝ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ㸪ሗࡢ⛉Ꮫ ᢏ⾡㸪Vol.64㸪No.11㸪pp.475-480㸦2014㸧㸬 Ọᓮ◊ᐉ㸸ேᩥᏛศ㔝ࢧࣂ࣮ࣥࣇࣛࢫࢺࣛ ࢡࢳ࣮ࣕ㸸ࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢸ࣮ࢬ࠾ ࡅࡿ⌧≧ㄢ㢟㸪ሗࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡㸪Vol.63㸪 No.9㸪pp.369-376㸦2013㸧㸬 ᯇᓮᐶ㸸Ⓨ㡢ホ౯◊✲㛵ࡍࡿぬ᭩㸪Ꮫ࠾ࡅ ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱ࡢᵓ⠏ᒎ㛤㸪ࡦࡘࡌ᭩ᡣ㸪 pp.297-309㸦2007㸧㸬 Ώ㎶⿱⨾࣭ᯇᓮᐶ㸸Ⓨ㡢ホ౯ࡢ┦㐪㸸᪥ᮏேᩍᖌ࣭ ࣟࢩேᩍᖌ୍࣭⯡᪥ᮏேࡢẚ㍑㸪᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱㸪 No.159㸪pp.61-75㸦2014㸧㸬
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