Effect of Alcohol on the Cerebral Function Observed in Eye Movements during Tracking a Visual Target
著者 Horii Ken, Kasumi Akihiro, Nakamura Jun, Kotani Kentaro
journal or
publication title
関西大学工学研究報告 = Technology reports of the Kansai University
volume 47
page range 57‑64
year 2005‑03‑21
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10112/11823
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE CEREBRAL FUNCTION OBSERVED IN EYE MOVEMENTS DURING TRACKING A
VISUAL TARGET
Ken H O R I I * , A k i h i r o KASUMI * * , Jun NAKAMURA***, K e n t a r o KOTANI*
( R e c e i v e d S e p t e m b e r 1 5 , 2 0 0 4 ) ( A c c e p t e d November 3 0 , 2 0 0 4 )
A b s t r a c t
I n t h i s s t u d y we e s p e c i a l l y a s s o c i a t e e y e movements i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t w i t h d y s f u n c t i o n s c a u s e d by symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n i n b o t h f r o n t a l and p a r i e t a l l o b e s . V i s u a l t a r g e t s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y were o f a p p a r e n t movements and o f p e r i o d i c a l t r i a n g u l a r wave form on d i s p l a y . Two moving p a t t e r n s o f a v i s u a l t a r g e t were p r o v i d e d f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . One i s d e s i g n e d s o a s t o demand a p e r c e p t u a l t a s k , and a n o t h e r f o r a c o g n i t i v e t a s k . Each s u b j e c t c a r r i e d o u t t h e t r a c k i n g p r o c e s s under t h r e e c o n d i t i o n s : o f n o ‑ a l c o h o l , o f low and h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I n t h e c a s e o f an i n t o x i c a t e d s u b j e c t , t h e l a t e n c y and t h e d u r a t i o n o f s a c c a d e a r e more p r o l o n g e d , t h e mean v e l o c i t y i s r e d u c e d , and t h e a m p l i t u d e i s e n l a r g e d , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e c a s e o f t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t w i t h a moving p a t t e r n which r e q u i r e s a c o g n i t i v e t a s k . There i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e two t a s k s on t h e n e u r a l network f o r s e t t i n g up n e c e s s a r y parameters t o s t a r t o f f a s a c c a d e , but t h e q
叫i t y o f e y e t r a c k i n g i s d e f i n i t e l y a f f e c t e d by h i g h q u a n t i t i e s o f a l c o h o l . T h i s c o r r o b o r a t e s T e r a o ' s h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e n e u r a l network c a n c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e damage o n l y a t o n e a r e a i n t h e b r a i n , b u t d o e s n o t c o o p e r a t e w e l l i f damage e x i s t s i n m u l t i p l e a r e a s o f t h e b r a i n .
Key w o r d s : a l c o h o l , v i s u a l s e a r c h , c e r e b r a l f u n c t i o n , s a c c a d e , d r i v i n g
1 . Introduction
D r i n k i n g i s one o f us human beings'most t y p i c a l h a b i t s and has a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e on p e r s o n a l and s o c i a l a s p e c t s o f our l i f e s t y l e s . Many researchers have i n v e s t i g a t e d i n f l u e n c e s caused by a l c o h o l on t h e hu~an b o d y . I t i s well‑known t h a t d y s f u n c t i o n o f t h e b r a i n i n d u c e d by t h e symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n can l e a d t o p e r s o n a l o r s o c i a l d i s a s t e r i n t h e form o f a d r i v i n g a c c i d e n t o r a c r i m i n a l a c t .
Some r e p o r t s , i n d i c a t i n g r e l a t i o n s between i n t o x i c a t i o n and l o c a l i z a t i o n o f f u n c t i o n s i n t h e b r a i n , show t h a t i n t o x i c a t i o n c a u s e s h y p e s t h e s i s a i n t h e f r o n t a l l o b e , l o c o m o t o r s a t a x i a i n t h e p a r i e t a l l o b e , v i s u a l d i s t u r b a n c e i n t h e o c c i p i t a l l o b e and b a s a l g a n g l i a , and poor e q u i l i b r i u m i n t h e c e r e b e l l u m 1 l . These d y s f u n c t i o n s were i n v e s t i g a t e d by a p p l y i n g such methods a s MEG, fMRI o r PET, which can p i c k up r e s p o n s e s caused i n t h e b r a i n w h i l e c e r t a i n s t i m u l i were g i v e n t o t h e human body under symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n 2 l ‑ 4 l . Other
* F a c u l t y o f E n g i n e e r i n g , K a n s a i U n i v e r s i t y
* * Omuron C o r p o r a t i o n
* * * P a r t ‑ t i m e L e c t u r e r , K a n s a i U n i v e r s i t y
5 8 Ken H O R I I , A k i h i r o KASUMI, J u n NAKAMURA, K e n t a r o KOT ANI
s t u d i e s demonstrate t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a l c o h o l permeates throughout t h e b r a i n i n p r o p o r t i o n t o i t s q u a n t i t y , a s t h e d e n s i t y o f a l c o h o l a f f e c t s t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e f r o n t a l l o b e w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l ( B . A . ) o f 0 . 5 m g / l , t h e p a r i e t a l l o b e w i t h a l . O m g / 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n , t h e o c c i p i t a l l o b e and b a s a l g a n g l i a w i t h l . 2 5 m g / l , and t h e c e r e b e l l u m w i t h l . 5 m g / 1 5 > . There have been many r e p o r t s i n which t h e s e d y s f u n c t i o n s were i n d i r e c t l y o b s e r v e d a c t i o n o f o r symptoms s e e n i n a n e f f e c t o r o f t h e human body under a c o n d i t i o n o f i n t o x i c a t i o n . One i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f e f f e c t o r ' s a c t i o n s i s e y e movement, which i s i n d u c e d t h r o u g h some f u n c t i o n s o f t h e b r a i n a s a r e s u l t o f r e s p o n s e t o a s t i m u l u s 6 ' 7 > ̲ I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e two k i n d s o f e y e movement i n t r a c k i n g and l o c a l i z a t i o n o f f u n c t i o n i n t h e b r a i n . For e x a m p l e , t h e most i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f s a c c a d e " s a c c a d i c a m p l i t u d e " i s o r g a n i z e d i n t h e s u p e r i o r c o l l i c u l u s
叫" e y ev e l o c i t y " o f smooth e y e movement i s r e g u l a t e d i n t h e f r o n t a l l o b e s > and l a t e n c i e s o f two k i n d s o f e y e movements a r e g e n e r a t e d i n t h e o c c i p i t o ‑ p a r i e t a l a s s o c i a t i o n a r e a 叫
I n t h i s s t u d y , we t r y t o c o r r o b o r a t e t h e s e a b o v e ‑ m e n t i o n e d d y s f u n c t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e e y e movement b e h a v i o r i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t u n d e r symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n .
2 . EYE MOVEMENT GENERATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL IN THE BRAIN
2 . 1 Brain and Eye Movement
We f i n d two k i n d s o f e y e movements, s a c c a d e and smooth e y e movement, i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t . S a c c a d e i s g e n e r a t e d by a n e u r a l network t h r o u g h t h e f r o n t a l v i s u a l a r e a , t h e LIP a r e a , t h a l a m u s , b a s a l g a n g l i a , s u p e r i o r c o l l i c u l u s , c e r e b e l l u m and t h e b r a i n s t e m , and smooth eye movement through MT and MST i n t h e c e r e b r a l c o r t e x , n u c l e i P o n t i u s , c e r e b e l l u m and t h e b r a i n stem
凡Some a r e a s i n t h e s e n e u r a l networks have a s p e c i f i e d f u n c t i o n f o r c r e a t i n g eye movement. The f r o n t a l l o b e , f o r e x a m p l e , h a s a s w i t c h i n g mechanism f o r s e l e c t i n g e i t h e r s a c c a d e o r smooth e y e movement, a g e n e r a t o r f o r a m p l i f y i n g e a c h e y e v e l o c i t y o f t h e two k i n d s o f e y e movement
2l,and a c o n t r o l l e r f o r managing a n a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f a l l c l a s s e s o f v o l u n t a r y e y e movement
io).The p a r i e t a l l o b e i s c r u c i a l f o r r e s p o n s e s t o t h e most s a l i e n t o r b e h a v i o r a l l y r e l e v a n t v i s u a l o b j e c t s
11l,and f o r e v o k i n g s a c c a d e i n c a t c h i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t .
2 . 2 Brain and Alcohol
I n g e n e r a l , a l c o h o l s e r v e s t o c a u s e a l o s s o f s e l f ‑ r e s t r a i n t i n t h e n e o c o r t e x , s o t h a t t h e human b e i n g h a s a f e e l i n g o f e u p h o r i a , o v e r ‑ c o n f i d e n c e , and m e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y . The i n f l u e n c e o f a l c o h o l p e r m e a t e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g amount by t u r n s t h r o u g h t h e s o m a t o s e n s o r y c o r t e x and t h e motor c o r t e x i n t h e p a r i e t a l l o b e , t h r o u g h t h e v i s u a l a r e a i n t h e o c c i p i t a l l o b e and t h e t h a l a m u s
凡The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l t o l o c a l i z a t i o n o f f u n c t i o n i n t h e
b r a i n o r t o d y s f u n c t i o n c a u s e d by symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n i s summarized i n T a b l e 1 .
D e c l i n e i n t h e a b i l i t y t o make a d e c i s i o n , o r t o c o n c e n t r a t e and l o s s o f s e l f ‑ r e s t r a i n t a r e
T a b l e I B r a i n a r e a a n d d y s f u n c t i o n o n a l c o h o l
Concentration of B.A. Brain Area Dysfunction Loss of Self‑Restraint 0.50[mg/l]‑ Frontal lobe Feeling of Euphoria
Hypesthesia Locomotor Ataxia 1.00[mg/1]‑ Parietal lobe Language Disorder
Reeling Occipital lobe Visual Disturbance 1.25[mg/l]‑ Basal ganglia ConscDiiosutsunrbeasnsc Vomoting e of
1 50[mg/l]‑ Cerebellum Difficulty in Walking Difficulty in Equilibration
1 75[mg/l]‑ Pons Coma Sweating Inhibition of Respiration 2 OO[mg/1]‑ Medulla Temperature Fall
Death
observed when t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a l c o h o l permeates through t h e f r o n t a l l o b e with a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l a t o r above 0 . 5 m g / L Locomotor a t a x i a a r i s e s when t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a l c o h o l p e r m e a t e s t h r o u g h t h e p a r i e t a l l o b e w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l a t o r a b o v e 1 . 0 m g / 1 .
We e s p e c i a l l y a s s o c i a t e e y e movements i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t w i t h d y s f u n c t i o n s c a u s e d by symptoms o f i n t o x i c a t i o n i n t h e f r o n t a l and p a r i e t a l l o b e s .
3 . EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 3 . 1 V i s u a l Target and Task
The v i s u a l t a r g e t s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y were o f a p p a r e n t movements and o f p e r i o d i c a l t r i a n g u l a r wave f o r m o n d i s p l a y . V e l o c i t y and a m p l i t u d e f o r e a c h v i s u a l t a r g e t were s e t t o 2 0 d e g / s e c and 2 0 d e g r e e s i n v i s u a l a n g l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t . When a v i s u a l t a r g e t a p p e a r e d , t h e s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d t o p u r s u e i t w i t h b o t h e y e s a s s m o o t h l y a s p o s s i b l e .
We p r o v i d e d two moving p a t t e r n s o f a v i s u a l t a r g e t f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . One moving p a t t e r n was d e s i g n e d t o i n c l u d e d i s c o n t i n u o u s d i s p l a c e m e n t s ( o f 5 d e g r e e s ) i n o r d e r t o examine p e r c e p t u a l c h a n g e s i n c e r e b r a l f u n c t i o n upon e n c o u n t e r i n g sudden p e r c e p t u a l g a p s . Another was d e s i g n e d t o g i v e a c o g n i t i v e t a s k ( c o m p a r i n g two d i f f e r e n t numbers p r e s e n t e d f o r 300msec a t e a c h p o i n t a l o n g t h e l e f t and r i g h t s i d e s ( 5 d e g r e e s ) from t h e c e n t e r o f t h e d i s p l a y ) w h i l e t h e s u b j e c t was t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t i n o r d e r t o examine c o g n i t i v e c h a n g e s . As a r e s u l t , s u b j e c t s c o n t i n u e d t o t r a c k a v i s u a l t a r g e t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e l a r g e r o f t h e two n u m b e r s .
3 . 2 S u b j e c t s and Drinks
A t o t a l o f t h r e e h e a l t h y m a l e u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s t u d y . The
s u b j e c t s ' a g e s were 2 2 ‑ 2 4 y e a r s and t h e y weighed 6 2 ‑ 7 0 K g f . D r i n k s c o n s i s t e d o f whisky
( w i t h 40% a l c o h o l ) and w a t e r . Amounts o f whisky i n e a c h d r i n k were e i t h e r a b o u t 2 0 0 m l t o
g i v e a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l o f 0 . 5 m g , 1 Clow a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n " ) , o r a b o u t
6 0 Ken H O R I I , A k i h i r o KASUMI, J u n NAKAMURA, K e n t a r o KOTANI
4 0 0 m l t o g i v e a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l o f l . O m g / 1 ( " h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n " ) . The c o n d i t i o n o f l o w a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was d e s i g n e d t o a f f e c t t h e c e r e b r a l f u n c t i o n s a t f r o n t a l l o b e , and t h a t o f h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n would a f f e c t c e r e b r a l f u n c t i o n s a t b o t h f r o n t a l and p a r i e t a l l o b e s .
3 . 3 Experimental Method and Procedure
Each s u b j e c t p e r f o r m e d t a s k s under t h r e e c o n d i t i o n s : n o ‑ a l c o h o l , l o w a l c o h o l and h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . The same t a s k was performed t w i c e by each s u b j e c t under c o n d i t i o n s o f l o w and h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . Eye movements d u r i n g t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t were measured by t h e Eye L i n k S y s t e m , which s a m p l e s a t t h e r a t e s o f 2 5 0 H z . Each s u b j e c t d r a n k 2 0 0 m l w i t h i n 3 0 m i n u t e s i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r n a l a b s o r p t i o n v e l o c i t y o f a l c o h o l i n t h e b o d y . The b r e a t h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was measured 3 0 m i n u t e s from t h e t i m e o f d r i n k i n g i n t h e c a s e o f l o w a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A f t e r c h e c k i n g t h a t t h e b r e a t h a l c o h o l v a l u e was more t h a n 0 . 5 m g / 1 , t h e s u b j e c t p e r f o r m e d t h e t r a c k i n g p r o c e s s d e s i g n e d w i t h two moving p a t t e r n s . I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r f i n i s h i n g t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s f o r l o w a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n , t h e s u b j e c t d r a n k a n o t h e r 2 0 0 m l w i t h i n 3 0 m i n u t e s , and t h e b r e a t h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was measured a g a i n t o e n s u r e a c o n d i t i o n o f h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f more t h a n 1 . 0 m g / 1 . The s u b j e c t t h e n performed t h e t r a c k i n g p r o c e s s u s i n g t h e same p r o c e d u r e a s b e f o r e .
4 . RESULTS
4 . 1 Moving Pattern Designed t o Demand a P e r c e p t u a l Task
F i g u r e 1 shows t h e l o c i o f a moving t a r g e t ( a broken l i n e ) and e y e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t ( a b l a c k l i n e f o r smooth e y e movement and a g r a y l i n e f o r s a c c a d e ) . I n t h i s f i g u r e , l a t e n c y , a m p l i t u d e , d u r a t i o n and mean v e l o c i t y o f a s a c c a d e a r e d e f i n e d , and a d i s c o n t i n u o u s p o i n t o f a v i s u a l t a r g e t i s named a " s a c c a d i c p o i n t " .
F i g u r e 2 shows e x a m p l e s o f e y e t r a j e c t o r y i n t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t w i t h t h e moving p a t t e r n i n c l u d i n g d i s c o n t i n u o u s d i s p l a c e m e n t s u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f n o ‑ a l c o h o l , l o w , and h i g h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Eye t r a j e c t o r y u n d e r n o ‑ a l c o h o l c o n d i t i o n a s shown i n
一
Smootheye movementSaccade
~ I ……
··Targetく
D e f i n i t i o n >
F i g . 1 S c h e m a t i c l o c i o f a v i s u a l m o v i n g t a r g e t a n d o f e y e movement i n t r a c k i n g i t
F i g . 2 L o c i o f m o v i n g t a r g e t s i n c l u d i n g s u d d e n p e r c e p t u a l g a p s a n d e y e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n d u a l ‑ m o d e t r a c k i n g
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F i g . 4 Mean v e l o c i t y o f s a c c a d e
F i g . 2 ( a ) c o n s i s t s o f p r e c i s e l y smooth e y e movements and s a c c a d e s which a r e c a u s e d a t o n l y t h r e e p o i n t s ‑t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t where a t a r g e t b e g i n s t o m o v e , t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t where a t a r g e t b e g i n s t o move b a c k and t h e s a c c a d i c p o i n t . The s u b j e c t c a n q u i t e e a s i l y p e r c e i v e t h e moving t a r g e t on g r a s p i n g t h i s e y e t r a j e c t o r y . However, i t becomes h a r d e r f o r t h e s u b j e c t t o p e r c e i v e t h e moving t a r g e t i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e d e n s i t y o f a l c o h o l , a s shown i n F i g s . 2 ( b ) and 2 ( c ) , where t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f saccade and o f i n s u f f i c i e n t smooth eye movement i n c r e a s e .
We a s s e s s e d f o u r f e a t u r e s : l a t e n c y ( m s e c ) , a m p l i t u d e ( d e g ) , d u r a t i o n ( m s e c ) and mean
v e l o c i t y ( d e g / s e c ) o f s a c c a d e on e y e t r a j e c t o r y which was i n d u c e d j u s t a f t e r t h e s a c c a d i c
p o i n t on a l o c u s o f a moving t a r g e t . These f o u r f e a t u r e s o f s a c c a d e a r e summarized a s a
f u n c t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n F i g s . 3 ‑ 6 . Three q u a n t i t i e s o f s a c c a d e ; l a t e n c y ,
amplitude and d u r a t i o n i n c r e a s e , but t h a t o f mean v e l o c i t y d e c r e a s e s e s p e c i a l l y i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b r e a t h a l c o h o l l . O m g / 1 .
6 2 Ken H O R I I , A k i h i r o KASUMI. J u n NAKAMURA, K e n t a r o KOTANI
4 . 2 Moving Pattern Designed t o Demand a C o g n i t i v e Task
The s u b j e c t ' s e y e s a r e made t o s a c c a d e t h e moment when a c o g n i t i v e t a s k i s p r e s e n t e d d u r i n g t r a c k i n g a v i s u a l t a r g e t , s i n c e we want t o know t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f a l c o h o l on c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e n e u r a l n e t w o r k .
( a ) N o ‑ a l c o h o l ( b ) B
.A.o f 0 . 5 m g / I ( c ) B . A . o f l . O m g / 1
F i g . 7 L o c i o f m o v i n g t a r g e t s g i v e n a c o g n i t i v e t a s k a n d e y e t r a j e c t o r i e s i n d u a l ‑ m o d e t r a c k i n g
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