The sub-processes of the dependency establishment process: A study on the dependency between numeral quantifiers and noun

(1)

/

daichi@lit.kyushu-u.ac.jp

keyword: P600 anterior negativity

1.

, 1998; Nakayama, 1999

Heim & Kratzer, 1998

(1)

(2)

(1) [[[ ] ] [[ ] ] ]

(1)

Kamide & Mitchell, 1999; , 2004

Tamaoka & Tanaka, 2005

(3)

2.

event-related potential; ERP

, 1998; , 2005

ERP

Kuperberg et al., 2006

ERP

Kutas & Hillyard (1980) N400

(4)

Osterhout & Holcomb (1992) Hagoort et al. (1999) Kaan et al. (2000) P600

400 N400

left anterior negativity (LAN) N400

LAN N400

LAN Friederici, 2002 P600

Kaan & Swaab, 2002

3.

(2) a. (cf.(1))

b. { / }

c. 3

(2a) (2b)

(2c) 3

(5)

(2)

wh wh

wh

(3) (4) buy

; gap wh buy

θ

gap wh buy

what wh gap

(5) Chomsky, 1977

(3) What did John buy?

(4) [_CP What_i did [_IP John [_VP buy gap_i]]]?

(5) for which x, x a object, John buy x

gap what gap

filler (6) filler gap

(6) filler gap

what gap filler_i … … … … gap_i

filler gap

gap filler

Bever & McErlee, 1988; Miyamoto

& Takahashi, 2002

Just &

Carpenter, 1992 wh

wh filler gap

(6)

filler gap gap

filler gap filler gap

host-NP

, 1969; , 1980; Ishii, 1998

(7) 3

(8) a. 3

b. 3

(7) host-NP 3

host-NP (8a, b)

host-NP

(8a, b) 3

(9)

3

(9) host-NP

host-NP

3 ( )

(8b) host-NP

(7)

(8) b. 3

, 1969; , 1978; , 1980; Ishii, 1998; , 2002

host-NP

ERP

4.

4.1.

Fiebach et al. (2001) wh

ERP (10)

wh

(11) wh

(10) wh

..., wer_i [ gap_i ... den Doktor verständigt hat].

..., who(NOM) ... the(ACC) doctor called has

(11) wh

..., wen_i [... der Doktor gap_i verständigt hat].

..., who(ACC) ... the(NOM) doctor called has

ERP

ERP wh wh

(11) wen

der Doktor

(8)

sustained-left anterior negativity: sustained-LAN

ERP (10) (11) der Doktor

P600 Fiebach et al. (2001)

sustained-LAN filler wh gap

P600

gap filler

cf. Kaan et al., 2000 filler gap

Ueno

& Kluender (2003)

ERP

(12) a.

b.

i ____i

(Ueno & Kluender, 2003, p.247)

(12a) (12b)

(i)

bilateral sustained anterior negativity

(ii) P600

Ueno & Kluender (2003) bilateral

sustained negativity filler P600 gap

filler

filler gap

ERP

filler gap

(9)

sustained-anterior negativity ¹

P600 Colin et

al., 2005; Fiebach et al., 2001, 2002; Kaan et al., 2000; King & Kutas, 1995;

Ueno & Kluender, 2003 (13) filler gap ERP

(13) ERP

4.2.

filler gap

Fiebach et al. (2001) filler gap

ERP

wh - wh

1

Fiebach et al., 2001, 2002; King &

Kutas, 1995; Rösler et al., 1998

Ueno & Kluender (2003) 関連付け処理

要素の保持

統合

sustained anterior negativity

P600

(10)

Ueno & Kluender (2003) filler gap

filler gap

Fiebach et al., (2001)

(13)

(14)

(11)

(14)

filler gap

(14)

5. 1

5.1.

4.2 (14)

Association/ Non-Association

Short/ Long 2

2 1

1. 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A/S 3

NA/S

A/L 3

NA/L

host-NP 関連付け処理

処理開始の判断

統合要素の保持

(12)

host-NP

wh scrambled element

A/S NA/S 5

A/S anterior negativity

A/L NA/L 2 A/L

anterior negativity

host-NP

A/S NA/S

5 6 A/S

anterior negativity A/L

NA/L 2 6

A/L anterior negativity

host-NP host-NP

A/S NA/S 6

A/S P600 A/L

NA/L 6 A/L P600

5.2.

5.2.1.

1

120 480

30 120

120 240

5.2.2.

16 6 10

21.6

(13)

5.2.3.

http://www.genkaido.jp/

Lingua Lab. 1 TFT

3000ms SOA

700ms ISI 100ms

5 3 5

100

5.2.4.ERP

MEB-5504

- 10-20 Fz, Cz,

Pz, F3, F4, P3, P4 Fpz

5kΩ

0.01Hz 50Hz

200Hz

(14)

5.3.

5.3.1.

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

1. A/S 3 NA/S -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

1 A/S NA/S 5 ERP

300~500 NA/S:

A/S: 3 ERP

F(1, 15) = 1.04, n.s. F(6, 90) =

1.18, n.s. F(6, 90) = 2.24, p <.05 F4

Fz, Cz

F4: F(1, 105) = 6.55, p <.05; Fz: F(1, 105) = 2.94, p <.10; Cz:

F(1, 105) = 3.43, p <.10

(15)

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

2. A/L 3 NA/L -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

2 A/L NA/L 2 ERP

300~500 A/L:

NA/L: 3 ERP

F(1, 15) = 1.04, n.s. F(6, 90) = 0.94, n.s.

F(6, 90) = 3.26, p <.005 F3, F4

Fz Fz:

F(1, 105) = 3.48, p <.10; F3: F(1, 105) = 4.93, p <.05; F4: F(1, 105) = 4.66, p

<.05

300~500 anterior negativity

5.3.2. host-NP

1 300~500 700

A/S NA/S

(16)

5 500-700 ERP

F(1, 15) = 2.34, n.s.; F(6, 90) = 0.56, n.s.; F(6, 90) = 3.41, p <.05 F4

Fz, F3, Cz F4:

F(1, 105) = 5.70, p <.05; Fz: F(1, 105) = 3.38, p <.10; F3: F(1, 105) = 4.93, p

<.10; Cz: F(1, 105) = 3.07, p <.10

3 A/L NA/L 2 6

ERP host-NP

ERP 2

500~2800 ERP

F(1, 15) = 3.14, p <.10; F(6, 90) = 0.54, n.s.

F(6, 90) = 4.15, p <.05 F3, F4

F3: F(1, 105) = 4.82, p <.05; F4: F(1, 105) = 4.13, p <.05

300~500 anterior

negativity host-NP

(17)

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

3. A/L 3 NA/L -200~2800

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

5.3.3.host-NP

Pz

P3 P4

4. A/S NA/S -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

4 A/S NA/S 6

ERP 400~700

NA/S A/S

ERP

F(1, 15) = 2.09, n.s.; F(6,

105) = 1.14, n.s. F(6, 90) = 4.82, p <.001

Pz, P3, P4 Pz: F(1,

A/L: 3 NA/L:

A/L:

NA/L:

A/S:

NA/S:

(18)

105) = 4.58, p <.05; P3: F(1, 105) = 4.91, p <.05; P4: F(1, 105) = 7.54, p <.01

Pz

P3 P4

5. A/L NA/L -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

5 A/L NA/L 6

ERP 400~700

NA/L A/L

ERP

F(1, 15) = 4.40, p <.05; F(6, 90) = 1.48, n.s.

F(6, 90) = 0.54, n.s.

400~700

Fiebach et al. (2001),

Ueno & Kluender (2003) P600

5.3.4.A/S A/L

Pz

P3 P4

6. A/S A/L -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

6 A/S A/L 6 ERP

A/L:

NA/L:

A/S:

A/L:

(19)

400~700

F(1, 15) = 0.20, n.s.; F(6, 90) = 0.37, n.s.;

F(6, 90) = 0.86, n.s.

P600

2

5.4.

1

anterior negativity host-NP

sustained anterior negativity host-NP

P600 P600

(14)

2 (1969)

1 gap

gap 3 3

A/S A/L 3

gap A/L

A/S

関連付け処理処理開始の判断

(20)

(14) 1

host-NP

anterior negativity King & Kutas, 1995; Fiebach et al., 2001, 2002; Ueno & Kluender, 2003 host-NP

host-NP P600 (Kaan et al., 2000)

1 host-NP

1 anterior

negativity host-NP

2

6. 2

6.1.

(15) host-NP

host-NP

(21)

(15) host-NP

1

ERP

(16) host-NP

3 ( )

(17) (15)

(16) 3

(17) host-NP

(16) 3

1

(16)

(18)

(16) 3

(17)

(22)

(16) 3

(19) a. b.

(19b) (19a)

sustained anterior negativity

ERP

2. 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A/S-b 3

NA/S-b

A/L-b 3

NA/L-b

統合

(23)

2 2

A/S-b A/L-b 6 3

A/S-b 5 A/L-b

2 host-NP

1 6

1 300

2

NA/S-b A/S-b NA/L-b

A/L-b 6

1

1 P600

6

NA A P600

6.2.

6.2.1.

2

1

6.2.2.

16 3 13

21.3 1

(24)

6.2.3.

1

6.2.4.ERP 1

6.3.

6.3.1.A/S-b NA/S-b

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

EOG

7. A/S-b 3 NA/S-b -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

7 A/S-b NA/S-b 6 ERP

300~500 A/S-b

ERP

F(1, 15) = 3.83, p<.10;

F(6, 90) = 5.11, p<.05 F4

(25)

F3 F(6, 90) = 4.47, p<.05; F3: F(1, 105) = 4.32, p<.10; F4: F(1, 105) = 6.95, p<.05

500 A/S-b

500~800

F(1, 15) = 1.28, n.s.;

: F(6, 90) = 4.52, p<.05 Fz, Cz, Pz

F(6, 90) = 3.67, p<.05; Fz: F(1, 105) = 6.43, p<.05; Cz: F(1, 105) = 5.87, p<.05; Pz: F(1, 105)

= 6.54, p<.05

A/S-b NA/S-b

300~500 A/S-b

500~800

6.3.2.A/L-b NA/L-b

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

EOG

8. A/L-b 3 NA/L-b -100~1000

ERP X 100

Y 5μV

(26)

8 A/L-b NA/L-b 6 ERP

1 300~500 NA/L-b

A/L-b 3 ERP

F(1, 15) = 3.43, p < .10; F(6, 90) = 0.41, n.s.

F(6, 90) = 2.40, p<.05 Fz, F3,

F4 Cz Fz: F(1, 105) = 5.23, p<.05; F3:

F(1, 105) = 5.06, p<.05; F4: F(1, 105) = 4.81, p<.05; Cz: F(1, 105)=3.38, p<.10

500~800 ERP

NA/L-b A/L-b

F(1, 15)

= 6.72, p<.05; F(6, 90) = 8.23, p<.01; F(6, 90) = 0.93, n.s.

A/L-b NA/L-b

300~500 500~800

(27)

6.3.3.A/S-b A/L-b

Fz

Cz

Pz

F3 F4

P3 P4

EOG

9. A/S-b A/L-b -100~1000

ERP X 100 Y

5μV

9 A/S-b A/L-b 6 3 ERP

300~500

F(1, 15) = 0.47, n.s.; F(6, 90) = 8.96,

p<.001 F(6, 90) = 0.44, n.s.

500~800

F(1, 15) = 0.40,

n.s.; F(6, 90) = 3.28, p<.01 F(6,

90) = 0.82, n.s.

A/S-b A/L-b 6

ERP

6.4.

2 NA/S-b

(28)

A/S-b NA/L-b A/L-b

300 500

host-NP ERP

host-NP

1 host-NP

host-NP

1 2

1

A/S-b A/L-b

P600

host-NP

P600 1

7.

7.1.

(29)

ERP

host-NP

host-NP host-NP

1 filler gap

host-NP

host-NP P600

host-NP

host-NP 1

sustained-anterior negativity

P600 filler

gap host-NP

2 anterior negativity

anterior negativity P600

sustained-anterior negativity

anterior negativity

(30)

(20) a. A

b.

A

c. B A

B

(20) ERP

anterior negativity negativity

P600 (21)

ERP

(21) ERP

7.2.

filler gap

host-NP

P600 関連付け処理

処理開始の判断

anterior negativity

P600

(31)

P600

host-NP P600

P600

P600 ERP

P600

Fiebach et al. (2001)

P600

3

3 wh dependency Phillips et al. (2005) wh

dependency P600

Phillips et

al. (2005) filler wh dependency

wh dependecy

sustained anterior negativity: SAN wh

(32)

anterior negativity

N400

Kutas

& Hillyard, 1980 N400

400

N400

anterior negativity

N400

(22) a. 3

b. 3

1 (22a) 3

N400

cf. , 2006; , 2007

(22b) 3

recency

3

Phillips et al. (2005)

(33)

(22b)

2 3

N400

p.22

2

8.

(34)

P600 P600

P600 ERP

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(38)

The sub-processes of the dependency establishment process: A study on the dependency between numeral quantifiers and noun

phrases

Yasunaga, Daichi

(Graduate School of Humanities, Kyushu University/ Japan society for the promotion of science)

A dependency establishment process is a successive procedure that readers use to determine the syntactic dependency between two or more elements.

This study investigates when and how the readers make a decision on such dependency during on-line sentence processing, especially when they read sentences including numeral quantifiers in Japanese. In Japanese, a numeral quantifier and its host-NP can appear relatively freely in a sentence. To comprehend the sentence, however, readers must determine the relationship between the two elements. Two ERP experiments were conducted and the results indicated that the dependency establishment process consists of three sub-processes: (i) Judgment to start the integration process, (ii) Holding an unintegrated element, and (iii) Integration of the two elements.

2007 2 28 2007 5 13