JAIST Repository: 破壊的イノベーションとイノベーションのシステムとの間の微妙な関係 : 日本企業を事例として

JAIST Repository

Type Conference Paper Text version publisher

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/13985

Rights

本著作物は研究・イノベーション学会の許可のもとに 掲載するものです。This material is posted here with permission of the Japan Society for Research Policy and Innovation Management.

㸯㹆㸮㸲

◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡢ

㛫ࡢᚤጁ࡞㛵ಀ㸸᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚

ۑ୕⸨ ฼㞝㸦❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮࣭࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲⛉㸧

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

ࢡࣜࢫࢸࣥࢭࣥࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ⌮ㄽ㸦disruptive innovation theory㸹௨ୗࠊ ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ㸧ࡣࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ㸦1997㸧࠘ห⾜௨᮶ࠊ㏫ㄝⓗ࡞ゝㄝ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ⤒Ⴀ⪅ ࡸᑓ㛛ᐙࡢᐇឤ࡜ᐇົ⤒㦂࡟༶ࡋࡓ⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣃ࣮ࢯࣥࡢඹឤࢆ࿧ࡪ࡜࡜ࡶ ࡟ࠊ⏘ᴗ⏺ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ᗈࡃࠊ᫬࡟ࡣ⇕≬ⓗ࡟ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᙼࡣ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸୍࡚ᅜࡢ࢖ࣀ࣋ ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᕠࡿ⎔ቃࡸືྥࡀࡑࡢ๰ฟ࡜ᬑཬ࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᅜࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦௨ୗNSI; National System of Innovation㸧࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡓ㆟ㄽ ࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡟ࡶࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣ᪤Ꮡ⬟ຊྥୖᆺ㸭᪤Ꮡ⬟ຊ◚ቯᆺᢏ⾡㸦Tushman & Anderson, 1986㸧ࠊ࢔࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳࣗࣛ ࣭ࣝ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㸦Henderson & Clark, 1990㸧ࠊ୰᰾⬟ຊࡢ◳┤໬㸦Leonard-Barton, 1995㸧ࠊ୧฼ ࡁ⤌⧊㸦Tushman & O’Reilly, 1996㸧࡞࡝ᢏ⾡⤒Ⴀศ㔝࡛ᗈࡃㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ⪃࠼᪉ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓ࠺࠼࡛㸪 㢳ᐈࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆᑟධࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᢏ⾡㐍໬ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚య⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ⥲ྜⓗ࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ (୕⸨ࠊ2016c)ࠋᐇࡣࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣ㐍໬ㄽࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡍࡿ NSI ࡞࡝ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽ࡜ぶ㏆ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ᮏㄽࡣࠊNSI ࡀ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢฟ⌧ࡸ㐍໬࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡜᪥ ᮏ௻ᴗࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋᮏㄽࡢᵓᡂࡣḟࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎNSI ࡞࡝࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ ࣒࡟㛵ࢃࡿඛ⾜◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀࡿࠋḟ࡟ࢡࣜࢫࢸࣥࢭࣥࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆᴫほࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊNSI ࡟◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆ⧞ࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࡢព࿡ࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ 2. NSI ࡞࡝࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟㛵ࢃࡿඛ⾜◊✲ ᅜࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᅜࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦NSI㸧ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ 㔜せᛶࢆጞࡵ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡢࡣLundvall ࡛ 1980 ᖺ௦ึ㢌ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊNSI ศᯒࢆୡ࡟ᗈࡃ▱ࡽࡋ ࡵࡓࡢࡣFreeman (1987)࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣᡓᚋ᪥ᮏࡢⴭࡋ࠸⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆ NSI ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ㸪 ࡑࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆⴭస࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠋ௨᮶㸪࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㛵㐃ศ㔝ࡢከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀNSI ◊✲࡟ᚑ஦ࡍࡿ ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪2000 ᖺ๓ᚋ࡟ࡣ NSI ◊✲࡟␲ၥࢆ࿊ࡍࡿពぢࡀ⾲᫂ࡉࢀࡿ ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊNSI ◊✲ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡸศᯒᡭἲ㸪⏝ㄒࡢᐃ⩏ࡸ⏝ἲ࡞࡝ࢆᕠࡗ࡚ពぢࡢᑐ❧ࡀ 㢧ᅾ໬ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ㸦Sharif, 2006; Godin,2009 ࡑࡢ௚ከᩘ㸧ࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ࡞࠿ࠊNSI ◊✲ࡢⲡศࡅࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ Edquist㸦2005㸧ࡣ㸪NSI ◊✲ࢆ୍⯡ࢩࢫࢸ࣒⌮ㄽ࡜ 㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡓ࠺࠼࡛㸪NSI ◊✲ࡣ඲యㄽⓗ㸪Ꮫ㝿ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ṕྐⓗ㸪㐍໬ⓗどⅬࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ┦ ஫౫Ꮡⓗ㸪㠀⥺ᙧⓗ࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆศᯒࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪 Hekkert et al㸦2007㸧ࡸ Bergek et al㸦2008㸧ࡣ㸪SI ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣᅜẸ⤒῭ࡢศᯒࡸไᗘㄽࡢ◊✲࡟ ↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪௻ᴗᐙࡢάືࡸಶࠎࡢ௻ᴗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉ᐃࡢᢏ⾡ศ㔝ࡢࢲ࢖ࢼ࣑ࢬ ࣒ࢆศᯒࡋࡓSI ◊✲ࡣ㦫ࡃ࡯࡝ᑡ࡞࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࡸ㐍໬ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓศᯒᡭἲ࡜ ࡋ࡚ᢏ⾡ࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸦TIS㸧ࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016a)ࠋ ୍᪉ࠊ㏆ᖺOslo manual ࡞࡝࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄪᰝࡀྛᅜ࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ ࠿ࡽࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ẚ㍑ศᯒࡸ௻ᴗᐙࡢάືࡸ▱㆑ࡢᒎ㛤㐣⛬࡞࡝ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓ SI ◊✲ࡀ Ⓩሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016a)ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ࣐ࢡࣟ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓィ㔞ศᯒ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊಶูࡢᢏ⾡ࡸ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐍໬࣭Ⓨᒎ࡟↔Ⅼࢆྜࢃࡏࡓ◊✲࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊPorter (1988) ࡣ⏘ᴗࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮࣭ࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦၐࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᅜࡢᙺ๭ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᙼࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ ⏘ᴗࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢᙧᡂ࡟㔜Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐍໬࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ᅜࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢከᵝᛶ(VoC: Varieties of Capitalism) ㄽ(Hall & Soskice, 2001)ࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋVoC ࡣ௻ᴗࢆ㈨ᮏ୺⩏⤒῭ࡢỴᐃⓗ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ௻ᴗ୰ᚰ ⓗ࡞ᨻ἞⤒῭ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ௻ᴗࡣᢏ⾡ኚ໬ࡸᅜ㝿➇த࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿ୺せ࡞ㄪᩚ୺య࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ ࡓάືࡀ㞟⣙ࡉࢀ࡚඲⯡ⓗ࡞⤒῭ᡂᯝࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ

VoC ࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ⮬⏤࡞ᕷሙ⤒῭(LMEs: liberal market economies)࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡉࢀࡓᕷሙ⤒ ῭(CMEs: coordinated market economies)࡟༊ศࡍࡿࠋLMEs ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡣ୺࡟㝵ᒙ࡜➇தⓗᕷሙࢆ㏻ ࡌ࡚ࡑࡢάືࢆࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡍࡿࠋᕷሙ㛵ಀࡣ➇த࡜ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ዎ⣙㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈ࡸ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢබṇᑐ➼࡞(arm’s length)஺᥮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ௚᪉ CMEs ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡀࡑࡢάື ࢆ௚ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡋࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㠀ᕷሙㅖ 㛵ಀ࡟ࣚࣜ኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ VoC ㄽࡣࠊLMEs ࡛ࡣ᰿ඖⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀㄏⓎࡉ ࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊCMEs ࡛ࡣ₞㐍ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀㄏⓎࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ᪤ᏑࡢNSI ㄽࡸ㛵㐃ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡣࠊ࠾ࡼࡑḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016a)ࠋ ձ NSI ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࢆᶆᴶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ㄽࡸไᗘㄽ࡟␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ㐍໬㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋࣔࢹ ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㐍໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀ᫬⣔ิⓗࠊ࡞࠸ࡋ࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ㐍໬㐣⛬࡟ ≉ᚩⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᚲࡎࡋࡶᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ղ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢලయⓗ࡞㢮ᆺ໬ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡶࠊࡑࢀ ࡣ᰿ඖⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜₞㐍ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ ࡢ᭱㏆ࡢᡂᯝࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ᪤ᏑࡢNSI ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟◚ቯ㐣⛬ࡣࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ ୍▐ࡢฟ᮶஦࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣ㐍໬ㄽࡢ❧ሙࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᣢ⥆ ⓗཬࡧ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟༊ศࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 3. Christensen ࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢᴫせ

⡿ᅜ࡛1997 ᖺ࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ Christensen ᩍᤵ㸦௨ୗࠊᩗ⛠␎㸧ࡢⴭస”Innovator’s Dilemma (㑥ヂ ࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࠘)”ࡣห⾜ᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃᑓ㛛ᐙࡸᐇົᐙࡢ㛫࡛኱ࡁ࡞ேẼࢆ༤ࡋࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ ࡶ2001 ᖺ࡟⩻ヂࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ▐ࡃ㛫࡟∧ࢆ㔜ࡡࡓࠋChristensen ࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊᙼࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ඹ㬆ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅ ࡸᑓ㛛ᐙ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟”Innovator’s Solution (2003)”ࡸ”Seeing What’s Next (2004)”࡞࡝ࢆฟ∧ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᡓ␎⤒Ⴀㄽࡢศ㔝࡛☜ᅛࡓࡿᆅ఩ࢆ⠏࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋ Christensen (1997)ࡀࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࠖࢆᵓ᝿ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊఱᨾᴗ⏺ࡢ୰࡛᭱ඃⰋ࡜ ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ௻ᴗࡘࡲࡾ୍᫬௦ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱࡀࠊᢲࡋᐤࡏࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢἼࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡇ ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ࠶࠼࡞ࡃᩋ㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙼࡀୗࡋࡓ⤖ㄽ(1997)ࡣࠊ ࠶ࡿ〇ရ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟࠾࠸࡚◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪂〇ရࡀⓏሙࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࡣᥦ౪ࡍࡿ〇ရࡢᨵ Ⰻࡸ㠉᪂ࢆồࡵࡿ᭱Ⰻࡢ㢳ᐈࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ᛶ⬟ࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟ὀຊࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾࠊ◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ పᛶ⬟࠿ࡘప౯᱁ࡢ〇ရ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࢆᛰࡾࠊ஧⪅ᢥ୍ࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࡟㝗ࡿ⤖ᯝࠊᩋ㏥ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋChristensen & Raynor (2003)ࡣࠊࠕ◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡ࠖࢆࠕ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮ ࠼ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ㐺⏝ࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋChristensen ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡇࡢ⪃ ࠼᪉ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ⌧௦ࡢᡓ␎⤒Ⴀㄽ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᢏ⾡⤒Ⴀㄽ࡛୰ ᰾ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016c)ࠋ ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋᨭ㓄ⓗ௻ᴗࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ㢳ᐈࡢࢽ࣮ࢬ ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚㧗཰┈ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ຊࢆὀࡂࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ〇ရࡸ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᕷሙ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ᪂⯆௻ᴗࡣ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ᥇ᢥࡋ࡚◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑ ࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᕷሙ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ᪂⯆௻ᴗࡢᥦ౪ࡍࡿ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࠊᙜึࡣ᪤Ꮡ௻ ᴗࡢࡑࢀ࡟ẚ࡭࡚୺ὶᕷሙࡀ㔜どࡍࡿᛶ⬟ࡢ㠃࡛ຎ఩࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊᏳ౯࠿ࡘ⡆౽࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ୺ὶ࡜ࡣ␗ ࡞ࡿ᪂ᕷሙࢆࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶ⬟ࡢྥୖ㏿ᗘࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㢳ᐈࡢせồࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࡢୖ᪼㏿ᗘࡼࡾࡶ ᪩࠸(๓ᥦ᮲௳)ࡢ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡘ࠿◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᛶ⬟ࡀ୺ὶᕷሙࡢ㔜どࡍ ࡿᛶ⬟ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᚑ᮶ᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ ࡓ᪤Ꮡࡢ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ୺ὶᕷሙ࠿ࡽ㥑㏲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ᥇ᢥࡋࡓ᪂⯆௻ ᴗࡀ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗ࡟௦ࢃࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ࣮࢚ࣟࣥࢻᆺ◚ቯ࡜᪂ᕷሙᆺ ◚ቯ࡟༊ศ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᅗ1 ࡣ࣮࢚ࣟࣥࢻᆺ◚ቯࠊᅗ 2 ࡣ᪂ᕷሙᆺ◚ቯࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝᅗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲㸯ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㢮ᆺࢆ⾲࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲୰࡛ࣂ࣮࣭ࣜࣗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ࡣ㸪 Christensen㸦2000, p. 32㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⏕⏘⪅࡜ᕷሙ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ධࢀᏊᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾ㸪ྛࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚〇㐀ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ရࡣࡑࡢ୍ẁୖࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⤌❧ࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟ᕷሙࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈍኎ࡉ ࢀࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

VoC ࡣ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࢆ⮬⏤࡞ᕷሙ⤒῭(LMEs: liberal market economies)࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡉࢀࡓᕷሙ⤒ ῭(CMEs: coordinated market economies)࡟༊ศࡍࡿࠋLMEs ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡣ୺࡟㝵ᒙ࡜➇தⓗᕷሙࢆ㏻ ࡌ࡚ࡑࡢάືࢆࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡍࡿࠋᕷሙ㛵ಀࡣ➇த࡜ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ዎ⣙㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㈈ࡸ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢබṇᑐ➼࡞(arm’s length)஺᥮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ௚᪉ CMEs ࡛ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡀࡑࡢάື ࢆ௚ࡢ࢔ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࣮ࢺࡋࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢࢥ࢔࣭ࢥࣥࣆࢱࣥࢫࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㠀ᕷሙㅖ 㛵ಀ࡟ࣚࣜ኱ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ VoC ㄽࡣࠊLMEs ࡛ࡣ᰿ඖⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀㄏⓎࡉ ࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊCMEs ࡛ࡣ₞㐍ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀㄏⓎࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ࡜ࠊ᪤ᏑࡢNSI ㄽࡸ㛵㐃ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡣࠊ࠾ࡼࡑḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016a)ࠋ ձ NSI ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶࢩࢫࢸ࣒ㄽࢆᶆᴶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࣐ࢡࣟ⤒῭ㄽࡸไᗘㄽ࡟␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ♫఍ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿ㐍໬㐣⛬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆᣢࡘ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋࣔࢹ ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㐍໬ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀ᫬⣔ิⓗࠊ࡞࠸ࡋ࣐ࢵࣆࣥࢢ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ㐍໬㐣⛬࡟ ≉ᚩⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᚲࡎࡋࡶᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ղ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢලయⓗ࡞㢮ᆺ໬ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡶࠊࡑࢀ ࡣ᰿ඖⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜₞㐍ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ ࡢ᭱㏆ࡢᡂᯝࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ᪤ᏑࡢNSI ࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟◚ቯ㐣⛬ࡣࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ ୍▐ࡢฟ᮶஦࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣ㐍໬ㄽࡢ❧ሙࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᣢ⥆ ⓗཬࡧ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟༊ศࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࡢ㐍໬㐣⛬ࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 3. Christensen ࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢᴫせ

⡿ᅜ࡛1997 ᖺ࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ Christensen ᩍᤵ㸦௨ୗࠊᩗ⛠␎㸧ࡢⴭస”Innovator’s Dilemma (㑥ヂ ࠗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࠘)”ࡣห⾜ᚋࡲࡶ࡞ࡃᑓ㛛ᐙࡸᐇົᐙࡢ㛫࡛኱ࡁ࡞ேẼࢆ༤ࡋࠊࢃࡀᅜ࡛ ࡶ2001 ᖺ࡟⩻ヂࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ▐ࡃ㛫࡟∧ࢆ㔜ࡡࡓࠋChristensen ࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊᙼࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ඹ㬆ࡍࡿ◊✲⪅ ࡸᑓ㛛ᐙ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟”Innovator’s Solution (2003)”ࡸ”Seeing What’s Next (2004)”࡞࡝ࢆฟ∧ࡋࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᡓ␎⤒Ⴀㄽࡢศ㔝࡛☜ᅛࡓࡿᆅ఩ࢆ⠏࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋ Christensen (1997)ࡀࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࠖࢆᵓ᝿ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊఱᨾᴗ⏺ࡢ୰࡛᭱ඃⰋ࡜ ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ௻ᴗࡘࡲࡾ୍᫬௦ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢱࡀࠊᢲࡋᐤࡏࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢἼࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡇ ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ࠶࠼࡞ࡃᩋ㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢၥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙼࡀୗࡋࡓ⤖ㄽ(1997)ࡣࠊ ࠶ࡿ〇ရ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟࠾࠸࡚◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪂〇ရࡀⓏሙࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗࡣᥦ౪ࡍࡿ〇ရࡢᨵ Ⰻࡸ㠉᪂ࢆồࡵࡿ᭱Ⰻࡢ㢳ᐈࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚ࠊ㧗ᛶ⬟ࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟ὀຊࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾࠊ◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ పᛶ⬟࠿ࡘప౯᱁ࡢ〇ရ࡬ࡢᑐᛂࢆᛰࡾࠊ஧⪅ᢥ୍ࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࡟㝗ࡿ⤖ᯝࠊᩋ㏥ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋChristensen & Raynor (2003)ࡣࠊࠕ◚ቯⓗᢏ⾡ࠖࢆࠕ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠖ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮ ࠼ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ㐺⏝ࢆࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋChristensen ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡇࡢ⪃ ࠼᪉ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⌮ㄽ࡞࠸ࡋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࠊ⌧௦ࡢᡓ␎⤒Ⴀㄽ࡜ࡾࢃࡅᢏ⾡⤒Ⴀㄽ࡛୰ ᰾ⓗ࡞ᆅ఩ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016c)ࠋ ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟࠶ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋᨭ㓄ⓗ௻ᴗࡣ᪤Ꮡࡢ㢳ᐈࡢࢽ࣮ࢬ ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚㧗཰┈ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ຊࢆὀࡂࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ〇ရࡸ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᕷሙ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ᪂⯆௻ᴗࡣ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ᥇ᢥࡋ࡚◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑ ࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᕷሙ࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ᪂⯆௻ᴗࡢᥦ౪ࡍࡿ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࠊᙜึࡣ᪤Ꮡ௻ ᴗࡢࡑࢀ࡟ẚ࡭࡚୺ὶᕷሙࡀ㔜どࡍࡿᛶ⬟ࡢ㠃࡛ຎ఩࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊᏳ౯࠿ࡘ⡆౽࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ୺ὶ࡜ࡣ␗ ࡞ࡿ᪂ᕷሙࢆࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶ⬟ࡢྥୖ㏿ᗘࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㢳ᐈࡢせồࡍࡿࢽ࣮ࢬࡢୖ᪼㏿ᗘࡼࡾࡶ ᪩࠸(๓ᥦ᮲௳)ࡢ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡘ࠿◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᛶ⬟ࡀ୺ὶᕷሙࡢ㔜どࡍ ࡿᛶ⬟ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᚑ᮶ᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ ࡓ᪤Ꮡࡢ〇ရࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ୺ὶᕷሙ࠿ࡽ㥑㏲ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ᥇ᢥࡋࡓ᪂⯆௻ ᴗࡀ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗ࡟௦ࢃࡗ࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ࣮࢚ࣟࣥࢻᆺ◚ቯ࡜᪂ᕷሙᆺ ◚ቯ࡟༊ศ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᅗ1 ࡣ࣮࢚ࣟࣥࢻᆺ◚ቯࠊᅗ 2 ࡣ᪂ᕷሙᆺ◚ቯࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝᅗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲㸯ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㢮ᆺࢆ⾲࡟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲୰࡛ࣂ࣮࣭ࣜࣗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡜ࡣ㸪 Christensen㸦2000, p. 32㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪ࠕ⏕⏘⪅࡜ᕷሙ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ධࢀᏊᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾ㸪ྛࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾࠸࡚〇㐀ࡉࢀࡓ㒊ရࡣࡑࡢ୍ẁୖࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⤌❧ࢆ⾜࠺௻ᴗ࡟ᕷሙࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㈍኎ࡉ ࢀࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊChristensen ࡣࡑࡢⴭసࡢ୰࡛ḟࡢᣦ᦬ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༶ࡕ➨୍࡟ࠊᢏ⾡࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ ࣙࣥࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᢏ⾡ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࡛ࡶᣢ⥆ⓗ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ௻ᴗ➼ࡀᢏ⾡࡟ാࡁ࠿ࡅࡿάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ ◚ቯⓗ࡟ࡶࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ〇ရ࡞࠸ࡋࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ ฟ⌧ึᮇࡣ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡀඃໃ࡛࠶ࡿࠊᶆ‽໬ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ௙ᵝࡀ᫂☜࡟࡞ࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛ໬ࡀ㐍⾜ ࡋࠊᑓ㛛ᆺ௻ᴗࡀඃໃ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ➨୕࡟◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢฟ⌧࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ㠀ᕷሙᅉᏊࡣ ⬟ຊ(ability)ྥୖᨭ᥼ᆺ࡜ㄏᅉ(motivation)௜୚ᆺ࡟༊ศ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ஧ࡘࡢせᅉࡀᥞࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢᅜ ࡟࠾࠸࡚᪂ᕷሙ๰ฟᆺࡢ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ㢖ฟࡋࠊ೺඲࡞⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ḟ࡟◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ᪥ᮏࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ  ⾲1:࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㢮ᆺ ≉ᚩ ஦౛ ᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ せồࡢཝࡋ࠸ࣁ࢖࢚ࣥࢻࡢ㢳ᐈࢆࢱ࣮ࢤࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸࡚ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ〇 ရ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸧ࡼࡾࡶᛶ⬟ࡢඃࢀࡓ〇ရ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࢖ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠋ₞㐍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿᰿ඖⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡣၥࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ ᪤Ꮡᕷሙࡢ᪤Ꮡ㢳ᐈྥࡅ࡟ᛶ⬟ࡢⰋ࠸〇ရ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ ពᅗࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ධᡭྍ⬟࡞〇ရ࡜ẚ࡭࡚㧗ᛶ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸〇 ရࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㐍໬ࡢ㌶㊧ࢆ㏵⤯ ࡉࡏࠊ෌ᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋ₞㐍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿᰿ඖⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡣၥࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ y ࣮࢚ࣟ ࣥࢻᆺ ◚ቯ ୺ὶᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣂ࣮࣭ࣜࣗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮࢚ࣟࣥࢻ࡟➃ ࢆⓎࡍࡿ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠋ᪂ᕷሙࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ〇ရ(ࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫ)ࡣ⡆༢࠿ࡘᏳ౯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㕲㗰࣑ࢽ࣑ࣝࠊࢹ ࢕ ࢫ ࢝ ࢘ ࣥ ࢺ ᑠ ኎஦ᴗ⪅ y ᪂ᕷሙ ᆺ◚ቯ ౛࠼ࡤPC ࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡞࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆ ౑࠺ࡇ࡜࡞࡝ᛮ࠸ࡶࡼࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓேࠎ࡟ࠊධᡭྍ⬟࡞⛬ᗘ࡟Ᏻ౯࡛ ᧯సࡀᐜ᫆࡞〇ရࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࠋ㠀ᾘ㈝࡟ᑐᢠ ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ࣂ࣮࣭ࣜࣗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪂ᕷሙࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࠋ 〇ရ(ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ)ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᏳ౯࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ PCࠊࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫ ࢱ ࣛ ࢪ ࢜ 㸦 ࢯ ࢽ ࣮㸧ࠊ࣑ࢽࢥࣥࠋ

ὀ㸸Christensen & Raynor (2003)࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ⴭ⪅సᡂࠋ 

4. ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆ NSI ࡟⧞ࡾ㎸ࡴ㸸᪥ᮏ࡜᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚

➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࡢ᪥ᮏࡢⴭࡋ࠸⤒῭Ⓨᒎࡢせᅉࢆㄽࡌࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊFreeman (1987)ࡣ NSI ࡘࡲࡾ࢖ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᅜࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆࠕබⓗ࡞࠸ࡋ⚾ⓗ㒊㛛ෆ࡟࠶ࡿㅖไᗘࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ ྛ㒊㛛ࡢάືࡸ┦஫⾜Ⅽࡀ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆ㉳ືࡉࡏࠊྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳࠊಟṇࡋᬑཬࡉࡏࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ NSI ࡢ୺࡞≉ᚩࡣḟࡢᅄࡘ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸹ձMITI(⌧ METI) ࡢᙺ๭ࠊղ⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢタィ࡜㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⤫ྜⓗᡭἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡉࡏࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ௻ᴗࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ᡓ␎ࡢᙺ๭ࠊճປാຊࡢᙺ๭ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊմ࣐࣮ࢣࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࠊᩍ⫱カ⦎ࠊᢏ⾡ⓗάື࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡓ ␎ᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࡟᱁ู࡟㐺ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡢⓎᒎࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊFreeman ࡢⴭసࡀฟ∧ࡉࢀ࡚ᩘᖺᚋࡢ 1990 ᖺ௦ึ㢌ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢIMD ᅜ㝿➇தຊࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢࡣୡ⏺➨୍఩࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ᭱㏆ 10 ᖺ⛬ᗘࡢືྥࢆࡳ ࡿ࡜ࠊୡ⏺ 60 ࠿ᅜ࠾ࡼࡧᆅᇦࡢ࡞࠿࡛ 20 ␒๓ᚋ࡟␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡃࡀᅜࡢྡ┠ GNP ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ20

ᖺ㛫௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚࡯ࡰᶓࡤ࠸ࡢ500 ඙෇๓ᚋ࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺࡟༨ࡵࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᆅ఩ࡣࡇࡢ㛫࡟෼ ⴠࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡯࡝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊỴࡋ࡚ⰾࡋ࠸ᡂ㛗ࠊⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ヰ㢟ࢆ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ᡠࡋ࡚ Christensen ཬࡧࡑࡢඹⴭ⪅ࡢ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ୍㐃ࡢⴭస (1997, 2003, 2004)ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ๰ฟᚋ࡟⡿ᅜ࡟㐍ฟࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ⏘ᴗ⏺࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ ᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࡀᩘከࡃⓏሙࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ኱㒊ศࡣ〇㕲⏘ᴗࠊ㟁Ẽ㟁Ꮚ⏘ᴗࠊ⮬ື㌴⏘ ᴗ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࢃࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࠊᙼࡣ᪂᪥㕲ࡸࢯࢽ࣮ࠊ࢟ࣕࣀࣥࠊᮾⰪࠊ࣍ࣥࢲࠊࢺࣚࢱ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰ฟࡉ ࢀࡓ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ⡿ᅜᕷሙࢆྵࡴୡ⏺ᕷሙࢆᖍᕳࡋࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢከࡃࡢ஦ ౛ࡣ1950 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛࡛ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆᪥ᮏࡢ஦౛ࡣᛴ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ  Christensen ࡣࡇࡢ㛫ࡢ᪥ᮏⓎࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ ࡇࢁࠊ1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࡀ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ᪥ᮏᕷሙ࡟࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࣍ࣥࢲ〇ᑠᆺ࣮࢜ࢺࣂ࢖ࡢ⡿ᅜ㐍ฟࡣࡋࡤ ࡋࡤ⤒Ⴀᡓ␎࡟࠾࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ஦౛࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ᡓᚋࡢ≀㈨୙㊊ୗࡢᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ⮬㌿㌴ࢆ࣋ ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡋࡓᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ (Christensen & Raynor, 2003)࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢᅜ࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᙜ᫬ࡢⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ㸦᪥ᮏ㸧࡜ඛ㐍ᅜ㸦⡿ᅜ㸧 ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ᤊ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚◚ቯⓗ࡞ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ (Govindarajan & Trimble, 2012)࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡀඛ㐍ᅜࡢ௰㛫ධࡾࢆࡋࡓ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨ 㝆ࠊࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᡂ㛗࡜Ⓨᒎࡣ࠾ࡼࡑ୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽḟࡢ ࿨㢟ࢆᑟฟ࡛ࡁࡿ1_ࠋ ࿨㢟㸯㸸ᅜෆᕷሙ࡛ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊୡ⏺ࡢ୺ὶᕷሙ࡛◚ቯⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ ࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡏࡿᅜࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ᅜࡼࡾࡶ⤒῭ࡀⓎᒎࡋᡂ㛗ࡋ࠺ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ  Kodama (2004)ࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊCPU,グ᠈⿦⨨ࠊࢹ࢕ࢫࢡࠊ ࢹ࢕ࢫࣉࣞ࢖࡞࡝ࡢ㒊ရ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1987 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 93 ᖺ㡭ࡲ࡛ࡣ⤌❧ຍᕤࢆ⾜࠺⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗ2_{ࡢฟ㢪ࡀ35%} ࠿ࡽ45%⛬ᗘࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ91 ᖺࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ 94 ᖺ௨㝆ྛ㒊ရࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ 35% ⛬ᗘ௨ୗ࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ ࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪂〇ရࡢฟ⌧ᙜึ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᵓᡂ㒊ရ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ᫂ ☜࡟࡞ࡾࠊᶆ‽໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺ〇ရࡢ〇㐀ࢆᚓព࡜ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᆺ௻ᴗࡀඃໃ࡟࡞ࡗ ࡚ࡁࡓ(Christensen et al, 2002)ࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ Andy Grove ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿỈᖹ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ⪃ ࠼᪉࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊKodama (2004)ࡣ࢚ࣥࢪࣥࠊࢩࣕࢩ࣮ࠊᏳ඲⿦⨨ࠊ㏻ಙ⿦⨨࡞࡝ࡢ⮬ື㌴㒊ရ࡟ࡘ࠸ ࡚1978 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1995 ᖺࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ྠ➼ࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡲࡎ๓㏙ࡢ PC ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࢺࣚࢱࡸ࣍ࣥࢲ➼ࡢ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚పࡃࠊᴫࡡ15%࠿ࡽ 35%⛬ᗘࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓ⤫ྜ௻ᴗࡢഃ࠿ࡽྛ㒊ရࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻ಙ⿦⨨ࡣ 85 ᖺ㡭௨㝆పⴠഴ ྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡢᇶᖿ㒊ရ࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࣥࢪࣥࡣ20%࠿ࡽ 30%ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⤫ ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡀࡇࡢ㛫㒊ရ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ඃ఩ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ୍ ⯡ⓗ࡞ㄆ㆑࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ᪥ᮏࡢ࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚1987 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2007 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ ᑠᕝ㸦2014ࠊp. 40 ࡑࡢ௚㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ୺ᑟࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ᪂〇ရ ࡢⓏሙᙜึࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ 100%࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᩘᖺᚋ࡟ࡣᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡀᛴ㏿࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡉࡲࡀ ᫂░࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣኴ㝧㟁ụࡸᾮᬗࢸࣞࣅ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ᪂ ᢏ⾡ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࢀࡣᪧ᮶ࡢ〇ရࡢᛶ⬟ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ ࡸࡀ࡚ࢧ࣒ࢯࣥࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㡑ᅜ௻ᴗࡸ୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡀ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆᶍೌࡋࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡚᪂〇ရࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣᕷሙ࠿ࡽࡢ᧔㏥ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃ ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊኴ㝧ගⓎ㟁ࡢࣃࢿࣝࡸᾮᬗࣃࢿࣝ࡞࡝㧗ᗘࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞▱㆑ࢆせࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡣࠊࢥࢲࢵࢡ♫ࡀ 1 _{Christensen et al (2004, p. 207)ࡣࠕ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᮲௳ࡀ➼ࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊ◚ቯࢆಁ㐍ࡋዡບࡍࡿ⤒῭ไᗘ} ࢆᣢࡘᅜࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠖ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅜෆᕷሙ࡛◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ ࢆಁ㐍ࡋዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᨻ⟇ⓗ࡟ጇᙜ࠿࡝࠺࠿␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2 _{Kodama (2004)ࡣᮏㄽࡢ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࢆ”assembler”࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᮏㄽࡣࡇࢀࢆྠ➼࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ}

ᖺ㛫௨ୖ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚࡯ࡰᶓࡤ࠸ࡢ500 ඙෇๓ᚋ࡛᥎⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୡ⏺࡟༨ࡵࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᆅ఩ࡣࡇࡢ㛫࡟෼ ⴠࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡯࡝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊỴࡋ࡚ⰾࡋ࠸ᡂ㛗ࠊⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ヰ㢟ࢆ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ᡠࡋ࡚ Christensen ཬࡧࡑࡢඹⴭ⪅ࡢ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ୍㐃ࡢⴭస (1997, 2003, 2004)ࢆࡳࡿ࡜ࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ๰ฟᚋ࡟⡿ᅜ࡟㐍ฟࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ⏘ᴗ⏺࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ ᆅ఩ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࡀᩘከࡃⓏሙࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ኱㒊ศࡣ〇㕲⏘ᴗࠊ㟁Ẽ㟁Ꮚ⏘ᴗࠊ⮬ື㌴⏘ ᴗ࡞࡝࡟㛵ࢃࡿ〇㐀ᴗ࡛ࠊᙼࡣ᪂᪥㕲ࡸࢯࢽ࣮ࠊ࢟ࣕࣀࣥࠊᮾⰪࠊ࣍ࣥࢲࠊࢺࣚࢱ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚๰ฟࡉ ࢀࡓ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀ⡿ᅜᕷሙࢆྵࡴୡ⏺ᕷሙࢆᖍᕳࡋࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢከࡃࡢ஦ ౛ࡣ1950 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡲ࡛࡛ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆᪥ᮏࡢ஦౛ࡣᛴ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ  Christensen ࡣࡇࡢ㛫ࡢ᪥ᮏⓎࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ࡜ ࡇࢁࠊ1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡇࢁࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟᪥ᮏࡢ௻ᴗࡀ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ᪥ᮏᕷሙ࡟࠾ ࠸࡚ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࣍ࣥࢲ〇ᑠᆺ࣮࢜ࢺࣂ࢖ࡢ⡿ᅜ㐍ฟࡣࡋࡤ ࡋࡤ⤒Ⴀᡓ␎࡟࠾࠸࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿ஦౛࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ᡓᚋࡢ≀㈨୙㊊ୗࡢᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣ⮬㌿㌴ࢆ࣋ ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡋࡓᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢព࿡࡛ࠊ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ (Christensen & Raynor, 2003)࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠶ࡿᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢᅜ࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᙜ᫬ࡢⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜ㸦᪥ᮏ㸧࡜ඛ㐍ᅜ㸦⡿ᅜ㸧 ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ᤊ࠼ࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ⡿ᅜ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚◚ቯⓗ࡞ࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ (Govindarajan & Trimble, 2012)࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡀඛ㐍ᅜࡢ௰㛫ධࡾࢆࡋࡓ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨ 㝆ࠊࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ࡼࡿᡂ㛗࡜Ⓨᒎࡣ࠾ࡼࡑ୙ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽḟࡢ ࿨㢟ࢆᑟฟ࡛ࡁࡿ1_ࠋ ࿨㢟㸯㸸ᅜෆᕷሙ࡛ࡣᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊୡ⏺ࡢ୺ὶᕷሙ࡛◚ቯⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ ࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡏࡿᅜࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ᅜࡼࡾࡶ⤒῭ࡀⓎᒎࡋᡂ㛗ࡋ࠺ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ  Kodama (2004)ࡣࣃࢯࢥࣥ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊCPU,グ᠈⿦⨨ࠊࢹ࢕ࢫࢡࠊ ࢹ࢕ࢫࣉࣞ࢖࡞࡝ࡢ㒊ရ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ1987 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 93 ᖺ㡭ࡲ࡛ࡣ⤌❧ຍᕤࢆ⾜࠺⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗ2_{ࡢฟ㢪ࡀ35%} ࠿ࡽ45%⛬ᗘࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ91 ᖺࢆࣆ࣮ࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ 94 ᖺ௨㝆ྛ㒊ရࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡀ 35% ⛬ᗘ௨ୗ࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⌧㇟ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ ࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ᪂〇ရࡢฟ⌧ᙜึ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᵓᡂ㒊ရ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ᫂ ☜࡟࡞ࡾࠊᶆ‽໬ࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊࣔࢪ࣮ࣗࣛᆺ〇ရࡢ〇㐀ࢆᚓព࡜ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᆺ௻ᴗࡀඃໃ࡟࡞ࡗ ࡚ࡁࡓ(Christensen et al, 2002)ࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ Andy Grove ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿỈᖹ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ⪃ ࠼᪉࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ  ࡇࢀ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊKodama (2004)ࡣ࢚ࣥࢪࣥࠊࢩࣕࢩ࣮ࠊᏳ඲⿦⨨ࠊ㏻ಙ⿦⨨࡞࡝ࡢ⮬ື㌴㒊ရ࡟ࡘ࠸ ࡚1978 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1995 ᖺࡲ࡛ࢆᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚ྠ➼ࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࡲࡎ๓㏙ࡢ PC ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࢺࣚࢱࡸ࣍ࣥࢲ➼ࡢ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚పࡃࠊᴫࡡ15%࠿ࡽ 35%⛬ᗘࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟࠶ࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓ⤫ྜ௻ᴗࡢഃ࠿ࡽྛ㒊ရࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࡢ᥎⛣ࢆぢࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻ಙ⿦⨨ࡣ 85 ᖺ㡭௨㝆పⴠഴ ྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡢᇶᖿ㒊ရ࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࣥࢪࣥࡣ20%࠿ࡽ 30%ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ⤫ ྜᆺ௻ᴗࡀࡇࡢ㛫㒊ရ࣓࣮࣮࢝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ඃ఩ࢆಖࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ୍ ⯡ⓗ࡞ㄆ㆑࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ᪥ᮏࡢ࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ 1987 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2007 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓ ᑠᕝ㸦2014ࠊp. 40 ࡑࡢ௚㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ〇ရ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ୺ᑟࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡣ᪂〇ရ ࡢⓏሙᙜึࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ 100%࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊᩘᖺᚋ࡟ࡣᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࡀᛴ㏿࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡉࡲࡀ ᫂░࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣኴ㝧㟁ụࡸᾮᬗࢸࣞࣅ࡟㛵ࢃࡿ᪂ ᢏ⾡ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࢀࡣᪧ᮶ࡢ〇ရࡢᛶ⬟ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ ࡸࡀ࡚ࢧ࣒ࢯࣥࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ㡑ᅜ௻ᴗࡸ୰ᅜ௻ᴗࡀ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆᶍೌࡋࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡚᪂〇ရࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣᕷሙ࠿ࡽࡢ᧔㏥ࢆవ൤࡞ࡃ ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊኴ㝧ගⓎ㟁ࡢࣃࢿࣝࡸᾮᬗࣃࢿࣝ࡞࡝㧗ᗘࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞▱㆑ࢆせࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࡣࠊࢥࢲࢵࢡ♫ࡀ 1 _{Christensen et al (2004, p. 207)ࡣࠕ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᮲௳ࡀ➼ࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊ◚ቯࢆಁ㐍ࡋዡບࡍࡿ⤒῭ไᗘ} ࢆᣢࡘᅜࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠖ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅜෆᕷሙ࡛◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ ࢆಁ㐍ࡋዡບࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᨻ⟇ⓗ࡟ጇᙜ࠿࡝࠺࠿␲ၥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2 _{Kodama (2004)ࡣᮏㄽࡢ⤫ྜᆺ௻ᴗࢆ”assembler”࡜࿧ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋᮏㄽࡣࡇࢀࢆྠ➼࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ} ୡ⏺࡛᭱ึࡢࢹࢪࢱ࣓ࣝ࢝ࣛࢆⓎ᫂ࡋࡓ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞࡜࠾ࡾࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ௻ᴗࡀ᭱ึ࡟㛤Ⓨࡍ ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ௻ᴗࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆᣢ⥆ⓗࡢ࡭࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚〇ရ໬ࡍࡿഴ ྥࡀ࠶ࡿ༙㠃ࠊ᪂⯆௻ᴗࡣྠࡌᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚◚ቯⓗ࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥάືࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᏳ౯࡛⡆౽࡞〇ရ ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ◚ቯ㐣⛬ࡀ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ኴ㝧㟁ụᢏ⾡࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ2004 ᖺᙜ᫬ࡢ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡣ 50%⛬ᗘࡢᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ᑠᕝࠊ 2014㸧࡜ࡇࢁࠊ2007 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 20%⛬ᗘ࡟ᛴῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣࢩ࣮ࣕࣉࢆጞࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀኴ㝧 㟁ụࡢᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨࢆ୺ᑟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ(୕⸨࣭ᒣᮏࠊ2016)ࡀࠊၟᴗ໬ࡀᮏ᱁໬ࡋࡓẁ㝵࡛ᛴ㏿࡟ୡ⏺ᕷሙࡢࢩ ࢙࢔ࢆኻࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ௻ᴗࡀᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᅛᇳࡋ࡚ࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ᪥ᮏᅜ ௨ෆࡢ㢳ᐈࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚㧗ᛶ⬟໬ࢆ㏣ồࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ୰ᅜ➼ࡢ᪂⯆௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿᏳ౯࡛฼⏝ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ኴ㝧㟁ụ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡘࡲࡾ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ๓࡟ᩋ㏥ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࢀࡤࠊ≉࡟1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ᪂ᢏ⾡ࡀ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ〇ရ㸦ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸧ࡀᕷሙ࡟ᢞධࡉࢀࡿ୍᪉ࠊ᪂⯆௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡿ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ ࣙࣥࡀㄏⓎࡉࢀࡎࠊࡴࡋࢁ␯እࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀᙉ࠸ࠋFreeman(1987)ࡀ࠿ࡘ࡚ᣲࡆࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ NSI ࡢඃ఩ ᛶࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡸ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢⓎᒎ࡜ᡂ㛗ࡢ᱑ᱹ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Christensen ➼㸦2002, 2004㸧 ࡣࠊᡓᚋ㏻ၟ⏘ᴗ┬ࡀ୺ᑟࡋࡓ⏘ᴗᨻ⟇ࡸ㛗ᮇ㞠⏝ࠊᖺຌᗎิࠊ⣔ิ࡞࡝ࡣ┠ᶆࡀ᫂☜࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ሙྜ࡟ࡣ᭷ຠࡔࡀࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࡟ࡣ୙㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋFreeman (1987)➼ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ⤒῭ࡢ฼Ⅼࡀ཯㌿ࡋ࡚㏫࡟స⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊ ձ ᅜࡢᙺ๭ࡢᙉࡉࡀᴗ⏺ࡢㆤ㏦⯪ᅋ᪉ᘧࡸ⦪๭ࡾᵓ㐀ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࠊᴗ⏺㛫ࡢ⛣ືࡸ㐓⬺ࡋࡓ⾜ືࢆ㞴 ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ղ ௻ᴗෆࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ࡜⏕⏘ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢタィ࣭㛤Ⓨࡀ⥭ᐦ࡟⤫ྜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࢖ࣀ࣋ ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡬ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᅔ㞴࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ճ 㧗ᗘࡢᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࢔ࡀከ࠸ࡀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊ㧗ᗘࡢ⛉Ꮫ▱㆑ࢆせࡍࡿ㧗ᛶ⬟ࡢ〇ရ㛤Ⓨᣦྥࢆ ⬺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ մ ᪤ᚓᶒ┈ࡢ⥔ᣢࡸ⥙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙇࡾᕠࡽࡉࢀࡓᒾ┙つไࡀ௻ᴗࡢ㠉᪂ⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆጉࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢせᅉࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ㜼ᐖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ ḟࡢ࿨㢟ࢆᑟฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࿨㢟㸰a㸸ୡ⏺ࡢ୺ὶᕷሙ࡛◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓᅜࡀ༑ศ࡞⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡓ ᚋࠊᘬࡁ⥆࠸࡚◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ᅔ㞴ࢆక࠺ࠋ  ⌧≧࡟࠾࠸࡚࿨㢟2a ࡢ౛እ஦㇟ࡢ௦⾲౛ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋChristensen ➼(2004㸧࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣ ◚ቯࡢዲᚠ⎔ࠊࡘࡲࡾࠕ◚ቯࡢ㍯ࠖࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ᙼࡽࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡀ෌ࡧᡂ㛗㌶㐨 ࡟஌ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁࡿᅜࢆᣦྥࡍ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣ᪥ᮏࢆྵࡵ࡚࠶ࡽࡺࡿᅜࡀ᥇⏝ࡍ࡭ࡁᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋHenderson(2006)࡟ ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊChristensen (1997)ࡣ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡣ⤌⧊ࢆ㠉᪂ࡋ࡚ࡍ࡭ ࠿ࡽࡃᛂࡎࡿ࡭ࡋ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᙼዪࡣࠊ௻ᴗࡢ୰᰾ⓗ⬟ຊࢆኚ᭦ࡋ࡚ࠊ ᪂ࡓ࡟㐺ษ࡞⬟ຊࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀⴭࡋࡃᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᑐᛂࡋ࡞࠸࡜Ỵᐃࡍ ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᏶඲࡟ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞㑅ᢥ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜཯ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

 Christensen ➼(2002)ࡢᥦ᱌ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟⡿ᅜࡢ஦౛ࢆᛕ㢌࡟⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊHall & Soskice (2001)ࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ VoC ㄽ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊLMEs ࡣከࡃࡢⅬ࡛ CMEs ࡜␗࡞ࡿ㈨ᮏ୺⩏ࡢᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ ࡣLMEs ࡢ௦⾲౛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ㠉ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ྲྀࡾࡸࡍ࠸཯㠃ࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ CME ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ㠉ࡢᐇ᪋࡟ࡣ┦ᙜࡢᅔ㞴ࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊHenderson ࡢศᯒࢆ ᅜࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟࠶࡚ࡣࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟ࡔ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜ࠊୖグ࿨㢟2a࡟ᑐᢠࡋ࡚ḟࡢ࿨㢟ࢆᑟฟ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࿨㢟㸰b㸸ᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡀඃໃ࡞ᅜࡀ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆከࡃ⏕ࡳฟࡍᅜ࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡟ࡣ⤒῭ᵓ㐀ࡢኚ㠉ࢆྵࡵ࡚┦ᙜࡢᅜࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢๅ᪂ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊኚ㠉ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢᅔ 㞴ࡀⴭࡋࡃ኱ࡁ࠸ሙྜࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿ᪉ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 2016 ᖺ 1 ᭶࡟⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᇶᮏィ⏬(➨஬ᮇ)ࡀ㛶㆟Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡࡟࠿࠿ࢃ ࡿᨻ⟇┠ᶆࡣ㠉᪂ⓗ࡛㠀㐃⥆࡞⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ๰ฟ࡟ࡼࡿ㇏࠿࡞ࠕ㉸ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ♫఍ࠖࡢᐇ⌧ ࡜ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢேᮦ⫱ᡂ࡟㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࡿ࡜ࠊୖグ ࿨㢟2a ࡜࿨㢟 2b ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࢃ࠿ࡾ࡙ࡽ࠸ࠋ➃ⓗ࡟ࡣࣅ࣭ࣝࢤ࣮ࢶࡸࢫࢸ࢕࣮ࣈ࣭ ࢪࣙࣈࢫࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ࠸ࡢ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹⣭ࡢ◊✲⪅ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࿨㢟 2a ࢆ㑅

ᢥࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᨻ⟇ࡣ࿨㢟2b ࡢࡑࢀ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟␗࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ➨ᅄḟ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨(⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬ࠊ 2016)ࡣ࿨㢟 2b ࡟ἢࡗࡓᥦ᱌࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ┠ᣦࡍ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ᰿ඖⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ๰ฟ࡟࠶ࡿࡀࠊ◚ ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᐇ⌧ࡼࡾࡣࡴࡋࢁᣢ⥆ⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ 5. ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟  ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣᢏ⾡⤒Ⴀศ㔝࡛ᗈࡃㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ⪃࠼᪉ࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓ࠺࠼࡛㸪㢳ᐈࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆᑟධࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ᢏ⾡㐍໬ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚య⣔໬ࡉࢀࡓ⥲ྜⓗ࡞࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋChristensen ⮬㌟ࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ ࢆᅜࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡓ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊNSI ◊✲⪅ࡀ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓᩥ⊩ࢆⴭ⪅ࡣ ᐻ⪺࡟ࡋ࡚▱ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣᢏ⾡࡜࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㐍໬ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ㄽ࡜ࡢぶ㏆ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡾࠊNSI ࡟◚ቯ⌮ㄽࢆ⧞ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔ㆟ㄽࡀ௒ᚋᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᮇᚅࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ  ከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡸᑓ㛛ᐙ㸪ᐇົᐙࡢ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿホ౯ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ᇶᮏⓗ࡞⌮ㄽᯟ⤌ࡳ ࢆᕠࡗ࡚౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ㄽ㆟ࡢ⤯࠼࡞࠸≧ἣࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿ(୕⸨ࠊ2016a)ࠋChristensen ⮬㌟ࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡣᚲ ࡎࡋࡶ᏶ᡂࡉࢀࡓ⌮ㄽ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(Christensen, 2006; Christensen et al, 2015)ࠋᮏㄽ࡛ ࡣࠊ᭱㏆◊✲ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࣁ࢖࢚ࣥࢻᆺ౵ධ(encroachment)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ Christensen et al (2015)ࡀ㓄㌴ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ஦ᴗࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ Uber ♫ࡢ஦౛ࢆ⤂௓ࡍࡿ୰࡛ไᗘࡢᙺ๭ࢆㄽ ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ◚ቯ⌮ㄽࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ไᗘㄽࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ◚ቯ⌮ㄽ࡜NSI ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㆟ㄽ ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊỴࡋ࡚㑊ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢸ࣮࣐࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ࠙ㅰ㎡ ࠚ ᮏሗ࿌ࡣ⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠㸦ᇶ┙◊✲ Bࠊㄢ㢟␒ྕ㸸16H03664ࠊ2016-2018㸧ࡢ஺௜ࢆཷࡅ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡟ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡓ࠸㹿 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩(୺せ࡞ࡶࡢࡢࡳᥖ㍕)

Christensen, C. (1997, 2000), The Innovator’s Dilemma, Harper Business.

Christensen, C., T. Craig, and S. Hart (2001), The great disruption, Foreign Affairs, 80(2), pp. 80-95. Christensen, C., M. Verlinden, and G. Westerman (2002), Disruption, disintegration, and the dissipation of differentiability, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11 (5) pp. 955-993.

Christensen, C., and M. Raynor (2003), The Innovator’s Solution, Harvard Business School Press. Christensen, C., S. Anthony, and E. Roth (2004), Seeing What’s Next, Harvard Business School. Christensen, C. (2006), The Ongoing Process of Building a Theory of Disruption, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23, pp. 39–55.

Christensen, C., M. Raynor, and R. McDonald (2015), What is disruptive innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93 (12), pp.44-53.

Freeman C. (1987), Technology Policy and Economic Performance, Pinter.

Govindarajan, V. and C. Trimble (2012), Reverse Innovation, Harvard Business School Press. Hall, P. and D. Soskice (eds.) (2001) Varieties of Capitalism, Oxford Univ. Press.

Henderson, R. (2006), The Innovator’s Dilemma as a Problem of Organizational Competence,

Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23, pp. 5-11.

Kodama, F. (2004), Measuring emerging categories of innovation: Modularity and business model,

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71 (6), 623–633.

⤒῭⏘ᴗ┬⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ᑂ㆟఍(2016)ࠗ᪂⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࣅࢪࣙࣥ㸸➨㸲ḟ⏘ᴗ㠉࿨ࢆ࣮ࣜࢻࡍࡿ᪥ᮏࡢᡓ␎࠘ ୕⸨฼㞝(2016a)ࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟㛵ࢃࡿᶵ⬟ศᯒࣔࢹࣝࡢᒎ㛤ࠖ❧࿨㤋ࣅࢪࢿࢫࢪ࣮ࣕ ࢼࣝࠊ10ࠊpp. 1-32. ୕⸨฼㞝㸦2016b㸧ࠕ◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽத:࣏࣮ࣞᩍᤵࡢᢈุⓗ࢚ࢵࢭ࢖ࢆᕠࡗ࡚ࠖ⤒Ⴀ᝟ሗᏛ఍ 2016 ᖺᗘ඲ᅜ◊✲Ⓨ⾲኱఍ண✏㞟ࠊ4p. ୕⸨฼㞝 (2016c)ࠕChristensen ᩍᤵࡢᘚ᫂㸸◚ቯⓗ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᕠࡿ 2006 ᖺࡢㄽதࠖ❧࿨㤋⤒ ႠᏛࠊ55(3)㸦ᢞ✏୰㸧 ୕⸨฼㞝ࠊᒣᮏ㞝௓(2016)ࠕ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬㸸ኴ㝧ගⓎ㟁஦ᴗࢆ஦౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠖ᪥ ᮏMOT Ꮫ఍ 2015 ᖺᗘᖺḟⓎ⾲఍ࠊ6p ෆ㛶ᗓ(2016)ࠗ➨஬ḟ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᇶᮏィ⏬࠘ ᑠᕝ⣫୍㸦2014㸧࣮ࠗ࢜ࣉࣥ㸤ࢡ࣮ࣟࢬᡓ␎࠘⩧Ὃ♫