SUT Journal of Mathematics (R)rmerly TRU Mathematics) Volume 29, Number 2(1993),311−322
AREMARK ON RESIDUES OF DIFFERENTIAL
FORMS IN ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
FIELDS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
YosHINoRI SUZUKI
(Received October 12,1993) ABsTRAcT. Let K be a fu皿ctio皿field over a perfect field k. After Kunz【51 a皿d Elzei丑[1】, KawaharauUchibori[4]has show皿that residue of a different呈aユform(三n the se丑se of{5L【1])of the highest.degree is deterlni皿ed up to addition by pseud(Fexact differentiaユs, provided that char.kニp>0. This is a counter part of a result of Elzein[1】in case char.kニ0. Moreover they have studied b eh avior of residue u皿der finite extentions of K. The purpose of this paper is to show that slight modifications of [4] give aJso similar results{br differential.fbrms of a[n arbitrary degree(for h・t neCessarily perfect). AMS 1991 Maht¢matics Suあ∫ect Classification, Pアimary 13NO5,12HO5. Key word5 and phrases. Di]Terentia1 form, residue, Caエtier operator, Frobenius map, fu皿ctio皿fie1d, val皿ation, trace map.1.Prelimi皿aries
1.1 Throughout this papel, k w皿denote a field and K a fu皿ction fieldoveエkof n variables. We always.assume that K is separable oveエk.
Let v l)e a pエime divisoエof K,(i.e. a discrete valuatio皿of ra皿k l of K s皿ch that the residue五eld of v has tra皿s.deg. n−lovel k)and」配be its valuatio皿エi皿g. If∫∈R, the皿we w姐denote by∫its cano皿ical image血 theエesidue field D of R. We also assume that 1)is separable overえ. So that we can always choose a family of elementsちt2,_,tn i皿R such that tis a I)rime element of丑a皿d{dt2,_,dtn}is a base of the.differe皿tial moduleΩ1(1)/k);thelefble{dt,dt2,_,dtn}fblms a・basis ofΩ1(R/k) and he皿ce it also forms a basis ofΩ1(K/k). We wM call such a family 1={t,孟2,_,tn}aparameteエof(K/k,R). Let R”1)e the v−completio丑 of R, the皿thele exsists a unique coe伍cient field Eニ」脇2_tn which co皿一 tains克(君2,_,tn)such that the ca皿onical homomolphism of R^onto D induces a皿isomorphism of E onto D. Si皿ce R^is’a regular local ri皿g of311
dim 1, so we may.identify.R^to E[[t]],hence the quotient丑eld KA of R^can be Iega疋ded as the{]ormal power series field E((t)).
1.2 Letωbe a differe皿tial foエm inΩ7(K/k)(r≧1). The皿ωca皿
be皿ni〈1皿ely explessed i皿the fbrM ω=ー9‘、…i,dti、^…∧dti.+Σhi、…i.dt・A・dti,・A…〈dti.,
1<il<…<i, 1<82<…<8r (9輌1…輌.,ん‘、…↓.∈K). 1皿【1]EIZei皿de血皿edエesidue ofωas’fblows(cf. also Lomadze[6D. If hi、.輌.=Σ h,、−i,ktk,ん輌、…i,k∈E k is the fbエmal expa血sidn in r=E((t)),Iesidue ofωis de五ned by ・e・R,ε(ω)=Σhi、…ir,一・砥、∧…(S dTi,, t2〈…<tr and has the fb皿Owi皿9 property エeSR,1 d+d・eSR,±=0・ In paエticulaエ, IesR,± maps closed differe皿tials to closed differentials a皿d exact diffe1e丑tiaJs to exact ones. 、 Adiffe正ential fo丈皿ω∈Ω『(K/k)is ca皿ed holomolphic i皿t(oエholo− morphic atの, if a皿coefHcients g輌1...輌.,h‘2_‘『aエe co皿tai皿ed、 i皿丑・We I)utfoエanyω∈Ω7(K/k):
∵獅(りニ.r.mi・{m.∈Z ’1’tmω・h・1・m・・phi・in・t}. By麺・【5】, if・w・iS.・1・・ed・q・d if ・A(の≧『『−1,.・e・R,±(ω). d6・・皿・t de− pend o丑the choice. of paエametels君,孟2,… ,tn・、 1.3 1f char.k’三jp>、O and」K/k.姪separal)le as al)ove, i皿velse Caエtieエop_ ・・a…『bR}k i・duce・an i・・m・叩hi・m・f K(’)−m・d・1…(K…【31,皿・・i・ [2D O−1κ∫、・Ω・(K(・)/克)⇒2iΩ・(醐/dΩ・−1(頁/k)Y.SUZUKI
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whele K(ρ)=K⑧k(k, Fk)(Fk:Fkobe皿ills map of k)and we Iegaエd
Kas」K(P)−algebla via relative Fエol)e】肛ius(c£ Sectio皿2), Z1Ω7(K/k) sta皿ds for the closed differe皿tials. This isomoエphism defines BmΩ「(K/k), Z.Ω「(K/k),(m≧0)i皿ductively as fbllows([2D:みoΩ(Klk)=o,
zoΩ’(K/k)=Ω「(五/k),β・Ωず(頁μ)r4Ω「−1(、κ/k), c−1、c/k(BmΩ’(K(ρ)/た))=Bm・・Ωア(頁/克)/B・, 0−1κ1、(ZmSt「(K(’)/k))=Zm・・Ω7(頁/k)/B・・ If壷e de五ne K(Pm)ind皿ctively by K(PM)=K(,m−1)⑧k(k,Fk)i.e. K(PM)= K⑧k(k,Fkm)th・皿Bm・nd・Zm・・e頁(・m)一・・bm・d・1…fΩ’(K/k)・u・hthat
o=Bo⊂B1⊂…⊂Bm⊂…⊂B。。⊂z。。⊂…
… ⊂Zm⊂… ⊂Z1⊂Zo =Ω「(K/k),
whele B。。=uBm, Z。。ニ∩Zm.
m 1・v・・se・f thi・i・・m・・phi・m O−1K/k d・fi…K(・)−li・…m・p…dl・d (}artier OperatoエCKlk : oκ1、・z・Ωず(K/k)二・Ω「(K(P)/ゐ) wh・・e K・m・l i・.B・,・・d whi・h・ati・fi・・0κ/永(1)=1・..CK/k(ω〈・)=OKlk(ω)^CKlk(・),0頁/k(x’−1dx)=d聴)(f・・x∈K), wh・・e VV
d・n・t・・c・n・ni・al・h・mOm・叩hiSm K−→頁(・)=K⑧k(k,Fk)・AIS・
we have CKlk(Bm+1)=Bm, CK∫k(Zm+1)=Zm, a皿d itelated CaエtieI
・P・・at・・CMKlk=Cκ…−1)lk・…。CK…/k。CKIk(・f・ L・mm・lb・1・w)
gi・・l the eX・・t綱・・n…f五(・m)血・dUles ; 、
。_B.Ωr(酬_,ZmΩ・(酬竺竺Ω・(KIP・)/kト_・.
Clea丈ly,ω∈Zm if and o皿ly ifω,C(ω),_,Om−1(ω) aエe closed i皿 Ω・(K/k),.・9・(κω/k),...,Ω・(K(・m−1)/k)・e・pecti・・ly.Remark.」皿the・case of the highest deglee(r=n),we have
Ω「(K/k)=ZO=Zl=… ニZm=… =Z■・
2.Poincare Re謡due
Let K/k, R 1)e as i皿Sect.1. The皿we have the fb皿gwi皿g cartesialldiagエam:
→
k
\
D=R/m
K(P)=K⑧(k,Fk)↑ k
R(・)=丑⑧(k,Fk) k D(P)=1)⑧(k,Fk) k =R(P)/mR(P) k=(k,Fk)wheエe W is the homomolphism 1⑧Fk and m de皿otes the maXimal
ideal of R. Note that Frobe皿ius map FK:K−→Khas the ca皿onical
factoエization : 頁_M二→κ(ρ)=K⑧先(k,Fk)_竺ど→K. ]he1・ti・・F・・b・ni・・FKI・ i・・h・m・m・叩hi・m・fκ(・)一・19・b・a with im・g・ ゐKp,a皿d si皿ce K/肘s sepaエable it i皿duces an isomorphism頁(P)一:一+ kKP. Lemma 1. Let・K/kαnd.D/克be sepaTαb∼e. Tゐen,編九e diαgrαm above,(1)K(・)‘・α3eρ・・αb’・,,fi・働g・π・硫d飼4・・er k・∫
オ・α・・.d・g.κ(・)/k=ηω克er・k緬π・19・b・α…r itself・by Fk, and R(・) 輌・唖3c・eオ・・αr・吻・・迦↓0∫・απゐ1/Of K(・)/ゐω撤m促仇・1 id・αrm⑧kkニmRIP) ;(2)D(ρ)‘3α5e卿αb’・,餌測g・・e・αオ・d飼4…r・le,
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の・α・・.晦。D(・)/鳶=π一1. 抗・umm・・四・・α・・α鋤・‘オ九・・輌硫・呵(K(P)/え,R(・),D(・))‘・ オんe・sαme as tんαオq∫(Klk,R, D), Pro Of SeparabMty of」K(ρ)/k(resp.1)(P)/k)is clear. By the preced− i皿gIemark,五(ρ)(Iesp.1)(P))is a五eld. O皿the other ha皿d, a五nitely generated field L over k means that L is loca血zation at(0)of integral k− algebra k[5](5:αfinite subset of L). Then L⑧k k is also locaMzation of k[5]⑧kkat(0),he皿ce it fblows that K(P)/k a皿d 1)(P)/k are fi皿itely gen− eエated, a皿d tra皿s.deg.(K⑧k k/k)=tΣans.deg.(K/k)=n(エesp.tra皿s.deg. (D⑧kk/fO)=tra皿s.deg.(1)/k)=n−1)(EGA IV 4.2.1). Note that si皿ce W :K −一→ K⑧k k = K(P) iS pulely insepaΣable and 丑(P)is in− tegral over R, theエe exists only one maXimal ideal over m(Bou正1)aki,Alg. comm. Chap. V p.49. Lemma 4). It fbnows that丑(P)is a
local Ii皿9. Moreover si皿ce R is a k−algebra esse皿tia皿y of finite type, R(ρ)= 」配⑧kk is also a k−algebla of sanie type, he皿ce noethelian, of dim(R⑧k k)=dim(丑)=1(R⑧k k=1配(ρ)is i皿tegral over’R』by injec− tioll W), and si皿ce D/k is sel》aτable, the regular local ri皿g R is foエmallysmooth(EGA IVo.19.6.4),伽s impHes that丑(P)=R⑧k k is folma皿y
smooth, he皿ceエegulaエ.We co皿clude that R(ρ)is a discIete vauatio皿】血g .Since 1)(ρ)=.D⑧k k=R(ρ)/mR(P)is a field a皿d R(P)/R is・fK(・)/ゐ 且at, mR(P)=m⑧R(ρ)=m⑧k k is the ma】dmal ideal of丑(ρ).ロ RBecause W= 1⑧Fk品ises only k−actio皿to the p−th poweΣ, we
See that if t iS a plime eleme皿t Of丑the皿W(t)ニt⑧1、 iS a工SO that of R(P)by Lemma 1. Hence, if、1={君,t2,...,tn}is a parametel of (K/k,R), the皿W(オ)={W(り, W(君2),_,W(tn)}becomes a pa疏meteエ of(K(P),丑(ρ))by K(ρ)−isomo叩hismΩ1(頁/k)⑧K頁(ρ)一:・, Sti(K(P)/k) (df⑧1−→dvv(∫)). Hereaftel we w皿always conside正the parameter of thi・type a・th・p・・am・t・西・(K(・),丑(ρ)) Moleovel, this Lemma l guarantees the exsistence of itelated Caエtieエ ope工atOI l皿our Sltuat10皿.Lemma 2. Lε‘頁beα劃4(ザchαrαcteristicρ>0. Forαny closed
畷アerentiα∼fornz w輌πΩず(K/k), we・have re3R(・),w(りoκ∫先(ω)=OD1た・e3R,£(ω)where CKIkαnd CD/k舵0α悟eア・perat・・3・π頁/ゐαヵば1)/わe3,ec一
加吻.,
Furtherm O re,σω∈ZmΩ7(K/k)仇eπ ・e3R・,り,脚)cklk(ω)=(払バe3R,・(ω),(・≦1≦m) w九・・eびκ/・αndびD/・d…碗・耐・d・C・tier Op・rαt・・5。 、、ProOf. The second assertio皿fbllows from the first by inductio皿, so it s皿]田ce to show the fiエst one. For this, p耐ti皿9君1ニちsi皿ce by P. Catieエ Z・Ωず(K/k)コ・Ωず(K!k)+{freeFKlk(頁ω)−m・d・1・with bas・君ζ「1…‡7ご1d‘・、∧…∧dti.} (f・1 il<…<i,) and l)oth sides of the asserted equality aLre k−lineaエand an皿ihilate exact fo・m・, w・a・e・educed t・th・・cas・(・・t・th・t FK/k(K(P))=kKり.ω=αρ塔一1…‘rご1dい…熾.(・∈獅く…<ir).
B破ih this case if we de皿ote l)yα一1.∈Ethe coe伍cie皿t in t’”10f.the f・m・1』??吹EnSi…f・, th…i…Citk(・P)=W(・),・・d・th・C・・駈・・t Of W(α)i皿W(り一1 iS W(α_1),Simple CalCUIatiOnS Show: both sides of the equality={9.(。.、)die・(i;;)^.1._(語漂1:ロ∫
Coro皿ary・Ifω二∈BmΩア(K/k), then『reSR,重(ω)∈み玩Ω7−1(1)/k),αnd ・IS・ω∈ZmStア(K/k)卿∼輌…e・a£(ω)∈ZmΩ’−1(D/k), PrOqf. 1皿 faCt, SinCe エeSR,1(」?1) ⊂ Bl, reSR,±(Z1) ⊂ Zi’ alid c・cノ・(Bm・・Ω’(K/k))=BmΩ「(Kω/k),cκ/・(Zm.・Ω「(ぴ))= Z・・St「(K(P)/k),(・・t・th・t・inv・rs6・im・g・・f・Bm(・esp.Zih) by Cκ1A i・ Bm+1(エesp・Zm+1)cf・definitio皿in Sectio皿1.3),this coroUaΣy is ploved l)y ind皿ction on m and the a1)ove’kemma.ロ
Y.SUZUKI
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hL oul study of residlle,. we sha皿皿eed to make use of reductio皿、 fbエthe oldeエof a pole i皿tof differential iblms. For this p皿lpose the fo皿ow㎞gLemma wi皿s面ice.
Lemma 3・PVit九the 3αη葛e no施tionα3飢5ec君.1,1eτωbeα”do3eば
耐ere頑α1∫・rm in St「(K/k). Then for any integer m≧1: (1)if chαr・克二ρ>Oandω∈ZmΩ7(K/k),〃R(ω)≧一ピπ,ωe力α㊨e 〃R(・・)(C繋ノた(ω))≧−1;(2)ヴ・克・r・k=0励〃R(ω)≧−m,ψεcα・輌α切e・・蜘1∫・r殉∈Ωず一1(K/k)8%C九tん吻R@−dη)≧−1.
Pro〔’f, Case(1).(cf. fbエexample{2D By hypotheses we ca皿wliteωニt”pM
モ魔潤@whereωo is holomorphic i皿t. Ol)seエve thatωo is closed ・nd・C・〈ノk(ω)=」・V(t)’・M7’C、〈1k(ω・). Since CKlk(ω・)i・h・1・m・・phi・i・ W(t),uR(P)(CKlk(ω))≧一ρM−1・Thus we get ouエLemma by i皿ductio皿onm.
Case(2). Suppose vR(ω).≧−m(m>1), dω=0,the皿ω=t−Mdt∧α+t−Mβ
wheyeα,βaエe holomo叩hic i皿tsuch that dt does皿ot occllL Since君mω
is bolomoエphic in t, d(tMω)is also holomolphic i皿‡・But sinCed(tMω)=mtm−1dt Aω
=’mt−1dt Aβ it follows thatγ=オー1βis holomo丈phic i皿t,a皿d ω=t−mdt∧α+t−m+1γ.Putη = (−m十1)−lt−−m+1α. The皿 吻= t−mdt Aα土(−m十
1)−lt−m+idα, and we obtai皿ω=dη十君一m+1(干(−m十1)−Idα十「r). Becallse dα,’)’aエe holomo叩hic i皿t, this shows YR(ω一吻).≧−m十1, hence iterated use of this gives the lemm a i皿case chaLえ=0.ロTheorem 1・.Leほbe a field w仙c九αr,k=ρ>0.∬ωゴ3α赫er−
・頑・げ・m‘・ZmΩず(K/k)・・C九オ九鋤R(ω)≧−pM−1,.オん…e3丑,±(ω)輌・ %π勾%e「y(letermined%Pオ0α(ld栖0πby(lifferentiα∼3輌πBπじ_1Ω゜−1(D/k).Pr・Of・Let E={8,52,_,sn}be an・ther parameteL If〃R(ω)≧
−P’”’1・伍・・vR・,一一・・(c謬(ω))≧一・by・L・mm・3・F・・th・−e w・ hav・C確(ω)・Z・Ω’(K(’M−1)/k),h・nce・by・L・mm・2・・d K…’・・e・・1・ (cf. Section 1): C確(・e・R,±ω一・e・R,。ω)、 一・e・R・,一・),vv・一・(りo㌫1(ω)一・e・R・,M−・),w・一・(、)C㌫1(ω)=・ i.・.・e・R,±ω一・e・R,。ω∈Bm.、Ω’−1(D/k).口 Comllary・・ぴω∈2。。Ωず(K/k), then reSR,圭(ω)is determined uniguely m・翻・β。。Ω’−1(D/k).Remark. As皿oted in theエemark of sect.1,Ωπ(K/k)=z。。Ωn(KIk)
in the highest deglee.0皿the other ha皿d, when k is perfect, we may ide皿tify by the isomoエohismレV, k−…ilgel)la k一ナK(ρ)to k−algebra 可1・k−−K,・・th・t und・・thi・id・・ti丘・ati・n CKlk・g・ee・with・th・ 皿sual Cartier opeエatoエ. He皿ce this coエonaエy gives Theorem l in[41 as a Special case. Thus we have a map ResR i皿duced from resR,±, R・・R・z..Ω’(K/k)一→z・・Ωア(D/k)/B・・Ω7(D/k) In case char.k=0, a similar・map is obtai皿ed, if weエeplace Z。。1)y Zl and B。。1)y Bl(Elzei皿[1D.3.Finite extention
We fix a field k of characteエistic P ≧ 0. Let K and L be血nitely gener ated, separable field exte皿sio皿s oveエk.Assllme that L is 6nite over K・De皿ote by TrLIK trace map of differentialS of L(【5】,[6D・This tエace map commutes with d. Moyeoveエifρ>0,it aiso commutes with C artier operator(cf.【61 for a peエfect k):Lemma 4.∬c九ar,れ3ρ>0,ωe九αve言んe∫or∫oω卿com励tative飽一
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9「αm・ Z1Ωア(K/k)・…1
Ω.(K(ρ)/k) TrL/K T・LωノXi・) Z1Ω『(.L/k) ・…⊥ Ω「(.L(ρ)/k) ProOf. It su伍ce to check this. commutativity fbエthe case of sepalable a皿dof purely insepa正able exte皿sion of degエee P,respectively. ㎞sepa正able case, Lemma is txivia1. Because the formation of Zl is compatible with etale localization, we have z1Ωず(LIK)=zl st「(K/k)⑧K・L・The1}CLIk=CK/k⑧land
T・L1κ=1⑧君・・Z・Ω’(L/k)=Z・Ω’(K/k)⑧κ五 一一一一一一>Z1Ω7(K/k)⑧κK= Z1Ω7(K/k) where tr is the usual tエace map of L/k. The sameエelatio皿s hold for Ω7(L(ρ)!k)=Ω゜(K(ρ)/k)⑭K(P)L(P).He皿ce the diaglam in Lemma 4 is エeduced to the triVial one. 1皿p皿rely insepaエa1)le case, let%be.a皿eleme皿t of L such that u¢K, a皿d{ti}be a P−basefbr K/k1ア. Then{u}U{ti}is a P−1)a』seof L/k・ P皿tt=up,{ti}or{オ}U{ti}is a P−base fol K/k. Consider the fo皿owi皿9 caエtesian diag品m(with trivia1 notations),kLP
k
.L(ρ) K(ρ) kL(P)Pk
the皿situations of W(u)=u⑧1, W(ti)=ti⑧1 ale the sa血e fbl the
エight hand side, i.e. a】』o W(u)¢K(P),{W(%)}U{W(ti)}is aρ一1)ase ・fLω/k, and{W(ti)}・エ{W(‘)}U{聯‘)}is a p−base・f L(・)/k. T・ plove the lemma, since both sides of the asseエted equality ale k一㎞eal anda皿ihilate on 81Ω「(L/k),it is enough to check the lemma for differe皿tiaJs of the followi皿g type(as in the proof of Lemma 2.) ω=αρ・・−1‘{1”1…穏d・∧dti、^…∧dt・r.、,・∈五・ The defi皿itio皿of TrL/K gives T・。1κ(ω)=αρ孟{r1…鷺二{4τ噛、〈…∧dt・..、・ he皿ce CKlkTrLll〈(ω)=CK/k(αPdt)∧dVV㈲∧…〈dW(t{..、)・