Quantum Mechanical Approach to Brain Function 㻌
ᑠ
ᑠ ᓥ 㻌 ẚ ࿅ ᚿ
㻌 Hiroshi KOJIMA 㻌 ⋢ᕝᏛᕤᏛ㒊⬻࣭⚄⤒ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᐊ ᮾி㒔⏫⏣ᕷ⋢ᕝᏛᅬ Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Engineering, Tamagawa University,6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen Machida-shi Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
Abstract
Understanding how the brain works, for example, consciousness and quail, is the great challenge facing modern science. How mental world is based on the contemporary neurobiology of the brain is essentially fascinating and significant subject which has been intensively under investigation recently. Many researchers from a variety of scientific backgrounds such as physiology, neurology, physics, engineering and mathematics are being drawn to this field named neuroscience. Historically, descriptions about the brain function could go back to the ancient Egyptian era when the surgical operations to prepare mammies were conducted for the funeral ceremony of Pharaohs. The millstone of the history for searching mind was originated from the philosophical view point introduced by Renƴ Descartes who proposed “Cartesian dualism” in 17th century. In the present
article, we cast light on the results of recent investigations concerning the brain function such as consciousness and qualia which are being carried out specially by applying Quantum Mechanics. One of the most important topics in these fascinating researches was proposed in a book entitled “Emperor’s New Mind” written in 1997 by English physicist Roger Penrose. He proposed that the G ሷ del’s Incompleteness Theorems and Quantal Mechanics play important roles in the consciousness by developing his idea in comparison with the strong Artificial Intelligence (strong AI). However, his unique idea still remains under discussion. Recently, several interesting studies about biological phenomenon such as photosynthesis, enzyme function etc. have been partly succeeded by applying Quantal Mechanics to their microscopic mechanisms. Especially, ion channels, which are composed of proteins and the elementary functional units for producing electrical signals (action potentials and synaptic potentials) that are basic substrates for the functions of the central nervous system, are investigated. Ionic channels inserted in the neuron membrane have several characteristic properties, for example, ion permeability, selectivity, and conductance that are usually examined experimentally by electrophysiological techniques.
Furthermore, the inside of the ion channel through which ions pass from outside to inside of the neuron and vice versa has been surrounded by atoms and molecules located at the inner wall of channel proteins. Bernroider performed a quantum mechanical simulation of an ion passing through an ion channel, and discovered that the ion is delocalized when it travels through the channel: more of a coherent wave than a particle. Other possible examples of neural processes that could be treated by quantum mechanical approach are presented in this article.
Keywords: Neuroscience, Renƴ Descartes, Roger Penrose, Gሷdel’s Incompleteness Theorems, Quantum Mechanics, Microtubule, Ion Channel
11. ᗎᗎㄽ ⌧௦ࡢ⬻⛉Ꮫࡣከࡃࡢ㛵㐃ศ㔝ࢆྵࢇࡔ」ྜ 㡿ᇦࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠕ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫࠖࡼࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⏕⌮Ꮫ⪅ࠊ⮫ᗋ⚄⤒Ꮫ⪅ࠊ⌮ᕤᏛ⪅ࠊ ဴᏛ⪅࡞ᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡼࡿ」ᩘࡢど Ⅼࡽࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽ◊ ✲ࡢᇶ♏⛉Ꮫࡋ࡚ࡢ᭱⤊┠ⓗࡣࠊࠕ⬻ෆࡢ⚄⤒ ⏕≀Ꮫⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ほⓗព㆑ ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢࠊ࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽ㋃ ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠕ≀⌮ἲ๎ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ≀㉁ࡢୡ⏺ࡀࡇࡇࢁࡢほⓗ⤒㦂ࢆ⏕ࡳ ฟࡍ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢゎ࡛᫂ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊேཱྀቑຍ ࡸࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢⓎ㐩క࠺」㞧ࡋࡓ⌧௦♫ ࡛ࡣࠊ࠺ࡘࡸ⢭⚄ᝈࡀࡁ࡞ㄢ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㧗㱋⪅ࡢቑຍࡶࣝࢶࣁ࣐࣮ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄆ▱࡞ࡶ♫ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ഃ㠃ࡽ⮫ᗋ་Ꮫࡋ࡚ࡢ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ ࡁ࡞ᮇᚅࡀ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㏆ࡢ◊✲ࡢ࡞࡛ࡶ ⌮ㄽⓗ᪉㠃ࡽࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ㔞Ꮚ ຊᏛ࡛ࠖព㆑࡞ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆゎ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࠸ ࠺◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㦂ⓗ᳨ドࡶ࠶ࡲࡾ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ ࡀࠊ㠃ⓑ࠸⪃࠼᪉ࢆᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽㄝ࡛ࡣ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ෆᐜࡢ୍㒊ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋ 22. ᚰᚰయࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ⪃ᐹࡢ➃⥴ 2.1. ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ௨๓ࡢ⬻ᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ ᩥ⊩ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶྂࡃ⬻㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢグ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿ ࡢࡣࠊ⣖ඖ๓ 16~15 ୡ⣖ࣃࣆࣝࢫୖグࡉࢀࡓ ྂ ௦ ࢚ ࢪ ࣉ ࢺ ་ Ꮫ ᭩ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠗ Edwin Smith Papyrus: ࢚ࢻ࢚࣭࢘ࣥࢫ࣑ࢫ࣭ࣃࣆࣝࢫ࠘ࡸ ࠗEbers Papyrus: ࢚࣮࣋ࣝࢫ࣭ࣃࣆࣝࢫ࡛࠘࠶ ࡿ(1)ࠋྂ௦࢚ࢪࣉࢺ࡛ࡣ࣑ࣛࢆ〇సࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㛵 ಀୖࠊࣄࢺࡢゎ๗ࡀ࠾ࡇ࡞ࢃࢀ⬻ࡢᏑᅾࡶ▱ࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣄࢺࡢゎ๗ࡢఏ⤫ࡣ࣊ࣞ ࢽࢬ࣒௦ࡢࣞ࢟ࢧࣥࢻࣜཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࠊࡇ ࡇ࡛ࡣࣄࢺࡢ⬻ࡢゎ๗ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢグ㘓 ࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(2)ࠋ ᅗ 1. ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡢ⫝̸ീ⏬ (Pierre Roche Vigneron ࡼࡿ)
࢚ࢪࣉࢺ௨ᚋࠊࢠࣜࢩࣕࡢ௦⾲ⓗ⮬↛ဴᏛ⪅ࡢ ࡦࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࡞ࡣࠊᚰࡢാࡁࡣ ᚰ⮚࠶ࡿࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࢠࣜ ࢩࣕࡢ་Ꮫ⪅࡛ᚋୡࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ་Ꮫࡁ࡞ ᙳ 㡪 ࢆ ࠼ ࡓ Hippocrates ( ࣄ ࣏ ࢡ ࣛ ࢸ ࢫ ࠊ BC460-BC370) ࡣࠊ⬻ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ᪤ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ⬻ࡢാࡁ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ⌧௦࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㏻⏝ࡍ ࡿグ㏙ࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(3)ࠋࡉࡽ࣮࣐ࣟ㈼ᖇࡢ୍ ே࡛ࠗ⮬┬㘓࠘ࡢⴭ⪅ࡶ࠶ࡿ Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࣭࢘ࣞࣜ࢘ࢫࠊ121~180) ࡢ་࡛࠶ࡗࡓ Claudius Galenus (ࢡࣛ࢘ࢹ ࢘ࢫ࣭࢞ࣞࣀࢫࠊ129-260) ࡣ」ᩘ✀ࡢື≀ࡢゎ ๗ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⬻ࢆྵࡴ⏕యࡢ⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡢᛮࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋ⥅⪅ ࡼࡗ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ୰ୡࡸࣛࣅ♫ࡲ࡛ ࡶ⥆ࡃࡁ࡞ᶒጾࡋ࡚ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࢀࡽࡢᚰ ࡢാࡁࡣ⬻࠶ࡿࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊయᾮࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ ྛ⮚ჾ࡛⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡿ 3 ✀㢮ࡢࣉࢿ࣐࢘ (⢭⚄ࣉࢿ ࣐࢘ࠊ⏕ࣉࢿ࣐࢘ࠊ⮬↛ࣉࢿ࣐࢘) ࡞ࡢᐇែ ࡢ࡞࠸ᴫᛕࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࡳ་ᏛⓗほⅬࡽゝ࠼ࡤṇ ☜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫẚ㍑ࡍࡿ ⌧௦ⓗどⅬ࡛ぢ࡚ࡶ༑ศ㏻⏝ࡍࡿ⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢࣉࢿ࣐࢘ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ⢭Ẽࠖࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡣࣄࢺࡢ ⬻ࢆゎ๗ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࣄࢶࢪࡢ⬻ぢࡽࢀࡿ ࠕ⥙ࠖࡼࡤࢀࡿ㒊࡛ࠊయᾮ⢭⚄ࣉࢿ࣐࢘ ࡀ࠼ࡽࢀ≉Ṧ࡞ാࡁࢆ⾜࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ (ᅗ 1, 2. ཧ↷)(2) (4)ࠋ ᅗ 2. ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡢ⪃࠼ࡓேయᵓ㐀 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒㐣ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ⬻ᚰࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄽ ࡌࡿ㝿ࠊṔྐⓗࡳࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢဴᏛ⪅ Renƴ Descartes (ࣝࢿ࣭ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࠊ1596-1650) ࡀ୍ࡘ ࡢ⠇┠࡞ࡿࠋࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ௨๓ࡣࠊᚰ㌟ၥ㢟ࡀ✺ࡁ ワࡵ࡚⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀ௨ᚋ୰ୡ ࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛ࠊᙼࡽ (ࣄ࣏ࢡࣛࢸࢫࡸ࢞ࣞࣀࢫ) ࡢ ࣉࢿ࣐࢘యᾮㄝࡀᶒጾ࠶ࡿᐃㄝࡋ࡚ࡼࡋ ࡶᝏࡋࡁࡶࡘࡅཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୰ୡࡢ⬻ ࡢグ㏙࡛ࡣࠊ⬻ࡣࡦࡻ࠺ࡓࢇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 3 ಶࡢ⌫≧ ࡢ㒊ᒇศࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᵓ㐀ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ ࠾࠸࡚ឤぬሗࡼࡿඹឤぬࠊุ᩿ࡸឤࠊグ ᠈࡞ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺༢⣧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࣇࣛࣈࣝࢢᏛ࡛Ꮫࢇࡔ Gregorius Reisch (ࢢࣞࢦࣜ࢘ࢫ࣭ࣛࢩࣗࠊ1407-1525) ࡀ 1503 ᖺห⾜ࡋࡓࠗဴᏛࡢ┿⌔࠘࠸࠺᭩⡠(5)ࡶ⬻ ࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᅗࡀ㍕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ 3 ࡘࡢࡦ ࡻ࠺ࡓࢇᵓ㐀ࡀᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (ᅗ 3 ཧ↷)(2)ࠋ ࡢ㧗ྡ ࡞ࢱࣜࡢ⏬ᐙ࡛࠶ ࡿ Leonard Da Vinci (ࣞ࢜ࢼࣝࢻ࣭ࢲ࣭ࣦࣥࢳࠊ1452-1518) ࡣࠊ ከࡃࡢேయゎ๗ᅗࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊึᮇࡢࡶࡢࡣ ീ࡛ᥥࢀࡓ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᅗ 4 ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ⬻ࡢ ゎ๗ᅗ࡛ࡣࠊဴᏛࡢ┿⌔ྠࡌ 3 ࡘࡢࡦࡻ࠺ࡓࢇ ᵓ㐀ࢆ↓ᢈุྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᙼࡣᚋ ᮇ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ་Ꮫ⪅ࡶゎ๗❧ࡕ࠸ẚ ㍑ⓗṇ☜࡞ேయゎ๗ᅗࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅗ 3. ୰ୡ࡛ࡢࣄࢺ⬻ᵓ㐀 (ဴᏛࡢ┿⌔ࡼࡾ)
ᅗ 4. ࢲ࣭ࣦࣥࢳࡢ⬻ᵓ㐀ࢫࢣࢵࢳ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒⦋ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡢゎ๗ Ꮫ⪅ Andreas Vesalius (ࣥࢻࣞࢫ࣭ࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ ࢘ࢫࠊ1514-1564) ࡀࠊ⬻ࢆྵࡴ୰ᯡ⚄⤒⣔ࡢṇ ☜࡞ゎ๗ᅗࢆ 1543 ᖺห⾜ࡢⴭ᭩ࠗDe humani corporis fabricaࠊࣇࣈࣜ࢝࠘ࡸࡑࡢ㘓࡛࠶ࡿ ࠗEpitomeࠊ࢚ࣆࢺ࣮࣓࠘ࡢ࡞࡛ṧࡍࡼ࠺࡞ ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ (ᅗ 5, 6. ཧ↷)(6)ࠋ ᅗ 5. ࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫࡢ⫝̸ീ⏬ (ࣇࣈࣜ࢝) ᙼࡣࢱࣜࡢࣃࢻࣦᏛ࡛༤ኈྕࢆྲྀᚓࡋ ࡓᚋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ゎ๗Ꮫእ⛉Ꮫࡢᩍᤵ௵ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᚑ᮶ゎ๗Ꮫࡢㅮ⩏ࡣᏛࡢᩍᤵࡀ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡢࢸ ࢟ࢫࢺࢆㄞࡳࠊᐇ㝿ࡢゎ๗ࡣᗋᒇ࣭་⪅ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡉࡽᙼࡣࡑࡢㅮ⩏ࢫࢱࣝࢆኚ࠼ࡓࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⮬ࡽࡀㅮ⩏ゎ๗ࡶྠᏛ⏕ࡢ๓࡛ ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࡢゎ๗ᅗࡀࣄࢺࡢゎ๗ࡼࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊື≀ࡢゎ๗ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ ࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫࡣ᭱ึᣦࡋࡓࠋᙼࡢࡑࡢゎ๗Ꮫ ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢྡኌࡀୖࡀࡿࡘࢀࠊᅃேࡢṚฮᇳ⾜ ࢆ⾜࠺㝿ࡣࠊṚయࢆゎ๗࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ ุᐁࡀࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫࡢࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝྜࢃࡏ ࡚Ṛฮᇳ⾜ࢆࡋࡓࡲ࡛ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅗ 6. 1543 ᖺห⾜ࡢࠕࣇࣈࣜ࢝ࠖࡢ⾲⣬ ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡣࠊ⏕యࡢാࡁࢆ≀⌮ᏛࡸᏛ࠸ࡗ ࡓ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ᶵᲔㄽⓗ㸦࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒୰ᚰ㸧 ᫂ࡽ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢᶵᲔ ࡛࠶ࡾ≀㉁࡛࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㌟యࢆ≀㉁ࡣูࡢࡶ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᚰࡀࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞స⏝ࡼࡗ࡚ືࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡶヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡇࡽᚰ ㌟యࡣูࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼⮳ࡾࠊ᪥ࡲ ࡛ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓᚰ㌟ඖㄽࢆ ၐ࠼ࡓࠋ
22.1. ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ௨ᚋࡢ⬻ᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺ே㛫ࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᛮ⪃⬟ຊ ὀ┠ࡋࠊ⮬↛ࡸࡶࡢࢆࡇࡢᛮ⪃⬟ຊࢆࡓࡼࡾ ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ⌮ᛶᚑࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺ࡇࡇࢁࡳ ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ ⱥᅜࡢ Francis Bacon ( ࣇ ࣛ ࣥ ࢩ ࢫ ࣭ ࣋ ࣮ ࢥ ࣥ ࠊ 1561-1626) ࡶ㏆௦௨ᚋࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ᪉ἲ ㄽࡢᇶ♏ⓗᴫᛕ࡞ࡾࠊ௨ᚋࡢ Issac Newton ( ࢨࢵࢡ࣭ࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥࠊ1642-1727) ࡸ Claude Bernard (ࢡ࣮ࣟࢻ࣭࣋ࣝࢼ࣮ࣝࠊ1813-1878) ࡞ ࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋ≉ྠࡌ ࣇࣛࣥࢫே࡛࠶ࡿࢡ࣮ࣟࢻ࣭࣋ࣝࢼ࣮ࣝࡢࠕᐇ㦂 ་Ꮫᗎㄝࠖ࡞ࡢⴭ᭩ࡣࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ┤᥋ⓗぢࡿ ࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋ௨ᚋࠊ⏕యࢆ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ ࡚ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙼࡢᚰ㌟ ඖㄽࡢᙳ㡪࡛ᚰࡢၥ㢟ࡢࡳࡣࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟ ࡋ࡚࠶ࡘ࠺ࡇࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋ ᅗ 7. ࣝࢿ࣭ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ (Frans Hals ⏬) ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡢࡇࡢ⏕యᶵᲔㄽᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓ⮬ ↛⛉ᏛୖࡢⓎぢࡋ࡚ࠊྠ௦ࡢⱥᅜࡢ་ᖌ William Harvey (࣒࣭࢘ࣜࣁ࣮ࣦ࢙ࠊ 1578-1657) ࡢ⾑ᾮᚠ⎔ㄝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࢞ࣞ ࣀࢫ௨᮶ࡢ࡞యᾮㄝᇶ࡙ࡃ⏕⌮Ꮫࢆそ ࡋࠊ⾑ᾮࡀᚰ⮚ࡽ㏦ࡾฟࡉࢀື⬦ࡑࡋ࡚㌟ࢆ ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚㟼⬦ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᚰ⮚ࡶࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᚠ⎔ ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿ⣧⢋⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞Ⓨぢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࢹ࢝ࣝࢺ⮬㌟ࡶ⏕యࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒⯆ࢆ ࡶࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏆ᡤࡢ⫗ᒇࡽ∵ࡢ║⌫ࢆࡶࡽࡗ࡚ ᮶࡚ࠊどぬࡢ◊✲ࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࢆ⮬㌟࡛ゎ๗ࡋ࡚ ࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ◊✲ࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ࣄࢺࡣࡘࡢ║ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ ᐇ㝿ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿീࡣ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ⬻ෆ ࡘࡢ║⌫ࡽධࡗ࡚ࡃࡿእ⏺ࡢീࢆ⤫୍ࡍࡿ ሙᡤࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࠊࠕᯇᯝయࠖࢆࡑࡢሙᡤ ᥎ ࡋࡓ(7)ࠋࡉࡽࡇࡢᯇᯝయࡣᚰ≀⌮ⓗᇶ┙ ࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㌟యࡀ┦స⏝ࡍࡿሙᡤࡋ࡚ࡶ ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ (ᅗ 7, 8. ཧ↷)ࠋ ᅗ 8. ேయᶵᲔㄽᯇᯝయ (ே㛫ㄽ 1648 ᖺห) ᙜࡢࣉࣇࣝࢶබዪ࢚࣮ࣜࢨ࣋ࢺ㸦ࣉࣇࣝࢶ 㑅ᖇࣇ࣮ࣜࢻࣜࣄ 5 ୡࡢ㛗ዪ㸧ࡣࠊᙼࡢⴭసࢆ ㄞࢇ࡛ၥᛮ࠺Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࢆࡼࡃ⌮ゎࡋࡼ ࠺ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺᡭ⣬ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢᡭ⣬ࡢ㊃᪨ࡣࠊ ≀㉁࡛࡞࠸⢭⚄ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚≀㉁࡛࠶ࡿ⫗ యാࡁࡅࡇࢀࢆືࡍࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡢࠊ ࠸࠺⣲ᮔ࡛࠶ࡿࡀᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ(8)ࠋࡇࢀ ࢆࡁࡗࡅࡋࡓ࠾࠸ࡢ᭩⡆ࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾࡣࠊࢹ ࢝ࣝࢺࡀᚰ㌟ၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚῝ࡃ⪃࠼ࡿዎᶵ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗグ㏙ྍ⬟ ࡞ࠕ≀⌮ⓗᐇᅾࠖ⛉Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼ ࡞࠸ᙼࡀ⪃࠼ࡓᚰ࠸࠺ࠕ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ᐇᅾࠖࢆ᫂ ☜༊ูࡋ࡚ࠊᚰ㌟ඖㄽࢆᐃᘧࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋ ࡇࡢࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡢᚰ㌟ඖㄽࡀࠊ⢭⚄ࡸព㆑ࢆ⮬↛
⛉Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟ࡢእ⨨ࡃ࠸࠺⌧௦ࡲ࡛ᙉ࠸ᙳ㡪 ࢆཬࡰࡍཎᅉ࡞ࡗࡓ(9)ࠋ ⌧௦ධࡿከᩘࡢ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡣព㆑ࡸࢡ ࢜ࣜ࡞ࡢᚰࡢാࡁࡣ⬻࠶ࡿࡢ⪃࠼ (୍ゝ ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿ୍ඖㄽࡼࡤࢀࡿ) ࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡋࡋࡑࡢヲ⣽࡞⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡞ࡿ ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶࡼࡃ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ ἣࡢୗ࡛ࠊ⬻ࡢാࡁࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࡣࡓࡋ࡚⌧ᅾᡭ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࢧ࢚ࣥࢫ (⏕≀ᏛࠊᏛࠊ≀ ⌮ᏛࠊᩘᏛ࡞) ࡛⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࠺ࠊ ࠸࠺ࡼࡾᇶᮏⓗ࡞ၥ࠸ࡅࢆࡍࡿ◊✲ࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚ ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊୖグࡢ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫ⪅௨እဴᏛ⪅ࠊ ᩘ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡸᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅࡞ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠺ ࡕࠊࡁ࡞ㄽதࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᚑ᮶ࡢどⅬࡣ␗ ࡞ࡿどⅬࡽㄽࡌࡽࢀࠊ୍ࡘࡢዎᶵ࡞ࡗࡓ⪃࠼ ᪉ࢆᥦฟࡋࡓ◊✲⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥᅜ࢜ࢵࢡࢫࣇ࢛࣮ ࢻᏛࡢᩘ⌮≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ Roger Penrose (ࣟࢪࣕ ࣮࣭࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࠊ1931~) ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢ⠇࡛ᙼ ࡢᥦၐࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ 33. ≀≀⌮Ꮫ⬻⛉Ꮫ 3.1. ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡼࡿၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡀࠊࠗⓚᖇࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᚰ --- ࢥࣥࣆࣗ ࣮ࢱ࣭ᚰ࣭≀⌮ἲ๎࠘ࢆ 1989 ᖺฟ∧ࡋ࡚ࠊព ㆑ࡸᚰࢆ≀⌮ἲ๎࡛⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࡀὀ ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ(10)ࠋᙼࡣࠊࣥࢩࣗࢱ ࣥࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ┦ᑐᛶ⌮ㄽࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡣ୕ࡘࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍␒┠ ࡣࠕ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫ̺࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬ㆟ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ␒┠ ࡣࠕ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡢணࠖࡶࡼࡿᙼ⊂⮬ࡢ⪃࠼ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୕␒┠ࡣࠊ␒┠ࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࠕࢽ࣮ࣗࣟ ࣥෆࡢᚤᑠჾᐁࢆព㆑ࡢලయⓗ࡞ሙࠖࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤 ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣୖグࡢⴭ᭩ࡑࡢ⥆⦅ ࡛࠶ࡿࠗᚰࡢᙳ࠘ࡢ୰࡛ྠᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ (11)ࠊ୍␒┠␒┠ࡢㄽⅬࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗࡣูࡢၥ 㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ (␒┠) ࠾࠸࡚⌧ᅾࡢ㔞Ꮚຊ Ꮫࢆᡂࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀព㆑࡞ࢆ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡛᫂ ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࣏ࣥࢺ࡞ࡿᙉㄪࡋ࡚ࠊ௨ ᚋࡢከᵝ࡞ศ㔝ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࢇࡔㄽதࡢᘬ ࡁ㔠࡞ࡗࡓ(12), (13)ࠋ ୍␒┠ࡢ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫ̺࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ࢜ࢵ ࢡࢫࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡢဴᏛ⪅ John R. Lucas (ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥ ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫࠊ1929-) ࡼࡗ࡚᭱ึᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ 1960 ᖺ௦ࡢㄽᩥࡲ࡛㐳ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ(14)ࠋࡇ ࡢ࣮ࣝ࢝ࢫࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᗘάࡉࡏࡓࡢࡀ࣌ࣥࣟ ࣮ࢬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᩘᏛᇶ♏ㄽ࠾࠸࡚࣮࢜ࢫ ࢺࣜࡢᩘᏛ⪅ Kurt Gሷdel (ࢡࣝࢺ࣭ࢤ࣮ࢹࣝࠊ 1906-1978) ࡀ 1930 ᖺⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠕᛶᐃ ⌮ࠖࡼࡤࢀࡿᩘᏛࡢᇶ♏ㄽ㛵ࡍࡿᐃ⌮㛵㐃 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢤ࣮ࢹࣝᛶᐃ⌮ࢆ୍ゝ࡛⾲ ⌧ࡍࡿࠕ࠶ࡿ⟬⾡ㄽ⌮య⣔ࡢ୰ࡣࠊබ⌮ࡽ ฟⓎࡋ࡚ド࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢࠕ┿࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ 㢟ࡀࠊࡑࡢ⟬⾡య⣔ࡢ୰Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠺᰿ᮏ ⓗ࡞㝈⏺ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࠕࡓ࠼ ࠶ࡿ୍㐃ࡢἲ๎ࡢࡶ࡛ࡘࡃࡽࢀࡓ࠶ࡿ㢟ࡀ ド᫂ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆࢤ࣮ࢹࣝࡢᐃ⌮ࡀ♧ࡋ ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊูࡢ୍㐃ࡢἲ๎ (ே㛫ࡢ⬻࡞) ࡣࠊ ࡑࡢ㢟ࡢ┿ഇࡀูࡢ୍㐃ࡢἲ๎ (┤ほ࡞) ࡼࡾุᐃྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ ࢃࡕࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࠕࢳ࣮ࣗࣜࣥࢢ࣭࣐ ࢩ࣮ࣥࠖࡼࡗ࡚ࡣỴᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞㢟ࡀᏑ ᅾࡋࠊே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡣࡑࢀࡀุᐃྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ ࢆᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡸព㆑ ࡣࠊࠕᙉ࠸ேᕤ▱⬟㸸strong Artificial Intelligence (strong AI)ࠖ ࡛࠶ࡿ୍✀ࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࣝࢦ ࣜࢬ࣒ࡔࡍࡿぢゎࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ᙉ࠸ேᕤ▱⬟ࡣࠊ㐺ษࣉࣟࢢ ࣒ࣛࢆ⤌ࡲࢀࡓࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡣࠊᚰⓗ≧ែࢆࢩ࣑ ࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡁࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊព㆑ࡸࢡ࢜ࣜ ࡞ࡢᚰࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡢ㆟ㄽࡼࢀࡤࠊே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡣࢥࣥࣆࣗ ࣮ࢱ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࡇࢀࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶㄽதࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠾ࡾỴ╔ࡀࡘ࠸ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ␒┠ࡢ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬணࡣࠊ⬻ࢆ⛉Ꮫⓗ⌮
ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ⮬↛⛉Ꮫⓗᡭἲ࡛ࡣ༑ ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛ (⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶࡲࡔ࡞せ⣲ ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀ) ࢃࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞᪂ࡋ࠸⛉Ꮫࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡢᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬணࡣࠊࡉࡽ 3 ࡘࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡽ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(1) ⬻ࡢാࡁࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࢽ ࣮ࣗࢺࣥຊᏛࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྂⓗ࡞≀⌮Ꮫ㔞Ꮚຊ Ꮫࡢ୰㛫㡿ᇦࡢ≀⌮Ꮫࡀ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿ 㒊ศࠋ(2) ḟࡑࡢ୰㛫㡿ᇦࡢ≀⌮Ꮫࡀࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ᥎ ࡛ࠊ㔜ຊࢆྵࡴ⤫୍ሙࡢ ⌮ㄽࡀᡂࡍࡿࡇࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛྂ≀⌮Ꮫ ࡢ㛫ࡢࢫ࣒࣮ࢫ࡞ᶫΏࡋࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢᙇࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ㒊ศࠋ(3) ᐇ㝿ࡢ⬻ࡢ୰࡛㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗ࡞㐣⛬ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙᡤ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣჾᐁࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㒊ศࠋ ᅗ 9. ⬻ෆࡢᚤᑠ⟶࣮ࣔࢱ࣭ࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ (ᅗࡣ Chlo݁ƴ OKUNO ࡼࡿ) ᙼࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ୕␒┠┦ᙜࡍࡿ㒊ศࡣࠊୖ グ␒┠ࡢࠕ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬணࠖࡢᑠ㡯┠ (3)ྠ ࡌෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⏕≀Ꮫⓗෆᐜ῝ࡃ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⊂❧ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⬻ࡢࢽ ࣮ࣗࣟࣥෆ࠶ࡿᗄఱᏛⓗᩚࡗࡓᙧ≧ࢆࡶࡘ ࠕᚤᑠ⟶㸸࣐ࢡ࣭ࣟࢳ࣮ࣗࣈࣝࠖࡼࡤࢀࡿᵓ 㐀ࡀࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ࣓࢝ࢽ ࢬ࣒ࡼࡗ࡚ാࡃព㆑࡞ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿ ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࡢᙇࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ ࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࡣ⡿ᅜࣜࢰࢼᏛࡢ㯞㓉Ꮫ⪅ Stuart Hameroff (ࢫࢳ࣮ࣗࢺ࣭ࣁ࣓ࣟࣇࠊ1947~) ඹྠ࡛ᥦฟࡋࡓ௬ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࡣࡕࠊࡇࡢࢽࣗ ࣮ࣟࣥෆࡢἼື㛵ᩘࡢ⦰㐣⛬ࡀព㆑ࡢⓎ⏕ 㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙼࡽࡣᥦၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 6 ࢽࣗ ࣮ࣟࣥ㍈⣴ෆࡢᚤᑠ⟶ࡢാࡁࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࢆࡲ ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ࢟ࢿࢩࣥࡸࢲࢽࣥ ࡼࡤࢀࡿ࣮ࣔࢱ࣭ࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࡀ࣮ࣞࣝ┦ᙜࡍ ࡿᚤᑠ⟶ୖࢆ⛣ືࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥෆ࡛⚄ ⤒ఏ㐩≀㉁ࡸ௦ㅰ⏘≀࡞ࡢ≀㉁ࡢ㍺㏦ࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿ (ᅗ 9 ཧ↷)(15)ࠋ 33.2. ⬻⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᚲせᛶ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡢᙇ ࡣࠊព㆑㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿ⪃࠼ ᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺㔞ᏊຊᏛࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ ᮍᡂ࡞ᙧᘧ࡛ࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛ࠸࠺ព࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ⌧ᅾࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆ㉸࠼ࡓࡇࢁᏑᅾࡍࡿࡼࡾ ᡂࡉࢀࡓព࡛ࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ᰿ᣐࢆࡶ࠺୍ᗘᩚ⌮ࡍࡿ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡿࠋ ࠕព㆑ࡣᗈ࠸ព࡛ࡢィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣉࣟࢭ ࢫࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ---Æࠕ≀⌮ࡢྂⓗ࡞ἲ ๎ࡣࠊࡇࡢᗈ⩏ࡢィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣྵࡲ ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡣᗈ⩏ࡢィ⟬ ྍ⬟࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠖ ---Æࠕ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᗈ⩏ࡢィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣉࣟ ࢭࢫࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊព㆑ࡣࠊ㔞 ᏊຊᏛࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠕィ⟬ྍ⬟ᛶࠖ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ࣮࢟ ࣏ࣥࢺࡋ࡚ࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛព㆑࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀㄽ ⌮ୖᚲ↛ⓗ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࡇࡢ㔞 ᏊຊᏛ࠾࠸࡚ィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡋ࡚⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡀἼື㛵ᩘࡢᔂቯ (⦰) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑ ࡗ࡚ࠊព㆑ࡢᮏ㉁ࡣἼື㛵ᩘࡢ⦰ࡀィ⟬ྍ ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟࠊᐇ㝿⬻ࡢ୰࡛㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀ㛵㐃ࡋࡑ࠺࡞ (≉Ἴື㛵ᩘࡢ⦰) ᵓ㐀ࡸ⌧㇟ࡣࢇ࡞ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ ࠸࡚࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡣඛฟ࡚ࡁࡓࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥෆ㒊
ࡢᚤᑠᵓ㐀≀࡛࠶ࡿᚤᑠ⟶ࡀࡑࢀ┦ᙜࡍࡿ ᥦၐࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ⏕≀Ꮫ⪅ࡽ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ (⏕≀ࡢෆ㒊࡛ࡣࠊ࿘ᅖ ᏑᅾࡍࡿከᩘࡢศᏊࡽࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞స⏝ࡸࡲ ࡓᐊ ㏆࠸ ᗘ⎔ቃࡼࡗ࡚ࢹࢥࣄ࣮ࣞࣥࢫ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࡸࡍ࠸࡞) ࡲ࡛ࢆྵࡴከࡃࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ ࡾၥ㢟Ⅼࡢከ࠸௬ㄝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 33.3. 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ᪥ᖖឤぬࡽࡎࢀࡓወጁ࡞ᛶ㉁ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛Ἴື㛵ᩘࡢ⦰࡞ࢆྵࡴ㔞ᏊຊᏛ ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⚄⤒ ⏕≀Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽ᭱ప㝈ᚲせ࡞⛬ᗘࡢ᪥ᖖ⏕ά ࡽࡣࡎࢀࡓ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᛶ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚ࡲࡵ࡚࠾ ࡃࠋࡇࡢ᪥ᖖឤぬࡽࡎࢀࡓወጁ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡣ௨ୗ ࡢ 4 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ (1) Ἴື⢏Ꮚࡢ㔜ᛶ (2) ࢺࣥࢿࣝຠᯝ (3) 㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏ (4) ࢚ࣥࢱࣥࢢ࣓ࣝࣥࢺ㸸㔞Ꮚࡶࡘࢀ ௨ୖࡢᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࢆຍ࠼ࡿ๓㔞ᏊຊᏛ ࡢᡂࡾ❧ࡕࡘ࠸࡚⡆༢ㄝ᫂ࢆ௨ୗ⾜࠺(16), (17)ࠋ 19 ୡ⣖ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ≀⌮Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ࡞Ⓨぢ ࡀ 4 ࡘ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚㉳ࡇࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ㹖⥺ࠊ 㟁Ꮚࠊࢮ࣮࣐ࣥຠᯝࠊᨺᑕ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ ࢀࡶᐇ㦂ⓗⓎぢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢⓎぢࢆዎᶵࡋ࡚ ᚤどⓗ࡞ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝࡢ≀⌮Ꮫࡢ㛵ᚰࡀ୍Ẽ 㧗ࡲࡾࠊཎᏊᑐࡍࡿࢹࡀ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡞ ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ(18)ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ20 ୡ⣖ࡢึࡵ࡞㯮య ࢆ⇕ࡋࡓ㝿㍽ᑕࡉࢀࡿගࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡢ ᗘ౫ Ꮡᛶࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᕤᏛⓗᚲせᛶࡽࠊࢻࢶࡢ Max Plank (࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࣭ࣉࣛࣥࢡࠊ1858-1947) ࡣࠊ 1900 ᖺࣉࣛࣥࢡࡢබᘧࢆᑟࡁฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ ࡣᙼ⮬㌟ࡶㄆࡵࡓࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠕ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㔞Ꮚࠖ ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ(19), (20)ࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ࡑࢀࡲ࡛≀⌮Ꮫࡣ㟁☢ẼᏛࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥຊᏛࠊ⇕ ຊᏛࡼࡗ࡚ࢇᡂࡉࢀࡓᛮࢃࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓᖖ㆑ࡁ࡞ࡇࢁࡧࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍዎᶵ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡇࡢࢹࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ග㔞Ꮚ௬ㄝࡀࠊ ග㟁ຠᯝࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵᙜࢫࢫࡢ≉チᒁ ົ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࢻ ࢶ ⣔ ࣘ ࢲ ࣖ ே ࡢ Albert Einstein ( ࣝࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࠊ 1879-1955) ࡼࡗ࡚ 1905 ᖺᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡉࡽ 1819 ᖺࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ Pierre Louis Dulong (ࣆ࢚࣮࣭ࣝࢹࣗࣟࣥࠊ1785-1838) Alexis Thérèse Petit (ࣞࢡࢩࢫ࣭ࣉࢸࠊ 1791-1820) ࡣࠊࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ༢యࡢཎᏊࡣཝᐦ ྠࡌẚ⇕ࢆࡶࡘࠖ࠸࠺ἲ๎ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ ࡇࢀእࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ▩┪ࢆୖグࡢ ࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࡀ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㔞Ꮚࢆᑟධࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ᐃᛶⓗド᫂ࡍࡿࡇᡂຌࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᴗ⦼ࡀ ࢻ ࢶ ࣭ ࣋ ࣝ ࣜ ࣥ Ꮫ ࡢ Walther Hermann Nernst (ࣦࣝࢱ࣮࣭ࢿࣝࣥࢫࢺࠊ1864-1941) ࡢ ㄆࡵࡿࡇࢁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ 1911 ᖺ ࡢ➨ 1 ᅇࢯࣦ࢙ࣝ㆟࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽࢽ ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻฟ㌟࡛ⱥᅜࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪࠊ࢟ࣕ࣋ ࣥࢹࢵࢩࣗ◊✲ᡤࡢ Ernest Rutherford (࣮ ࢿࢫࢺ࣭ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࠊ1871-1937) ࡣࠊ1911 ᖺ Ș⢏Ꮚࡢᩓᐇ㦂⤖ᯝᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ ࢻࡢཎᏊᶍᆺࢆ⪃࠼ฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᶍᆺࡣࡑࡢᚋ ᵝࠎ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆᏱᐂ≀⌮Ꮫ࡞ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ≀ ⌮Ꮫࡢྛ᪉㠃ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓ(21), (22)ࠋ ௨ ୖ ࡢ ⤒ ⦋ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࢹ ࣥ ࣐ ࣮ ࢡ ࡢ Niels Henrik David Bohr (ࢽ࣮ࣝࢫ࣭࣊ࣥࣜࢡ࣭࣮࣎ ࠊ1885-1962) ࡀࣛࢨࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࡢཎᏊᶍᆺ㔞 Ꮚ௬ㄝࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࣮࣎ࡢཎᏊᶍᆺࢆᥦၐࡋࠊ ࡞ࡀࡽࠕ๓ᮇ㔞Ꮚㄽࠖࢆసࡾୖࡆࡓࠋࡇࡢ࣎ ࣮ࡢཎᏊᶍᆺࡣỈ⣲ཎᏊࡢ⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ (ࣂ ࣐࣮ࣝ⣔ิ࡞) ࢆ≀⌮ⓗㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⪃ ࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊỈ⣲ཎᏊ᰾ ࡢ࿘ࡾࢆ㌶㐨࡛ᅇࡿ㟁Ꮚࡢ㌶㐨ࢆ㔞Ꮚࡋ࡚ ୍ࡘࡢᐃᖖ≧ែࡽูࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ㟁Ꮚࡀ㑄⛣ ࡍࡿ㝿ࡑࡢᐃᖖ≧ែ㛫ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᕪ┦ᙜ ࡍࡿගࢆᨺฟࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࢹࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ ࡇ ࡢ ࣎ ࣮ ࡢ ཎ Ꮚ ᶍ ᆺ ࢆ ࢻ ࢶ ࡢ Arnold Johannes Sommerfeld (ࣝࣀࣝࢺ࣭ࢰ࣐࣮ࣥࣇ
࢙ࣝࢺࠊ1868-1951) ࡀᴃ㌶㐨ࢆࡶࡘࣔࢹࣝ ࠊࡑࡢ 3 ᖺᚋ୍⯡ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᙼࡽࡣࠊࡇ ࡢගࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ୕ࡘࡢ㔞Ꮚ ᩘ (݊ǡ ݇ǡ ݉) ࢆᑟධࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࡇࡢᶍᆺࡣཎᏊ ෆ㟁Ꮚࡢ㓄⨨ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓẆᶍᆺᑐᛂཎ⌮ ᚑ࠸࡞ࡀࡽᣑᙇࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢᑐᛂཎ⌮ࡣࠊྂ≀ ⌮Ꮫࡢᕧどⓗ࡞ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝᚓࡽࢀࡿほ ⤖ᯝࠊ ཎᏊࡢᚤどⓗ࡞࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㔞Ꮚつ๎ ࡽᑟࢀࡿ⤖ㄽࡢ㛫ࡣࠊ▩┪ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆせ ㄳࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡢ࣮࣭࣎ ࢰ࣐࣮ࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢺࡢཎᏊᶍᆺࡣࠊᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࢆㄝ᫂ ࡍࡿࡓࡵᑟධࡉࢀࡓᶍᆺ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྂ≀⌮Ꮫ ࡁ࡞ኚ᭦ࢆຍ࠼࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡋ࠸≀⌮Ꮫࡢᇶ ♏ⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࡽᑟฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡉࡽࠊᮍゎỴࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ගࡢἼືㄽ⢏Ꮚ ㄽࡀ࠸Ỵ╔ࡢࡘ࡞࠸ࡲࡲᙜᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ1925 ᖺ⡿ᅜࡢ Author Compton (࣮ࢧ࣮࣭ࢥࣥࣉࢺࣥࠊ1892-1962) ࡀࠊ ගࡢ㟁Ꮚࡼࡿᙎᛶᩓ࡛࠶ࡿࢥࣥࣉࢺࣥຠᯝ ࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊගࡢ⢏Ꮚㄝࡶ⌧ᐇᛶࢆࡁࡃᖏ ࡧ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓ(23)ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢගࡢ⢏ᏊㄽἼືㄽࡢ▩┪ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍ ࡿࡓࡵࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ Lois de Broglie (࣭ࣝࢻ࣭ ࣈࣟࠊ1892-1987) ࡀ㟁Ꮚࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚑ᮶≀㉁ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⢏ᏊࡶἼືࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ(24)ࠋࡉࡽࠊᙼࡣࡇࡢ ࢹᑟࢀࠊ࣮࣭࣎ࢰ࣐࣮ࣥࣇ࢙ࣝࢺࡢཎ Ꮚᶍᆺ࡛ࡢ㟁Ꮚ㌶㐨ࡀἼ㛗ࡢᩚᩘಸ࡞ࡿ ᐃ ᖖ ≧ ែ ࢆ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡓ ࠋ ୍ ᪉ ࠊ ࢻ ࢶ ࡢ Werner Heisenberg (ࣦ࢙ࣝࢼ࣮࣭ࣁࢮࣥ࣋ࣝ ࢢࠊ1901-1976) ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࣐ࢺࣜࢵࢡࢫຊᏛࢆ ᐃᘧࡋࠊࢻࢶ⏕ࡲࢀࡢⱥᅜࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ Max Born (࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࣭࣎ࣝࣥࠊ1882-1970) ࡞ࡶ ࠊཎᏊࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿගࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡞ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࣁࢮࣥ࣋ࣝࢢࡣࡉࡽ 1927 ᖺ ☜ᐃᛶཎ⌮ࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜࡢ Erwin Schrሷdinger (࢚ࣦ࣭ࣝࣥࢩࣗࣞࢹࣥ ࣮࢞ࠊ1887-1961) ࡣࠊࢻ࣭ࣈࣟࡢᥦၐࡋࡓ㟁 Ꮚࡢࡼ࠺࡞⢏ᏊࡶἼࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆࡍࡿ ࡢ⪃࠼╔ࢆᚓ࡚ࠊ1925 ᖺࢩࣗࣞࢹࣥ࢞ ࣮ࡢἼື᪉⛬ᘧࢆᐃᘧࡋࡓ(25), (26)ࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ ࡚ཎᏊෆ࡛ࡢ㟁Ꮚࡢࡿ⯙࠸࡞ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃㄝ᫂ ࡍࡿࡇ࡛⮬ࡽࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓࠋࡉࡽࡣࡇ ࢀࡽࡢࡘࡢ⌮ㄽᙧᘧࡀᩘᏛⓗࡣࡃྠ➼࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊⱥᅜࡢ Paul Dirac (࣏ ࣮࣭ࣝࢹࣛࢵࢡࠊ1902-1984) ࡣࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ ᇶ♏࡞ࡿ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊࡇࡇ㟁ᏊࡸཎᏊ࡞ ࡢ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᚤᑠ࡞ࢫࢣ࣮࡛ࣝࡢ≀⌮⌧㇟ࡀ ᚑ᮶ࡢྂⓗ࡞≀⌮ἲ๎ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࢆ♧ࡍ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀ୍ᛂࡢᡂࢆࡳࡓ(27)ࠋ≉ࢩࣗ ࣞࢹ࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢἼື᪉⛬ᘧࡣྂⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ ័ࢀぶࡋࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡗ࡚ཷࡅධࢀࡸ ࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓᗈ⠊ᅖࡢၥ㢟㐺ᛂࡉࢀ࡚‶㊊ࡢ࠸ࡃ ⤖ᯝࢆ࠼ࠊࣁࢮࣥ࣋ࣝࢡࡢ⾜ิຊᏛࡼࡾᗈࡃ ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡓࠋ ୖグᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ1895 ᖺࡈࢁࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ ࡓཎᏊ≀⌮Ꮫୖࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ1920 ᖺ௦ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ㡭 ࡲ࡛ࡣḟࡽḟゎỴࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡁࠊḟࡢ㛵ᚰ ࡣཎᏊ᰾ࡢၥ㢟⛣ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ1930 ᖺࡢึ ࡵࡣࠊࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪᏛࡢ James Chadwick (ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢫ࣭ࢳࣕࢻ࢘ࢵࢡࠊ1891-1974) ࡀ୰ ᛶᏊࢆⓎぢࡋࠊࢱࣜฟ㌟ࡢ Enrico Fermi (࢚ ࣥࣜࢥ࣭ࣇ࢙࣑ࣝࠊ1901-1954) ࡀ୰ᛶᏊࢆཎᏊ ᰾⾪✺ࡉࡏ࡚᰾ศࡢ㐃㙐ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡍᐇ㦂 ࢆࢩ࢝ࢦᏛ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽⱥᅜࡢ࢟ࣕ࣋ࣥࢹ ࢵࢩࣗ◊✲ᡤ࡛ John Cockcroft (ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢥࢵ ࢡࢡࣟࣇࢺࠊ1897-1967) ࡑࡢඹྠ◊✲⪅࡛࠶ ࡿࣝࣛࣥࢻฟ㌟ࡢ Ernest Walton (࣮ࢿࢫ ࢺ࣭࢛࢘ࣝࢺࣥࠊ1903-1995) ࡀࠊ᭱ึࡢຍ㏿ჾ ࢆ〇సࡋࡓ(17)ࠋࡇࢀࡼࡗ࡚㝧Ꮚࢆຍ㏿ࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ࣜࢳ࣒࢘ཎᏊ᰾ࢆ࣒࣊ࣜ࢘ཎᏊ᰾ኚࡋ࡚ࠊ ᭱ึࡢேᕤ᰾ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ ࡼࡗ࡚ཎᏊ᰾≀⌮Ꮫࡢᐇ㦂ࡀḟࠎ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛ࡛ࡣࠊ⢏Ꮚ༊ูࢆ࠼࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊගᏊ࡛࠶ࡾࢫࣆࣥࡢ್ࡋ࡚ᩚᩘ್ (1 ࡞
) ࢆࡿࠕ࣎ࢰࣥࠖࡸ㟁Ꮚࠊ㝧Ꮚࠊ୰ᛶᏊ࡞ ࡢከࡃࡢ⢏Ꮚ࡛࠶ࡾࡑࡢࢫࣆࣥࡢ್ࡋ࡚༙ᩚ ᩘ್ (1/2, 3/2 ࡞) ࢆࡿࠕࣇ࢙࣑ࣝ࢜ࣥࠖ࡞ ࡢ ᴫ ᛕ ࡶ ⏕ ࡳ ฟ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࠋ ᪥ ᮏ ࡢ ᮅ Ọ ୍ 㑻 (1906-1979) ࡞ࡶ㈉⊩ࡋࡓ㔞Ꮚ㟁☢ຊᏛࢆ ࡚⣲⢏Ꮚ≀⌮Ꮫࢆ㛤ࡃሙࡢ㔞ᏊㄽⓎᒎࡋ࡚ ࡁࡓ(28)ࠋ ࡉࡽࠊࡇࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ≀⌮ ⓗゎ㔘ࢆᕠࡗ࡚ࠊࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ ࢤࣥࡢ࣮࣎ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ㛫࡛ࡁ࡞ 㐪࠸ࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ 1927 ᖺཬ ࡧࡑࢀ⥆ࡃ 1930 ᖺࡢィ 2 ᅇࡢࢯࣝ࣋㆟࡞ ࡛ࡶࡁ࡞ㄽⅬ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ≉┦ᑐᛶ⌮ㄽࡸග 㔞Ꮚㄝࢆᐃᘧࡋࡓࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࡣࠊୖグ 2 ᅇࡢࢯࣝ࣋㆟࠾࠸࡚㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢࠕ⌮ㄽⓗ▩ ┪ࠖࢆࡑࡢㄽ◚ࡢ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ᛮ⪃ᐇ㦂ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀࠊ ࡇࢀࡀ࣮࣎ࡽࡼࡗ࡚ㄽࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊูࡢゅ ᗘࡽ㔞ᏊຊᏛᢈุࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊḟࡇࡢ 㔞Ꮚㄽࡢࠕゎ㔘ࠖࢆᕠࡗ࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࠊEPR ㄽᩥ (Einstein – Podolski – Rosen ㄽᩥ) ࢆⓎ⾲ࡍࡿ ࡞ࠊᙼࡀຊࢆὀ࠸ࡔࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢࡁ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ ࡿࠕ㔜ຊ㟁☢ຊࡢ⤫୍ሙࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ◊✲ࠖඹࠊ ஸᚋࡢࣉࣜࣥࢫࢺࣥ㧗➼◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡢᬌᖺ࠾ ࡅࡿ◊✲ே⏕ࡢ㒊ศࢆࡉࡉࡆࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊEPR ㄽ ᩥ ࡢ ṇ ☜ ࡞ ࢱ ࢺ ࣝ ࡣ ࠊ ࠕ Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete ?࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ(29)ࠋᙼࡢ࣮࣎ ࡽࡢ㔞Ꮚㄽࡢゎ㔘 (ࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤࣥゎ㔘ࡼࡪ) ᑐࡍࡿㄽⅬࡢ୰ᚰ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡣࠕගࠖࡼࡾࡶࡣ ࡸࡃఏࢃࡿࡶࡢࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ゝ࠺⪃࠼᪉ (ᒁᡤ ᛶ) ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ☜ᐃᛶཎ⌮ࠊἼື㛵ᩘࡢ ☜⋡ㄽⓗゎ㔘ࠊ┦⿵ᛶࡢཎ⌮ࠊἼື㛵ᩘࡢ⦰࡞ ࡛ࡶ࣮࣎ࡽࡣ⤫୍ぢゎࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣥ ࢩࣗࢱࣥࡣ࣮࣎ࡽࡢゎ㔘᭱ᚋࡲ࡛⣡ᚓࡋ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ࣮࣎ࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࡢㄽத ࡣ↦ࡌࡘࡵࡿࠕ㔞Ꮚࡢୡ⏺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣᏑᅾࡏ ࡎࠋ࠶ࡿࡢࡣࡓࡔᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢグ㏙ࡔࡅ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࠖ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ (ᐇド⩏) ࠕほ ⪅ ࡣ⊂❧ᅉᯝᚊᚑ࠺ୡ⏺ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡣࡑ ࡢᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࠖ(ᐇᅾ⩏) ࠸࠺≀⌮Ꮫᑐࡍࡿࡘࡢᑐ ❧ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀ௦⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ ๓㏙ࡢ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡸࢩࣗࣞࢹ࣮ࣥ࢞࡞ࡣࠊᐇ ᅾ⩏ࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࡽࡢṚᚋࠊࣝࣛ ࣥࢻฟ㌟ࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ John Stuart Bell (ࢪ࣭ࣙࣥ ࢫࢳ࣮ࣗࢺ࣭࣋ࣝࠊ1928-1990) ࡀࡇࢀࡽᑐ❧ ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ᑐࡋ࡚Ỵ╔ࢆ࠼࠺ࡿ⌮ㄽ (࣋ࣝࡢ ➼ᘧ) ࢆ⪃࠼ฟࡋࡓࠋᙼ௨๓ࠊࣁ࣮ࣥ࢞ࣜ⏕ ࡲࢀࡢᩘᏛ⪅࡛ 29 ṓࡋ࡚ࣉࣜࣥࢫࢺࣥᏛࡢ ᩍᤵ࡞ࡗࡓ Johannes Ludwig von Neumann (ࣇ࢛࣭ࣥࣀ࣐ࣥࠊ1903-1957) ࡣࠊࡑࡢⴭసࠗ㔞 ᏊຊᏛࡢᩘᏛⓗᇶ♏࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㞃ࢀࡓኚᩘࢆ ᑟධࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆ࡞ࡶࡢ ࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕ㔞ᏊຊᏛ ࢆᣑᙇࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇࢆド ᫂ࡋࡓ㏙࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡉࡽ࣎ࣝࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢࣀ ࣐ࣥࡢド᫂ࢆࠕ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ㠀Ỵᐃㄽⓗᛶ㉁ࢆࠊỴ ᐃㄽⓗ࡞ࡶࡢኚࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ㞃ࡉࢀࡓኚᩘࢆ ᑟධࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ ㏙ࠊࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤࣥゎ㔘ࢆࡉࡽᙉᅛ࡞ࡶࡢ ࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࢁࡀࠊ࣋ࣝࡣࠊ㞃ࢀࡓኚᩘࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ ྲྀࢀࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡢ David Joseph Bohm (ࢹࣅࢵࢺ࣭࣮࣒࣎ࠊ1917-1992) ࡼࡿㄽᩥࢆㄞ ࢇ࡛ࠊࣇ࢛࣭ࣥࣀ࣐ࣥࡣ㛫㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ(30)ࠋࡉࡽࠊᙼࡣࠊ࣮࣒࣎ࡢࣔࢹࣝ ࡀᣢࡘ㠀ᒁᡤᛶࡣࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ≉᭷ࡢወጁ࡞ᛶ ㉁࡞ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⌧ࡍࡿࡓ ࡵసࡽࢀࡓ㞃ࡉࢀࡓኚ⌮ㄽ࡞ࡽࠊࢇ࡞ࣔࢹ ࣝࡶࡑ࡞ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᛶ㉁࡞ࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ ࡼ࠺᭱ึ⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᒁᡤⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆࡶ ࡘ㞃ࢀࡓኚᩘ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࢆヨࡳࡓࠋࡋ ࡋࠊ⤖ᒁࡇࢀࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ EPR ㄽᩥࡢ⤖ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ≀⌮Ꮫࡢᇶ♏⌮ㄽࡣᒁ ᡤⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࠊ㔞Ꮚຊ
Ꮫࡢグ㏙ࢆ࡞ࡶࡢࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠊ࠺ࡋ ࡚ࡶ㠀ᒁᡤᛶࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࠖ࡞ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ᭱ ⤊ⓗୖグࡢ࣋ࣝࡢᐃ⌮฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࡶࡋ㞃ࢀࡓኚᩘࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤᡂࡾ❧ࡕ࠺ࡿ ➼ᘧ㸦࣋ࣝࡢ➼ᘧ㸧ࢆᑟ࠸ࡓ(27)ࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ ᳨ドࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ Alain Aspect (ࣛ ࣭ࣥࢫ࣌ࠊ1947-) ࡽࡀ 2 ಶࡢගᏊࢆࡗࡓᐇ 㦂ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ࣋ࣝࡢ➼ᘧࡀᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࠊࡍ࡞ ࢃࡕ㞃ࢀࡓኚᩘࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤࣥࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉࡢㄽதࢆ୍ᛂỴ╔ࡉࡏࠊࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤ୍ࣥ ὴ㌷㓄ࡀୖࡀࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࢩࣗࣞࢹ࣮ࣥ࢞ࡣࠊ⊂⮬ࡢ❧ሙࡽ࣎ ࣮ࡽࡢ⪃࠼᪉㈶ᡂ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ1935 ᖺ᭷ྡ࡞ ࠕࢩࣗࣞࢹ࣮ࣥ࢞ࡢࢿࢥࠖࡤࢀࡿࣃࣛࢻࢵ ࢡࢫࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮࣎ࡽࡢゎ㔘ࡢ▩┪ࢆᣦࡋࠊ 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ᰿ᖿษࡾ㎸ࡴၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇ ࡢࣃࣛࢻࢵࢡࢫᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪥࡛ࡶࡁࡕࢇࡋ ࡓỴ╔ࢆࡳ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡲศ㢮ࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ (1) ࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤࣥゎ㔘ࠊ (2) ࢘ࢢࢼ࣮ࡼࡿゎ㔘ࠊ(3) ከୡ⏺ゎ㔘࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ(1) ࡢࢥ࣌ࣥࣁ࣮ࢤࣥゎ㔘ࡣࠊୖグࡢࣁࢮ ࣥ࣋ࣝࢢࡸ࣮࣎ࡽࡼࡗ࡚ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓゎ㔘࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡿࢿࢥࡢ⏕Ṛࡢ≧ែࡣ⟽ࢆ㛤ࡅ ࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࢃࡽࡎࠊ⟽ࢆ㛤࠸࡚ほ ࡍࡿࠊࢿࢥ ࡢἼ (Ṛࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࢿࢥ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࢿࢥࡢ㔜ࡡྜ ࢃࡏ) ࡀ୍ࡘࡢἼࠕ⦰ࠖࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࢿࢥࡀṚ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ (ࡲࡓࡣ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ) ࡇࡀศࡿࠋほ ࡼࡗ࡚ࢿࢥࡢ⏕Ṛࡢ≧ែࡀ୍ࡘỴᐃࡉࢀ ࡿࠋ(2) ࡢゎ㔘ࡣ Eugene Paul Wigner (࣮ࣘࢪ ࣭ࣥ࢘ࢢࢼ࣮ࠊ1902-1995) ࡼࡗ࡚ 1967 ᖺ ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡼࡿࠊព㆑ࢆᣢࡘே㛫 ࡔࡅࡀほ ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚Ἴື㛵ᩘࢆ⦰ࡉࡏࡿࡇ ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢほ ࡍࡿே㛫ࢆࡉࡽ ほ ࡍࡿほ ⪅ (࢘ࢢࢼ࣮ࡢேࡼࢇ࡛࠸ ࡿ) ࡢᏑᅾࡀᚲせ࡞ࡾࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࠕ⁛ࡢព㆑ࠖ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮡᅾࡀᚲせ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊࢩࣗ ࣞࢹ࣮ࣥ࢞ࡀᥦฟࡋࡓࣃࣛࢻࢵࢡࢫࢆ▩┪࡞ ࡃᐃᘧࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊព㆑ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ ࡽ࡞࠸࢘ࢢࢼ࣮ࡣ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࡼ ࡿព㆑ࡣᏱᐂࡢ᰿ᮏࢆ࡞ࡍᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≀㉁ୡ ⏺ࡣ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡶࠊព㆑ࡣኚࡏࡎࠊព㆑ࡀ⌧ ᐇࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ゎ㔘࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࣌ ࣮ࣥࣟࢬࡣูࡢゅᗘࡽࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛព㆑ ࡢࢃࡾࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ(3) ࡢከୡ ⏺ゎ㔘ࡣࠊ1957 ᖺࣉࣜࣥࢫࢺࣥᏛࡢᏛ㝔 ⏕࡛࠶ࡗࡓ Hugh Everett III (ࣄ࣮࣭࢚ࣦ࢙ࣗࣞ ࢵࢺࠊ1930-1982) ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡢ୰࠸ࡿࢿࢥࡣࠊࡀ㛤ࡅࡽࢀࡓ▐㛫 Ᏹᐂࡣࡘศࡋࠊ୍ࡘࡢᏱᐂ࡛ࡣࢿࢥࡣ⏕ ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᏱᐂ࡛ࡣࢿࢥࡣṚࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠊ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡿ㔞Ꮚⓗ࡞ୡ⏺࡛ ࠾ࡇࡿࡇࡣࡍ࡚ࠊ↓ᩘࡢᖹ⾜࡞Ᏹᐂࡢ୰࡛⌧ ᐇ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊἼື㛵ᩘࢆ⦰ࡉࡏࡿほ ࡸ ᐃࡣᚲせ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ᭱㏆࡛ࡣ㔞ᏊᏱᐂㄽ ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡶ┿᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(31)ࠋ ௨ୖࡢ 3 ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡢゎ㔘ࡣᇶ ᮏⓗࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࡢࢀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡇࢀ௨ୖࡇࢀࡽࡢゎ㔘ࡢヲ⣽ࡣゐࢀ ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ᰿ᖿࢃࡿࡁ࡞ၥ㢟 ࡋ࡚ᮍゎỴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽୖグࡢࢫ࣌ࡢᐇ㦂࡞ ࡣࠊ᭱㏆┒ࢇ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㔞Ꮚࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗ ࢱࡢཎ⌮ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ⠇ࡢ᭱ึୖࡆࡓ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢወጁ࡞ᛶ㉁ ࡶࡿ (1) ࡣࠊ㟁Ꮚ࡞ྂⓗࡣ≀㉁⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡶྠගࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ἴືࡋ ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ♧ࡋࠊࡇࡢ 2 㔜ᛶࡀྂຊᏛ࡛ࡣ⌮ゎ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ(2) ࡢࢺࣥࢿࣝຠᯝࡣࠊ㟁Ꮚ࡞ࡢ⢏ Ꮚࡀྂ≀⌮Ꮫ࡛ࡣ㏱㐣ࡀྍ⬟࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ ࡢ㞀ቨࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᑐഃࡶ࠶ࡿ☜⋡࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(3) ࡛ࡣࠊ≀⌮ⓗ࡞ ≧ែࡣἼື㛵ᩘ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ≧ែ ࡢࢀ୍ࡘỴࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡽ ࡢ」ᩘࡢ≧ែࡢ㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(4) ࡢ࢚ࣥࢱࣥࢢࣝ ࣓ࣥࢺࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ2 ࡘࡢ⣔ࡸ 2 ಶࡢ⢏Ꮚࡀࢀ
㐲ࡃ㞳ࢀ࡚࠸ࡼ࠺ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ࠾࠸ ศࡕࡀࡓࡃ῝ࡃ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠸࠺㔞Ꮚⓗ⌧㇟࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡁࡇࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ≀ࡢ㛫࡛ ᙳ㡪ࡀ▐㛫ⓗఏࢃࡿᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᛶ ㉁ࢆ㠀ᒁᡤᛶࡼࡪࠋࡇࡢࡁᙳ㡪ࡀఏࢃࡿ㏿ࡉ ࡣගࡢ㏿ࡉࡼࡾࡢ㏿ࡃఏࢃࡿࡢ࡛┦ᑐᛶ⌮ㄽࡢ せㄳࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸(22), (27)ࠋ 33.4. ྂⓗ≀⌮Ꮫࡼࡿព㆑ࡢ⌮ゎ ௨ୖ࣮࣌ࣥࣟࢬࡢ⪃࠼᪉ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊព㆑࡞ࡢ ᚰࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡿሙྜ࠾ࡅࡿ 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᚲせᛶࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡉࡽࡇࡢ⪃࠼ ࢆྫྷࡍࡿ๓⚄⤒࠾ࡅࡿ⬻ෆ㐣⛬ࢆᨭ࠼࡚ ࠸ࡿᐇయࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠺୍ᗘ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼ ࡗ࡚ྂ≀⌮Ꮫ࡛グ㍕ࡉࢀࡿᚑ᮶ࡢ⬻ෆ࣓࢝ࢽ ࢬ࣒ࡢ㝈⏺ࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࠊ࠾ࡢࡎ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᚲせ ᛶࡀせㄳࡉࢀࡿ⌮⏤ࡀᾋࡁ᙮ࡾ࡞ࡿࠋ ᡃࠎࡢ⬻ෆ࡛㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕⌮Ꮫⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡀࠊࡑࡢ⭷ෆእࡢ㟁ᕪ ࡋ࡚࢜ࣥࡢὶࢀࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࣃࣝࢫ≧ (㧗ࡉ~100 mV, 㛫ᖜ~1 ms) ࡢ㟁ኚ࡛࠶ ࡿࠕάື㟁ࠖࡀᇶᮏ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࢀࡽ ྛࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࢆࠕ⚄⤒ఏ㐩≀㉁ࠖࢆࡋ࡚࠸ ᥋⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢩࢼࣉࢫ࠸࠺≉Ṧ࡞ᵓ㐀 (≉ࢩ ࢼࣉࢫᚋ㒊) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࢼࣟࢢಙ ྕ┦ᙜࡍࡿࠕࢩࢼࣉࢫ㟁ࠖࡶ㟁Ẽಙྕࡋ࡚ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋ⬻ࡣࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢせ⣲ࡽ࡞ࡿ⚄⤒ᅇ ㊰⥙ࡢാࡁࡼࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⬻ࡢᶵ⬟༢ ࡛࠶ࡿ⚄⤒ᅇ㊰⥙ࡣࠊ⚄⤒ఏ㐩≀㉁࡞ࡼࡿ ࠕᏛ≀㉁ࠖάື㟁ࢩࢼࣉࢫ㟁ࡢࠕ㟁Ẽ ಙྕࠖࡢ 2 ✀㢮ࡢಙྕࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ᇶᮏⓗ࡞ ሗࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉ࡇࡢ㟁ẼಙྕࡢⓎ ⏕ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣྂⓗ࡞≀⌮ἲ๎࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆᚲせࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸୍⯡ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆᣢࡕࡔࡋ ࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇࡣࢇ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ከࡃࡢ⚄ ⤒Ꮫ⪅ࡣୖグࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋྂⓗ≀⌮ἲ ๎ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ≉ࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥୖ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿάື㟁 ࠸࠺ࣃࣝࢫ≧ࡢ㟁ኚࡢ㛫ⓗ࣭✵㛫ⓗኚ ࡼࡿࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ኚࡼࡗ࡚⚄⤒ᅇ㊰ ⥙ࡢാࡁࡀ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࠊࡉࡽࡣࡇࢀࡽࢆ ᇶ┙ࡍࡿ⬻ᶵ⬟ࢆ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ᥎ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺άື㟁ࡢ⣔ิࡸࡑࡢ✵㛫ⓗኚ ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡼࡗ࡚⚄⤒ᅇ㊰⥙ࡢᶵ⬟ࠊゝ࠸࠼ࡿ ព㆑࡞ࡢ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡀྂⓗ≀⌮ἲ๎࡛⾲⌧ࡉ ࢀࡿ௬ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྂⓗ≀ ⌮ἲ๎ (≉㟁☢ẼᏛ) ࡣᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ ࡓィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢࡣࡗࡁࡾ ࡋࡓィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡛✲ᴟⓗࡣ࠶ࡽ ࢃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ⯡ ࡇ ࢀ ࢆ ࠕcomputational theory of mindࠊᚰࡢィ⟬⌮ㄽࠖ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ(32)ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ⬻ࡣࢤ࣮ࢹࣝࡢᐃ⌮ࡼࡗ࡚♧ ၀ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊィ⟬ྍ⬟࡞ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡛ࡣド ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸㢟࡛ࡶ┿ഇࢆุᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ ࡇࡇࡑࡢཎ⌮㔞ᏊຊᏛ๎ࡗࡓᗈ࠸ព࡛ ࡢࠕ㔞Ꮚࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࠖࡋ࡚ࡢ⬻ࡢ≉Ṧ࡞ᛶ㉁ ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚ࡃࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊ࣌ ࣮ࣥࣟࢬࣁ࣓ࣟࣇࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ 㠀ᖖศࡀᝏ࠸ࠕᚤᑠ⟶ࠖ௨እ⚄⤒⣔ࡢ୰ࡢ ࡇࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔞Ꮚࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ ࢆࡶࡗࡓᵓ㐀࡞࠸ࡋࡣჾᐁ࡞ࢆồࡵࢀࡤࡼ࠸ ࡀḟࡢၥ㢟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢ⬻ ࡸࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢෆ㒊Ꮡᅾࡍࡿჾᐁ࡛ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞㔞Ꮚ㐣⛬ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿሙᡤࡣ⌧ᅾࡢࡇࢁ ࡲࡔ≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 33.5. 」㞧⣔࢝࢜ࢫ⌮ㄽࡼࡿ⬻ᶵ⬟ ๓㡯࡛ࡢࡓྂ≀⌮Ꮫᚑ࠺Ỵᐃㄽ㛵ࡋ ࡚ࠊࡑࡢỴᐃࡀࡑࢀ༢⣧࡛࡞࠸ゝ࠺ࡇࢆ ゝ࠸ฟࡋࡓࡢࡣ 19 ୡ⣖ᮎᮇࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᩘᏛ⪅ Jules-Henri Poincaré (࣭࣏ࣥࣜࣥ࢝ࣞࠊ 1854-1912) ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊி㒔㈹ (1991 ᖺࠊ ᇶ♏⛉Ꮫ㒊㛛) ࢆཷ㈹ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ࠾࡞ࡌࡳࡢ⡿ ᅜ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (࣐ࢧ
ࢳ ࣗ ࣮ ࢭ ࢵࢶ ᕤ ⛉ Ꮫࠊ MIT) ࡢ Ẽ ㇟Ꮫ ⪅ ࡢ Edward Norton Lorenz (࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢶࠊ 1917-2008) ࡼࡗ࡚࢝࢜ࢫ⌮ㄽࡀぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛Ẽࡢືࡁࢆ⾲ࡍࡓࡵ 3 ࡘࡢ༢⣧࡞᪉⛬ ᘧࡀ⏝ࡉࢀࠊࡇࡢ᪉⛬ᘧࢆࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡛ゎࡃ 㝿ぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࡓゎࡀࠊึᮇ್ࡀࢃࡎ␗࡞ࡿ ࡔࡅ࡛ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ✀ࠎࡢࡿ⯙࠸ⓗኚࡀ⌧ ࢀࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆ࣮ࣟࣞࣥࢶࡣࠕࣂࢱ ࣇࣛຠᯝࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡛⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ᫇ ࡽࠊࠕ㢼ࡀ྿ࡅࡤࠊᱩᒇࡀඈࡿࠖ࡞࠸ ࠺ゝⴥ࡛ఝࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࡇࡢ୍ぢࣛࣥࢲ࣒ࡩࡿࡲ࠺࢝࢜ࢫ⣔ࡣࠊࡑࢀ ࢆゎࡃ᪉⛬ᘧࡢึᮇ್ࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡿỴᐃㄽⓗ Ỵࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊึᮇ್ࡀྠ୍࡛࠶ࢀ ࡤࠊ」㞧࡞㐠ືࡶ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿ ゝ࠺ព࡛㔞ᏊຊᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ㠀Ỵᐃᛶࡣᇶᮏ ⓗ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢝࢜ࢫ⣔ࡣ↓㝈ࡢ⬟ ຊࢆࡶࡘ௬ࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ࠼ࡤཎ⌮ⓗ ࡣᮍ᮶ࡢ≧ែࢆண ࡍࡿࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿ(32)ࠋ ࡇࢀࢆ⣙ 1000 ൨ಶࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡉࡽࡑࡢ 10 ಸࡶࡢಶᩘࡽ࡞ࡿࢢࣜ⣽⬊ࡽ࡞ࡿேࡢ ⬻ᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ(33), (34)ࠋࡇࡢྛࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ ෆࡣࣜ࣎ࢯ࣮࣒ࡸ⣽⬊᰾࡞ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⣽ ⬊ෆᑠჾᐁࡸࢩࢼࣉࢫ⭷Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ ࡞ࡢᵓ㐀≀ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᑠჾᐁࡸ ᵓ㐀≀ࡣศᏊࡽࡘࡃࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ࿘ࡾ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ⭾࡞ᩘࡢࡢศᏊࡽ⤯࠼ࡲ࡞࠸⇕ 㐠ືࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࡇࡢከᩘࡢศᏊࡢ ึᮇ≧ែࡀỴࡲࡗ࡚ࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢศᏊࡢ ≧ែࡣỴᐃㄽⓗྂ≀⌮Ꮫᚑ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࢽ ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢ≧ែࡣᇶᮏⓗண ྍ⬟࠸࠺ࡇ ࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽ㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛⪃࠼ࡿேࡢ⾜ືࡸࡇ ࢀࡽࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⬻ෆࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ࠾ࡅ ࡿ㟁Ẽಙྕࡼࡗ࡚ࡘࡃࡽࢀࡿࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ ✵㛫ⓗάືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ⏕άࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᆅ ⌫ୖ࡛࠾ࡇࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡉࡽࡇࡢᏱᐂ࡛࠾ࡇࡿࡇ ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚࢝࢜ࢫ⌮ㄽᚑ࠼ࡤࠊࡇ ࢀࡽࡢฟ᮶ࡣࡍ࡚Ỵࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ㄽ ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࢝࢜ࢫ⌮ㄽࡼࡗ࡚ព㆑ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽ ࢬ࣒ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᐃᘧࡣࡇࡢព ࡛㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆᑟධࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᐃᘧࡣ༊ู ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 33.6. 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀ⬻ࡢ◊✲᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࡢ⌮⏤ 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ཎ⌮ࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚ࠕ☜ᐃ ᛶཎ⌮ࠖࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ☜ᐃᛶཎ⌮ࡢほ Ⅼࡽࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢཎ⌮ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㟁 Ꮚࡢ⨨ࡣࡑࡢ☜⋡ⓗ࡞ศᕸࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇࡣ ฟ᮶ࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ▐㛫ࠊࡇࡢ㟁Ꮚࡀࡇ ࠶ࡿࡑࡢ⨨ࢆṇ☜Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣฟ᮶࡞ ࠸(27), (23)ࠋࡇࡢ☜⋡ࢆ࠶ࡓ࠼ࡿࡢࡀࢩࣗࣞࢹࣥ ࣮࢞᪉⛬ᘧࡢἼື㛵ᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶࠎࡢ㟁ᏊࡢἼື 㛵ᩘࡣࠊྠࡌἼື㛵ᩘࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿከࡃࡢ㟁Ꮚࡢ ࡿ⯙࠸ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ࠶ࡿ୍ಶࡢ㟁Ꮚࡀぢࡘࡿሙᡤ ࡣ୍ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊከᩘࡢ㟁ᏊࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠊࡑ ࢀࡽࡢᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙᡤࡀἼࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศᕸ࡞ ࡗ࡚⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊἼື㛵ᩘࡣࠊ㟁Ꮚࡀ ᭱⤊ⓗ࠶ࡿሙᡤᏑᅾࡍࡿ☜⋡ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺Ἴࢆᥥࡁฟࡍࡣከᩘࡢ㟁Ꮚࡀᚲせ ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ㟁Ꮚࡀࡸ ࡣࡾἼࡼࡗ࡚グ㏙ࡉࢀࡿゝ࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ ࢃࡕࠊ㟁Ꮚࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఱࡶࠕ☜ᐇࠖࡣண ࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ㟁Ꮚࡢ⨨ࢆ ᐃࡍࢀࡤࠊ☜㟁Ꮚࡣ ࠶ࡿ᫂☜࡞⨨Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢ ᐃࢆ ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ꮚࡀ⤖ᯝⓗࢀࡔࡅࡢ☜⋡࡛ࡑ ࡇ࠸ࡿࢆண ฟ᮶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ᭱⤊ ⓗࡇ࠸ࡿࢆ᫂☜Ỵࡵࡿࡇࡣฟ᮶࡞ ࠸ࠋ☜ᐃᛶཎ⌮ࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕ㐠ື㔞ࠖࠕ⨨ࠖ ࡢ㛵ಀ௨እࡶࠕ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࠖࠕ㛫ࠖࡢ㛵 ಀ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(22)ࠋ ࡇࡢ㔞Ꮚ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒ᛶࡀ⚄⤒ᅇ㊰ࡢ ࡿ⯙࠸ᫎࡉࢀ࡚⏕≀ࡢண ⬟࡞つ๎ ࡞⾜ືࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠺ྍ⬟ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ព࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⚄⤒◊✲㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀᛂ⏝ࡉࢀ ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ(32)ࠋ
44. ࢽࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢ࣐ࢡ࣐ࣟࢩࣥ 44.1. 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ⬻ෆ㐣⛬ ⬻ෆ㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗ⪃࠼࡛ࡋㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࢆࡉࡀࡍࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ◊ ✲࡛ࡣ⏕≀ࡢࡢศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㔞ᏊຊᏛ࡛ࡋ ㄝ᫂ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⌧㇟ࡀ」ᩘሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊගྜᡂ࡛ࢡࣟࣟࣇࣝࡀཷᐜࡋࡓගࡢ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆຠ⋡ࡼࡃࠕᛂ୰ᚰࠖࡼࡤࢀࡿ㒊 㐠ࡪ㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭ࢺࣛࣥࢫࣇ࣮ ࡀࡑࡢ㒊⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮࣭ ࢺࣛࣥࢫࣇ࣮࠾࠸࡚」ᩘࡢ⤒㊰ࢆྠ ࡿࠕ㔞Ꮚⓗࢥࣄ࣮ࣞࣥࢫ≧ែࠖࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ ࡢሗ࿌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(35)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⏕యෆ࡛௦ㅰ ࡸ㑇ఏᏊⓎ⌧࡞㔜せ࡞⏕Ꮫᛂࢆไᚚࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿከᩘࡢ㓝⣲ࡣࡑࡢᶵ⬟Ⓨ࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㔞Ꮚⓗ ࢺࣥࢿࣝຠᯝࠖࡀ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ ◊✲⤖ᯝࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(36)ࠋ ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰ᯡ⚄⤒⣔ෆ࡛ࠊ 㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀ㛵ಀࡋࡑ࠺࡞㒊ࡋ࡚┿ࡗඛ ᐃࡉࢀࡿ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀࠊ⚄⤒ࡢ⯆ዧ⌧㇟㛵 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿάື㟁ࡸࢩࢼࣉࢫ㟁ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㟁Ẽ ⌧㇟ࡢ⣲㐣⛬࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿ࡛ࣝ࠶ ࡿࠋ ᅗ 10. ࢩࢼࣉࢫࡢᶵ⬟ᵓ㐀 (ᅗࡣ Chlo݁ƴ OKUNO ࡼࡿ) ᅗ 11. ACh ཷᐜయࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࡢ 3 ḟᵓ㐀 ᅗ 10 11 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡸࢩࢼࣉ ࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ✀ࠎࡢ㟁ẼಙྕࡢⓎ⏕㐣⛬ࡣࠊ࢜ࣥ ࢳࣕࢿࣝ࠸࠺ࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ୍✀ࡢ ࣐ࢡ࣐ࣟࢩࣥࡢᵓ㐀ኚ (ࡇࡢሙྜࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ ࡢࢥࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥኚࡼࡪ) ࢆᇶᮏࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ(37), (38)ࠋࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡣࡑࡢࡁࡉࡣ 㛗ࡉ⣙ 1.2 nm (ࢼࣀ࣓࣮ࢺࣝ) ࠊ⣔ࡣ⣙ 0.5nm ௨ ୗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ⭷ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࡢ୍ḟᵓ㐀ࡸ⭷ෆ࡛ᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 3 ḟඖⓗᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡶᵓ㐀⏕≀Ꮫࡢ୍ศ㔝ࡋ࡚ࠊ ศᏊ⏕≀ᏛࡢⓎᒎࡶ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡣࠊࡑࡢෆ㒊㛤㛢ྍ ⬟࡞㏻㊰ (ࢳࣕࢿࣝ) ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡀ㛢≧ែ࠶ࡿࡣࠊ୍⯡ ࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢ⭷ࡣࠊାࢆ㏱㐣ࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊࢽ ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ⭷ࡢෆእᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࡢ⃰ᗘ ᕪࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ㟁ẼᏛⓗ࡞㟁ᕪ (ࢿࣝࣥ ࢫࢺࡢᘧࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࢀࡿ) ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ(39)ࠋࡇࡢ ್ࡣࠊᶆᮏࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥእࢆᇶ ‽ࡋ࡚ ᐃࡍࡿࠊ࠾ࡼࡑ-60~-70 mV ⛬ᗘ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㟁ᕪࢆ㟼Ṇ⭷㟁ࡼࡧࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟ ࣥࡢ㟁Ẽಙྕࢆㄽࡌࡿ㝿ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㟁ᕪࡀฟⓎ Ⅼ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㏻㊰ࡀ㛤≧ែ࠶ࡿࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ
⭷ࡢෆ㒊እ㒊 (ࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢෆഃእഃ) ࡀ✵ 㛫 ⓗ ࡘ ࡞ ࡀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ ࠊ ྛ ✀ ࡢ ࢜ ࣥ (ାǡ ାǡ ଶା ࡞) ࡀࡑࡢ⃰ᗘ໙㓄㟁໙㓄 ᚑࡗ࡚ὶࢀࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ⭷ࡢ୧ഃ㟁Ẽಙྕࡀ Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ(39), (40), (41)ࠋࡇࡢ㏻㊰ࡀ㛢≧ែ࡞ࡿ ࢜ࣥࡢὶࢀࡀ㐽᩿ࡉࢀ࡚ࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ⣽⬊⭷ᶓษࡗ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿࠕ࢜ࣥࡢὶࢀࠖ ࡀᾘኻࡋࠊ㟁Ẽಙྕࡀኚࢆཷࡅࡿࠋࡇࡢ࢜ࣥ ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢ㛤㛢ࢆࢤ࣮ࢸࣥࢢࡢ࢝ࢿࢸࢡ ࢫࡼࡧࠊࡇࡢ㛤㛢ࢆไᚚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕⌮Ꮫⓗせᅉ 㐪࠸ࡼࡗ࡚άື㟁ࡸࢩࢼࣉࢫ㟁ࡢⓎ⏕ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿ(42), (43)ࠋࡋࡋࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡣไᚚ᪉ᘧࡢ㐪 ࠸ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㟁ẼಙྕࡢⓎ⏕㐣⛬ࡀࢳࣕࢿࣝ ࡢ㛤㛢ࡼࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡣࠊྛ࢜ࣥᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ㑅ᢥ㏱ 㐣ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࡀ࠶ࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊከࡃࡢ⏕ ⌮స⏝ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢝ࣝࢩ࣒࢘ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡣࠊଶା ࢆ㑅ᢥⓗ㏻ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶᑠࡉ࠸ାࡣࠊ༙ᚄ ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࢇࡢࢃࡎࡋ㏻㐣 ࡉࡏ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡣࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡀⓎ⏕ࡉࡏ ࡿ㟁Ẽಙྕࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇ ࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢ≧ែࡣࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢⓎ⏕ࡉ ࡏࡿ㟁Ẽಙྕࡢ≧ែᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽ ࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ⬻ࡢᶵ⬟༢࡛࠶ࡿ⚄⤒ᅇ㊰⥙ࡣࠊࢽ ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡀࢩࢼࣉࢫࢆࡋ࡚࠸᥋⥆ࡋ࡚㟁 Ẽᅇ㊰⥙ࡢࡼ࠺ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ⚄⤒ ᅇ㊰⥙ࡢᶵ⬟ࡣࡑࡢ㟁Ẽಙྕࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢࢩࢼࣉࢫࡢᵓ㐀 ࡑࡢࢩࢼࣉࢫᚋ㒊⭷ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿཷᐜ యࢳࣕࢿࣝ (ࢭࢳࣝࢥࣜࣥཷᐜయ) ࡢᙧ≧ࡣᅗ 7 ࢆཧ↷(15), (39)ࠋ 2012 ᖺࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝ㛵ࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢ ◊✲Ⓨ⾲ࡀࡉࢀࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㟁౫Ꮡᛶ࢜ࣥ ࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢෆ㒊ࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࢜ࣥࢆ㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗ ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ࢜ࣥࡀࡇࡢ࢜ ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝෆࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࡣࠊࡇࡢ࢜ࣥࡣࢥࣄ ࣮ࣞࣥࢺ࡞Ἴືࡢࡼ࠺ࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝෆ㒊㠀ᒁ ᡤࡋ࡚ᣑࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ(44)ࠋࡉࡽ ࡇࡢࡁࢳࣕࢿࣝෆ㒊ࡢ࢜ࣥࡣ㧗࠸࿘Ἴᩘ ࡛ືࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࡢ࿘ᅖࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁୍✀ࡢඹ㬆≧ែ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ࡇࡢࢳࣕࢿࣝෆ㒊ࡢ࢜ࣥࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ୍㒊 ࡀ࿘ࡾࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁⛣ືࡋࠊ࢜ࣥ⮬㌟ࡢᣢࡘ 㐠ື࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ༙ศ⛬ᗘୗࡀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝ⮬యࡀ࢜ࣥࢆ෭ࡸࡍࡇ࡛ࢥࣄ ࣮ࣞࣥࢺ≧ែࡀಖࡓࢀࠊ࢜ࣥࡢ㠀ᒁᡤⓗ㔞Ꮚ≧ ែࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡓࡲࡲࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞㟁Ẽಙ ྕⓎ⏕㐣⛬㔞Ꮚⓗຠᯝࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ ♧ࡍ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝࡼࡿ㟁Ẽ ಙྕࡼࡗ࡚ಙྕࢆఏ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⚄⤒ᅇ㊰⥙ࠊࡉ ࡽࡣ⬻ࡢᶵ⬟⮬యࡶ㔞Ꮚຠᯝࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ⪃࠼ᚑ࠺ࠊ ࢜ࣥࡢ㏱㐣ᛶࡶୖᡭࡃㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࡇࡢࢳࣕࢿࣝෆࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࢜ࣥࡀ࿘ᅖࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ඹ㬆≧ែ࠶ࡿ࡛ࢥࣄ࣮ࣞࣥࢺ≧ែࢆ ᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ෭༷ ᗘࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀ≉ ᐃࡢࢳࣕࢿࣝࡢ࢜ࣥ㏱㐣ᛶࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡀ᭱㏆ࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗຠᯝࡀ⬻ෆࡢ ఱࡽࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠸ࡢ⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 55. ࡑࡑࡢࡢྍ⬟ᛶ ௨ୖࡢእࠊ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀ㛵ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ⬻ෆࣉࣟࢭࢫࡑࢀᑐࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡰ⟠᮲ ᭩ࡁ♧ࡋࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࢆ⡆༢ิᣲࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋ 55.1. ࣜࣥࢢࡢ⤯ᑐᛂ㏿ᗘㄽࢳࣕࢿࣝ ᚑ᮶ࡽ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࡢ㏱㐣ᛶࢆ♧ࡍ⌮ ㄽⓗࣔࢹࣝࡋ࡚ࠊࣜࣥࢢࡢ⤯ᑐᛂ㏿ᗘㄽ ࢆࢳࣕࢿࣝෆࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮㞀ቨ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࢜ ࣥࡢ┦స⏝࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ (40), (41)ࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣ࢜ࣥࡀ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࣗࣟ ࣥ⭷ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㟁౫Ꮡᛶࡸࣜ࢞ࣥࢻ
౫Ꮡᛶ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝෆഃ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿཎᏊ ࡸศᏊࡼࡗ࡚ෆ㒊㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࢜ࣥᑐࡍࡿ ࣏ࢸࣥࢩ࣭࢚ࣕࣝࢿࣝࢠ࣮ (㟁Ẽⓗ࣏ࢸࣥࢩ ࣭࢚ࣕࣝࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡼࡿ) ࡢࣉࣟࣇࣝࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿࠋ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝෆࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿ࢜ࣥࡣࠊࡇࡢ ࣏ࢸࣥࢩ࣭࢚ࣕࣝࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ㞀ቨࢆ㉸࠼࡞ࡀࡽ⣽ ⬊እࡽෆࠊࡲࡓ⣽⬊ෆࡽእ⛣ືࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡓ࠸ࡋ࡚㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗࢺࣥࢿࣝຠᯝ ࢆ᪂ࡓ㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㟁Ẽ⏕⌮Ꮫᐇ㦂࡛ᚓࡽ ࢀࡓᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࢆㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍ ࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡶࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡢ㟁ẼಙྕࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿ ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㔞ᏊຊᏛⓗຠᯝࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿド ᣐ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 55.2. 㯞㓉⸆࣏࣮ࣜࣥࢢࡢỈᛶ┦⌮ㄽ ࣀ࣮࣋ࣝᏛ㈹ࢆཷ㈹ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜࡢ Linus Carl Pauling (ࣛࢼࢫ࣭࣏࣮ࣜࣥࢢࠊ1901- 1994) ࡣࠊ ࣐ࢧࢳ࣮ࣗࢭࢵࢶ⥲ྜ㝔⛉Ꮫㅎၥࡢጤဨࢆ වࡡ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࠊ㯞㓉ᑓ㛛་ࡢㅮ₇ࢆ⫈ࡃᶵࡀ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡁ࢟ࢭࣀࣥࢆ㯞㓉⸆ࡋ࡚⏝ࡍ ࡿព㆑ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿⅬὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋ⮬ศࡢᜥᏊࡀ ་⪅࡛࠶ࡾᙼࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㯞㓉⸆ࡋ࡚స ⏝ࡍࡿᏛ≀㉁ᕼ࢞ࢫከ࠸Ⅼ╔┠ࡋࡓࠋᕼ࢞ ࢫࡣ࢜ࣥࡍࡿࡓࡵẚ㍑ⓗከࡃࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ ࣮ࢆᚲせࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࡢཎᏊ⛉Ꮫⓗ⤖ྜࡉ ࡏ࡚ྜ≀ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸࡞ࡢ≉ᚩࡀ࠶ ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽᕼ࢞ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊཎᏊෆࡢ㟁Ꮚࡢ㓄⨨ࡣᏳ ᐃ࡛࠸ࢃࡺࡿ㟁Ꮚ㌶㐨ࡢẆࡀ㛢ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ ࡽࢀࡿࠋᅗ 12 ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᙼࡣࠊ࢟ ࢭࣀࣥࡣỈศᏊࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࢆᏳᐃࡉࡏ࡚ᑠࡉ ࡞⤖ᬗᵓ㐀ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓ(45), (46)ࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡇࡢᕼ࢞ࢫࡀ⬻ෆࡢỈศᏊ┦స⏝ ࢆࡋ࡚ỈศᏊࡢ࿘ࡾ㓄ࡋỈศᏊࢆ≉Ṧ࡞Ᏻ ᐃ≧ែࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ㄝ (࣏࣮ࣜ ࣥࢢࡢỈᛶ┦⌮ㄽ) ࡣࠊ㌟㯞㓉⸆ࡢẼᅽ౫Ꮡ ᛶ࠸࠺ᛶ㉁ࡶㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ(47)ࠋ⬻ෆࡢ ỈศᏊࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉Ṧ࡞Ᏻᐃ≧ែ࡞ࡿព ㆑ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ௬ㄝࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢ ㄝࡣ࠸ࡲࡔド᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ᅗ 12. Ỉࡋࡓ࢟ࢭࣀࣥཎᏊỈᛶ┦⌮ㄽ(45) 55.3. ➽⦰ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㔞ᏊຊᏛ ⬻ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢാࡁࡣᑡࡋ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊ⬻ࡢ㐠ື 㔝ࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ (࣋ࢵࢶ⣽⬊) ࡢ⯆ዧጞࡲࡿ➽ ⫗ࡢ⦰࣓࢝ࢬ࣒࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㔞ᏊຊᏛ࡛ㄝ᫂ ྍ⬟࡞⌧㇟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⬻ࡢ㐠ື㔝ࡽⓎࡋࡓά ື㟁ࡣ⬨㧊ෆࡢ㐠ືࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࢭࢳࣝࢥ ࣜࣥࢆ⚄⤒ఏ㐩≀㉁ࡍࡿᏛࢩࢼࣉࢫࢆࡋ ࡚ఏ㐩ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⬨㧊ෆࡢ㐠ືࢽ࣮࡛ࣗࣟࣥⓎ⏕ࡋ ࡓάື㟁ࡣయࡢ➽⫗฿㐩ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛⚄⤒➽ ᥋ྜ㒊࡛࠶ࡿࢩࢼࣉࢫࢆࡋ࡚➽⫗άື㟁 ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ➽⫗ෆࡢ T-⟶ఏᦙࡋ᭱⤊ ⓗࡇࢀ㐃⤖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ➽ᑠ⬊య⭷ࢆ⬺ศᴟࡉ ࡏࠊࡇࡢ⭷ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣜࣕࣀࢪࣥཷᐜయ ࢳࣕࢿࣝࢆάᛶࡉࡏࡿࠋࡇࡢάᛶࡉࢀࡓࣜࣕ ࣀࢪࣥཷᐜయࢳࣕࣥࢿࣝࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚➽ᑠ⬊యෆ ㈓ⶶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓଶାࡀࢡࢳ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺ ࣑࢜ࢩ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺࡢᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ➽⠇ෆ ᨺฟࡉࢀ࡚⦰ࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࡇࡢ ࢡࢳ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺ࣑࢜ࢩ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥ ࢺࡀ࠸ࡾ㎸ࡴࡇࡼࡗ࡚➽⫗ࡢ⦰ࡀ ጞࡲࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢࡁࠊ➽ᑠ⬊యࡽᨺฟࡉࢀࡓଶାࡀࢡࢳ ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺ࠶ࡿࢺ࣏ࣟࢽࣥࡢ࢝ࣝࢩ࣒࢘ ⤖ྜ㒊⤖ྜࡍࡿࡇࡀࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞࡞ࡾࠊࢡ ࢳ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺ᥋ゐࡋࡓ࣑࢜ࢩ࣭ࣥࣇࣛ ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㢌㒊ࡀ᭤ࡀࡿࡇ࡛ࡾ㎸ࡳࡀⓎ⏕ࡍ ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡁ࣑࢜ࢩ ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺࡢ㢌㒊ࡀ᭤ࡀࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒㛵 ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊṇ☜ࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸(48)ࠋࡇࡢศᏊᶵᵓ 㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆࡗࡓ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࡇࡢ➽⫗⦰ࡢศᏊᶵᵓ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛ ࡼࡃ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ⅼࡣࠊ⦰ᚲせࡉࢀࡿ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣑࢜ࢩ ࣭ࣥࣇ࣓ࣛࣥࢺࡢ㢌㒊ࡀ ATP ࣮ࢮࡋ࡚ാ ࡁࠊࡇࡢ㢌㒊࠶ࡿ ATP ⤖ྜࡍࡿ㒊ࡣࠊ࣏ ࢣࢵࢺᵓ㐀࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ࣏ࢣࢵࢺᵓ㐀ෆ࡛ ADP ࣜࣥ㓟ศゎࡋࡓ ATP ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ୍ ⓗࡑࡢෆ㒊ಖᏑࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍⯡ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ATP ࡀ ADP ࣜࣥ㓟ศゎࡍࡿ㝿⏕ࡌࡿ࢚ࢿ ࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ୍▐ࡋ࡚ᩓ㐓ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸୍ᐃ㛫ಖ Ꮡࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࡞ࡋ࡞ ࡀࡽࡇࡢሙྜࠊATP ࡀศゎࡉࢀࡓᚋࡶࡑࡢᏛ࢚ ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ࠶ࡿ୍ᐃ㛫ࡇࡢ࣏ࢣࢵࢺෆಖᏑ ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋᚲせ࡞⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀศࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ࣏ࢣࢵࢺෆ ಖᏑࡉࢀࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸(48)ࠋࡇ ࡇࡶ㔞ᏊຊᏛࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠺ࡲࡃㄝ࡛᫂ ࡁࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 55.4. ࢚ࢡࣝࢬ࣭࣏ࢵࣃ࣮ࡢ᪂ཎㄽ ᢚไᛶࢩࢼࣉࢫᚋ㟁ࡢⓎぢࡼࡗ࡚ࣀ࣮࣋ ࣝ㈹ࢆཷ㈹ࡋࡓ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜฟ㌟ࡢ⏕⌮Ꮫ⪅ John Carew Eccles (ࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࢝ࣝࠊ࢚ࢵࢡࣝࢬࠊ 1903-1997) ࡣࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜฟ㌟࡛ⱥᅜࡢဴᏛ ⪅ Karl Raimund Popper (࣮࣭࣏࢝ࣝࢵࣃ࣮ࠊ 1902-1994) ࡶࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡢᛮᡠࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ඖㄽࢆᥦฟࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊ3 ࡘࡢࡃ ␗࡞ࡿୡ⏺ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊࠕ≀⌮ⓗ࡞≀ࡑ ࡢ≧ែࡽ࡞ࡿୡ⏺ࠖࠕព㆑ࡢ≧ែࡽ࡞ࡿୡ ⏺ࠖࠊࡉࡽࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᙧᘧ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿᩥ ࡽ࡞ࡿୡ⏺࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ≉๓⪅ࡢࡘࡣ࠸┦ స⏝ࢆࡋྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡇࡢ➨ 2 ࡢୡ⏺➨ 1 ࡢୡ⏺ࡢ┦స⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊࢩࢼࣉ ࢫ࠾ࡅࡿሗఏ㐩ࠕព㆑ࠖࡀ┤᥋ാࡁࡅࡿ ࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ(49), (50)ࠋ≉⬻ෆࡢయ ࡢືࡁࢆไᚚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㡿ᇦࡢࢩࢼࣉࢫఏ㐩ព ㆑ࡀస⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬⏤࡞ពᛮࡀᡂ❧ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢹ࢝ࣝࢺࡀᙇࡋࠊ ࢚ࣜࢨ࣮࣋ࢺࡀၥࢆ࿊ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㠀≀㉁ⓗ࡞ 㨦 (ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣព㆑ྠ⩏࡛ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ) ࡀ≀㉁ⓗ ᇶ┙ࢆ࠾ࡃࢩࢼࣉࢫస⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ㄝࢆ ၐ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⌧௦ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ಖᏑἲ๎ ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᡃࠎࡽぢࡿࡇࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ⣡ ᚓ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸Ⅼࡀከ࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡶࡋ㨦ࡀࢩࢼࣉ ࢫാࡁࡅࡿࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡣ≀ ⌮Ꮫ࡛ゝ࠺ࡇࢁࡢࠕࠖ┦ᙜࡋࠊࡀ⾜ ࢃࢀࡿᚲࡎ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࢩ ࢼࣉࢫࡢఏ㐩㨦ࡀఱࡽࡢస⏝ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࢚ ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀᾘ㈝ࡉࢀࡿࠊࡑࡢ≀⌮ⓗ㊧ࡀṧࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢ㊧ࡣᐇ㝿ࡢᐇ㦂࡛ ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ಖᏑࡢ ἲ๎࠸࠺㐣ཤ୍ᗘࡶ▩┪ࢆࡁࡓࡋࡓࡇࡢ ࡞࠸≀⌮Ꮫࡢ๓ᥦࡽ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ࢚ࢡࣝࢬ࣭࣏ ࢵࣃ࣮ࡢᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௬ㄝࡣᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ(32), (51), (52)ࠋ 66. ࡲࡵ ⬻ᶵ⬟ゎ᫂ࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿ᭱㏆ࡢ◊✲࡛ࠊᚤどⓗ ࡞⏕⌮Ꮫⓗ⌧㇟ࢆ㔞ᏊຊᏛࡀᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࢫࢣ࣮ ࣝࡢ≀⌮⌮ㄽ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡢሗ࿌ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ ᐃᢏ⾡ࡸᐇ㦂᪉ἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡉࡽ≀⌮Ꮫࡢ᰿ᖿࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㔞Ꮚຊ Ꮫࡸ⣲⢏Ꮚㄽࡣ⌧௦ࡢᏱᐂㄽ࡞ࡶᐦ᥋⤖ ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚⣲⢏Ꮚࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᚤどⓗ࡞ୡ ⏺ࡽࠊᏱᐂࡢᵓ㐀ࡸ⏕ᡂࡲ࡛ࡶྵࡴ⌧௦≀⌮Ꮫ
ࡢᑐ㇟୰ࠊ≀㉁࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⬻ࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࡇࡢᏱᐂࡢ୰≀⌮ⓗᐇయࡋ࡚Ꮡ ᅾࡍࡿ⬻ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≀⌮ἲ๎࡛ゎ ᫂ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸(22), (31)ࠋ ≀⌮Ꮫࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚⬻ᶵ⬟ゎ᫂ࢆ⾜࠺どⅬࡀ ᚋᚲせ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ㈶ྰ୧ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࣮࣌ࣥࣟ ࢬࡢᥦၐ࡞ࡣࡑࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᐇ㦂 ࡼࡿᐃ㔞ⓗ࣭㑏ඖ⩏ⓗ᪉ἲㄽ࡛㐍Ṍࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᚑ ᮶ࡢ⚄⤒⏕⌮Ꮫࢆࡁࡃ㐍ࡵࡿ୍ࡘࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆ ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⣲⢏ᏊㄽࡸᏱᐂ≀⌮Ꮫࢆᑓ㛛ࡍ ࡿ⌮ㄽ≀⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚᭩ࢀࡓ⬻⛉Ꮫ㛵㐃ࡢ ⴭ᭩ࡸⓎゝࡀ᭱㏆ቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡶࡇࡢࡇࢆ♧ ၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(53), (54)ࠋࡉࡽࠊ⮬⏤ពᚿᅉᯝᚊ ࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⯆῝࠸ᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ(55)ࠋ ෑ㢌ࡢᗎㄽ࡛ᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ⬻⛉Ꮫᑐࡍࡿ ♫ⓗせㄳࡶࡲࡍࡲࡍࡁࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ ࢆᫎࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱㏆ࠊ⚄⤒⛉Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚⡿ᅜࡸ EU ࡛ࡁ࡞ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 2013 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 2 ᪥࢜ࣂ࣐⤫㡿ࡀ ࠕ Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative: ㏻⛠ Brain Initiativeࠖ࠸࠺ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ ࢡࢺࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࡿࡇࢆᐉゝࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࣄࢺࡢ ⬻࠾ࡅࡿࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥ㛫ࡢ࡞㓄⥺ᅗࢆᚓࡼ ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ(31)ࠋ୍᪉ࠊEU ࡛ࡣࠊ2005
ᖺ࣮ࣟࢨࣥࢾ㐃㑥ᕤ⛉Ꮫࡢ Henry Markram ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ࠕBlue Brain Project: ࣈ࣮࣭ࣝࣈ ࣭ࣞࣥࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠖࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ୍ಶ ࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥᏑᅾࡍࡿ࢜ࣥࢳࣕࢿࣝ࡞ࡢ ᐇ㦂ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྵࡴࢽ࣮ࣗࣟࣥࡑࢀࡽࡽ࡞ࡿ ⚄⤒ᅇ㊰⥙ࢆ Blue Gene ࠸࠺ࢫ࣮ࣃ࣮࣭ࢥࣥࣆ ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡋࡼ࠺࠸ ࠺ヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࡇࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ 2013 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࡽࠕHuman Brain Project: ࣄ࣮࣐ࣗ ࣭ࣥࣈ࣭ࣞࣥࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠖࡋ࡚ண⟬ࡢつᶍ ࡶᖜᣑࡋ࡚ 10 ࢝ᖺィ⏬࡛ጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ⬻ࡢࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࢚ ࣥࢪࢽࣜࣥࢢࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣᛂ ⏝㠃ࡽࡳ࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᮏㄽㄝ࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺࡞ᇶᮏⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ ᆅ࡞◊✲ࡶ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢ⌮ゎࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ20 ୡ⣖୰ࡈࢁ ࡽάື㟁ࡢⓎ⏕࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡸࢩࢼࣉࢫఏ㐩ࡢ ⏕⌮Ꮫⓗゎᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓⱥᅜࡢ⏕⌮Ꮫ⪅࣍ࢪ࢟ࣥࠊ ࣁࢡࢫࣞࠊ࢝ࢵࢶ࡞ࡣࠊᡭసࡾࡢᐇ㦂⨨࡛ ࣖࣜ࢝ࡸ࢚࢝ࣝ࡞ࡢୗ➼࡞ື≀ࢆᐇ㦂ᑐ㇟ ࡋ࡚┠ぬࡲࡋ࠸Ⓨぢࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑࡢゎᯒෆᐜࡶࡍ ࡄࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣᆺࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ ࡛ࡣ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ಶேࡢ╔⊂ⓗ࡞⬟ຊ ࡼࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀࡁ࠸ࠋᮏㄽㄝ࡛㏙ࡓ◊✲ࡶᙼ ࡽࡢ◊✲ጼໃ┦㏻ࡌࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ㅰ ㅰ㎡ ᮏㄽᩥ 3 ❶ࡢ㔞ᏊຊᏛ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊబ㈡Ꮫ ≀ ⌮Ꮫ⛉ࡢ⡿ᒣ ༤ᚿ ᩍᤵ (⣲⢏Ꮚㄽᑓᨷ) ࡈᰯ 㜀࠸ࡓࡔࡁࠊࡉࡽࠊᅜ㝿ࣛࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢱ࣮Chloƴ Okuno Ặࡣᅗࢆ‽ഛࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇ ࡇឤㅰ⮴ࡋࡲࡍࠋ ཧ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 1. Ლ⏣ (2003). ་ᏛࡢṔྐ ㅮㄯ♫ 2. ᆏ 㞝 (2008). ேయほࡢṔྐ ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ 3. ᑠᕝ 㰓୕ (1964). ་ᏛࡢṔྐ ୰ኸබㄽ♫ 4. ᆏ 㞝 (2014). ᅗㄝ ேయ࣓࣮ࢪࡢ ኚ㑄㸸すὒ᪥ᮏ ྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩࣕࡽ⌧௦ࡲ ࡛ ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ 5. Gregorius, R., (1503) Margarita philosophica nova Anastatic reprint with an introduction (in Italian) by Lucia Andreini, Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2002 (3 voll.).
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