ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ᅋዀɹ 50 ॷ
⏎͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳՏᅋɹᆖɹዐ⏎
֓ǵᚹǵӦǵࡎ*
A Fifty-year History of the Maternity Ward of Kajang Hospital:
Institutionalization of Child Delivery Practices in Malaysia
Kato Yuko*
This paper examines the process of institutionalization of child delivery practices in Malaysia for the last fifty years. The main data analyzed are the “Delivery Record Books” of 1957 through 2000 which are found at the Kajang Hospital located approximately 26 km southeast of Kuala Lumpur. A historical analysis of the data indicates considerable differences in delivery practices between three major ethnic groups in Malaysia; in the earlier period Chinese and Indian women were predominant in the Delivery Record Books, while Malay women, evidently preferring to give birth at home with the assistance of bidan kampung (traditional midwives), were scarcely represented. These findings imply that Chinese and Indians, many of who had immigrated to Malaya as laborers, had greater access to modern medical care under the maternal and child health policy of the British colonial government because the reproduction of laborers was given high priority during the colonial period. It was only after the 1960s that medical projects such as the construction of midwife clinics were brought into rural areas where the majority of Malays lived. In these clinics, the government midwives started to assist Malay women in their deliveries and advise them to deliver at the nearby hospital if any complications were expected. The government also imposed strict rules to prohibit bidan kampung from providing child delivery services. Hence, the number of Malays in the rural areas who gave birth at the Kajang Hospital increased dramatically in the 1960s, especially after the 1970s.
нѻྶۅѪ̵ӎӜ̴ҧҒѠଡ଼ઊ҄ѳтѽݳဣᄲ̵
Տᅋɻ߂ȷȼɻϺᰖɴಔᇕɲᅊჿᇕჼᢒɫȡʱ⏋ʭʱ͊˪ͦɴɻ႕ࡴ˱̢͖̘͊ˑɹయ ᇕឹᏬȵᖬȼᝠʶʳЦᇕჼᢒɫʢȡʳ⏏ؾಁɴܕࢃɹែဣȴʰʛʳɭ⏋Ϻɹᅊɻয়᠍ܕ
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
ࢃɹࢰഀɴᬠʼʳᩂ߂ϟɫȡʱ⏋ϺؤకፑʦѳҫכᆹకፑɹࢷԂɲɰܕࢃɹЂԂˁ؝ȿʦɐȦ Օᩃɫʢȡʳᗽᩃ 1994⏏ ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ܕࢃɹɲѳҫכᆹకፑɹʢɭɫ⏋ؑ 30 ॷᬚɫՏᅋȵਸ਼ᦵɴ ᆖɌɛ⏏1965 ॷɴɻᏝ 40⎾ɫȡɤɛᆖՏᅋრɻ⏋1980 ॷɴ 55⎾⏋2000 ॷɴɻ 95⎾ ɴވ֓Ɍɛ [MOHAR 1980: 48; 2001: 63]⏏Ʉɹғɻ⏋ೣɹేՕࠝრɭʓʖؾɍɫȡʳ⏏ ʚɛϖӻϭრʦ߰ᅋࠨϭრɲɰɹທࡎѳҫ୭ฌɴȲȦɩʢᘿɌȦжάˁʛɓ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ ɹທࡎѳҫɹອྈɻγᅠᇕɴʛɩʢᲞɲͤ̾͡ɴ᧒ɌɩȦʳ [Pathmanathan et al. 2003]⏏ ਃഀɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳՏᅋɴᬠɐʳድɻ⏋ȼȵ͇ͤͻᦅྫɲɰˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ ద 1 ̙ිਬඏඏద
᠖ɹɲȴɫயȴʶ⏋ՏᅋˁʠȽʳીʦШᐏᇕᅋࠤ⏃̲̋ͲˡͲͅͲ bidan kampung⏋ ͇ͤͻɫȋɹᅋࠤȍɹઝ⏆⏋ɐɲʼɠᦏБכɹఠᔒˁ؝ȿɑႶᕶɴᓃɌɛɫܩݖ ɹ֖ᅋɴொʼɤɩȷɛШᐏᇕՏᅋЂ֖ᓔ (traditional birth attendant) ɹࡸᤋɴ့ဣˁȡɩɩȷ ɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛӃكɹʪȭɴ⏋ᦏБכᆹɹ༡ᦩɴʭʱᆖɫɹՏᅋȵς༑ɭɲʳɭ⏋Ϻᰖᓔʦ ЦᓔɻՏᅋʍɹᬠਕˁ߉ɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏˁɻɍʠɭɐʳᯃីЦ ɹ᠖ᇕЦᇕድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᆖɻីɹכᆹ˹˽̘͌ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹ˹˽̘͌ɴȲ ȿʳՏᅋɻɐʏɩܯᣒɲʢɹɭʛɲɇʶɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌɲȵʰΥឿ⏋ಔᇕɫܯᣒɭਲ਼ʼʶȵɠɲᆖՏᅋɫȡɤɩʢ⏋ɗʶȵըɭɌɩ༡ ᦩɌɩȦȼዐʦ⏋ɗɹ؝ࢅɹɇʶɻ⏋য়᠍ЦɹయʦرˁؙɌɩᅵɲɤɩȦɩʢέ ਲ਼ᡴɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛɄɹዐˁՕഓɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ɄʶʚɫȲʢɴӴᦽᡉܕɫɹʛᙢዩɇʶ ɩȷɛՏᅋɹכᆹᆖɴᬠɐʳድɭ⏋ᦲಁᇕԊಁᇕɴປᥒخᔨɲᣂషˁரኍɫȷʳ ɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ ೣዣɹᇿᇕɻ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȦɩՏᅋݭଘȵᕶࡨȴʰᆖʍውɌɩȷɛዐɭɗɹᔘಕ ˁ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕయᔭɭɹሂᬠɴȲȦɩᠶɍʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȦɩՏ ᅋȵᆖɌɛɹɻɲɕɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ʚɛɗɹᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋ܕࢃɴʭɤɩɰɹʭȩɲທࡎѳ ҫըȵࣙᬖɇʶɩȷɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏1) ೣዣɫɻ⏋˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ᦏ᧿ɴеᒞɐʳܕጓᆖ⏃ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡⏆ɭɗɹٞᦇ ܩݖˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ⏋ɗɄɴȲȿʳՏᅋɹȡʱɹˁ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹႶጓմȴʰჼܧʚɫ ɹ 50 ॷᬚɹಁᬚ३ɹɲȴɫɭʰȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩɗʶʰɹˁ⏋ࢪᢒܩݖɭ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦ ᐁཕᇕయᔭɴеᒞɧȿɩᠶɍʳ⏏2) ɄɄɫɻ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹςឹɫȡʳ͇ͤͻϺ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻɹ 3 ᬚɹᅵؾɴᅥ ઝɌɲȵʰՏᅋɹᆖɹዐˁᤄɧȿɩȦȼȵ⏋ɲȴɫʢ͇ͤͻϺӦᧇకፑɹࢪᢒɭɲɤ ɛ͇ͤͻϺɴՕഓɹςሗˁȲȷɛȦ⏏ɲȲ⏋Гάɫɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɭȦȩៜᘽ ɫ⏋ɗʶəʶݜೣᇕɴ͇ͤͻᏙ͇ͤͻ˹ˏϺ⏋μᘠᏙ͇ͤͻ˹ˏϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ꮩ͇ͤͻ˹ˏϺˁ ୭ɐɄɭˁుɤɩȲȼ⏏ ೣድɫˡ˻͑Ͳˁᠭീܩɴ᧧ࡴɌɛςɛʳჿᅓɻ๖ɹ 2 ɦɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳȵ ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹˁɐɭɲʱȩʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ץऄᨆɹॶܯᇕɲᨊ॑ɫȡʱ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ ɹకᐁཕɹ߂ȷɲ༑ʶˁໄ˃ɫˁᧅɁɩȷɛ⏏ፀ 2 ɴ⏋߂ᨊ॑ɭᦅɹμᬚɴеᒞɐ 1) ທࡎѳҫըɭɻ⏋ທࡎɹҫঔɹѳ୫ވᦽˁܒʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩըࡴɇʶʳʦៀհɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɴɻ⏋ ߰ᅋࠨϖॾӻɴࢪɐʳҫঔ៵ീک୭ࢷɹը⏋ᅋմᅋɹХಞըɲɰȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ 2) ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɻ⏋ץऄᨆ 11 िɭആ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ 2 िɹ 13 िɭᦹ᧷ሁᥫܩ⏃˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡⏋̺̜͞˻͓͑Ȳ ʭʃ̸͞ˏͲ⏆ȴʰଁʳȵ⏋Ʉɹȩɠആ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹ˵̫˵ͩ͞˪िɻ⏋ɗɹܩჿᇕЦᇕႥȴʰ⏋ץ ऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɭɻᅵɲʳכᆹ˹˽̘͌ˁɭɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠೣዣɫɻץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹʛˁՕഓࢪᢒɭ ɐʳ⏏
ʳɛʠ⏋ՏᅋˁʠȽʳШᐏᇕɲᯆɭᦏБᇕɲᯆɹθˁ៎࢘ɌʦɐȦ⏏
ೣድɫɻ⏋̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫɹᓬʱɭయᠭീˁɭȲɌɩɛ̚ͻ̊ˁȲʢɲՕഓᣂషɭɌ
ɩᅎȦɛ⏏3) ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ˁμਕᇕɲᠭീܩɭɌ⏋ᅋࠨʦՏᅋᐁᱻˁɐʳߨਸɛɠ⏋
ɗɌɩᅋዀɹכᆹ˽̶̊̒ʦؑɴֵ֭ᐁᱻɹȡʳכढ़֖ᅋढ़ɲɰˁࢪᢒɴᓬʱˁɤ
ɛ⏏4) ʚɛయᠭീɻ⏋˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ԇయೆ᱅⏋ѳҫህ (Ministry of Health)⏋ܕጓכድ
ଘ (Institute for Medical Research)⏋˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡िѳҫ࣌⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡៨᪼ᨆɲɰ ɫɤɛ⏏ ೣዣɹՕഓɴȲȦɩ႕ɴᩂឹɲయᣂషɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ଘᚁɹ 1957⑯2000 ॷɹ ȏՏᅋدॡȑɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻؾᆖɫɹ҅ǾɹՏᅋϟёɴᬠɐʳϟࡸˁ៨ᥔɌɛॡ᎗ɫȡʳ⏏ دॡȴʰˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋࠨɹʦ࣎зܩɲɰɹՏᅋ៨᪼ˁฌೣɭɌɩୈՏɌ⏋Ʉ ʶˁಁᏙ՞ɫՕഓɌɛ⏏ȏՏᅋدॡȑȴʰɹ̚ͻ̊ɹؚᮃɭգᅎɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᅋࠨɹ̺͞˓̫ ˹ͻʍᨗૅɌ⏋ᅋࠨɹؿմʦ࣎зܩɹᏳɲɰɻ៨᪼ɴɭʰɲȴɤɛ⏏ʚɛᆖүɴʢɄʶˁ Иɴدॡˁឿɓɩʢʰɤɛ⏏ ೣዣɹ෯ଁɻ๖ɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ፀ 1 ጟɫɻ⏋ᠭീܩˡ˻͑Ͳɹෙឹˁᦚʏ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ ́˽̴̊͡ɹرˁ⏋ᓬʱɭΥ๖ᣂషˁʢɭɴ෯፷ɐʳ⏏ፀ 2 ጟɫɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴ ̊͡ଘᚁɹȏՏᅋدॡȑɹՕഓˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ɄɹᆖɴȲȿʳᅋࠨɹࣚਸȵ⏋ؑ 50 ॷᬚɴ ʼɛɤɩɰɹʭȩɴ᧦Ɍɩȷɛɹȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ፀ 3 ጟɫɻ⏋Տᅋȵᆖɐʳዐ ɫᬚɴʛʰʶɛᅵؾɭɗɹᔘಕˁ⏋ܕࢃɹທࡎѳҫకፑɭɹሂᬠɴȲȦɩᠶɍʳ⏏ፀ 4 ጟɫɻ⏋ᦅᨆɹՏᅋɴࢪɐʳܕࢃɹЂԂዐˁ⏋֖ᅋៀɹ᧦Ȳʭʃᦅʍɹ˪̢̒͠˪ লɴᇿɐʳɄɭɫ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ɴᐄᠶɭЁɹᠩᰍˁரኍɐʳ⏏
1̝ිਬඏѠޕᅃ
1.1̙ҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌқҨӓӣѠޕᅃ ˡ˻͑Ͳ5) ɻ⏋˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡ि˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ (Hulu Langat) ᨃ6) ɹ 7 క⏃͌˥͌ mukim⏆ɹȩɠɹ 1 ɦɫȡʱ⏋ᨃংȵȲȴʶɩȦʳ⏏2000 ॷჼܧɹϺؤɻ 86 Ψ 4,451 Ϻɫ ȡʳ⏏ˡ˻͑ͲɴɻᨃϺؤɹ 26.6⎾ȵ࣎зɌɩȲʱ⏋෯ଁɻ⏋̸̺̜͊͞ (bumiputera)7) 3) ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീɻ⏋ץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏី༠ࣳɹ˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡ि˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃˡ˻͑Ͳ (Kajang) ɫ⏋2000 ॷ 7⑯8 ɭ 2001 ॷ 11 ⑯2002 ॷ 8 ɹ 2 ܌⏋غ 12 Ͷᬚɴʼɛɤɩɤɛ⏏ 4) ȋѳҫढ़֖ᅋढ़ሊᡸढ़ȍɹఒ⏃2002 ॷ 3 ే⏆ɴʭʱሊᡸᓷɹؿዌɻ⏋ѳҫࠨ֖ᅋࠨሊᡸࠨȴʰѳ ҫढ़֖ᅋढ़ሊᡸढ़ʍɭೃɇʶɛ⏏ೣዣɫɻɄʶɴਃȦృؿዌˁᅎȦʳ⏏ 5) ˡ˻͑Ͳɻక⏃͌˥͌⏆ؿɫȡʳɭؾಁɴ⏋కɹɲȴɹμਕᨊ॑ɹؿմɫʢȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ɴˡ ˻͑ͲɭȦȩݭغɻˡ˻͑Ͳకԃкˁ୭Ɍ⏋႕ɴᨊ॑ᨆˁ୭Ɍኍɐਖឹȵȡʳݭغɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳμਕᨆɭ ٧ʉ⏏ 6) ͇ͤͻɫ̋˛͞ daerah⏋ᗔɫɻ district⏏िɹάеɴȡɛʳకе⏏58.1⎾⏋ᘠϺ 23⎾⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ 12.6⎾⏋ɗɹЈ 6.4⎾ɫȡʳ [Department of Statistics, Malaysia 2001a: 317]⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳɻ᱔ᨊ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹആᏝ 26 km ɴеᒞɌ⏋μਕᨆɴɻ͇ͤͻץ ऄី༠ࣳˁᑖుɐʳᲞᦵ᧑ᤉɭᩮ᧑ȵᦲɤɩȦʳ⏏˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ʚɫɹଘឹಁᬚɻᕶ֪ ɫᏝ 30 Օ⏋ᩮ᧑ɫɻᏝ 40 Օɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏ ˡ˻͑Ͳɻ 19 γᏛೢȴʰჼܧʚɫɴ⏋2 ɹ᥊ลˁᦎȭɛ⏏ፀ 1 ɻ⏋1874 ॷ⏋˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ ͡िȵ˓˧͠˽ɹሁஞఌᨗάɴȲȴʶɛɄɭɫȡʳ⏏˓˧͠˽ɻ⏋˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɹకঌ ˁˡ˻͑Ͳμਕᨆɴஈȭɩ⏋᪸᩿ɭ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲᬖᇍˁᦽɌɛ [Suriaty 1987: 24]⏏ɗ ɹᐄഗ⏋μܕʦ˓Ͳ̝ȴʰధɹ֝ӈᓔȵ༑ԂɌ⏋ܧഀɹ͇ͤͻϺɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ ȴʰɲʳЦȵ০ଁɇʶɛ⏏ ࣎зɭࣃɴȲȦɩ 3 ᬚɴɻ౩ʰȴɲȋඞʛՕȿȍȵʛʰʶɛ⏏ᨊ॑ᨆɹڧȡʳȦ ɻ᩿֝ӈɴਃϟɐʳᘠϺ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ֝ӈᓔɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ⏋ɗɌɩٞᦇܩݖɹᦅ⏃ˡ ͲͅͲ kampung⏆ɫዝсȡʳȦɻࢸᦅ˳͌ൕݛɴਃϟɐʳ͇ͤͻϺɭȦȩʭȩɴ⏋3 ɻɗ ʶəʶՕᮐɌ⏋໗ϯབɹЦˁ০ଁɌɛ [Wilson 1967: 40-43]⏏ඨܩ͇͓͞ɴԎ݀ᇕɲɄɹ ភغЦ (plural society) ɻ⏋1957 ॷɹ͇͓͞ᦹ᧷ɹႶጓɴʢᐙମɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ፀ 2 ɹ᥊ลɭɲɤɛɹɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺӦᧇˁմᯆɴଠɠՏɌɩ 1971 ॷȴʰࡸేɇʶɛృᐁ
ཕకፑ⏃New Economic Policy⏋1971⑯90 ॷ⏆ ɫȡʳ⏏8) 1975 ॷ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳɴɻूܩȵ
ᕹɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛܕጓ߂ɫȡʳ͇ͤͻ˹ˏܕ߂⏃1970 ॷ⏆ʦ͇ͤͻ˹ˏᦅ߂⏃1972 ॷ⏆ʢলɇʶɛቄፏ 2000: 51-54⏏ృᐁཕకፑɹʢɭɫఠᔒ⏋ࣃɲɰɴȲȦɩӦᧇᇕ ᒞˁϳ؝ɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ͇ͤͻϺɻ⏋ᦅȴʰᨊ॑ɴ༑ԂɌɻɍʠɛ⏏
ɇʰɴ 1980 ॷБɴɻ⏋̒͡˪˓ͻ˽̜కፑ (Look East Policy) ˁ؝ȿɩूܩɹୟ߂
ȵʰʶɛ⏏9) ܕԒɹ֝ӈέˁជȩɛʠ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏʦ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁɻɍʠɭɐʳ ༠ȴʰధɹՏዠȹᓔȵውзɌ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳɴ࣎зɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ Ϋ៨ɹɴЫȩϺؤވ֓ɴʭɤɩ⏋ˡ˻͑ͲɴɻȲʃɛɞɌȦధɹృᖂзࡨܩȵলɇ ʶɛ⏏̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲɻᬔȡʳȦɻ߂३ɴៀฐˁᑘࢸɇʶ⏋ʚɛШᐏᇕ͇ͤͻᘺɹٞ ᦇɴɻ⏋ᦹিɹ̊˗Ͳ̩˗˽ȵጓɠιʉʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴᦏॷɴᕸɤɩɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳɻ ɗɹጓܩɭϯᦲᐨɹᇍࣙɴʭʱ⏋᱔ᨊܞᦲֵᓔɹ̝̾̒̊˗ͲɭɌɩɹϺຩʢᲞȦ⏏ɄȩɌɩ 7) ̸̺̜͊͞⏃͇ͤͻɫȋܤܩɹࡎȍɹઝ⏆ɭɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺɭ͇ͤͻᏙӴз⏃ˠ͞Ͳˏ˽͠ orang asli⏆ɹ ᐵዌɫȡʳ⏏ 8) ృᐁཕకፑɻ⏋1969 ॷɹ͇ͤͻϺɭᘠϺᬚɹࢪጓ (racial riots) ˁ؝ȿɩᇍᝠɇʶɛ⏏ᢩܐγय़ɹ᭑ؑɭ Ц෯ᦶɹԗᑂˁݜೣᇿᇕɭɌ⏋ɗɹԒࢅɻ⏋1⏆కঌςࢷɹू⏋2⏆ࢸᨊ॑ʍɹूጓܩ⏋3⏆ଯ៥ᑇɹӱࡸ⏋ 4⏆ᦅᅊᅋɹୟ߂⏋ܤܩᬖᇍɹѦᦽ⏋ᦅ៓ɲɰɴʭʳᦅɹᅊ༎كΫ⏋ˁᇵʱᦉ˃ɞʢɹɫȡɤɛᘳ 1989: 214⏏ 9) ̒͡˪˓ͻ˽̜కፑɻ 1981 ॷɴଠɠՏɇʶɛʢɹɫ⏋ਃഀɹ๘Ꭶ͐̚͡ɴБȭɩೣʦᯨܕɲɰആˏ˻ˏ ɴᬖᇍ͐̚͡ˁິʠʳɄɭɫ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹᅋ⏋НɹᲞˁᦽɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɛ⏏
1970 ॷБГᭇɹˡ˻͑Ͳɫɻ⏋ඨܩಁБɴ০ଁɇʶɛɴʭʳᐁཕɹՕкըȵगʶ⏋ ɗʶɴЫȦܩჿᇕɲȋඞʛՕȿȍʢʛȭɴȼȼɲɤɛ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴˡ˻͑Ͳɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨܩಁБɴЦɭɌɩɹ݀ȵ০ଁɇʶ⏋႕ɴృ ᐁཕకፑɹࢷԂГᭇ⏋߂ȷɲЦᐁཕᇕˁᧅɁɲȵʰჼܧɴᕸɤɩȦʳܩݖɫȡʳ⏏ 1.2̙қҨӓӣ̞ӋҩӄүӛњҟӚһҳҟ 1.2.1̙ҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌѠګᆏҧҩҶӐ 2002 ॷჼܧ⏋˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɴɻܕጓᆖ⏃ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡⏆1 ɦɭ⏋23 ɹܕጓ ˪̢̒͠˪⏋158 ɹኽጓɹכᆹేȵȡʳ⏏10) Ʀǵܕጓᆖ⏃ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡⏆ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻ⏋˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɫڞΥɹܕጓᆖɫ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳμਕᨆɴеᒞɐ ʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻᨃԒɹѳҫכᆹేˁ፬ᥫɐʳጓݭɴȡʱ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ˪̢̒͠ ˪ʦכᆹేɫࢪਝɫȷɲȦᆗёɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɐʏɩˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴЂɇʶʳɄɭ ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫʢࢪՃɫȷɲȦݭغɻ⏋ɄɄȴʰिᨊȡʳȦɻ᱔ᨊɹ ܕጓᆖɴெᦢɇʶʳ⏏ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻԒዀ⏋ዀ⏋০ዀ⏋ࢸӻዀ⏋ᅋዀ⏋ࠨϺዀˁɌ⏋̝̾̒ధɻ 306 আɫȡʳ⏏כᆹᓷɻ⏋ࢭᬐכ 30 ؿɭΥᖔכ 60 ؿ⏋ሊᡸᓷ⏃Ըሊᡸढ़⏋ᦅሊᡸढ़⏋క ঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़11) ˁيʞ⏆352 ؿȴʰ෯ଁɇʶʳ⏏12) ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴɻᇖѳ᭝ըɻံȦ⏏ɌȴɌܕጓכᆹేɹգᅎషɻѝɴࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ Ԃᆹᢹɻ⏋ܕȡʳȦɻࢃڊɹᓷ⏋ᆖࡻɹፈᏩɴݜɧȦɩໆࡴɇʶʳ⏃ᝠ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏ Ƨǵܕጓ˪̢̒͠˪ ܕጓ˪̢̒͠˪⏃Гά˪̢̒͠˪⏆ɴɻ⏋ѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪⏋ທࡎѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪⏋ᦅ˪͠ ̢̒˪ɹ 3 ዛᰖȵȡʳ⏏˪̢̒͠˪ɻԂҺˁ୫ɛɑ⏋ഀ៵ᆹɹʛˁȩ⏏៵࢘షɻж চɫȡʳ⏏ᨃԒɹ 23 ˪̢̒͠˪ɹԒ៱ɻ⏋ѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪ȵ 7⏋ທࡎѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪ȵ 2⏋ᦅ ˪̢̒͠˪ȵ 14 ɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶəʶɹ৲ւɻ๖ɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ 1⏆ ѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪Ŕᨊ॑ᨆɴϺؤ 1.5⑯2 ΨϺȡɛʱ 1 Ͷଘȵᒞɇʶʳ⏏ధؿɹכढ़ɴʭ ʱ⏋Ԓዀᇕዀᇕᆓ੮ɹഀ៵ᆹȵʼʶʳ⏏ʚɛ߰ࠨҫ៵⏋ᅋɹࢃک⏋ࢃ ᅙɹ୭ࢷ⏋ϖӻҫ៵⏋Ϝᬿஞዛɲɰɹທࡎѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ʢரњɌɩȦʳ⏏ 2⏆ ທࡎѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪Ŕᨊ॑ᨆɴᒞɇʶ⏋ΫᦚɌɛѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪ɹ֭ɹȩɠ⏋ທࡎѳ 10) 2002 ॷ 2 ⏋˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃѳҫଘɹכढ़ʍɹᓬʱɴʭʳ⏏ 11) కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɭɻ⏋2 ॷᬚɹ֖ᅋఠᔒˁѹʠɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏1954 ॷɴଁȵᬖࠃɇʶ⏋Ȳʢɴ 1960 ॷБȴʰ 70 ॷБɴȴȿɩᦅᨆɫᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁɤɛ⏏Бʼɤɩ 1972 ॷȴʰɻ⏋2 ॷץɹሊᡸ֖ᅋఠᔒˁѹʠ ɛᦅሊᡸढ़ȵᇎݭɌɛ [MOHAR 1973/74: 86-87]⏏ɄʶɴЫȦ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹଁɻ 1990 ॷʚɫɴྻ๖ঘ ɇʶɛ [MOHAR 1990: 283]⏏ 12) ɗʶəʶɹᆖᓷڊధɻ⏋2001 ॷ 12 ɹˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡Ϻϟؿ᎗ɴʭʳ⏏
ҫ˵ͻ̲˽ɹʛˁࢭᬐɴɤɩȦʳ⏏ 3⏆ ᦅ˪̢̒͠˪ŔᦅᨆɴϺؤ 4,000 Ϻȡɛʱ 1 Ͷଘᒞɇʶʳ⏏1 ؿɲȦɌ 2 ؿɹక ঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȡʳȦɻᦅሊᡸढ़ȵ।ᱦɌɩȦʳ⏏ທࡎѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ˁரњɐʳʓȴ⏋ᦅ ᨆɹзɹፀΥ๖ᇕϜᬿᆹဤˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ ƨǵኽጓɹכᆹే ኽጓɹכᆹేɴɻ 3 ዛᰖȡʳ⏏ԂҺˁʢɦȋᆖȍɭ⏋ዀɹᆖɫȡʳȋᅋࠨϺ ዀכȍ⏋ɗɌɩԂҺˁʢɛɲȦȋ៵ᆹଘȍɫȡʳ⏏ᨃԒɹ 158 כᆹేɹԒ៱ɻ⏋ᆖ 5⏋ᅋࠨϺዀכ 8⏋៵ᆹଘ 145 ɫȡʳ⏏ ኽጓɹכᆹేɹȩɠ⏋ՏᅋˁȩɹɻᆖɭᅋࠨϺዀכɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰȵܕጓᆖɭ ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳဣɻ⏋Տᅋషᩆɭכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽Ԓࢅɴȡʳ⏏ኽጓᆖᅋࠨϺዀכɹՏᅋᢹᅎ ɻ⏋ܕጓᆖɹ 3⑯100 ҆ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܕጓᆖȵ᭐ᆟᑃٮɹՃᒞɴ༥ෑᇕɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋ ኽጓɹేɫɻዩෑᇕɴံᆟՕࠝɲɰˁʱԂʶɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴኽጓכᆹลᬠɹכढ़ɹʓɭ˃ ɰȵࢭᬐכɫ⏋ɗɹכᇕሾᡫଯɴࢪɐʳϺǾɹѵᰉɻȦ⏏ΥᖔᇕɴϺǾɹᬚɫɻ⏋ܕ ጓᆖȵȋإȼ⏋ູȼ⏋ᓷڊɹਝࢪȵᎲᩃȍɭɇʶʳɹɴࢪɌ⏋ኽጓᆖɻȋృɌȼ⏋ȷʶȦ ɫ⏋ᓷڊɻ៊ՖȍɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ 1.2.2̙қҨӓӣ̞ӋҩӄүӛѠᆼછ13) ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻ 1889 ॷ⏋ඨܩకঌɴʭʱলɇʶɛ⏏1880 ॷБɴ˓˧͠˽ɻ ͇͓͞ɹςឹᨊ॑ɴᆖˁলɌɛɭɇʶ [Field 1951: 30]⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ʢɗɹ 1 ɦ ɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ᬖಁɹᆖᓷڊɻ⏋כᆹ֖ଝ (dresser)⏋షჿϺ⏋ɗʶɴϥକɹອໄʛϺ⏃̊͊͡ɫ̜̘ˑ ྱ 1̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛѝмуѽଡ଼ઊ྇ᄽ͂2002 4 ॆॳੑ̓ ᕶးՕࠝɹݭغ ⏃е͠Ͳ˧̜̒⏆ ͇ͤͻ˹ˏܕ ܕϺ ܕࢃԇ֭ڊ ܕࢃԇ֭ڊɹᦡᓷᓔ ΥᖔϺ⏃ܕࢃԇ֭ڊГ⏆ 1 ፈᆖࡻ 310 305 380 460 2 ፈᆖࡻ 160 155 230 340 3 ፈᆖࡻ 10 10 13 306 Տଘ⏧ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹషᩆᝠˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏ 1) ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ɹԓɭɹϯழͤͻ̜ɻ⏋2002 ॷᠭീಁɴȲȦɩ 1 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒⏮Ꮭ 32 ԓɫȡɤɛ⏏ ǵ 2) ᝠԒɹషᩆɻ⏋כᆹଯషɭ̝̾̒షɹغˁᝠɐ⏏ᡉǾɹදീᢹ⏋៵࢘ᆹᢹɲɰɻيʚʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ ǵ 3) Ԃೝᬚˁ⏋ᅋմ 0 ⏋ᅋ 1 ɭɌɩ፤Տ⏏ 13) ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫɻ 2001 ॷ⏋য়ಁɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏܕტˁȦɩࣙៈЦȵᬖҼɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹ᭬ᆖᓷڊɴ ʭɤɩ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᎎɲرȵʚɭʠʰʶ⏋̮̦͡ɫࣙኍɇʶɛ⏏ɄɄɫɻ႕ɴඨܩೝɹˡ ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹࡎˁሾʳɹɴɗʶʰˁᅎȦɛ⏏
toty ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏆ɹع 1 ؿ⏋ 3 ؿɫȡɤɛ⏏14) ʚɛ 1910 ॷɴȲȿʳ̝̾̒ధɻ 20 আɫ⏋ ɐɫɴᅋዀᆖȵᬖɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏ɗɌɩ̝̾̒ధɻ⏋1930 ॷБʚɫɴɻ 160 আɴވ ɇʶɩȦɛ [FMSSAR 1931: Appendix 15]⏏ 1950 ॷБɹᆖɹࡎˁ⏋য়ಁɹכᆹ֖ଝɹࠗɻɄȩ୷ʱᦐɤɩȦʳ⏏ ȋ1950 ॷБɹ՟ʠɴɻ⏋ᆖɴכढ़ɻ।ᱦɌɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɻɍʠɩɹ।ᱦכɻ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ ɫ⏋50 ॷБɹץɴഀɛɭਲ਼ȩ⏏ɗɹɄɹᆖˁᇺሞɌɩȦɛɹɻ˓˧͠˽Ϻכढ़ɞɤ ɛ⏏৳ɻ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹᆖɫӈȦɩȦɛȵ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɭٞᦇɹ̺͞Ͳ ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɹ˪̢̒͠˪ˁࡴೝᇕɴी࢘ɌɩȦɛȍ⏃2002 ॷ 4 ᓬʱ⏆15) 1968 ॷɴɲʳɭ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋዀᆖɴɻࢃᅙ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȵࢷԂɇʶ ɛ⏏ɄɹᔘಕɭɌɩɻ⏋1966 ॷɴࢃᅙ (Family Planning Act) ȵଁጓɌ⏋Տᅊଵըˁ ᇿᇕɭɌɛࢃᅙ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȵ⏋ᆖɭᨊ॑ᨆɹ˪̢̒͠˪ˁμਕɴࢷԂɇʶɛɄɭȵȡ ʳ⏏16) ˡ˻͑Ͳɻ⏋˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ʦ͇̒͞ˡɲɰɹ߂ᨊ॑ɴᐚȦɩ⏋ፀ 2 ຍ᭥ (Phase II) ɹࢷԂܩݖɴ୭ࡴɇʶɛ [NFPBAR 1968: 10-11]⏏ ɇʰɴ 1970 ॷБɴɲʳɭᅋዀᆖɫɻ⏋ٞᦇܩݖɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁࢪᢒɭɌɛԗఠᔒᡙᓃˁ ᬖҼɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏1976 ॷɹˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹॷ๖ݬٚೆɴʭʳɭ⏋Ʉɹॷɹᅋ ዀᆖɫɻ 3 ᦼᬚɹᡙᓃˁ 3 ܌ᬖȦɩȦʳ⏏1 ܌ɹؒ֓ᓔɻ 12 Ϻȴʰ 15 ϺɞɤɛɭȦȩɄ ɭȴʰ⏋য়ಁࢹɲȼɭʢ 36 Ϻȴʰ 45 ϺɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤȵ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳᦏ᧿ɴܧзɌɩȦɛɄɭ ɴɲʳ⏏ᡙᓃɹԒࢅɻ⏋1 ᦼᇿɻכढ़ɭᅋዀሊᡸढ़ᬏɴʭʳՏᅋЂ֖ɹࡸܩྲᓃ⏋2 ᦼᇿɻ˪ ̢̒͠˪ᓷڊɹࢃکʍɹؾ⏋3 ᦼᇿɻܕࢃࢃᅙ࣌ (National Family Planning Board) ɹሊᡸढ़ᬏɴʭʳ᧫߰ԍɹьᅎɴɦȦɩɹᡙᒶɫȡɤɛ [KHAR 1976: 8]⏏
1976 ॷɴˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹ̝̾̒ధɻ 250 ɴވআɇʶ⏋ᅋዀɻ 55 আɴɲɤɛ [KHAR 1976]⏏ೣዣɹ 1.1 ɫᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ృᐁཕకፑɹʢɭɫˡ˻͑Ͳᦏ᧿ɴɻूܩʦ
߂ȵᕹɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɄʶɭιɌɩˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹୟ߂ȵܒʰʶɛɭȦȭʳ⏏17)
14) ̊͊͡ɹ toty ɻೣഀ⏋̊͊͡ɫȋʳȍˁઝ٢ɐʳȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹжˡͻ˽̜֝ӈᓔɹ٧ዌɭɌɩʢᅎȦ ʰʶɛ [Yule and Burnell 2000: 936]⏏
15) 53 ɹ˽͠͞ͲˡᏙ˓Ͳ̝Ϻߨਸɹ᠌ɴʭʳ⏏Ʉɹߨਸɻ 1949 ॷ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫᅊʚʶɛ⏏ၼ៊ ȵˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹכᆹ֖ଝˁɌɩȦɛɄɭȴʰ⏋1972 ॷɴᐄࠦɐʳʚɫ⏋ᆖఫܩԒɹᓷڊᅎࢆᖇɫ ᔒɤɛ⏏ɲȲၼ៊⏃1901 ॷՏᅊ⏆ɻ⏋1927 ॷɴ͇͓͞ɴውзɌɛɭȦȩ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳᦏ᧿ɹ˳̺͌͞Ͳ̘ͻ ˹͚Ͳɫ⏋כᆹ֖ଝɭɌɩ˓˧͠˽Ϻכढ़ȴʰᦏБכᆹɹࡸܩ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿɛ⏋1930 ॷБȴʰˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽ ̴̊͡ɴֵ֭ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ 16) ࢃᅙ̺ͦ˫͌͞ɫɻ⏋ᐁؤ᧫߰ᚫ᧫߰ԍɹரњɭ⏋͞˻ˠʦ̘̲ͤ⏋ృᓬˁᦲɍɛࢃᅙɴᬠɐʳ ݬரњɲɰȵʼʶɛ [NFPBAR 1967: 16-17; 1968: 28]⏏
1970 ॷБȴʰ 80 ॷБɹᅋዀᆖɹࡎɴɦȦɩ⏋য়ಁɹሊᡸढ़ɻɄȩᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ ȋᅋዀɴɻכढ़ɻ 1 ϺɌȴȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ᆖԃкɫכᆹࢭᬐᓷɹధȵέɌɩȦɛɹɫ⏋ಔ ຍɻԒዀᆖɹሊᡸढ़ɭɌɩӈȷ⏋ֵɴԂʳಁɞȿᅋዀɫՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁɌɩȦɛ⏏Օࠝ ɹᦽȵᧆȴɤɛʱ⏋ᔙӻɹਕȵȼɲɤɛʱɭȦȩɄɭȵȡʳɭ⏋ɐȽɇʚ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ ̺ͻ͡ᅋዀᆖʍெᦢɌɩȦɛȍ⏃55 ɹᘠϺሊᡸढ़⏋2002 ॷ 1 ᓬʱ⏆ ȋГմɻ⏋ᆖɫɹՏᅋᢹᅎɻံషɞɤɛ⏏Տᅋᢹᅎˁʱɻɍʠɛɹɻ 1980 ॷБɹ՟ʠ Ʌʸɞɭਲ਼ȩ⏏ɠʬȩɰ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹᐁཕႥȵੲɌɛɄʸɞɤɛȍ⏃40 Бɹ͇ͤͻϺሊ ᡸढ़⏋2002 ॷ 2 ᓬʱ⏆ 1984 ॷɹˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ॷ๖ݬٚೆɴʭʳɭ⏋Ʉɹॷ⏋ᅋዀɴԂɌɛ 2,775 Ϻ ɹȩɠ⏋16.3⎾ɴȡɛʳ 451 Ϻȵ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ᅋዀᆖʍெᦢɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ெᦢჿᅓɹ 41⎾ɻȋՕࠝɹᧆযȍɫ⏋ȋೡၓӻՕࠝȍȵ 14.2⎾⏋ȋᔙӻЕȍ13.1⎾ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ؾॷ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫՏᅋɌɛ 2,312 Иɹȩɠ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰȵᕶးՕࠝɫ⏋כᆹଯˁឹɐ ʳȋ᩶ࡎ⏃ȴ˃Ɍ⏆Օࠝȍɻ 12 И⏋ȋُৄՕࠝȍɴᕸɤɩɻ 3 Иɹʛɫȡʳ⏏18) ዩෑᇕɲՃᒞ ˁɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ᕶးɴᅊʚʶʳɹˁ৺ɠ⏋ՕࠝɹᦽȵᧆȦɭ౫ɴᅋࠨˁெᦢɐʳӃكȵ ȡʳɄɭˁ⏋ɄɹݬٚೆɹɲȴɫɻکᰍែɌɩȦʳ [KHAR 1984: 26]⏏ 1984 ॷ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳɴ՟ɹᅋࠨϺዀכˁጓɌɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻכढ़ɴʭʳɭ⏋৳ɻয়ಁ⏋˪ ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹኽጓᆖɫӈȷɲȵʰᬖɹลЦˁฐᏮɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ ȴʰ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹᆖɴȼɹᅋࠨȵெᦢɇʶɩȦʳϟࡸˁሾʱ⏋ȋˡ˻͑Ͳɴɻᬖ ɹ̍͑Ͳ˽ȵȡʳȍɭਲ਼ɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ ʚɛܕጓᆖɫՏᅋᢹᅎˁᠩɐʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1982 ॷɹషᩆ (Fee Act) ըࡴɹɄɭ ɫ⏋য়՟ɻ 3 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ɫȡɤɛ⏏19) ɗʶГմɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȋଝధషȍɭɌɩԂಁɴ 1 ͠Ͳ ˧̜̒ȵᠱິɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏20) ܕጓᆖɭປᥒɌɩՏᅋషᩆȵᲞȦɴʢᬠʼʰɑ⏋ኽጓɹכᆹేɫՏᅋɐʳߨਸɻ⏋ተࡸ ɴވ֓ɌɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ՟ɹኽጓᅋࠨϺዀכɫɻ⏋ᬖয়ಁɹՏᅋᢹᅎȵ 700 17) ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹృᆖলɻ⏋ȋፀ 2 ๖͇ͤͻ˹ˏ̺͞Ͳ⏃1971⑯1975 ॷ⏆ȍɫፑࡴɇʶɛ [Malaysia 1973: 208]⏏ 18) ُৄՕࠝɹ۬ඁȵˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴԂɤɛɹɻ 1970 ॷБɹץɫ⏋ɗɹЈɹ۬ล⏃ృᅊӻɹਕᇺែ ខᒞɲɰ⏆ɴɦȦɩɻ 1980 ॷБץȴʰ 1990 ॷБɴȴȿɩࢷԂɇʶɛ⏏ 19) 1980 ॷБɴ 3 ϺɹࡎˁᆖՏᅋɌɛߨਸɴʭʳɭ⏋Տᅋᢹᅎɻ⏋1980 ॷБᏺʼʱɴ 10 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ɴғΫ ȵʱɌɛɭȦȩ⏏ 20) 1970 ॷБɴ 3 Ϻɹࡎɰʢˁˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫՏᅋɌɛᘠϺߨਸȴʰɹᓬʱɴʭʳ⏏
͠Ͳ˧̜̒ɫȡɤɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋1985 ॷɴɻ 438 ϺɹᅋࠨȵɄɄɫՏᅋɌɩȦʳ⏏21) ɇ ʰɴᘠϺߨਸɹᬚɫɻ⏋ɄɹᅋࠨϺዀכɹᬖմȴʰ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹᆖɫՏᅋɐʳߨ ਸʢȦɛ⏏22) 1990 ॷБɴɲʳɭˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋዀᆖɴɻ߂ȷɲȵȡɤɛ⏏1991 ॷ⏋ᅋ ዀࢭᬐכȵ।ֵɐʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ᲞɲכᆹଯˁឹɐʳՏᅋȵخᔨɴɲɤɛ⏏Տᅋմɴлʰ ȴɹکᰍӲҌȵȡʳݭغɻ⏋ज़ტՖᬖˁɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɛʠ⏋Јᆖʍɹெᦢɻʓɭ˃ɰɲ ȼɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛృᅊӻȵЕႥɫᅊʚʶɩʢ⏋ᛄᅊɫȷʳʭȩɲכᆹҺɭଯˁҺȭʳʭ ȩɴɲʱ⏋ᆖɫɹృᅊӻϭʢʓɭ˃ɰɲȼɲɤɛ⏏ ᅋዀᆖԒɹכᆹ˽̶̊̒ధȲʭʃɗɹԒ៱ʢɌɛ⏏1984 ॷȴʰ 2002 ॷʚɫɹعכ ᆹࢭᬐᓷధɹውˁʛʳɭ⏋ʼɑȴ 15 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋ᆖԒɹՏᅋЂ֖ᓔȵ⏋֖ᅋढ़ȴʰሊᡸढ़ ʍɭɌɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ᝠ 2 ؒ၇⏆⏏ʚɛכढ़ధɹވ֓ɻ⏋כढ़ɴʭʳՏᅋɹ፬ჿˁᦹ ɇɓʳ⏏ ɫɻܩݖзȴʰʛɛˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɻɰɹʭȩɲʢɹɞɤɛɹɞʸȩ ȴ⏏ᦏॷʚɫˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻෑʠɩՠɹੲȦᆖɫȡɤɛ⏏ܩݖзȴʰɹᓬʱ ɴʭʳɭ⏋ςɛʳჿᅓɻ 2 ɦȡɤɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏1 ɦɻכᆹҺɭଯɴࢪɐʳέྃέѵઢ ɫȡʳ⏏ϯᦲϟఖɲɰᦍᦵȴɦᇕተɲՃᒞˁឹɐʳݭغɴ⏋ఛਸ਼ɫˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ʍ ɽʶʳɄɭɻ⏋ȋʍɹ̮˽ͅͻ̜ˁଝɴɌɛʭȩɲʢɹȍɭʛɲɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ כᆹ˽̶̊̒ɹஞᧇɹੲɇɞɤɛ⏏1990 ॷБմץʚɫɹᅋዀᆖɫɻ⏋֖ᅋढ़ȵທ៊ˁȋ߂ 21) 438 ϺɹᅋࠨɹɹԒ៱ɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺ 178 Ϻ⏃41%⏆⏋ᘠϺ 210 Ϻ⏃48%⏆⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ 49 Ϻ⏃11%⏆⏋ɗɹ Ј 1 Ϻ⏃0.2%⏆ɫȡɤɛ⏃A כଘᚁ⏋1985 ॷՏᅋدॡɴʭʳ⏆⏏˓Ͳ̝Ϻכढ़ɴʭʳɭ⏋ɄɹᆖɫՏᅋɌ ɛ͇ͤͻϺɻ⏋ɗɹʓɭ˃ɰȵ͇ͤͻ˹ˏܕ߂ɹᓷڊȴɗɹࢃɫȡɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ 22) ȋʼɛɌɛɠᘠϺɻ⏋ኽጓɹᅋࠨϺዀˁ᧧ʉϺȵȦ⏏Ȳᩆˁ୫ɤɩȦʳϺȵȦɌ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹៜᘽɴࢪ ɐʳې߫ʢȡʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻకঌɹᆖɲɹɫ͇ͤͻȵьʼʶʳ⏏ʼɛɌɹທ៊ɻ˽̢͌ͻ ⏃Semenyih, ˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃԒɹΥక⏆ɴз˃ɫȦɛȵ⏋؛ທɹַʠɫ⏋˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɹμᘠᅋዀᆖ ɫʼɛɌɭ 2 ϺˁՏᅋɌɛ⏏ʼɛɌᕶ᤹ɻˡ˻͑ͲɹᘠϺᬖכɹɭɄʸɫՏᅋɌɛȍ⏃32 ᘠϺߨਸ⏋ 2002 ॷ 7 ᓬʱ⏆ ྱ 2̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛઊྶѝмуѽګᆏಒჵ௮఼Ѡబڢ ᅋዀ̝̾̒ధ⏃আ⏆ ᅋዀࢭᬐכ כढ़ ሊᡸढ़1) ֖ᅋढ़2) ᦅሊᡸढ़3) غ 1984 ॷ 55 0 1 9 19 0 29 1990 ॷ 55 0 1 14 19 0 34 2002 ॷ 76 2 6 37 1 18 64 Տଘ⏧KHAR [1984; 1990] Ȳʭʃ 2002 ॷ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏ 1) ᅋዀᆖɫӈȼሊᡸढ़ɻ⏋ɐʏɩ֖ᅋढ़ᣂൔˁɐʳ⏏ ǵ 2) ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋2 ॷᬚɹఠᔒዐˁѹϛɌɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ˁ୭ɐ⏏ ǵ 3) ᦅሊᡸढ़ȵᆖɫӈȼɄɭȵɫȷʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ 1997 ॷГᭇɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏃ɗʶГմɻ˪ ̢̒͠˪ɹʛɹᨗࣚɫȡɤɛ⏆⏏
ުɫذʱɭɽɌɩȦɛȍʭȩɫ⏋ȋਭᴡʰʶɩ࠶ɲਲ਼Ȧˁɐʳʭʱɻ⏋Ȳᩆˁଡɤɩɫʢኽጓ ᆖɴɤɛʓȩȵʚɌȍɭኽጓᆖˁ᧧ʉϺʢȴɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻ 2000 ॷɴވఒ፷ɇʶɩ⏋ԃкɹ̝̾̒ధɻ 306 আɭɲɤɛ⏏ᅋዀ ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1 ፈᆖࡻˁʢɦృᆖȵলɇʶ⏋̝̾̒ధɻ 76 ɴވআɇʶɛ⏏ృᆖɻృ ɹכᆹ۬ลˁҺȭ⏋ɇʰɴɗɹ᭰ɹল႒ɴɻృᅊӻᮃμᆹࡻȵᒞɇʶʳɲɰ⏋ృᅊӻࢸ ӻכᆹɹӱࡸʢܒʰʶɛ⏏ʚɛכᆹᓔɹஞᧇɴɦȦɩʢɄɹ 10 ॷᬚɫఒڵȵʛʰʶɛ⏏ᦏ ɫɻȋ̾Ͳ̓ɫώʱመȿɩˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫՏᅋɐʳȍɭៜʼʶʳʓɰɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋዀɻ⏋ˡ˻͑ͲʁȦɩɻץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦᐁ ཕᇕႥˁؙɌɲȵʰȦȼɦȴɹຍ᭥ˁᐁɩˁᧅɁɩȷɛ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɻ⏋ ˓˧͠˽ඨܩకঌɴʭɤɩ 19 γᏛೢɴলɇʶɛȵ⏋̝̾̒ధɹȴʰʼȴʳʭȩɴ⏋ 1970 ॷБץɽʚɫɻෑʠɩៀฐɹࢸɇɲᆖɫȡɤɛ⏏1970 ॷБɴృᐁཕకፑˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ˡ ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫɻ̝̾̒ధɹވআʦכᆹล۬ɹࢷԂɲɰ̩ͻ̝ᯆɫᆖɹୟȵɲɇʶ ɛ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋כᆹˁȩϺೳɭכᆹଯɹέɻ 1980 ॷБʚɫᐚȦɛ⏏1990 ॷБГ ᭇɴɲʳɭ⏋ᅋዀࢭᬐכɹተѳɲɰ̶̜̅ᯆɴȲȦɩʢᆖลᔨɹୟӱȵܒʰʶ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ ́˽̴̊͡ɫʢᲞכᆹȵࡸేɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ Υɫˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹɴᇿˁكȿʳɭ⏋1980 ॷБГᭇɻˡ˻͑Ͳᦏ᧿ɴኽጓɹ כᆹลᬠȵলɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ߨਸɹՏᅋݭଘɹ᧧ିᔊȵވ֓Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫՏᅋݭଘ ɭɌɩɹᆖɻ⏋ɗɹՠʦ⏋ரњɇʶʳכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɲɰɴ߂ȷȼ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩ᧧ିɇʶʳ ʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
2̝қҨӓӣ̞ӋҩӄүӛѠ͐ଡ଼ઊൈව͑͂1957̹2000 ̓нѻ
2.1̙͐ଡ଼ઊൈව͑ѝіжј ᆖɫɹՏᅋˁவɐʳɹɴෑʠɩᇰɲݬ྇ȵՏᅋدॡɫȡʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ ɴɻ⏋͇͓͞ᦹ᧷ɹႶጓॷɫȡʳ 1957 ॷȴʰᠭീಁɹ 2002 ॷჼܧʚɫɹՏᅋدॡȵѳࡔɇ ʶɩȦʳ⏏Տᅋدॡɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴᭉʰɑ⏋Տᅋˁȩɐʏɩɹᆖɫѳࡔȵᒶ ֭ɧȿʰʶɩȦʳ⏏23) دॡɹ៨ᥔԒࢅɻ⏋Տᅋॷɭಁխ⏋ᅋࠨȲʭʃᨗұᓔɹລؿ⏋ᅋࠨɹ᤹Օ៷౩ೆᅱش ॷᶲ߰ࠛ܌ధзଘ⏋Տᅋি⏋օᨆɹᑗغɹံ⏋ՏᅋЂ֖ᓔɹລؿ⏋ృᅊӻɹ᤹ ᬏкᩂਸա⏋Տᅊ៷౩ೆɹᇍᅱشɲɰɫȡʳ⏏1985 ॷГᭇɻ⏋ӴᦚɌɛʢɹɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ ᅋࠨɹᓷ⏋Տᅋಁɹ߰ࠛᦼధ⏋߰ࠨҫ៵ˁ؝ȿɛ˪̢̒͠˪ɹؿմ⏋ᨗұᓔɹລؿ 23) Ʉʶɻ⏋دॡɹ៨ᥔԒࢅɴݜɧȦɩᇍɇʶʳՏᅊ៷౩ೆȵ⏋॑ณɭɹᬠʼʱɹཉȦᩂឹೆᰖɫȡʱ⏋Ꮺ߉ ɴʭʳԗᇍɹ᭬ɴਖឹɫȡʳɛʠɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᓷ⏋ᅋࠨȲʭʃᨗұᓔɹܕɲɰʢ៨ԂɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ Տᅋدॡȴʰɻ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦႥˁ݄ᬚʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋1950 ॷБȴʰ 70 ॷБ՟ʠʚɫɹՏᅋدॡɻᗔɫ៨ԂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏˓˧͠˽ɴʭɤɩඨܩಁБɴࢷԂɇ ʶɛ៨᪼ȵ⏋Ⴖጓɹ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹᆖɫɗɹʚʚᤑ឴ɇʶɩȦɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɭɄ ʸȵ 1975 ॷɅʸˁޅɴدॡɹ៨ᥔɻ͇ͤͻʍɭɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ 1970 ॷБГᭇɹ͇ ͤͻϺӦᧇకፑɹΥᄩɭɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻఠᔒȵᦽɇʶɛᐄഗɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ሊᡸఠᔒ ɴȲȦɩʢ͇ͤͻьᅎˁᦽɐʳ֪ȷȵȡɤɛ [MOHAR 1971/72]⏏ʚɛ 1985 ॷГᭇɹ៨ ᥔᇿɹވ֓ˁؙɌɩ⏋Տᅋدॡɹ߂ȷɇʢɌɛ⏏ɗʶʚɫɻ A4 ՠɹ̨ͻ̜ឿᬖȷ 2 ̿ͻ˻ɴʼɛɤɩ៨ᥔɇʶɩȦɛɹɞȵ⏋1985 ॷɅʸȴʰ 51Ì35 cm ɭȦȩ߂ՠɹدॡȵᅎ ȦʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹدॡɻ⏋ԃܕɹܕጓᆖɫьᅎɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ܕጓᆖɴȲȿ ʳՏᅋȵᅙΥɌɩȦʳɄɭȵȩȴȵȭʳ⏏ Տᅋدॡɴɻᅋࠨɹȋȍȵ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ʉʶɻ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹԇᇕɲ⏃Ϻؤ́ Ͳ˵˽ɴࡴᒶɇʶɩȦʳ⏆ՕᰖɭɻਖɑɌʢΥᕹɌɩȦɲȦ⏏24) دॡˁ៨ᥔɌɛሊᡸढ़ ֖ᅋढ़ɹ⏋ɗɹಁǾɹՠుɴݜɧȦɩՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɫɻՏᅋدॡɹɲȴɹȋȍˁ ɗɹʚʚՕഓɹ୭ฌɭɌɩᅎȦɛ⏏ ೣዣɫՕഓࢪᢒɭɌɛɹɻ⏋1958 ॷГᭇ⏋Ꮭ 5 ॷຘɹՏᅋدॡ⏋ 9 ॷᬚՕɫȡʳ⏏25) Տ ᅋدॡȴʰɹ˵Ͳ̺͠Ͳ˫ɹɭɌɩɻ⏋ՏᅋɫᅋࠨɹؿɹดɴʈʰʶɩȦʳدॡɹᅱش ˁʢɭɴ⏋ທధɹ 10 Օɹ 1 ɴሂয়ɐʳ˵Ͳ̺͡ɹୈՏˁɤɛ⏏᧧ࡴɌɛدॡ 9 ॷᬚՕɹՏ ᅋధɹغɻ⏋2 Ψ 5,744 Иɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹȩɠ 2,531 ИˁୈՏɌɛ⏏ 2.2̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛઊ࿌ѠႿഔသོ 2.2.1̙ྶۅଡ଼ઊ఼њҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌకѠຊസ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳغՏᅋధɻ⏋1958 ॷȴʰ 2000 ॷʚɫॷǾވ֓ɌɩȦʳ ⏃ܒ 2 ؒ၇⏆⏏Ʉʶˁ˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɹϺؤው⏃ܒ 3 ؒ၇⏆ɭປᥒɌɩʛʳɭ⏋ᨃɹϺؤ ވ֓ɭᦹ֪ɐʳ০ɫˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹՏᅋధȵވ֓ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɄʶɻϺؤ ȵވȭɛɛʠᆖՏᅋɹИధʢވȭɛɭȦȩɄɭɲɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏͇ͤͻ˹ˏɻភغЦɭɌ ɩؿᲞȦ⏏ςឹɹᬚɫᆖՏᅋɴᬠɐʳ᧓ȦɻʛʰʶɲȦɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɄɹဣˁՏᅋد ॡɴݜɧȦɩៗ౩ɌɩʛɛȦ⏏ 24) ɛɭȭɽ͇ͤͻᏙӴзɹˠ͞Ͳˏ˽͠ɴɦȦɩȦȭɽ⏋دॡɹɲȴɫȋ͇ͤͻϺȍɭɇʶɩȦʳɄɭʢȡ ʶɽ⏋ȋɗɹЈȍɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ʚɛ˹˪ఠਂɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ȋ˓Ͳ̝ϺȍɴՕᰖɇʶʳɄɭʢȡ ʶɽ⏋ȋɗɹЈȍɭɇʶɩȦʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ԇᇕɲϺؤ́Ͳ˵˽ɫɻ⏋ˠ͞Ͳˏ˽͠ɻ̸̺̜͊͞⏋˹˪ఠਂ ɻ˓Ͳ̝ϺɴɗʶəʶՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴആ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹ˵̫˵ͩ͞˪िɹзɴȦɛɤɩɻ⏋ȋ˵̫Ϻ Sabahanȍȋ˵ͩ͞˪Ϻ Sarawakianȍɭ⏋Տ᤹िˁɗɹʚʚȋȍɴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 25) ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴଘᚁɇʶɩȦʳՏᅋدॡ⏃1957⑯2002 ॷჼܧ⏆ɹȩɠ⏋1958 ॷГᭇɹدॡˁՕഓࢪ ᢒɭɌɛɹɻ⏋1957 ॷɹՏᅋدॡɴɻᅋࠨɹՕᰖȵɲɇʶɩȦɲȦɛʠɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹჿᅓɻέ౩ɫȡʳ⏏
ɗɄɫГάɫɻ⏋ᆖՏᅋధɹވ֓ɹᔘಕˁᓒ࢘ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ᅋࠨɹࣚਸɹ 1 ɦɫȡʳȋ ȍˁՕഓ୭ฌɭɌ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹՏᅋ০ɹɴՕഓɹςሗˁȲȷɲȵʰ⏋ປᥒɹែဣɭɌ ɩᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻɹ֪كɴɦȦɩʢʛɩȦȼɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ɲȲȋɗɹЈȍɴՕᰖɇʶʳɴ ɦȦɩɻ⏋ທధȵࢹɲȦɛʠ⏋ɄɄɫɻປᥒද២ɹࢪᢒɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ 2.2.2̙ઊ࿌ѠႿഔသ߄৻ѝѱѽᆼછฦဣಯ ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋࠨɹաւغɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹւغȵ 1958 ॷГᭇ⏋ވ֓ɹΥ ˁɛɰʳΥɫ⏋ᘠϺ˓Ͳ̝ϺւغɻཝࢹɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ 1985 ॷГᭇɻ⏋ȋɗɹЈȍɹւ غȵވ֓ɌɩȦʳɄɭʢʛɩɭʶʳ⏃ܒ 4 ؒ၇⏆⏏26) Ʉʶˁ˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɹաϺؤւ ద 2̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛѝмуѽଡ଼ઊ఼Ѡబڢ Տଘ⏧ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ȏՏᅋدॡȑʭʱсଁ⏏ ద 3̙ҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌѝмуѽకѠబڢ
Տଘ⏧Department of Statistics, Federation of Malaya [1958]; Department of Statistics, Malaysia [1972; 1987; 1995; 2001a] ʭʱсଁ⏏
26) ȋɗɹЈȍɹȲʭʃܕɹᏳɲԒ៱ɻέ౩ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌᅋዀᆖɹሊᡸढ़ɴʭʳɭ⏋ȋɗɹЈȍɹȼ ɻ⏋༠⏃Ȳʢɴ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ⏆ȴʰɹՏዠȹ֝ӈᓔȲʭʃɗɹࢃɫȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ȋɗɹЈȍɹւغȵވ֓Ɍ ɻɍʠɛɹɻ⏋ృᐁཕకፑГᭇɹˡ˻͑Ͳᦏ᧿ʍɹܕϺ֝ӈᓔɹ༑Ԃɭʢ⏋ɠʬȩɰಁೝᇕɴᩂɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
غ⏃ܒ 5 ؒ၇⏆ɭປᥒɌɩʛʭȩ⏏ 1958 ॷɴˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋࠨɹ෯ଁւغɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺ 12⎾⏋ᘠϺ 49⎾⏋˓ Ͳ̝Ϻ 38⎾ɫȡɤɛ⏏1957 ॷɹᨃϺؤɹւغɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺ 40⎾⏋ᘠϺ 43⎾⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ 16⎾ɫȡɤɛɹɫ⏋ᨃɹւغɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫՏᅋɌɛ͇ͤͻϺɹւ غȵɅȼࢹɲȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ ؾɴ 1970 ॷɴɦȦɩʛʳɭ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳᅋࠨɹաւغȵ⏋͇ ͤͻϺ 27⎾⏋ᘠϺ 43⎾⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ 30⎾ɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ᨃϺؤɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺ 41⎾⏋ᘠϺ 41%⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ 18%ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʦɻʱ͇ͤͻϺɹւغȵࢹɲȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ 1970⑯80 ॷɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋࠨɹաւغɻ⏋ᨃϺؤɹւ ద 4̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛଡ଼ઊ఼ѠႿഔသ߄৻Ѡబڢ Տଘ⏧ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ȏՏᅋدॡȑʭʱсଁ⏏ ద 5̙ҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌѝмуѽႿഔသక߄৻Ѡబڢ
Տଘ⏧Department of Statistics, Federation of Malaya [1958]; Department of Statistics, Malaysia [1972; 1987; 1995; 2001a] ʭʱсଁ⏏
غɭʓʖΥᕹɌɩȷɛɄɭȵʛɩɭʶʳ⏏ ɫɻ 1958 ॷȴʰ 1970 ॷɴȴȿɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫɹՏᅋւغȵж ȴɤɛɹɻɲɕɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɗɄɫᭉʰʶɛ̚ͻ̊ɫɻȡʳȵ⏋1968 ॷɭ 1972 ॷɹ 2 ಁ ဣɴȲȿʳ⏋عɹՏᅋ০ˁดుᇕɴປᥒɌɩʛɛȦ⏏ 1968 ॷɹ˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᘠϺ˓Ͳ̝Ϻᅋࠨɹ 90⎾ȵᆖɫՏᅋɌɩȦɛ [MDSAR 1972: 127, 135]⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹᆖՏᅋɹւغɻ 29⎾ɴȹɲȴɤɛ ⏃ܒ 6 ؒ၇⏆⏏ʚɛ͇ͤͻϺɹᕶࡨՏᅋɹȩɠ⏋ɗɹץధГΫȵ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɲɰɹᦏБכᆹ ɴݜɧȼ៥ᑇᐁᱻˁʢɛɲȦᓔɴʭʳЂ֖ɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉʶȵ 1972 ॷɴɲʳɭ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹᆖ Տᅋɹւغɻ 45⎾ɴވ֓Ɍ⏋ʚɛᕶࡨɫՏᅋɌɛݭغɫʢ⏋Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɫɻɲȼ⏋కঌᏙ ֖ᅋढ़ɹЂ֖ɐʳւغȵވ֓ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɄʶʰɹɄɭȴʰ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺȵೝȴʰᆖɫՏᅋɌɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋͇ͤͻϺɻᕶ ࡨɫՏᅋɐʳӃكȵȡɤɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɗɌɩᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ᓔɻ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤȴʰకঌᏙ ֖ᅋढ़ʍɌɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ ɲȲ 1991 ॷГᭇɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫՏᅋɐʳ͇ͤͻϺᅋࠨɹւغȵ⏋ᨃ ɹ͇ͤͻϺؤɹւغˁΫ܌ɤɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 4⏋ܒ 5 ؒ၇⏆⏏Ʉʶɻ͇ͤͻϺɹւغɹވ֓ɭȦȩʭ ʱɻ⏋ʞɌʸˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳᘠϺɹՏᅋւغɹᘿɌȦཝࢹˁؙɌɩȦʳ⏏˽ ͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡िɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ɐɫɴ 1990 ॷɴɻिԒɴȲȿʳՏᅋɹ 90⎾ГΫȵᆖՏᅋɫȡɤ ɛɄɭȴʰ [MOHAR (Family Health) 1990]⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳᘠϺɹւغɹཝ ࢹɴɻ⏋ᘠϺɹՏᅊრɹжά⏋ȡʳȦɻˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡Гɹᆖգᅎɹވ֓ɭȦȩ 2 ɦɹឹ܍ȵཀྵɇʶʳ⏏
ʚɑᘠϺɹՏᅊრɴɦȦɩʛɩʛʭȩ⏏1990 ॷɴȲȿʳᘠϺɹՏᅊధɹւغɻ⏋ᨃԃкɹ Տᅊధɹ 27⎾⏃2,816 Ϻ⏆ɫȡɤɛ [Department of Statistics, Malaysia 1992]⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ 1991 ॷɹˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳᘠϺɹՏᅋւغɻ 9⎾⏃308 Ϻ⏆ɴɭɰʚɤɩȦʳ⏏
ద 6̙ҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌѝмуѽӎӜ̴కѠଡ଼ઊ୶̞ݲଂѠబڢ͂1968 њ 1972 ̓ Տଘ⏧MDSAR [1972] ʭʱсଁ⏏
ɄɹɄɭȴʰ⏋ȼɹᘠϺȵˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ГɹᆖɫՏᅋɌ⏋ᐄഗᇕɴˡ˻͑Ͳ ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳᘠϺɹւغȵཝࢹɐʳΥɫ⏋ЈɹכᆹేˁգᅎɐʳᘠϺȵᘿɌȼވ֓ ɌɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏27) ɄɄɫˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳՏᅋధɹވ֓҆რɭ˗͡͞Ͳˤ̜̒ᨃԒϺؤɹވ֓҆ რˁ⏋աɴປᥒɌɩʛʭȩ⏃ܒ 7 ؒ၇⏆⏏ɲȲ˓Ͳ̝ϺɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ᨃɹϺؤވ֓ɭʓʖ ιɌɩ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳՏᅋధʢވ֓ɌɩȦʳ⏏͇ͤͻϺ⏋ᘠϺɭປᥒɌɩ Տᅋ֪ˁʠȽʳᰒᘿɲӃكȵʛȭɴȼȦɭɄʸȴʰ⏋Гάɹᡴᠶɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ϺɴɦȦɩɻህ ᅭɐʳ⏏ ᘠϺɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1958 ॷГᭇ⏋ᨃϺؤȵވ֓ɐʳΥɫ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫɹՏᅋ ధɻཝࢹɌᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏ӴᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ɄʶɻЈɹᆖգᅎɹވ֓ˁؙɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ 27) 22) ɴȡʳʭȩɴ⏋ᘠϺᅋࠨɻ⏋ᘠϺכढ़ɹᅋࠨϺዀכˁՏᅋݭଘɭɌɩ߫ʞӃكȵȡʳ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳμਕ ᨆɹᘠϺכढ़ɹᅋࠨϺዀכɫɻ⏋ᅋࠨɹ 75.5⎾ȵᘠϺɫȡɤɛ⏃B כଘᚁ⏋2000 ॷՏᅋدॡɴʭʳ⏆⏏ ద 7̙қҨӓӣ̞ӋҩӄүӛѠଡ଼ઊ఼мѺѥҖӛәӣҜҳҸऌకѠഁ݅༔ᅲѠႿഔသོ Տଘ⏧ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ȏՏᅋدॡȑȲʭʃ Department of Statistics, Federation of Malaya [1958];
Department of Statistics, Malaysia [1972; 1987; 1995; 2001a] ʭʱсଁ⏏ 1) ވ֓҆რȵ 1 ɹݭغɻ⏋ೝᬚμɴϺధɹވཝȵɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏
1991 ॷȴʰ 2000 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳՏᅋధɻވ֓Ӄكɴ᥊ɍɩȦʳ Ʉɭȵʛɩɭʶʳ⏏ɄɹჿᅓɭɌɩ⏋ᘠϺɹᅋࠨሊᡸढ़ȴʰᓬȷɤɛԒࢅˁᮃᏝɐʳɭ⏋ ๖ɹ 3 ဣɴɲʳ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋1991 ॷГᭇˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴᅋዀࢭᬐכȵ।ֵɐʳʭȩɴ ɲʱ⏋ᅋࠨɹᆖʍɹѵᰉȵވɌɛɄɭ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ⏋1990 ॷБɹᏺʼʱɹᐁཕลˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ ɄʶʚɫኽጓɹכᆹลᬠˁգᅎɌɩȦɛᅋࠨȵ⏋ՏᅋషᩆɹѝɲܕጓᆖɴଖɤɩȷɛɄ ɭ⏋ፀ 3 ɴ⏋2000 ॷɹᅋዀృᆖɹᬖɴʭʱ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫʢמՕɲכᆹ˵ͻ ̲˽ȵ؝ȿʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɄɭ⏋ɫȡʳ⏏ Υɫ͇ͤͻϺɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1958 ॷȴʰ 1970 ॷɴȴȿɩɹᨃϺؤȵ 1.5 ҆ɴވ֓ɌɩȦ ʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɫɹՏᅋధɻ 2.8 ҆ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹೝᬚɴ⏋ᆖՏ ᅋɐʳϺɹւغȵਸ਼ɴވ֓ɌɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ɫɻɄɹᔘಕɴɻлȵȡɤɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ 1960 ॷБɹ͇ͤͻᦅɻకঌςࢷɹᦅᬖᇍೝɴȡɛʱ⏋ʍɹ˪̢̒͠˪লȵਸ਼ᦵɴ ᦽʠʰʶɛ⏏႕ɴ 1960 ॷȴʰ 65 ॷɴȴȿɩ⏋ץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳ˪̢̒͠˪ధɻਸ਼ ވɌɛ⏏ɲȴɫʢ֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪ɹলధɻ⏋ʼɑȴ 5 ॷᬚɫ 600 ɴʢ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 8 ؒ၇⏆⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ͇ͤͻϺɹᆖՏᅋȵވ֓Ɍɛಁೝɻ⏋ᦅɴȲȿʳ˪̢̒͠˪লɹୟ ߂ೝɭɠʬȩɰᩂɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ͇ͤͻϺɹՏᅋݭଘɻ⏋˪̢̒͠˪ˁЂɌɩᕶࡨ ȴʰᆖʍɭውɌɛخᔨਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ ɄɹЕᠦɻˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɴȲȿʳ͇ͤͻϺᅋࠨɹ࣎зܩɹ᧦ȴʰʢគЊȿʳɄɭ ȵɫȷʳ⏃ܒ 9 ؒ၇⏆⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᦅɴ˪̢̒͠˪ȵলɇʶɛ 1958 ॷȴʰ 65 ॷɹᬚɴ͇ ͤͻᦅȴʰɹՏᅋȵਸ਼ɴވȭ⏋Г 75 ॷʚɫވ֓ɌᐚȿɩȦʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴ 1958 ॷɴȲ ȿʳ͇ͤͻϺᅋࠨɹ࣎зܩɻ⏋Ꮭ 40⎾ȵॻᐻ᧑ᤉȦ⏋Ꮭ 30⎾ȵకঌลᬠɹࢆᖇɫȡɤɛ⏏ ɦʚʱ 1958 ॷɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ϯᦲɹѤɹᖪɇɭȦɤɛܩჿᇕИɲȦɌɻ⏋ᦏБכᆹɴࢪɐʳ ద 8̙ਅᅳҟӚһҳҟ఼Ѡబڢ͂པӎӜ̴ҧҒ̓ Տଘ⏧MOHAR 1980; Malaysia 1981; 1986 ʓȴʭʱсଁ⏏
᠗ሾɹᲞɇȵ⏋ᆖˁՏᅋݭଘɴ᧧ିɌɛឹ܍ɭཀྵɇʶʳ⏏ඨܩೝȴʰᨊ॑ᇕɲᓷɴ ɦȷ⏋ᨊ॑ɴಬʰɐ͇ͤͻϺȵࡔܧɌɩȦɛɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳȵຯᅒ 2000: 121⏋͇ͤͻ ϺɹՏᅋɹᆖɻ⏋ʚɇɴɄɹʭȩɲϺǾȴʰࠃʚɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ 1980 ॷБГᭇɻ⏋ ᦅᨆɴ࣎зɌᐚȿʳ͇ͤͻϺɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᬖᇍɴʭɤɩᨊ॑ᦏ᧿ɹ͇̊Ͳ (taman) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ ృᖂзࡨܩɴ࣎зɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ͇ͤͻϺʢ⏋ᆖ⏃ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡⏆ɫՏᅋɌɩȦ ʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ ՏᅋدॡɹՕഓˁɭȲɌɩ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛɄɭɻ⏋ՏᅋɹᆖɭȦȩץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴ ܯΥɹჼᢒˁʛɛɭȷɴ⏋ɴʭɤɩɗɹᣱɄʱɭᣱɄʱɻɍʠɛಁೝɴᅵؾȵȡɤɛɭ ȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺȵೝȴʰᆖɫՏᅋɌɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋͇ͤͻϺɻᦅɹ ᕶࡨɫՏᅋɐʳӃكȵȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 1960 ॷБГᭇɻ⏋ᦅᨆɴ࣎зɐʳ͇ͤͻϺʢᆖɫ Տᅋɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɴՏᅋɹᆖɴȲȦɩᬚɫ᧓Ȧȵᝠʶɛɹɻɲɕɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɗɹᔘಕ ˁ⏋ܕࢃɴʭʳທࡎѳҫʍɹЂԂ⏋ɐɲʼɠທࡎѳҫըɹࣙᬖዐɴᇿɌɲȵʰ๖ጟɫ౩ ʰȴɴɌɛȦ⏏ ద 9̙қҨӓӣ̞Ӌҩӄүӛ̜ӎӜ̴కઊ࿌ѠࢋେඏѠဣಯ Տଘ⏧ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ȏՏᅋدॡȑʭʱсଁ⏏ ⏆ୈՏɌɛ˵Ͳ̺͡ɹ࣎зܩˁᇑՕປɫኍɌɛ⏏
3̝ଡ଼ઊѠྶۅܿѝмуѽႿഔࠔѠڡ̵ှઢုॊ๕њѠࠖҁѼ҄ඦѝ̵
3.1̙ҔҞӚҩ௪Ⴟඏേ̵ᇓຉଂဢѠګᆏҧҩҶӐ̵ ˓˧͠˽ඨܩಁБɹѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɻ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɹᆖɴᩂဣˁᒞȦɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏͇ ͓͞ᦹغिɴɻɍʠɩᆖȵɫȷɛɹɻ 1878 ॷɹɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏28) ɗɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɴඨ ᓔɫȡʳ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒Ϻ⏋ፀ 2 ɴඨܩᐁཕɭሁஞɹᬠʼʱˁʢɦ˓Ͳ̝ϺᘠϺ֝ӈᓔɛɠ ˁࢪᢒɴɌɛҫঔ፬ჿɴȡɤɛ [Manderson 1996: 15-16, 34-36]⏏ ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ֝ӈᓔɹȦ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɫɻ⏋֝ӈ (Labour Code) ɴʭʱ⏋֝ӈᓔʍɹ כᆹɭ՟ፈఠᔒɹњᐌȵ⏋ᐁۊᓔɹ፬ჿКɭɌɩៀࡴɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠៀฐɹ߂ȷȦ ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɻ⏋ᦅܟԒɴᆖ (Estate Hospital) ˁଘɌɩȦɛ [FMAR 1952: 2; Gullick 1998: 161-162]⏏Ј⏋ᘠϺȵȼˁװʠɩȦɛ᩿֝ӈᓔɴɦȦɩʢ⏋֝ӈȵ᧟ᅎɇʶɛȵ⏋᩿ɴࢪ Ɍɩɻכᆹేɹᒞȵᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɲȴɤɛ [Manderson 1996: 82]⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋᩿⏋ ڧɴʭʱˁᙢዩɌɛᘠϺȵ⏋ᕶʰᣂᩆˁՏɌغɤɩμᘠᆖ (Chinese Hospital) ɭ٧ ɽʶʳ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ́˽̴̊͡ˁলɌɛ [FMSAR 1934: 24; FMAR 1949: 19; Manderson 1996: 21-22, 66]⏏Ʉɹᆖɹכढ़ʦሊᡸढ़ɹ߂ᨆՕɻ⏋ᘠϺɴʭɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦɛ [Ooi 1991: 168-169]⏏ ৾ʦేᯆГɫᩂឹɲɄɭɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ⏋ᘠϺɭʢɴ͇͓͞ɹውϺؤɫȡɤɛɄɭɫ ȡʳ⏏ఖᨉɫɻႶᕶɹՏᅋીʦә⏋ШᐏᇕՏᅋЂ֖ᓔɹʢɭɫʼʶɩȦɛɴ᧓ȦɲȦՏ ᅋˁ⏋ఖᨉɴȲȿʳɗʶʰɭؾɍʭȩɴውзܩɫࡸᤋɐʳɄɭɻέخᔨɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ Ⴅɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɭᘠϺɴʭʳᦏБᇕՏᅋేɹ؝ࢅˁѦᦽɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺɻ߂ᨆՕȵᦅᨆɴ࣎зɌ⏋ܔɹՏᅋીɴݜɧȷШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹ ЂདȭɴʭɤɩՏᅋˁɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛᨊ॑ȴʰປᥒᇕ᧙Ȧܩݖɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛɛʠ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɹ ᆖˁμਕɴࣙᬖɇʶʳᦏБכᆹɴஞɐʳลЦȵᭉʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ͇ͤͻϺɹȼɻȋឿ ሾʰɵዷᬚɴᬔɍᦉʠʰʶʳȍ⏃Ԃɐʳ⏆Ʉɭɴੇਯˁୃȷ⏋ʚɛ͌˽͌͠⏃˓˽͞ͻ͌ఠ ਂ⏆ɫȡʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ᆖɫᯃ͌˽͌͠ɴγ᠌ˁɇʶɛʱ⏋ᰩϟˁήȭʰʶɛʱɐʳɄɭʍɹ ୄઢʢȴɤɛ [FMAR 1949: 21-22; Field 1951; Gullick 1987: 259-260]⏏
ທࡎѳҫɴɦȦɩʛʳɭ⏋ඨܩకঌɻ 20 γᏛ՟ᰄГᭇ⏋͇͓͞ɴȲȦɩɴաɲȼʛ
ʰʶʳᲞȦϖӻϭრɴᬠਕˁଡȩʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏29) ɗɹჿᅓɹ 1 ɦɻ⏋ʢɭʢɭϺؤॕᚚɫ
28) ̿͞िɹ̊˓̴Ͳ⏋ᐚȦɩ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡ɴጓɇʶɛ [Manderson 1996: 15]⏏ɛɞɌɄʶГմɴȡɤɩʢ⏋ 17 γᏛГᭇɻ⏋ڧ᱅ɦȷɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒Ϻכढ़ȵ༐ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏৳ʰɹК֭ɻ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒Ϻɹᆹɴȡɤɛȵ⏋ ˏ˻ˏɹΥᨆ˛͠ͻ̜ࣝɴࢪɌɩʢᆹˁȩɄɭȵȡɤɛ߂ೠ 2002: 107-110⏏
ȡɤɛ͇͓͞ɴȲȦɩ⏋֝ӈވˁᩂឹᠩᰍɭɌɛకঌȵ⏋ଁϺ֝ӈᓔˁμܕ˓Ͳ̝ೣܕ ȴʰᦹʶɩഀʳʭʱʢ⏋ჼܩɫȋԗᅊᅋȍɐʳʓȩȵᐁཕᇕɫȡʳɄɭɴຩȵɦȦɛɛʠɫȡ ʳ [Manderson 1998]⏏ ɛɭȭɽ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ֝ӈᓔɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Υࢃɫ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳᦅܟɹɲȴɹȋᬏ࣒ȍ (lines) ɫᅊ༎Ɍ⏋θ៊ɹʛɲʰɑɗɹࡎɰʢɛɠʢ⏋ॾȦȴʰ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ֝ӈɴਃϟɐʳɄ ɭȵȴɤɛ [Jain 1970]⏏ɗɹɛʠඨܩకঌɴɭɤɩɻ⏋֝ӈᓔɹԗᅊᅋɹఌஹȵ⏋๖γБ ɹ֝ӈተѳɴɦɲȵʳɭȦȩࡸઢˁʦɐȴɤɛ⏏1920 ॷБɴɻ֝ӈɴʭɤɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɹߨਸ֝ӈᓔɻ⏋ᅋմᅋɴɗʶəʶ 1 ͶᬚɹՏᅋХಞˁʳɄɭȵѳ᭭ɇʶ ɛ⏏ʚɛՏᅋ 6 Ͷմɹ֝ӈࡸᑡˁݜྈɭɌɩ⏋ᅋХμɹଝয়ᩆȵఌଡʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ̿͞िɹ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳɹёɫɻ⏋ᅊ 3 ͶɹಁဣɫϖӻȵᅊࡔɌɩȦʶɽ⏋ທ៊ɴ 5 ̝͡ɹ̓ͻ̠˽ȵఌଡʼʶɛ [Manderson 1996: 138-139]⏏ ᘠϺߨਸɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ӴᦚɌɛ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ́˽̴̊͡ɫɹՏᅋȵȴɤɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ 1937 ॷɹ˪ˏ͞͡Ͳ̺ͻ͡μᘠᅋዀᆖ (Chinese Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur) ɫɻ⏋ 3,983 ИɹᘠϺᅋࠨɴʭʳՏᅋȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ؾॷɹ˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡िԃкɴȲȿʳకঌᏙ ᆖɫɹՏᅋధȵ 1,774 ИɫȡɤɛɄɭȴʰ [FMSARSEPPS 1937: 13]⏋ధɹᘠϺߨਸȵ⏋˱ ̢͖̘͊ˑ́˽̴̊͡ˁՏᅋݭଘɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ ͇ͤͻϺߨਸɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ɹᕶࡨɫՏᅋɐʳɹȵಔᦲɫȡɤɛ [Manderson 1998: 32-33]⏏ ᦅɫՏᅋɐʳ͇ͤͻϺɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋ȼɻ 1910 ॷБʦ 20 ॷБɴ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒Ϻሊᡸढ़ʦ ˓˧͠˽ᣧמࡓ⏋ɗɹЈ̓͞Ͳ̘ˑˏкɲɰȵᦅˁکɌ⏋ృᅊӻɹϜᬿஞዛʦ⏋െ ஐϖ୭ࢷˁɤɩȦʳ [FMSAR 1933: 24; Manderson 1998: 37-39]⏏30) ᅋɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᡰ࢘ ᒠɴ࣑ȿʰʶɛՏᅊ៨᪼ˁʢɭɴ⏋ࢃکȵʼʶɛ⏏31) ʚɛඨܩకঌɻ⏋ᦅɴȲȿʳ ՏᅋɹЂ֖ᓔɭɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺߨਸɹ֖ᅋढ़ˁଁɌʭȩɭɌɛȵ⏋Ʉʶɻଁ֒Ɍɲȴɤɛ⏏ ͇ͤͻϺЦɫɻ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤȵᲞȦܩеɴȡɤɛɛʠɫȡʳ [Manderson 1998: 30]⏏ Ϋᦚɹʭȩɴ⏋ඨܩಁБɹכᆹ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ᐁཕ֟რɹ៎ဣȴʰ֝ӈᓔɹҫঔ፬ჿˁᩂ ែɌɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ທࡎѳҫɴᬠɌɩʢؾɴ⏋֝ӈᓔɹԗᅊᅋˁѦᦽɐʳకፑȵࣙᬖɇ ʶɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ҫঔ፬ჿȵᮄᅎςɹᒶ֭ɭɇʶɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻߨਸɭ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɴ࣎зɌ⏋˱̢͖͊ ̘ˑ́˽̴̊͡ʍɹˏ˪́˽ʢࢅ౫ɫȡɤɛᘠϺߨਸɹᬚɴɻ⏋ඨܩಁБȴʰǾɴᦏБ 29) ϖӻɹ܍ɻ⏋ೡၓӻ⏋ȿȦʶ˃⏃ቑӂᰟˁيʞ⏆ɲɰɫȡɤɛ⏏ᨊ॑ᨆɫɻ֔ੲɲᅊᄩޅ⏋ᦅᨆɫɻכ ᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɹ๕߭ȵ⏋ɗɹ܍ɭɌɩȡɁʰʶɛ [Manderson 1996: 202-206]⏏ 30) ඨܩೝɹॷ๖ݬٚೆɹɲȴɫɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹз࣎ɹέ᧟Ֆɇ⏋႕ɴȋႷȦ⏋ತȦ⏋έ࿀ȍɭȦɤɛɄɭʦ⏋ ᰩ႒ኧਗɲɰɹՏᅋીȵ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹᲞȦϖӻ߰ᅋࠨϭრɹ܍ɭᐄʃɦȿʰʶ⏋ଫՠɹࢪᢒɭɇʶɩ Ȧʳ [FMSAR 1937: 83]⏏ 31) ՏᅊȲʭʃϭɹᇎ᪼ȵᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɛɹɻ⏋༠ࣼඨܩ⏃˹Ͳˤͅͻ͡⏋͇̒͞ˡ⏋̠̿Ͳ⏆ɫɻ 19 γᏛ ೢ⏋ɗɹЈɹिɫɻ 1920 ॷБɫȡɤɛ [Leete 1996: 192-193]⏏
כᆹɹ༡ᦩȵࠃʚɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ͇ͤͻϺɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ඨܩᐁཕˁሁஞఌȭʳᨆᬐɹ֝ӈ ᓔɴɻɲʰɲȴɤɛɛʠ⏋కঌȴʰѳҫכᆹɴᬠɐʳ߂ǾᇕɲЂԂˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ 3.2̙ൊໍొކಕছнѻ 1960 േѝнуј̵ഞދཅѠќнѠှઢုॊ̵ ᦅɴȲȿʳѳҫכᆹȵህʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1950 ॷБɴɲɤɩȴʰɹɄɭɫȡ ʳ⏏1952 ॷɹ͇͓͞ᦹ᧷כᆹ࣌ɹॷ๖ݬٚೆɴ⏋ɻɍʠɩᦅѳҫ (Rural Health) ɹᇿȵ ᇎݭɌɛ⏏ɄɄɴɻГάɹʭȩɴ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ȋ͇͓͞ɹѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʦᓷዛɴʭɤɩ᧓ȦȵȡɤɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏͇ ͤͻϺ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺȵΥԊؾкɹ෯ଁڊɭɌɩ⏋ፈɌȼɄʶˁϳ؝Ɍɲȿʶɽɲʰɲ Ȧ⏏ؑɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ᨊ॑ɭᦅɫɻரњɇʶʳѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ɴ߂ȷɲҥʱȵȡɤɛ⏏⏃μ ᅭ⏆ᦅѳҫɻɄʶʚɫʱɇʶɩȷɛȍ[FMAR 1952: 16-17]
ɄɹჿਥɴݜɧȦɩ 1954 ॷɴɻ⏋ᦅѳҫᅙ (Rural Health Scheme) ȵፑࡴɇʶɛ⏏Ʉ ʶɻϺؤ 2,000 ϺɴࢪɌɩ֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪⏋1 ΨϺɴࢪɌɩ̼͡˽˵̸́Ͳ̊ͻ⏋ɗɌɩ 5 ΨϺɴࢪɌɩ̼͡˽́Ͳ̊ͻɹᒞˁᇿ୭ɐʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪ɴɻࢆᖇȵш ɇʶ⏋ᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ᓔɭɌɩ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȵ 1 Ϻɑɦ༐ɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ̼͡˽˵̸́Ͳ ̊ͻɴɻ֖ᅋढ़⏋Ըሊᡸढ़⏋ᚫջढ़⏋ᅊදീڊȵ⏋̼͡˽́Ͳ̊ͻɴɻɄɹ 4 ࢭᬐᓷɴ֓ ȭɩכढ़⏋ዀכढ़⏋ѳҫढ़ᬏ⏋ѳҫढ़ȵɗʶəʶᨗࣚɇʶɛ⏏ᦅѳҫᅙɹɲȴɫɻ⏋̼ ͡˽́Ͳ̊ͻȵ̼͡˽˵̸́Ͳ̊ͻˁ⏋ʍ͡˽˵̸́Ͳ̊ͻȵ֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪ˁɗʶəʶ፬ ᥫɐʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ȋ3 ࣝ (three-tier) ˹˽̘͌ȍɭ٧ɽʶɛ [FMAR 1954: 18]⏏ ɄɹʭȩɴᦅѳҫɴᬠਕȵكȿʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛಁБᔘಕɭɌɩɻ⏋๖ɹ 2 ɦɹϟന ȵȡɁʰʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ፀ 1 ɴԊᅋςᒶ˰͠͞ɴࢪɐʳȋృᅙȍ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ͇͓͞ᦹ᧷ɹႶ ጓ⏃1957 ॷ⏆ɴكȿɩɹ֪ȷɫȡʳ⏏ 1948 ॷ⏋ςɭɌɩμܕᏙзɫ෯ଁɇʶɛ͇͓͞ԊᅋӾȵؙᗔ᬴ϝˁᬖࠃɌ⏋ඨܩ కঌɻᯃ।ϟˁࡺៜɌɛ⏃1948⑯60 ॷ⏆⏏కঌɻ⏋˰͠͞ʍɹᣂᩆȲʭʃᰩషជᐌᤉɹ᧡ ుˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚ͲɹᑉܩݖɲɰɴࡔܧɌԊᅋςᒶఌ୫ᓔɹȦέ࣎з ܩךɹзˁ⏋ȋృȍɴըውзɇɓɛ⏏ȋృȍɫɻᮚຩ⏋ອ᧑⏋ോ⏋˪̢̒͠˪ɲɰɹ ˓Ͳ̶͞˽̜͞˪̍͑ͻȵȡʰȴɍʠȭʰʶɩȦɛ⏏1950 ॷȴʰ 52 ॷɴȴȿɩ 57 ΨϺȵ 480 ɹȋృȍɴውзɌɛȵ⏋ɗɹ 86⎾ɻᘠϺɫȡɤɛ⏏ᦅѳҫɹჿਥˁᇍᝠɌɛ 1952 ॷɹಁဣɫ⏋ඨܩకঌɹࡴɌɩȦɛᦅ (village) ɻ⏋͇ͤͻᦅ (Malay village) ɞȿɫ ɲȼ⏋ȋృȍ(New Village) ʢيʚʶɩȦɛ [FMAR 1952: 16-17]⏏
ፀ 2 ɹᔘಕɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɹ͇͓͞ɫɻ⏋ႶጓʍɹྈҺȵᦽʠʰʶ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹᅊ༎ݜ ᇻɹୟӱȵܒʰʶɩȦɛɄɭȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏1946 ॷɴɻ̜̋ˠͲɴʭʱ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹక
ᏼᑩɫȡʳᐏΥ͇ͤͻϺܕᏼᑩ⏃United Malays National Organization⏋Гά UMNO⏆ȵᐄ ଁɇʶ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹ႕ณˁ௩ᡸɐʳ֪ˁࣙᬖɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 1955 ॷɴɻɻɍʠɩɹᐵ᧧୲ʢ ʼʶ⏋ʚɇɴ͇ͤͻϺςкɹܕࢃсʱɴώʱՏɌɛɭɄʸɫȡɤɛ⏏Ⴖጓɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋͇ͤͻ ϺɹሾᡫࣝʦకࢃȵୃȦɩȦɛਥɻ⏋ᘠϺȵਸ਼ɴϺؤປˁЭɽɌɩȦʳɄɭɫȡɤɛ⏏ ᐁཕˁᘠϺɴఌᨗɇʶɩȦʳ͇ͤͻϺɴɭɤɩɻ⏋ధɹȩȭɫʢᘠϺȵ͇ͤͻϺˁԻᱩɐʶ ɽ⏋ʢɻʦ͇͓͞ɻ͇ͤͻϺɹܕɫɻɲȼɲʳɭɹઉˁୃȦɩȦɛ⏏1940 ॷБᏺʼʱȴ ʰకࢃɹྲᠦʦకঌ႒ɹɲȴɫ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹെႥʦᦏБכᆹʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵᘠϺ ʭʱʢੲȦɄɭ⏋ϭధȵՏᅊధˁΫ܌ɤɩȦʳɄɭɲɰȵʱΫɁʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦʳ [Harper 1999: 229-233]⏏ץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳաɹغՏᅊრɭϖӻ߰ᅋࠨϭ რɹውˁʛɩʛʳɭ⏋32) 1950 ॷБɴɻ͇ͤͻϺɹغՏᅊრȵ⏋ᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɭປᥒɌ ɩжȦɹɴࢪɌ⏋ᦥɴϖӻ߰ᅋࠨϭრɴȲȦɩɻʢᲞრˁኍɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ܒ 10 ؒ၇⏆⏏͇ͤͻϺɹغՏᅊრȵжȴɤɛ܍ɭɌɩɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɴ͇ͤͻϺɹᮐࠦრȵᲞȴɤ ɛɄɭ⏋ፀ 2 ɴ͇ͤͻϺɹஐϖȵປᥒᇕᬏೝᬚɫ⏋ɄʶɴЫȩံகೝᬚɹযᬏȵȡɤɛɄ ɭ⏋ɹ 2 ဣȵᓒȭʰʶʳ [Leete 1996]⏏ ʚɛ UMNO ɹօࠃᓔ̜̋ˠͲɹ߿ȵ⏋ȋШᐏˁɲɐɭʢ⏋ࡎɰʢɹᅊ٨ɻࡪʸȩȍ(Let the custom die, but not the child) ɭரڟɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺˁࢪᢒɭɌɛѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɹكΫ ˁ៲ȭʳ֪ȷʢȡɤɛ [Harper 1999: 71]⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹൔៜȋࡎɰʢˁɲɐɭʢ⏋Ш ᐏɹ٨ɻࡪʸȩȍ(Let the child die, but not the custom) ˁ᥊ᅎɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹʭȩɴ UMNO ʦ͇͓͞ᦹ᧷కঌȵ⏋ທࡎѳҫˁμਕɭɌɛᦅѳҫɴᬠਕˁଡȩʭȩ ɴɲɤɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋͇͓͞ɹςณᓔɭɌɩɹ͇ͤͻϺȵ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹϺؤປˁވʦɐਖឹਸɴ ᱤʰʶɩȦɛɄɭȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛທࡎѳҫɻȋᐄഗȵឿȭʦɐȦȍѳҫכᆹՕᩃɹ 1 ɦ ɫȡʱ⏋UMNO ˁμਕɭɌɛృкըʍɹ͇ͤͻϺఌ୫რˁكΫɇɓʳ֟ഗʢೝ৺ɫȷɛɹɫ ɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ ᦅѳҫᅙɹԍჼፑɭɌɩ⏋̩ͻ̝ᯆɫɻ˪̢̒͠˪ɹল⏋̶̜̅ᯆɫɻכढ़ሊᡸ ढ़֖ᅋढ़ɲɰכᆹࢭᬐᓷɹଁɭᇎ᪼ȵᦽʠʰʶɛ⏏33) ˪̢̒͠˪লɻ⏋ᬖᇍݜೣᅙɫȡʳ͇ͤͻ˹ˏ̺͞Ͳ (Malaysia Plan) ɹɲȴɫፑࡴ ɇʶ⏋1960 ॷБɴԂʳɭ⏋కঌςࢷɹᦅᬖᇍɭȡȦʚɤɩਸ਼ᦵɴᦽʠʰʶɛ⏏ץऄᨆ͇ ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳ˪̢̒͠˪ధɹውɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ܒ 8 ɫʛɛɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ˪̢̒͠ 32) غՏᅊრɭɻ⏋15 ȴʰ 49 ʚɫɹߨࡎɹॷᶲաՏᅊრˁغɌɛʢɹ⏏1 Ϻɹߨࡎȵ⏋Еɴɗɹॷ๖ɹ ॷᶲաՏᅊრɫΥᅊɹᬚɴᅊʞ⏋ɭɌɛɭȷɹॶܯࡎɰʢధˁᝠʼɐ⏏ 33) ᗔ᯿͇͓͞ɹ˹Ͳˤͅͻ͡ɴჼܩϺଁɹɛʠɹכോ⏃1921 ॷ⏋˛̝ͩͻ̝ 7 γכോɭఒؿ⏆ȵጓɇʶ ɛɹɻ 1905 ॷɫȡɤɛ [Danaraj 1988: 1]⏏ሊᡸढ़⏋֖ᅋढ़ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋մɻिɹ፬ᥫάɫȲʢɴᆖɫଁ ɇʶɩȦɛȵ [FMAR 1950: 22]⏋1946 ॷ⏋̠̿Ͳɴɻɍʠɩɹሊᡸോȵጓɇʶɛ [FMAR 1949: 23]⏏
ద 10̙ႿഔသѠ৻यଡ଼ᅲ̜໗ૉ̞ໝઊ࿌રၤᅲѠబڢ͂པӎӜ̴ҧҒ̓ Տଘ⏧Department of Statistics, Malaysia [1991; 2001b] ʭʱсଁ⏏
1) 1970 ॷГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻɻ⏋˽͠͞ͲˡϺˁيʞ⏏ ǵ 2) 1991 ॷГᭇɹ͇ͤͻϺɻȋ̸̺̜͊͞ȍˁ୭ɐ⏏ 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998 ˪ɹᒞɻ⏋ᦅᨆɴ࣎зɐʳ͇ͤͻϺȵ⏋ɻɍʠɩ।ᇕɴᦏБכᆹɴஞ៘ɐʳลЦɭɲɤ ɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋1950 ॷБȴʰ 60 ॷБɴȴȿɩɹᦅѳҫɹӦӴϟȵທࡎѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ɹୟ ӱɫȡɤɛɄɭʢ⏋1971 ॷʚɫɹᦅѳҫਃϟᓔɹ 70⎾ГΫȵທࡎѳҫɹࢭᬐࢃɫȡɤɛɄ ɭȴʰȩȴȵȭʳ [MOHAR 1971/72: 79]⏏ 3.3̙नౕ੨ڐ৳̵ྶۅ࠽Ѡިୈ̜ഞုॊѠဣ̜ܿకഁౕ݅੨̵ 1971 ॷȴʰࡸేɇʶɛృᐁཕకፑˁ؝ȿɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺɻᨊ॑ᨆɴ༑Ԃɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ࣃȡʳȦɻᲞፈఠᔒɹลЦˁɩ⏋ᦅȴʰᨊ॑ɴውзɌɛ͇ͤͻϺߨਸʢࢹɲȼɲȴɤɛ [Ackerman 1984; Ong 1987; Jamilah 1992]⏏ᨊ॑Ϻؤɹވ֓ɴࢪਝɌɩ⏋1970 ॷБץɽɴɻ͇ ͤͻ˹ˏɹȼɹςឹᨊ॑ɫ⏋ܕጓᆖɹృȡʳȦɻୟᅙȵࡸేɇʶɛ⏏ፀ 1 ጟɫᦚ ʏɛˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹୟʢ⏋ɄɹᅙɹΥᄩɭɌɩࡸేɇʶɛ⏏
ʚɛᨊ॑ᨆɫᆖลᔨɹୟ߂ȵܒʰʶʳΥɫ⏋1954 ॷɴࢷԂɇʶɛᦅѳҫᅙɴѹ ȵ֓ȭʰʶɛ [Malaysia 1973: 208]⏏ɐɲʼɠਃഀɹȋ3 ࣝ˹˽̘͌ȍɴБȭɩ⏋1972 ॷɴȋ2
ࣝ˹˽̘͌ȍȵࢷԂɇʶɛ⏏ȋ2 ࣝ˹˽̘͌ȍɫɻ⏋̼͡˽́Ͳ̊ͻɭ̼͡˽˵̸́Ͳ̊ͻȵ ᐏغɇʶɩѳҫ˪̢̒͠˪ɭɲɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪ɻ⏋ᦅ˪̢̒͠˪⏃˪̢̒͠ ˪̚˵ klinik desa⏆ɴൔΫɁɇʶɛ⏏ᦅ˪̢̒͠˪ɫɻ⏋ਃഀɹᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁμਕɭ Ɍɛທࡎѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋՟ᇕɲᆹဤ⏋ࢸӻѳҫ⏋Ϝᬿஞዛ⏋െఠᔒȲʭ ʃҫঔఠᔒɲɰɹɇʚɊʚɲѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ˁரњɐʳɄɭȵᇿฌɭɇʶɛ⏏ᦅ˪̢̒͠ ˪ɻ⏋ᦹ᧷ܤܩᬖᇍং⏃Federal Land Development Authority⏋Гά FELDA⏆ ɹԂඨܩɴȲȿ ʳѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɹਖឹਸȴʰᓒ൜ɇʶɛȵ [MOHAR 1971/72: 76]⏋ɗɹᩂဣᇿˁທࡎ ѳҫȴʰ⏋כᆹဤԃᖔɴୟ߂ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᦅѳҫɹԃкᇕɲঈΫɁˁܒɤɛɭȦȭ ʳ⏏34) ທࡎѳҫըɴᬠɌɩʢȩ 1 ɦᩂឹɲɹɻ⏋1984 ॷɴᇍᝠɇʶɛృϺؤకፑ (New Population Policy) ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ 2100 ॷʚɫɴ⏋ܕɹϺؤˁয়ಁɹᏝ 5 ҆ɹ 7,000 ΨϺɴ ވ֓ɇɓʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏35) ԍкᇕɴɻȋ5 ϺࡎకፑȍˁଠɠՏɌ⏋ֵ֝ߨਸʍɹՏᅋ ХಞᐌЊˁፀ 3 ࡎȴʰፀ 5 ࡎɴʚɫୟ߂Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛዒըˁఒᯊɌ⏋ࡎɰʢɴࢪɐʳட᭑ᰎ ˁ߂ȷȼɌɛ⏏Ʉɹకፑɻ⏋ᘠϺʦ˓Ͳ̝ϺɹˁᦠȩȴɹʭȩɴᅊᣱɌɛ͇ͤͻϺɹՏᅊრ жάӃكɴ⏋Υࡴɹʠˁȴȿʳ֟ഗˁʢɛʰɌɛॶକ 1989; Leete 1996: 176-177⏏ɗ ɹᐄഗ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹՏᅊრɻ 3 ɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢᲞͤ̾͡ˁᐣ୫Ɍ⏃ܒ 10 ɹաغ Տᅊრɹॷ๖ውˁؒ၇⏆⏋Υᨆ͇ͤͻᏙ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏϺɹ༑ԂॠɭȡȦʚɤɩ⏋ܕԒɹ ෯ଁɹȩɠ͇ͤͻϺɹւغˁመࡸɴЭᬏɇɓɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨܩಁБȴʰɹທࡎѳҫըɹ༑ʶˁෙ៎ɐʳɭ⏋͇͓͞⏒͇ͤͻ ˹ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕႥˁؙɌɩ⏋ɗɹԒࢅʢˁᧅɁɩȷɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɲȴɫʢకঌ ɴʭɤɩᦏБכᆹȵࢷԂɇʶʳዐɻɴʭɤɩ߂ȷȼᅵɲʱ⏋ɄʶȵՏᅋɹᆖɴȲȿ ʳᬚɹሂ᧓ˁʢɛʰɌɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ ᘠϺɭ˓Ͳ̝Ϻȵ⏋˓˧͠˽ඨܩకঌɹѳҫכᆹకፑɴʭɤɩ⏋ೝȴʰᆖՏᅋɌɩȦ ɛɹɻɐɫɴᦚʏɛɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ᦅᨆɴ࣎зɐʳ͇ͤͻϺɻᕶࡨɫՏᅋɐ ʳӃكȵȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹჿᅓɻ⏋1 ɦɻᦅᨆɴȲȿʳѳҫכᆹɹҺȵᧆʶɛɛʠɫȡʳȵ⏋ ʢȩ 1 ɦɻ͇ͤͻϺȵ⏋ᘺЦɹɲȴɫШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁɌɩȦɛɛʠɫʢȡʳ⏏19 γᏛೢ ГᭇɹውɫȡɤɛᘠϺ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺߨਸȵШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁʢɛɲȴɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹ ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻࢭᬐਸȵᲞȼ⏋ϺǾɹѵᰉʢȴɤɛ⏏ɗɄɫ๖ጟɫɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤ ȵըɴʭɤɩՏᅋɹݭȴʰகఽɇʶ⏋ٞᑉɇʶɩȦɤɛዐˁᠶɍʳ⏏ 34) FELDA ɻܤܩံɌȡʳȦɻܤܩѳɹࢹɲȦ͇ͤͻϺᦅɴࢪɐʳ⏋కঌᬖᇍܩʍɹԂඨϟˁȩลᬠ⏏ FELDA ጓɹᐁᑅɲɰɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ݞϥ [1998] ɲɰˁؒ၇⏏ 35) ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳ՟ɹϺؤకፑɻ⏋1966 ॷɴՏᅊɭϺؤވ֓რɹଵըˁᇿᇕɭɌɩࢷԂɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹʭ ȩɲՏᅊଵըȴʰߣ֜ʍɹᩍ᥊ழɻ⏋ᇍࣙΫܕɹϺؤకፑɭɌɩɻȷʼʠɩხɌȦॶକ 1989: 193⏏
4̝ઊ༄௮҄ѳтѽ๕Ѡဣಯ
4.1̙ฦઊ༄Ѡ་Ѡݣถ ೣ፲ɫɻᅋࠤᓷˁʠȽʳៀըɹ᧦ˁɛɰʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɹகఽɹዐˁ ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ⏏ ඨܩకঌɻ⏋1905 ॷȴʰທࡎѳҫ̺ͦ˫͌͞ˁࢷԂɌɩ⏋͇ͤͻϺߨਸʍɹ֖ᅋ៥ᑇˁ ᬖࠃɌɛ⏏ؾಁɴౖࡔɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤɴࢪɌɩʢࡸܩ៥ᑇˁɤɛ⏏৳ߨʰˁីᇕɲכᆹే ɹЗЂᓔɭɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ᦏБכᆹɹ༡ᦩˁܒʸȩɭɌɛɹɫȡʳ [Manderson 1996: 207]⏏ ˓˧͠˽ɻ 1920 ॷБȴʰ 30 ॷБɅʸɴɻ⏋ᅋࠤᓷˁ๖ɹ 3 ɦɹˡ̘˳͠ͻɴՕᰖɌɩᇎ ᪼ˁᒶ֭ɧȿɛ [Manderson 1996: 209]⏏ 1⏆ A Ꮹ⏧ᆖɴȲȿʳ 1 ॷᬚɹিɲ֖ᅋఠᔒɹɴ⏋ᗔɫࡸܩ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿ⏋᠅ᱻɴغ ൔɌɛʢɹ⏃еɴሂয়⏆⏏ 2⏆ B Ꮹ⏧6 Ͷȴʰ 9 Ͷᬚ⏋͇ͤͻɫࡸܩ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿ⏋᠅ᱻɴغൔɌɛʢɹ⏏ 3⏆ C Ꮹ⏧ɹేಁ⏋ɐɫɴ 1 ॷГΫࡴೝᇕɴᅋࠤɴਃϟɌɩȦɛʢɹ⏃కঌɹࡴʠʳ ଁᡙᓃˁ؝ȿɛ⏋B Ꮹɴൔɇʶʳ⏆⏏ ɄɄɫɻఠᔒ៥ᑇɹೝᬚʦៜɴʭɤɩᅋࠤᓷɹՕᰖȵɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛШᐏᇕᅋࠤɴɦ Ȧɩɻᡙᓃˁ؝ȿɇȭɐʶɽ⏋కঌȴʰɹ᠗ࡴˁ؝ȿɛȋ֖ᅋढ़ȍɴɲʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏ ᅋࠤᓷɹֱᮃɻ⏋Ȳʢɴ͇ͤͻϺߨਸɭ⏋ΥᨆɹᘠϺߨਸˁࢪᢒɴʼʶɛ⏏కঌȵ͇ͤͻ Ϻߨਸˁᅋࠤ៥ᑇɹࢪᢒɭɌɛɹɻ⏋͇ͤͻϺߨਸȵ⏋ᅵɲʳɹՏᅋЂ֖ᓔˁ؝ȿԂʶɲ ȴɤɛɄɭ⏋ʚɛᯃ͇ͤͻϺߨਸɹᬚɫʢ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹ̲̋Ͳ⏃ᅋࠤ⏆ɻϺຩȵᲞȴɤɛɄɭ ɴʭʳ [Manderson 1996: 208]⏏ɌȴɌֱᮃɴࢪɐʳؙਝɻᩞȼ⏋ʚɛ៥ᑇʦЇϟˁμɫହ ɁՏɐʢɹʢȴɤɛɛʠ⏋కঌɹ᠗ࡴɐʳ֖ᅋढ़ధɻᯃ।ɴࢹɲȴɤɛ⏏͇ͤͻϺߨਸɻћ းɭɌɩШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹЂ֖ɴʭʱՏᅋɌɛɛʠ⏋కঌɻ̲̋ͲɴࢪɐʳᡙᓃˁᐚɓɊʳˁ ɲȴɤɛ [Manderson 1996: 209-211]⏏1954 ॷɴɲʳɭ⏋֖ᅋढ़ᇎ᪼ៀհ (Registration of Midwives Ordinance) ȵଁጓɌɛ⏏ɄɄ ɫɻᅋࠤᓷɻ๖ɹ 2 ɦɴՕᰖɇʶɩȦʳ [FMAR 1954: 4]⏏ 1⏆ I ᰖ⏧ሊᡸढ़ᣂൔˁɐʳ֖ᅋढ़⏏3 ॷץɹሊᡸఠᔒɹ⏋ࡸܩ៥ᑇˁيʞ 1 ॷᬚɹ֖ᅋ ఠᔒˁ؝ȿɛʢɹ⏏ 2⏆ II ᰖ⏧2 ॷᬚɹ֖ᅋఠᔒˁ؝ȿ⏋Ըሊᡸढ़ɴሂয়ɐʳʢɹ⏏ Ʉɹȵਃഀɹʢɹɭᅵɲʳɹɻ⏋ౖࡔɹᅋࠤˁՕᰖɹɲȴɴʱᦉ˃ɫȦɲȦဣɭ⏋ሊᡸ ढ़ɹՕᰖɴݜɧȦɩᅋࠤᓷˁៀࡴɌɩȦʳဣ⏋႕ɴሊᡸढ़ᣂൔˁɐʳ֖ᅋढ़ (nurse-midwife) ɹˡ̘˳͠ͻˁృɛɴȿɛɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋֖ᅋଯɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ሊᡸढ़ɭؾ ዐɹᦏБכɹଯሾᡫˁʢԏɷҺȭʳɄɭȵਖឹɭɇʶɛ⏏
ᐚȦɩ 1966 ॷɴɻ⏋֖ᅋढ़ (Midwives Act) ȵଁጓɌɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ 1954 ॷɹ֖ᅋढ़ᇎ᪼ៀ հˁʢɭɴ⏋ܕԒɴȲȿʳ֖ᅋ֭ԃᖔɭ⏋ɗɹਃϟᓔɴɦȦɩкᏙᇕɴៀࡴɌɛɫȡʳ⏏ ֖ᅋढ़ɹʢɭɫ֖ᅋढ़ࠇڊЦ (Midwives Board) ȵᒞɇʶ⏋֖ᅋढ़ɹଁʦᇎ᪼ɲɰˁ፬ ᥫɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹɫɻ⏋֖ᅋढ़ࠇڊЦɹ᠗ࡴˁ؝ȿɩȦɲȦʢɹȵ⏋ᐳਸ਼ ϟˁ᭑Ȧɩ֖ᅋဤɴؖ˃ɞݭغɭɌɩ⏋2,000 ̝͡Гάɹᒟᩆȴ⏋1 ॷˁᣳȭɲȦ૰৲ȵ ᠩɓʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ [The Midwives Act 1966]⏏ɄɄɫɻɍʠɩ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹՏᅋЂ֖ȵ ȋ᧓ȍɫȡʳɭ౩యɇʶɛ⏏ ֖ᅋढ़ɴʭɤɩȋ᧓ȍɭɇʶɛШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻ⏋ȋᐏȍɭɇʶɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹވ֓ɴ ЫȦ⏋ɗɹࡔܧɭ༎֪ɴȲȦɩԃɴᱤᦪɇʶɩɌʚȩȴɹʭȩɴʛȭɛ⏏ɌȴɌ 1971 ॷɴ ɻ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁʠȽɤɩకঌɴᩍɹ᥊ழȵȡɤɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ֖ᅋढ़ȵΥᨆఒɇʶ⏋Ш ᐏᇕᅋࠤɻ⏋֖ᅋढ़ࠇڊЦɹʢɭɫᇎ᪼خᔨɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᇎ᪼ೝᬚɻ 1971 ॷȴ ʰ 72 ॷɹ 1 ॷᬚɫ⏋ȋ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿɩȦɲȦᅋࠤȍ(untrained midwives) ȡʳȦɻ̲̋ͲˡͲ ͅͲɭɌɩᇎ᪼ɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹೝᬚμɴᇎ᪼ɌɛШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻ 3,624 ؿɫ⏋৳ߨʰɴɻܕȵ᠗ ࡴɐʳ֖ᅋढ़ɫȡʳɄɭˁኍɐ̫̒˻ȵ॒ᨗɇʶ⏋ՏᅋմɹЂ֖ɴொʼʳɄɭȵ៰ɇʶɛ [MOHAR 1980: 51-52]⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲըȵࢷԂɇʶɛᔘಕɭɌɩɻ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȵգᅎخᔨɴɲɤɛɴʢᬠʼʰ ɑ⏋ћးɭɌɩШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁ߫˃ɫգᅎɐʳߨਸȵȴɤɛɄɭȵȡɁʰʶʳ [Chen 1975; Abdul Halin 1983]⏏ʚɛܩݖɹЦɭయ⏋ɌȷɛʱɴɧȦɩϺǾȴʰɹѵᰉʢ߂ȷȴɤ ɛШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȵέɌɩȦʳܩݖɴȲȿʳБ್Ђ֖ᓔɭɌɩᇎᅎɌ⏋ɇʰ ɴ 1966 ॷɴࢷԂɇʶɛࢃᅙ̺ͦ˫͌͞ಔؖɹɛʠɹয়ᯆɹȦଝɭɌɩ֪ڊɐʳɄɭɫ [NFPBAR 1968: 26; MOHAR 1980: 51-52]⏋Տᅋɹ፬ჿכᆹˁɌᦽʠʭȩɭɌɛɭᓒ ȭʰʶʳ⏏ ᇎ᪼Ɍɛᅋࠤɴɻ⏋ᆖȡʳȦɻѳҫ́Ͳ̊ͻɫᬖҼɇʶʳ 3 ᦼᬚɹԗఠᔒ˱ͻ˽ˁ؝ ᡙɐʳɄɭȵᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɛ⏏̲̋ͲɹԗఠᔒɴɦȦɩɻፀ 1 ጟɫᦚʏɛɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏ʚ ɛᇎ᪼ɌɛШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹ֭ɻ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹជ֖ʦᅋɹ͇̒˵ͻ˻ɹʛɴᭉࡴɇʶɛ [Chen 1976; Laderman 1983: 105]⏏ɦʚʱɄɹɹఒɴʭɤɩ⏋Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɹధɻவɇʶ⏋ ɗɹ֭ԒࢅɴȲȦɩకঌȴʰ߂ȷɲЂԂˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɴήȭʰʶɛᇎ᪼ɹลЦɻ 1971 ॷȴʰ 72 ॷɹ 1 ᭉʱɫ⏋Гɻϭȡʳ Ȧɻ֖ᅋ༎֪ɹХɲɰɫ⏋ɗɹధɻཝࢹɹΥˁɛɰɤɛ⏏2000 ॷɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕᅋࠤధ ɻ̄ͦɭɇʶɩȲʱ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴɻШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻࡔܧɌɲȦɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 11 ؒ ၇⏆⏏36) 36) 2002 ॷ 5 ⏋֖ᅋढ़ࠇڊЦʍɹᓬʱɴʭʳ⏏
4.2ౕ̙࿐धઊથњഞҟӚһҳҟ 1960 ॷБɴԂʱ⏋ᦅɴɻ֖ᅋढ़˪̢̒͠˪ȵਸ਼ᦵɴলɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹ˪̢̒͠˪ɴɻ⏋ ᦏБכᆹɹ៥ᑇˁ؝ȿɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȵ 1 Ϻɑɦ༐ɇʶɛ⏏ᦅᨆɹ͇ͤͻϺɻ֖ᅋढ़ˁ ɭȲɌɩ⏋ᦏБכᆹɴݜɧȼՏᅋɴՏЦȩɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ˪̢̒͠˪ᬖɹᦅɴȲȦ ɩɻ⏋ՏᅋɹЂ֖ᓔɭɌɩ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɭకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹθᓔȵιࡔɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ ͇ͤͻϺɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹȼɻ⏋ᬔᐁॷᶲɴ᧒Ɍɛ⏋Տᅋᐁᱻˁɐʳߨਸɫȡɤɛ [Chen 1976: 93]⏏৳ߨʰɹՏᅋˁʠȽʳሾᡫଯɹкᏙɻ⏋ࡸᤋˁɭȲɌɩኘທທȴʰࠗɹ γБʍɭШ᧒ɇʶɛ [Laderman 1983: 115-119]⏏Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɻ⏋ՏᅋˁЂ֖ɐʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ ᔙᇻɹݏᙇʦᅋɹທк͇̒˵ͻ˻⏋ᕪɹᐷȵᘺɠʳʚɫɹృᅊӻɹγ᠌⏋ߨӻɹւɲɰ⏋ ࡸɴɲՏᅋ˵ͻ̲˽ˁரњɌɛ [Chen 1978]⏏37) ʚɛທӻˁੲᮠȴʰࡪʳɛʠɹәˁ ȩɄɭʢɫȷɛ⏏͇ͤͻϺЦɹɲȴɫɻ⏋Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɻ႕աɲ (witchcraft) ˁҺȭɛࡔ ܧɭɌɩ⏋ٟכ⏃̓͐ bomoh⏆ɭι˃ɫϺǾɹࢴదˁᮃʠɩȦɛ [Karim 1984: 159]⏏ Υ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋1954 ॷɹ֖ᅋढ़ᇎ᪼ៀհɹըࡴȴʰೣൔᇕɲଁȵᬖ ࠃɇʶɛ [FMAR 1954: 4]⏏ᦏБכɴݜɧȼ֖ᅋˁʃ⏋కঌɴʭɤɩȋᐏɲȍ֖ᅋढ़ ɭɇʶɩᦅᨆɹ˪̢̒͠˪ɴ༐ɇʶɛʢɹɹȼɻ⏋ᗐȦೡࠦɹ͇ͤͻϺߨਸɫȡɤɛ [Chen 1978: 201; Abdul Halin 1992: 363]⏏
ՏᅋɴȲȿʳθᓔɹ৲ւˁໆࡴᇕɴՕȿɛɹɻ⏋մᦚɌɛ 1966 ॷɹ֖ᅋढ़ɹըࡴɫȡʳ⏏ ɄɹɴʭɤɩШᐏᇕᅋࠤɴʭʳՏᅋЂ֖ɻȋ᧓ȍɭɇʶ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻႶɫՏᅋɴጓɠ ЦȩɄɭȵኧɇʶɛ⏏ΥɫకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋ȋᐏɲȍՏᅋЂ֖ᓔɭɌɩ⏋Տᅊ៷౩ೆɹ
ద 11̙ฦઊ༄Ѡ์ᇧ఼Ѡబڢ
Տଘ⏧MOHAR [1971/72; 1980; 1985; 1990] Ȳʭʃ 2002 ॷ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീˁʢɭɴсଁ⏏
37) ̲̋ͲˡͲͅͲɴʭʳՏᅋ˵ͻ̲˽ɹԒࢅɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Chen [1975], Laderman [1983], Hillier [2003: 68-69] ɲɰɴɌȦ⏏
ᇍˁيʠɩɴȲȿʳՏᅋɹԃКˁᢦȩɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏1970 ॷБɹ͇ͤͻᦅɴȲȿʳ ᕶࡨՏᅋɹࡎˁʛʳɭ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɭకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹՏᅋɴȲȿʳጓݭɹሂ᧓ȵ౩ተɴᝠʶ ɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏ ɫɻᦅɹ˪̢̒͠˪ɴ༐ɇʶɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɴɭɤɩ⏋ɫɹՏᅋЂ֖ɻΥкɰɹʭȩ ɲᐁᱻɞɤɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏38) ȋ1970 ॷБɹ˽͞Ͳ˳ͻ͡िɴɻ⏋1 ϺɹకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɴࢪɌɩ⏋5 Ϻȴ 6 ϺɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤ ȵȦɛ⏏৳ߨʰɭɻ⏋ؗ߫ᇕɲᬠѥˁѳɦʭȩɴਕȿɛ⏏ᅋࠨȵᆖˁ࠶ȵʳݭغɻ⏋ᠦ ˁᰉʞɄɭʢȡɤɛ⏏৳ߨʰɻɹɲȴɴз˃ɫȦʳɹɫ⏋ϺǾȴʰɹѵᰉʢȴɤɛ⏏ ᅋࠨɹᆖȷɹᠦɭȦȭɽ⏋ᬏʦᡰ࢘ࡲɴȲᰔȦɐʳɄɭʢȡɤɛȍ⏃60 Б͇ ͤͻϺɹӯకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़⏋2002 ॷ 7 ᓬʱ⏆ కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋՟ᅋɭ 6 ϺᇿГΫɹՏᅋɻ᭝რȵᲞȦɛʠ⏋ᆖՏᅋɹ᧟ᅎɭɲʳɄ ɭˁ֖ᅋఠᔒɹɲȴɫᑵʱᦐɌ˃ɫȦɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ȵᕶࡨɫЂ֖ɐʳɹɻ⏋2 Ϻᇿȴʰ 5 ϺᇿɹࡎɹՏᅋɴᭉʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɛɭȭ 2 Ϻᇿȴʰ 5 ϺᇿɹՏᅋɫȡɤɩ 38) Шᐏᇕᅋࠤɫ⏋ؑɴࡸ᭬ɴՏᅋЂ֖ˁɌɩȦɛʢɹɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ჼܧɫɻॕࢹɲࡔܧɭɲɤɩȦʳɛʠ⏋Ё ܌ɹ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീɫɻᓬʱˁȩɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏ ૺఇ 1̙ฦઊ༄њౕ࿐धઊથ 1970 ॷБɹ͇ͤͻᦅɴȲȿʳᕶࡨՏᅋɹࡎ⏏كȴɤɩزጩȵకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़⏋ृጩȵШᐏᇕᅋࠤ⏏ࡸ ᭬ɴՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁɌɩȦʳɹɻᗐȦకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɫ⏋ॷᥡɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤɻЊདȦɹʛˁɤɩȦʳ⏃Տଘ⏧ Chen [1981: 133]⏆⏏
ʢ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋1 ϺɫᮑᅋɹЂ֖ˁɐʳɄɭˁੇʶɩ⏋کᰍӲҌȵȡʳɭɐȽɇʚ⏋ᆖ ɫՏᅋɐʳʭȩᅋࠨɭࢃˁᠦɌɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᠦɻ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ʍɹᓬ ʱɴʢȡʳʭȩɴ⏋ᬏʦᡰ࢘ࡲɲɰɹᓔˁॎȷᦉ˃ɫʼʶɛ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ᅋࠨȵɹ˪ ̢̒͠˪ȴʰᆖʍЂெᦢɴɲʳɄɭɻȴɤɛ [Abdul Halin 1992: 362]⏏ ɄɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋ᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ༐ɇʶɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋ᨦɲ֝ӈИ ʦ 1 ϺɫՏᅋɹԃКˁᢦʼɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦᩂܦઢȴʰ⏋ʞɌʸᆖɫɹՏᅋˁߣ֜ɐʳ Ʉɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ ɴՏᅋషᩆɴɦȦɩᗐॵɹᓒ࢘ˁ֓ȭɩȲȼ⏏1959 ॷȴʰ 1972 ॷʚɫɴ 7 Ϻɹࡎˁ ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹЂ֖ɴʭɤɩՏᅋɌɛ͇ͤͻϺߨਸɴʭʳɭ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɴఌଡɤɛՏᅋషᩆɻ 15⑯20 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ɫȡɤɛ⏏39) Ʉʶɻ⏋ᅋɹທк͇̒˵ͻ˻ʦ⏋ᕪɹᐷȵᘺɠʳʚɫɹᏝ 1 ᦼᬚɹృᅊӻɹγ᠌ష⏋ɗɌɩᅋմᅋɹәɹషᩆˁي˃ɫȦɛ⏏ΥɫకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ ɴʭʳՏᅋЂ֖ɻ⏋కঌɹѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ɫȡʳɛʠ⏋ፀ 1 ጟɫᦚʏɛɭȲʱ 1982 ॷɹష ᩆըࡴГմɻံషɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌՏᅋɴకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ˁգᅎɌɛݭغɫʢ⏋͇ͤͻϺߨ ਸɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ՏᅋմɹɲՏᅋ˵ͻ̲˽ˁ؝ȿʳɛʠɴШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁգᅎɐʳɹȵಔᦲ ɫȡɤɛ⏏40) ɦʚʱ⏋ᐁཕᇕᢦˁᥐཝɐʳɛʠɴకঌɹທࡎѳҫ˵ͻ̲˽ˁգᅎɌɛɭɻਖ ɑɌʢȦȭɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ˁգᅎɌɛɹɻ⏋৳ߨʰȵᦏБכᆹɴݜɧȼԃɫᦏБ ᇕɲכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ˁரњɌ⏋ȋᐏɲȍՏᅋЂ֖ᓔɫȡʳɭకঌɴʭɤɩ᠗ࡴɇʶɩȦɛɛʠ ɫȡʸȩ⏏41) Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ਃഀШᐏᇕᅋࠤɴʭɤɩࡸᤋɇʶɩȦɛ߰ࠛՏᅋᅋɹΥᦹɹ ɦɲȵʱˁʢɤɛՏᅋ˭ˏɻ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɹᇎݭɴʭɤɩ⏋ՏᅋЂ֖ɗɹʢɹɭՏᅋմɹ ીәɹࡸᤋɴϠՕɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɴΥКɇʶɛՏᅋɴɦȦɩ ɻ⏋ӴᦚɌɛჿᅓȴʰᆖȵᦽɌɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ᕶࡨՏᅋɹЂ֖ˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ˪̢̒͠ ˪ɴ༐ɇʶɛకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ɻ⏋ʞɌʸᦅᨆɹՏᅋɹᆖɴȲȿʳࠬЂᓔɭɲɤɛɹɫȡ ʳ⏏
ଡ଼ઊര३҄ѳтѽᇊകњ࿈ᇊക̵ᅔѠड़ࢂݟൌ̵
ೣዣɫɻ⏋ˡ˻͑Ͳ́˽̴̊͡ɹȏՏᅋدॡȑɹՕഓˁɭȲɌɩ⏋Տᅋȵܕࢃɹకፑɴ 39) ШᐏᇕᅋࠤʍɹᡚɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ܩݖȡʳȦɻᅋࠨࢃɹᐁཕɲɰɴਝɍɩ३ȵȡɤɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏1971 ॷ ɹ˪͞Ͳ̊ͲिɴȲȿʳܻԒ [1995: 82] ɹᠭീɫɻ⏋̲̋ͲˡͲͅͲɻ 1 ܌ɹՏᅋɴɦȷ 1⑯4 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ ɹᡚˁ؝ȿʱ⏋ɇʰɴుᰩ౩ȿɴɻᇐᎦ 1 ˤͲ̊Ͳ⏃gantangǵ1 ˤͲ̊Ͳ⏮4.546 ̜̒͠͡⏆⏋ȡʳȦɻɄ ʶɴሂয়ɐʳᰎɹჼᩆ 1.2 ͠Ͳ˧̜̒ˁᣝʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ 40) ɄɹӃكɻ⏋ᆖɫɹՏᅋȵς༑ɭɲɤɛჼܧɫʢᐙᐚɌɩȦʳ⏏ 41) Chen [1978] ɻ⏋ᕶࡨɫՏᅋɌɛߨਸʍɹᓬʱᠭീˁɭȲɌɩ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤɲȦɌకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ˁՏᅋɹЂ֖ ᓔɭɌɩ᧧ࡴɌɛჿᅓˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋కঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ˁ᧧ࡴɌɛςɲჿᅓɻ⏋ȋ˵ͻ̲˽ȵᦏБᇕɫ⏋ ԃȍȋ֖ᅋढ़ɭሾʱغȦɞɤɛȍȋకঌɹ୭ࢷ৾ɴਃɤɛȍȋ֖ᅋढ़ȵᦏȼɴз˃ɫȦɛȍɹ 4 ဣɫȡɤ ɛ⏏ʭɤɩៀࡴɇʶ⏋ᆖɇʶʳዐˁ⏋ˡ˻͑ͲܩݖʁȦɩɻ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕయᔭɴ еᒞɧȿɩ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ץऄᨆ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȦɩɻ⏋Տᅋݭଘɻᕶࡨȴʰᆖ ʍውɌ⏋ʚɛՏᅋɹЂ֖ᓔɻ⏋ШᐏᇕᅋࠤȴʰకঌᏙ֖ᅋढ़ʍ⏋ɗɹᆖɹכᆹࢭᬐᓷʍ ɭɌɛɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲՏᅋɹᆖɹዐɴɻ⏋ᬚɫሂ᧓ȵȡɤɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ˓˧͠˽ඨܩಁБ ɴ֝ӈᓔɭɌɩውԂɌɛᘠϺ˓Ͳ̝Ϻȵ⏋ປᥒᇕೝȴʰᆖɫՏᅋɌɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌ⏋ܧ ഀɹ͇ͤͻϺɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᕶࡨɫШᐏᇕᅋࠤˁ٧˃ɫՏᅋɐʳӃكȵȡɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡ ʳ⏏ɄɹᔘಕɴɻГάɹɄɭȵࡔܧɐʳ⏏ ʚɑᘠϺ˓Ͳ̝ϺɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ɐɫɴඨܩಁБȴʰѳҫכᆹᄩޅȵҺɇʶɩȦɛɄ ɭȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ᘠϺɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ඨܩೝɴলɇʶɛ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ́˽̴̊͡Ȳʭʃ 1948 ॷȴʰ 60 ॷɹᯃ।ϟࡺៜάɫɹȋృȍʍɹውз⏋ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ϺɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋̺͞ Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳ֝ӈᓔˁࢪᢒɭɌɛҫঔ፬ჿɴʭʱ⏋ᦏБכᆹʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵೝȴʰተጓɇʶ ɩȦɛ⏏ Υ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹȼȵ࣎зɐʳᦅᨆɴȲȦɩ⏋ѳҫכᆹ˵ͻ̲˽ȵњᐌɇʶʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɛɹɻ⏋Ⴖጓɹ 1960 ॷБɴɲɤɩȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ᦅᨆɴলɇʶɛ˪̢̒͠˪ɻ⏋͇ ͤͻϺɹՏᅋɹᆖˁɌᦽʠʳ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛ⏏ʚɛؾಁೝɴ⏋ᅋࠤᓷˁៀࡴɐʳըȵ ተጓɇʶ⏋͇ͤͻϺɹШᐏᇕᅋࠤɹЂ֖ɴʭʳՏᅋɻ⏋ɗɹཝࢹɹΥˁɛɰʳɄɭɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȿʳؑ 50 ॷᬚɹՏᅋˁʛɛɭȷ⏋ɗɹݭଘЂ֖ᓔɴȲȦɩ ʢਸ਼ɲˁᐁᱻɌɛɹɻ⏋ᦅᨆɹ͇ͤͻϺɫȡɤɛ⏏ ೣዣɫɻ⏋Տᅋɹᆖɹዐˁ͇ͤͻ˹ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕయᔭɴеᒞɧȿ⏋ՏᅋȵᦏБᇕכ ᆹըɹɲȴɴʱᦉʚʶʳዐˁᦲಁᇕɴᠶɍɛ⏏Ёɻ⏋ՏᅋˁʠȽʳըȵࡸ᭬ɴɰɹ ʭȩɴϺǾɴ༎ᅎɇʶ⏋ࡸᤋɇʶɩȦʳɹȴˁද២ɌɩȦȷɛȦ⏏ 2002 ॷɹ͇ͤͻᦅɴȲȿʳፆᓔɹϜҺᇕᠭീɴʭʳɭ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏɴȲȦɩɻ⏋Տᅋݭ ଘȵᆖɴውɌɛჼܧʢ⏋ՏᅋˁʠȽʳࡸᤋȵᯃ।ɴɫȡʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ΥёˁȡɁʳɭ⏋͇ͤͻϺɻᔙᇻˁࡎɰʢɹ˥͚˗̋˓ɭᓒȭɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ᅋɻᔙᇻˁ ᆖȴʰ୫ɠॠʱ⏋әˁɤɩݏᙇɐʳ⏏ʚɛᅋɻ⏋Шᐏᇕᅋࠤˁᕶࡨɴ٧˃ɫທк͇̒ ˵ͻ˻ˁ؝ȿʳ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ȋᅊʞȍሬᬚɞȿɴᇿˁكȿʳɭተȴɴՏᅋɻᆖɇʶɛɭ Ȧȭʳȵ⏋ՏᅋˁʠȽʳΥᦹɹዐˁʛɛݭغ⏋ɗɹՏᅋ៎ȡʳȦɻ᤹к៎ɴɦȦɩɻؑȴ ʰɹᦹᐚਸˁѳɤɩȦʳɄɭˁኍڗɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗɄɫЁɹᠩᰍɫȡʳȵ⏋Տᅋɹɲࡸᤋɭɗɹرᇕ᧦⏋ᦏБכᆹɴࢪɐʳ؝ࢅ ɭᙀᚹɹዐ⏋ɄʶɴЫȩᅊຂ៎Տᅋ៎ɹࢅɲɰˁ͇ͤͻᘺЦɹయᔭɴеᒞɧȿɩჿ ៗɌɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ᅊʞүɴȡʳߨਸɛɠȵ⏋ೣዣɫᦚʏɩȷɛܕࢃɹըᇕЂԂˁ؝ȿ ɩ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɰɹʭȩɴՏᅋˁкᱻɌɩȷɛɹȴ⏒ɌɩȦʳɹȴˁ⏋ᦅЦʁȦɩɻ͇ͤͻ˹
ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕࢅɹయᔭɹɲȴɫȭʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ܕࢃɭ҅Ϻɹᬚɹᩂࣝᇕሂϣៀࡴᇕ ɲᬠʼʱɹዐˁ౩ʰȴɴɫȷʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ଃ̙ ೣዣɹʢɭɭɲɤɛ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീɻ⏋ܕ᭬ϯ༑ݜᩆˏ˻ˏ́Ͳ̊ͻɹȋ๖γБ͠ͻ̋ͻ̶˙ͦͻ˹̒ ̺ȍɴʭʱخᔨɭɲɤɛ⏏ཉᡚɐʳ⏏ʚɛݚፆɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ȼɹǾɴȲγ᠌ɴɲɤɛ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ́ ˽̴̊͡ᬏɹ Dr. Patimah Amin ɻ⏋ፆᓔɹᠭീɴࢪɌɩ⏋।ɴ߂ɲɅჿៗˁȼɞɇɤɛ⏏ˡ˻͑Ͳ ́˽̴̊͡ɹᅋࠨɹǾɻ⏋ፆᓔȵՏᅋɴጓɠЦȩɄɭˁਢᡋɌ⏋᭐ᆟʦᅋɹᆌ֝ɹɲȴɴȡʳɴʢᬠ ʼʰɑ⏋ᓬʱɴਝɍɩȼɞɇɤɛ⏏ɗɹЈ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫՏЦɤɛɐʏɩɹǾɹཧȴȦɅתɴਕȴʰ ઢᡚɹઝˁɁʳ⏏͇ͤͻ˹ˏܕ߂ɹ Sharifah Zaleha Syed Hassan ఠஐɴɻ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏᅥμɴԇ ኽɴʼɛɤɩ߂ɲɅఌஹˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ܻԒᖪఠஐ⏃ᅔߨࡎ߂⏆ɴɻ⏋̚ͻ̊ɹ˵Ͳ̺͠Ͳ˫ʦ ՕഓɴɦȦɩɅఠኍȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ϴᨊ߂ɹ֓ᚹոఠஐ⏋Ϥמजਠࡘ֖ఠஐȲʭʃᦵອࡎ֖ఠஐɴ ɻ⏋̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫɹᠭീμȴʰ⏋ᠶయɹ෯ݚፆɹعຍ᭥ɴȲȦɩʦȴɲɅ୭ࢷˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏ਕʭ ʱઢᡚᅕɌΫɁʚɐ⏏ ۀ̙ᄽ̙ည̙ज़ ၅42) FMAR
Federation of Malaya, Annual Report of the Medical Department for the year 1948-1960 FMSAR
Federated Malay States, Annual Report of the Medical Department 1930, 1932-1937 FMSARSEPPS
Federated Malay States, Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Selangor for the year 1932-1939
FMSSAR
Federated Malay States, Selangor Administration Report for the year 1931 KHAR
Kajang Hospital, Annual Report 1976-2000 MDSAR
Medical Department of Selangor, Annual Report of Medical Department 1966/67, 1969-1973, 1978, 1980, 1984
MOHAR
Ministry of Health, Annual Report 1971/72, 1973/74, 1980-2001 Ministry of Health, Annual Report of Family Health 1989-2000 MUAR
Malayan Union, Annual Report of the Medical Department for the year 1946-1947 NFPBAR
42) యᰄɹ߂యࡓɻ⏋ೣయμɫᅎȦɛᅭˁኍɐ⏏ɲȲೣయμɫৄᅎɌɛॷ๖ݬٚೆɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Տႆॷɫɻɲȼ⏋ ݬٚೆɹॷ๖ˁኍɌɩȦʳɄɭɴઝ⏏
