ȏܩݖȑᄩޅکᰍɭɌɩɹၖय़ᮒകቑޙ
⏎μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡˡ͍͡ͻͲɹёȴʰ⏎
॑ǵाǵӵǵᮁ *
Tropical Forest Destruction in a Local Context:
An Example from Cameroon
ICHIK AWA Mitsuo*
The economic crisis and structural adjustment in the early 1990s accelerated logging operations and agricultural expansion in Cameroon, which resulted in massive destruction of the tropical forest in the southern part of the country. Even where forest trees remained uncut, animal populations in the forest decreased considerably owing to the excessive hunting pressure imposed by commercial bushmeat trading. Such deterioration of the forest ecosystem posed global as well as local environmental problems, and attracted international attention, since when various projects have been promoted to save the forest ecosystems in Cameroon. While most of these projects are financially and organizationally supported by external sources, like similar projects before them, some are attempting new conservation measures. They emphasize active participation by local inhabitants, instead of applying a top-down bureaucratic method of conservation. These projects are, however, facing difficulties for several reasons.
Against this background, this essay first examines the problems involved in the Western protectionism and nature aesthetics that prevailed in the conservation schemes of the last century. It also demonstrates that the new types of conservation attempts in the area, such as “community forest” and “adaptive management”, have not yet produced satisfactory results, due largely to a lack of understanding of the multiplex relationships between people and nature in the forest ecosystem and of the complex local ethnic relationships in the area. The important thing is to hold a clear image in which people and forest co-exist in a desirable manner, in addition to securing people's right over the land or compensation for the loss of access to the forest resources. In order to understand the relationships of people and forest properly, and to design a desirable future image, three
* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
types of ecological investigation are proposed here: (1) cultural ecology, to show how people's life and culture depend on the forest and its resources, (2) historical ecology, to evaluate short- and long-term impacts of human activities on the forest environment, and (3) political ecology, to illustrate the relationship between the forest-related activities at the local level and the political and economic situations at the national and international levels.
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/ ૩ႅ෫ٟ͈࡛ે
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകɻ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩˁμਕɴঃȵʱ⏋ᐵᯆዩȵᏝ 1 Ӝ 7 ןΨ ha⏋ᯆዩȴʰȦȭ ɽˏ͇̈Ͳा༑ݖɴɦȽγᅠፀ 2 ɹၖय़ᮒകɫȡʳ⏏ആˏ˻ˏʦˏ͍͠ˡɹၖय़ᮒകɭປᥒ ɐʳɭ⏋෯ଁปዛɹధʦปᲞ⏋ࣝ෯ᦶɲɰȵປᥒᇕᏤɞɭៜʼʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢ 1 ha ȡɛʱ 60-70 ዛɹปೠȵᗛʱ⏋ሁ৹ 60 cm ГΫɹ߂৹ೠɞȿɫ 15-16 m3ɹೳዩˁʢɦݟǾɭɌɛගകɫ ȡʳ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ᮠᬏᰖʦᤛᰖɲɰɹړϖ֪႒ሂȵᢌɫ⏋˳͠͞ʦ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɲɰɹᐓྙ ઉዛȵᅊਖ਼ɐʳɄɭɫʢሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹᢌȴɲගകȵ⏋ჼܧਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴປ ᥒᇕకȵࡴɌɩȦʳˡ͍͡ͻͲ⏋ˤ̓ͲɲɰɫɻගകቑޙȵᘿɌȼᦽ˃ɫȦʳ⏏ ǵˡ͍͡ͻͲɴȲȿʳගകᐵᯆዩɻ 2,000 Ψ ha մɭࡴɇʶ⏋ɗɹʓɭ˃ɰȵȦʼʪʳྂ࿅ ගക⏃ץᘺᘽਸปകˁيʞၖय़ᮒക⏆ɫȡʳ⏏1980 ॷȴʰ 1995 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋Ʉɹගȴʰ 200 Ψ ha ʢɹගകȵ߉ʼʶɛɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴ 1994 ॷɴ CFA ̶͞Ͳɹ߂३ɲՖʱάɁ⏃50⎾⏆ȵ ʼʶ⏋ᥥᦢᢹϺИᢹɲɰȵሂࢪᇕɴжάɐʳɭ⏋Гմɴɻ˱˽̜ᯆɫ፤ȵɭʶɲȴɤɛ ߡܩɫʢФȵᦽʞʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗˡ͍͡ͻͲɻ⏋̢͖ͻ˧̢ˏ⏋ˤ̓Ͳ⏋͇ͤͻ˹ˏ ɴ๖Ƚγᅠ 4 еɹೠೳᥥՏܕɴɲɤɛ⏏ФȵᲞ࿈ɴ᧒Ɍɛ 1996-98 ॷɴɻ⏋ॷᬚॶܯ 170 Ψ m3⏋ᩆᰎɴɌɩ 2 Ӝ 3 ןΨ̝͡ʢɹೠೳȵܕɴᥥՏɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɄʶɻγᅠɹೠೳᅋՏᲞɹ 10 Օɹ 1 ɴ᧒ɐʳᩄɫȡʳBikie et al. 2000⏏ʚɛ⏋1959 ॷɴɻᐵගകᯆዩɹʼɑȴ 8 ⎾ɴɐ ȹɲȴɤɛФܩݖȵ⏋1999 ॷɴɻ 76⎾ɴʢ᧒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋০িᇕɴɓʭѳᡸך ɴɲɤɩȦʳɹɻʼɑȴ 6 ⎾ȡʚʱɫ⏋ɐʏɩˁغʼɓɩʢ 140 Ψ ha ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏ ǵˡ͍͡ͻͲɴȲȿʳගകቑޙɴɻ⏋߂ៀฐɲФɞȿɫɲȼ⏋1980 ॷБץɹᐁཕลɭɗ ʶɴɦɧȼ෯ᦶఒᯊȵ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁؖʖɌɛɭȦʼʶʳSunderlin et al. 2000⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɫ ɻ 1991-92 ॷɴ⏋IMF ɭγ᪃ɹܦɴʭɤɩԇԊᨆᬐɹᮄᅎᓔȵཝʰɇʶ⏋1993 ॷɴɻᣀᩆȵ߂ ३ɴˡ̜̒ɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋1983 ॷɴɻ 7 ⎾ɞɤɛᨊ॑ɹ߉რȵ 1994 ॷɴɻ 24⎾ɴ᧒Ɍ⏋ ᢩܐࣝɻзɹ 20⎾ɴʚɫΫɌɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᨊ॑ɴȲȿʳᅊ༎Иɹੲɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ɗ ʶʚɫɻᨊ॑ʍ༑ՏɐʳΥɞɤɛϺؤȵᦅɴ᧰༑ˁɻɍʠɛ⏏ɗʶГմɻॷᬚ 0.7⎾ʓɰɫ ȡɤɛᦅϺؤɹވ֓რȵ⏋ᐁཕลГᭇɹ 10 ॷᬚɴɻ 4.1⎾ɴΫɌɛ⏏ɭȼɴ 1993 ॷГᭇ ɹ 5 ॷᬚɴɻ⏋ᦅʍɹውԂɹȵውՏʭʱʢȼɲɤɛܩݖʢȡʳSunderlin et al. 2000⏏ ǵϺؤɹވȭɛᦅɫɻ⏋ˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɲɰɹᥥՏᅎɹปೠс႒ȴʰ⏋̺͞Ͳ̘ͲɲɰɹᕶᐌȲʭʃܕԒ༥ᢹᅎɹᰩషɹᅊᅋɴᦅɹᩂဣȵውɇʶɛ⏏ވ֓ɌɛϺؤˁఌȭʳɛʠɴʚɑ ᕶᐌᅎɹᰩషȵਖឹɫȡɤɛɄɭɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᦅᕶ᤹ȵѝൔɹέࡴɲᥥՏс႒ʭʱʢ⏋ܕԒɫ ተࡸɴެʶʳᰩషɹȵգɭʛɩ⏋ɐɫɴȡʳˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɹᅣˁɗɹʚʚɴɌɩ⏋ᰩᅎ с႒ɹൕݛɹɛʠɴృɌȦᓚܩˁՖʱᬖȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ᐁཕลʦ෯ᦶᠭɴʭɤ ɩʢɛʰɇʶɛᦅϺؤɹވ֓ɭᦅ০ɹȵගക༥߉ɹΥ܍ɭɲɤɛɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ࡸ ᭬⏋ᖒዷԠሎʦᅙӉɹՕഓȴʰ⏋1986 ॷɹᐁཕลГᭇ 10 ॷᬚɹගകཝࢹრɻ⏋ɗʶГմ ɹ 10 ॷᬚɹ 10 ҆ɴʢ᧒ɐʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ǵФʦᓚܩɴʭɤɩගകᯆዩȵཝࢹɌɩȦʳɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭឿȴȿΫɻጓ༐ɲගകȵ ɤɩȦɩʢ⏋րɲႵჃܦɲɰɴʭɤɩȋගകɹዷ༃ȍȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳɭɄʸʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏ ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɹܩɫɻჼܧʢɲȲ⏋1 Ϻ 1 ॶܯ 100 g մɹვᔀȵ༥ᢹɇʶ⏋зɹௌɐʳ ̊Ͳ̮˪ᣒɹ߂ץˁʚȴɲɤɩȦʳWilkie and Carpenter 1999⏏ၖय़ᮒകܩݖɫɻ̓˛̓˛̫ ˛ɹᅊਖ਼ʦ႑ᗳܩέɲɰɹɛʠ⏋Υᖔɴࢃᅨᰲɻᇵ˃ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɹзɴɭɤɩ ვᔀɻ⏋έɌȵɠɲ̊Ͳ̮˪ᣒɹњᐌ྇ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ᦏॷɹᨊ॑ ʦɗʶɴЫȩගകቑޙɴʭɤɩᕶးɭɹஞ៘ˁ߉Ȧɦɦȡʳзɴɭɤɩ⏋ვᔀɻ⏋ࢃᅨɹᔀ ʦɲɰȴʰɫɻʰʶɲȦȋᩃᅊɹȍˁήȭʳʢɹɭɌɩ႕աɲѝғˁЊήɇʶɩȦʳ⏏߂ ȷɲᨊ॑ɹзɻ⏋၁ɫၭɌɛܔȦვᔀˁႌᔀʦᢑᔀɲɰʭʱʢ߫ʛ⏋ʼɊʼɊᲞȦᩆˁଡɤɩ ᢷȦິʠɛʱɐʳ⏏ვᔀɹϯ౫ᕶкɻГմȴʰȡɤɛȵ⏋ᦏɫɻვᔀɹ༑ᦲᩄ༥ᢹᩄɭʢɴ ވ֓Ɍ⏋॑ݭȵୟ߂ɌɩȦʳ⏏ԒʦɗʶɴЫȩᐁཕɹཌྷϕ⏋˓Ͳ̶͞ɹੲɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋Ʉ !2!ȁισȜϋධ໐̤̫ͥͅুட༗ࢌߊ
ʶʚɫᦅɴȲȿʳςឹɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɫȡɤɛˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɹՏᗼȵܐᮑɴɲʱ⏋ɗʶɴБ ʼɤɩვᔀȵଝᦏɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹʭȩɴ⏋ᮄᅎᠭʦᣀᩆˡ̜̒ ɲɰ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ෯ᦶᠭɹ৯ᯱɴʭɤɩᨊ॑ȴʰᦅʍɹϺؤ᧰༑ȵᣱȷɛɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ɗʶȵ ɇʰɴვᔀɹϯ౫ɴˁȴȿɩȦʳ⏏ ǵႵჃȡʳȦɻვᔀɹϯ౫ɻ⏋ᣀ֝ӈɲɰʭʱȼɹჼᩆؚԂˁʢɛʰɐɭȦȩݬٚʢȡʳ⏏μ ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹ˸Ͳˤ - ˵Ͳˤ (Dzanga-Sangha) ܕጓԇܟɹЊᦏɫɻ⏋ႵჃɴʭɤɩ 1 Ϻॷᬚॶܯ 400-700 US⎼ˁɩȦʳȵNoss 1998⏋ɄʶɻԇܟᡰҺڊɹᣀᩆɭؾፈʚɛɻɗʶГΫɫȡʳ⏏ ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ˻͑ (Dja) ѳᡸךɹٞᦇɫʢ⏋ႵჃɻ̩Ͳ̊ͻ 1 Ϻȡɛʱॷᬚ 650 US ⎼ʢɹؚԂ ˁʢɛʰɐɭȦʼʶʳNgegues and Fotso 1996⏏Ʉʶʰɹёˁʛʳɭ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢቁೝᇕɴʛ ʳȴȹʱ⏋ႵჃɻɄɹܩݖɫɻȷʼʠɩᲞؚԂɹ༎֪ɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲڧᇕႵჃɹ༎ᇍɴʭɤɩ⏋֪႒҅кᒴɹཝࢹȵ߂ȷɲکᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏˱Ͳ ˳ᇮܩɫɻ⏋ɄʶʚɫɹႵჃɴʭɤɩගകਸˏͲ̘ͦͻ̺ᰖȵץཝɌɛɭȦȩݬٚʢȡʳHart 2000⏏ɭȼɴ˳̍͠͞Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɲɰɹዎࢹዛʦ⏋ᢒɲɰɹ߂݀ړϖᰖɹᐓྙȵઉɇʶɩ Ȧʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ֪႒ɻȦɑʶʢᑢຂᦵȵᧆȼ⏋ɗʶɞȿႵჃɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿʦɐȦɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ ၖय़ᮒകɹᅊᇕИ⏋ɐɲʼɠᅊ႒ਸɹࡔܧȵɗʶɴˁȴȿɩȦʳ⏏႕ࡴɹዛɹʛ ˁࢪᢒɭɌɛႵჃɫɻ⏋ႵჃܦɴʭɤɩ֪႒ɹᅊਖ਼ࢌȵཝࢹɐʳɭ⏋ႵჃ֟რȵάȵɤɩʦȵ ɩɻႵჃᕶкȵఔඉɇʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌధɹዛȵࡔܧɐʳၖय़ᮒകɫɻ⏋ЈɹႵჃࢪᢒȵמՕɲࢌ ɫᅊਖ਼ɐʳȴȹʱႵჃȵɦɧȿʰʶʳ⏏ɗɹዐɫዎࢹዛɴՏЦȭɽ⏋ʢɠʸ˃ɗʶʰʢႰʼ ʶʳɹɫ⏋ᑢຂɹᧆȦዛʦ߂݀ዛȴʰ༥ྙɌɩȦȼɭȦȩʼȿɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛႥˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹѳᡸ༎֪ʢ༎ᇍɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ᦏॷɹӃكɭɌ ɩɄʶʚɫɭɻᅵɲɤɛ০ɫɹѳᡸɹਖឹਸȵ୭ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ਃഀ⏋ၖय़ᮒകɹቑޙɭȦȭ ɽ⏋ܩჽ߂ຩɴࢪɐʳੲ৯ᯱ⏃ཧಣ⏆ʦᅊ႒ਸ⏃᧨Шࡎ྇⏆ɹ༥߉ɭȦɤɛ˫ͦͻ̫͡ ɲ៎ဣȴʰکᰍɭɇʶʳɄɭȵȴɤɛ⏏ɞȴʰɄɗɗʶɻ⏋ȋܩჽᄩޅکᰍȍɭȦʼʶɩȷɛ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋ˫ͦͻ̫͡˱͐Ͳ̀⏃ԃϺᰖɹԊᣂᅋ⏆ȍˁࡪʳɛʠɴ⏋ɐʏɩɹϺᬚ ༎֪ˁக᭑ɌɛȋᩃᅊɹූܟȍˁɦȼʳɄɭȵਖឹɞɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄʶɻإԎᇕɲѳᡸςᒶ (protectionism) ˁ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚ͲȵᦽʞჼБɴغʼɓɩˏͤͲ˻Ɍɛᓒȭɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉ Ʉɴɻ߂ȷɲکᰍȵࡑʚʶɩȦʳ⏏ܩჽៀฐɹکᰍȵɗɹʚʚܩݖзɹکᰍɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶʳ ʓɰ⏋γᅠɻܯᣒɫᐏغɹɭʶɛʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ᕶးѳᡸˁުᲞɴςɐʳɹɻ⏋ɛȦɩȦȋ ᨆȍɹ⏋ȋȍɹγᅠɹϺᬚɫȡʳ⏏ჼܩзɴɭɤɩɗʶɻ⏋ȋɗɄɴз˃ɫȲʰɑ⏋ณգʢʢ ɛɲȦܕϺȵЈϺɹܤܩɴᬠɌɩؤˁ୳ʞȍɄɭɞɭʳɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɭʱʼȿ⏋ჼܧɹʭ ȩɲܩჽᄩޅɹลˁʢɛʰɌɛɗʢɗʢɹ܍ȵȋȍɹᅋయ౩ɭ⏋ȋȍɴʭʳඨܩɹ ؚߥɴȡɤɛɄɭإा 2001 ˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲଫՠɻʢɤɭʢɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ ǵɌȴɌჼܧᦽɌɩȦʳʭȩɲගകቑޙʦගകɹዷ༃ɻ⏋ɗɄɴзʞܩݖɹзᕶ᤹ɹᅊ
༎ݜᇻˁᔪȴɌɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɭయˁఌȭɩȷɛ္ᅣᦅᓚʦႵჃ༎֪ȵ୫ᐚخᔨɲͤ̾͡ ˁᣳȭɦɦȡʱ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ৳ʰɹᅊ༎ᕶкȵᦏȦࢰഀɴጓɠʪȴɲȼɲʳɭȦȩลˁᦎȭ ɩȦʳ⏏зɴɭɤɩගകቑޙɻ⏋ȋܩჽᄩޅکᰍȍɭȦȩʭʱȋܩݖɹᄩޅکᰍȍɫȡʳ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ⏋ගകɴћࡔɌɩᅊ༎ɐʳзɴɭɤɩ⏋ȋᩃᅊɹූܟȍɻ⏋ᅊ༎ɹݜᇻȵռߥɇʶʳɄ ɭˁઝ٢ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻගകቑޙɭʼʰɲȦ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻɞȴʰ⏋ਃഀɹᕶးѳᡸɹ ̮̋͞˓͌⏮ȋᩃᅊɹූܟȍɹጓɴȴʼʳ⏋ృɌȦ০ɹᕶး៎ɭѳᡸɹ͐̚͡ˁ෯፷ɐʳਖឹ ȵȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ගȴʰϺᬚˁக᭑ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ගɹμɫϺᬚɭᕶးȵԊᅊɐʳʭȩɲගക ѳԃɹ͐̚͡ɫȡʳ⏏ᕶးѳᡸɴɦȦɩɻᦏɇʚɊʚɲ᠅ʛȵʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ʼʶʼʶɻʚ ɞᕶးɭϺᬚɹʚɌȦᬠѥɴɦȦɩ౩ተɲ˓͍ͻ˻ˁʢɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ᕶးɭϺᬚȵԊᅊɐʳγ ᅠˁተጓɐʳɄɭ⏋ɗʶɻȋإԎᇕɲȍᕶးѳᡸςᒶᓔɴȦʼɓʶɽͅ˽̢̜͐̋˽̜ɹॽ Attwell and Cotterill 2000ɲɹȴʢሾʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌࢹɲȼɭʢᕶးѳᡸˁᓒȭʳɴȡɛɤɩ ɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛʚɌȦγᅠɴɦȦɩɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ౩ተɴɌɩȲȼɄɭȵᩂឹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶˁฐ Ꮾɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ܩݖድȵʁɭɦɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁரњɐʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗʶȵ⏋ኽȵܩݖድ ɴɦɲȽॕɫȡʳ⏏
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/ ুட༗ࢌএே͈ठ൦
ǵਃഀɹᕶးѳᡸਲ਼ɹঈɴɻ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶး៎⏋ɐɲʼɠȋଝɦȴɑɹᕶးȍˁᕸᲞɹʢɹ ɭɐʳᒭઝᡫȵȡʳɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ɗɄɫʚɑ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶးᒭɴᬠɐʳ Crandell 1993] ɹᓒ ࢘ɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹᕶးѳᡸɴᬠɐʳ Neuman 1998ɹᠶᓒˁؒ၇Ɍɦɦ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶး៎ɭɗ ʶɴʢɭɧȼȋܕጓԇܟȍ⏮ȋᩃᅊɹූܟȍɹ෯ɴɰɹʭȩɲکᰍȵȡʳȴˁද២ɌɩȲȷɛ Ȧ⏏ ǵჼБɴȲȿʳᕶးѳᡸɹጩᇕɲᝠჼˁ⏋ɛɭȭɽˏ̶͠ˡɹܕጓԇܟɴʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ঃ ߂ɲ˵̫Ͳ̠ɫ੭းɭᗳˁɻʞᤛᰖɹᒴʶ⏏ɗʶˁᗛʛȴʰȩȴȵȩ͞˓ˠͲʦ̍ͻ̊ፈɹ ᰩვ⏏৳ʰȵᰩȦɌɛᔼᔀɴᒴȵʳ̩˓˛̠ʦ̩˰̊ˡ⏏Ʉʶʰɻᗮɹᬚɹ̘̲ͤʦ៎ӵͅ˽ ̊ͻɲɰɫȲɲɍʛɹӵಕɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɄɴɻȴɲʱࡴ݀Ɍɛˏ̶͠ˡɹ˓͍ͻ˻ȵᝠʶɩȦ ʳ⏏˵̫Ͳ̠ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩȵᕶးɹۊʛɹʚʚɴࣙᬖɌɩȦʳʭȩɴʛȭʳ⏏ɄʶɄɗȵី๘γ ᅠȵˏ̶͠ˡɴິʠɛȋჿɹᕶးȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɫȡʱ⏋ȋˏ̶͠ˡɹȡʳʏȷࠒȍɫȡʳ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ⏋ɗɄɫӈȼϺᬚɹࠒɻᇖံɫȡʱ⏋ȴɦɩɻɗɄȵ႑ᅨɹᅊ༎ɹᖏدɫȡɤɛɭȦȩϟ ࡸʢ᭯ᚂɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ ǵCrandell 1993ɴʭʶɽ⏋ܕጓԇܟˁჿᇕɲᕶးɭɐʳʭȩɲី๘ɹᕶးᒭɻ⏋17 γᏛ Гᭇᇵ˃ɴயȴʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛᰟಕᅙɴᅓഀɐʳ⏏য়ಁɹᢵʦ֤ᖂɌɦɦȡɤɛμᅋ᭥Ꮹ ɻ⏋ᐒᅙɴயȴʶɛʭȩɲಕ៎ˁჿᇕɲᕶးɭᓒȭ⏋ɗʶˁິʠɩోɴՏɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɠʬȩ ɰΥ३ɹᐒˁʛʳʭȩɴᕶးɴȋങ⏮ޅᅠȍˁȿ⏋ɗʶˁᨆȴʰᣌɌɛ⏏৳ʰɴɭɤɩᕶးɭɻɦʚʱ⏋ಕ៎ɫȡʱ⏋ȋՕᮐȍɌȋ៎࢘ȍɐʳࢪᢒɫȡɤɛWilliams 1973⏏ᕶးɻ⏋ਢ ᧟ɲዿȴʰᦲʱɐȵʱɴሖʠʳᵶɌȷಕᖬɭɌɩкᱻɇʶʳʢɹ⏋ȦȦȴȭʶɽȋᨆȍȴʰ ഀɛᓔɹᣌɹࢪᢒɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻȋԒᨆȍɹ࣎зᓔ⏮ᅊᅋᓔɭɻᅵɲʳᕶးɹкᱻɫȡɤɛ ȵ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲᒭᇕᣌɹࢪᢒɭɌɩɹಕ៎ɹଁጓɭɭʢɴ⏋ȋᒭᇕɲȍᕶးɭȋࡸ᭬ᇕɲ⏃ᅊ ᅋɹݭɭɌɩɹ⏆ȍᕶးȵύᮐɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋Ϻဤɹؖ˃ɫȦɲȦᕶး (pristine nature) ȵჿᇕɲᕶးɭɇʶɩȦɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˡ͖̍͡͞͡˽̊̚ˑͻ̀ᰟɴȦȭɽ⏋য়ಁɹᢵ ᭥Ꮹ⏃ɹɠɴɻμᅋ᭥Ꮹ⏆ɴɭɤɩ⏋ईᲞɲᕶးɹᣌɭᣊᒭɻ⏋ᕶैɹ᭥Ꮹᇕˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ ̘ˑˁተጓɐʳลЦɫȡɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ Neuman 1998ȵ୭ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ᐒᅙᇕɲᰟಕˁິʠ ɩয়ಁɹᢵȵɤɛో (Grand Tour) ɻ⏋ʦȵɩ߂ᝓɌɛ̠˹͚̠̮͡ͻ˪̓ˏͻɴৄ ȷᐙȵʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲី๘γᅠɹᕶးᒭˁᔘಕɴ⏋19 γᏛɹץ⏃1872 ॷ⏆ɴγᅠ՟ɹܕጓԇܟȵ ˏ͍͠ˡɹ˓˛ͦͻ˽̜ͻͲɴጓɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹ⏋Ʉɹ͐̚͡ɴɌɛȵɤɩ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒⏋ˏ̶ ͠ˡɲɰ⏋γᅠعܩɴܕጓԇܟȵጓɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏ ǵ19 γᏛץȴʰˏ̶͠ˡɴᦽՏˁࠃʠɛី๘ɹඨᓔɛɠɻ⏋ȋᩃᅊᇕɲᕶးȍˁɗɄɴឿɩ⏋ ᕶՕɛɠɹᒭઝᡫɴ০ˁήȭʭȩɭɌɛ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴɻ⏋ೣܕɫɻɭȩɴ߉ʼʶɩɌʚɤɛȋᩃ ᅊɹಕ៎ȍȵȡʳɭʛɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ⏋ೣܕɐɲʼɠᕶՕɛɠˁȋయȍɹүɴȲȷ⏋ඨ ܩˁȋᕶးȍɹүɴȲȼɭȦȩ৳ʰɹϠӯᠶᇕࢪᒞȵؙɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ȋଝɦȴɑɹᕶးȍɭ ɇʶɛಕ៎ɴ⏋лγᏛɴʢʼɛɤɩᤄˁɌɩȷɛܩݖɹзȵȦɛɭȦȩϟࡸɻʚɤɛȼᰘ ૅɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ ǵȋჿɹᕶးȍɭɌɩɹԇܟɹጓɴɻ⏋ɗɄȴʰϺᬚ༎֪ˁக᭑ɐʳɞȿɫɻמՕɫɲȴɤ ɛ⏏৳ʰɹࡔܧˁɗɹܤܩɹرȴʰ༥ɌؑʳɄɭȵਖឹɞɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃ɗȩɌɛɄ ɭȵخᔨɲɹɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɻʢɭʢɭϺᬚɹଝȵ֓ʼɤɩȦɲȦዷᇐɹᩃᅊɹܩɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴ ඨᓔɹయᇕ⏋ᐁཕᇕఌᨗȵɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɗʶʰȵయᇕ⏋ᅊᅋᇕɲዷᬚɴȭʰʶ ɩȦȼ⏋ɭȦȩر៎ȵȡɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ܕጓԇܟɻɄȩɌɛر៎ɹʢɭɫ⏋ȴɦɩඨᓔ ȵ᧠ᧇɌɛ՟ᇕಕ៎⏮ᩃᅊႥˁ៨ਥɐʳ᧨ᅋɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋ɄɹʭȩɴϺဤȵக᭑ɇʶʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋য়՟ࡴɌɩȦɛɹɭɻؙࢪɹكɴᕶ းɹȵᦽʞɄɭʢȡʳNeuman 1998⏏ᕶးɹȋ߫ʚɌȦȍɴɻɌɽɌɽઝܒᇕ⏋ᯃ ઝܒᇕɲϺဤɴʭʳЂԂȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏˓˛ͦͻ˽̜ͻͲԇܟɫɻ⏋ᒭɌȦගകಕ៎ˁᐣ୫ɐ ʳɹɴȡʳዐɹᩃတɹᇍᅊȵਖឹɞɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᩃတɻ߂ᩄɹᶌȼ္ȿɛೠˁɐ⏏ᶌɄɁ ɹೠȵጓɠιʉӵಕɻɰȩʛɩʢჿɭɇʶɩȦʳȋᐒᅙᇕɲᕶးȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɴغᕹɐʳʢɹ ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫԇܟয়࣌ɻᩃတɹᇍᅊˁȲɇȭʳᒞˁɭɤɛɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ᩃတȵଵȭʰʶɛ ɛʠɴЁɻ߂ᩄɹഞʶೠȵݡዩɌ⏋ɗʶʰȵᕶးᇍတɌɩଝȵɦȿʰʶɲȦ߂တϟȵᇍᅊɌɛ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɭؾɲჼᢒɻȡɠɄɠɫݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ́ͤͲ˰̘̒ˑܕጓԇ
ܟɫʢ⏋ᮁ߂ɲሖȵූɌʠʳᗳȴʰࢃᅨɭ႑ᅨȵக᭑ɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ࢃᅨɴʭɤɩᅊᔒȵଵ ȭʰʶɩȦɛปೠȵែᅠˁߺɁʳʓɰɴᅊȦᗛɤɛݭଘȵȡʳɭȦʼʶʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹՏഀϟɻ⏋ ȋჿɹᕶးȍˁᐣ୫ɐʳɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁఔᒞɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɌɽɌɽϺဤɹЂԂȵਖឹɞɭȦ ȩɄɭˁ႒ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻʚɇɴ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒፬ჿ (wildlife management) ɭȦȩሺሄˁي˃ɞ ෙਥȵኍڗɐʳɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏
3
/ ૧̱̞ࠁ͈ুட༗ࢌ͈ຈါ
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳܕጓԇܟɹرɻ⏋ܤܩɭᣂ྇ˁीʳඨܩకঌɭܩݖзɹࢪጓɹرɫ ȡɤɛ⏏1960 ॷБɹˏ̶͠ˡᡉܕࢃɹႶጓГᭇʢ⏋Ʉɹࢪጓɹرɻɗɹʚʚᤑ឴ɇʶɛ⏏Ɍ ȴɌࢌჃȵᐓȭɲȦɄɭȴʰ⏋ܕጓԇܟɹѢႢᓔɴࢪɐʳଵܦɻ⏋୨کʦࢮຏˁيʞ؏ɌȦʢɹ ɴ˛˽ˡͤͻ̜ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻ 1980 ॷБɴᢒɹ҅ кధȵץཝɌ⏋˪ͦ˵˓ɴᕸɤɩɻ 98⎾ʢཝࢹɐʳɭȦɤɛʭȩɴ⏋ᩃᅊ֪႒ɹధɻተࡸɴཝɤ ɩȦʳɭȦȩ؏ɌȦჼࡸȵȡʳNeuman 1998⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɲϟࡸˁᔘಕɴɌɩ 1980 ॷȴʰ⏋ܦᇕɲѳᡸకፑɴࢪɐʳឿሁɌȵࠃʚɤɛ⏏ ɭʱʼȿ 1980 ॷɴܕ᭬ᕶးѳᡸᦹغ (IUCM) ʦγᅠᕶးѳᡸݜᩆ (WWF) ፈȵፑࡴɌɛȋγᅠ ѳԃᅭ (world conservation strategy)ȍɴȲȦɩᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹѳᡸɭܩݖзɹ̢ͻ̀ˁᠭٮɇɓ ʳʭȩɲ᠅ʛȵਖឹɭ୭ɇʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶГᭇɻ⏋ܩݖзɹѳᡸᅙʍɹؒᅙʦѳᡸᅙɭ Υкɴɲɤɛᬖᇍᅙɹᦽ⏋ѳᡸᅙȴʰʰʶʳգᇰɹ᧰ӯɲɰȵᕶးѳᡸɹଁ֒ɴɭɤ ɩਖɹИɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ˻Ͳ̸̫˗˙ɹ CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programme For Indigenous Resources) ɲɰɹзؒᅙ݀ɹᣂ྇፬ჿᅙʦ⏋ ˡ͍͡ͻͲីᨆɹ˱ͻ̺̒͞ (Korup) ܕጓԇܟɹʭȩɴᕶးѳᡸɹ˱ˏ˛͠ˏɭзɹգᅎ ȵ៰ɇʶɛ̶̫̒ˎ̈ͻͲ⏋ɗʶʰɹүɹᬖᇍܩݖˁᏼʛغʼɓɛភغᇕɲѳᡸᅙȵࡸ ేɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɇʰɴˡ͍͡ͻͲɫɻ⏋1994 ॷɴౙഀɹගകʦႵჃȵఒࡴɇ ʶɛGovernment of Cameroon 1994 ȵ⏋ɗɄɫɻȋШᐏᇕɲȍɴʭʳȋᅊɹɛʠɹȍႵ Ⴣȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛʓȴ⏋зɹɛʠɹ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ̶˝ͤ˽̜ʦԊؾႵჃݖ (community hunting zone) ȵȿʰʶʳɲɰ⏋႕ࡴܩݖɴȲȿʳзɹගകգᅎɭзςкɹᣂ྇፬ჿȵըɇ ʶɩȦʳ⏏зɴʭʳȋШᐏᇕɲȍɫɹႵჃɻɐɫɴ 1981 ॷɹႵჃGovernment of Cameroon 1981ɫʢ০িᇕɴ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦɛȵ⏋1994 ॷɹఒ៝ႵჃɫɻɗɹณգȵɇʰɴୟ ߂ɇʶɛʢɹɭɲɤɛ⏏лȵȋШᐏᇕȍɲႵჃɫȡʱ⏋ɰɄʚɫȵȋᅊȍɹɛʠɹႵჃɫȡʳ ȴ⏋ʚɛࡸ᭬ɴɰɹʭȩɴ፬ჿᅙȵፑࡴɇʶ⏋ମ᠗ɇʶʳȴɭȦɤɛکᰍɻȡȦȴʼʰɑಸ ɲʚʚɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ০িᇕɴɻзɹүɴգɲكɴϟȵውɌɩȦʳʭȩɴឿȭ ʳ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋کᰍɻܩݖзɹᅊ༎ѳԃʦณգተѳɹکᰍɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲࡸ᭬ᯆɫɹࢪՃȵਖឹɲɄɭɻȦȩʚɫʢɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɫکᰍȵៗໆɐʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ᕶးѳᡸᅙɴ ʭɤɩ⏋зȵᬏॷીʶ៊Ɍ˃ɫȷɛගȴʰՖʱᮐɇʶʳɄɭȵکᰍɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫԇܟ፬ ჿʦзɹณգѳԃɭȦȩᇍȴʰᮐʶɩ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩី๘ᇕɲϠӯᠶˁᣳȭɩ⏋ගɭϺᬚȵԊ ࡔɐʳγᅠˁயȼɄɭȵɫȷʳȴˁᓒȭɩʛʭȩ⏏
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/ ૩͂૽͈ވంଲٮ
ǵගɭϺɹԊࡔγᅠˁ˓͍ͻ˻ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ኽȵћɐʳɹɻ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩɴзʞගɹɹёɫ ȡʳ⏏ኽɛɠɻ 1970 ॷБմץȴʰ⏋ᦲዌ̴˫͊ͻɭ٧ɽʶʳႵჃᮃɹᠭീˁɦɧȿɩȷɛ ॑ा 2001⏏՟ೝɹᠭീɫɻ⏋ʢɤɿʰ˱Ͳ˳ςԊٮܕ⏃ౙ˸˓ͻ͡⏆ɹ˓̜˕͠ (Ituri) ɹ ගɴзʞ̸̘͌ˑ̴˫͊ͻ (Mbuti Pygmies) ɹɭɄʸɴᦲȦ⏋ᅊ༎֪ʦЦᏼᑩ⏋ᕶး᠗ᡫ ፈɴᬠɐʳ᠖ᇕɲᠭീˁɤɩȦɛ⏏1990 ॷБ՟ʠɴ˸˓ͻ͡⏃য়ಁ⏆ɹకֳȵੲ Ɍɛɛʠɴ⏋˱Ͳ˳ाࢪࣳɹ˱Ͳ˳ԊٮܕɴᠭീܩˁውɌ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡԊٮܕɭɹܕޅܩय़ɴ зʞˏˡ (Aka)̴˫͊ͻɹᠭീɴਃϟɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ 2, 3 ॷɴɻ˱Ͳ˳Ԋٮܕɹֳʢ ੲɌɛɛʠ⏋ɇʰɴីүɹ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩីጩɴеᒞɐʳˡ͍͡ͻͲɴ᥊ᦽɌ⏋̫ˡ (Baka)̴ ˫͊ͻɹᠭീɴՖʱ್ȭɊʳˁɲȼɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ 10 ॷʓɰɹᬚɴ⏋˸˓ͻ͡ȴʰ˱Ͳ˳⏋ɗ Ɍɩˡ͍͡ͻͲʍɭ⏋ȋᠭീᮑȍɹʭȩɴᠭീܩˁȭɩȷɛ⏏оәɲȼɇʶɛ᥊ᦽɫɻȡɤ ɛȵ⏋ȲȴɁɫˏ̶͠ˡˁБᝠɐʳ̴˫͊ͻᏙႵჃᮃɹɐʏɩɴஞɐʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏ ǵ˱Ͳ˳ᇮܩആጩɹ˓̜˕͠ɹගȴʰីጩɹˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆʚɫɻሁᐻɴɌɩ 2,000 Ρ ʢɹᤂ ᮐȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓̜˕͠ɹගɹ̸̘͌ˑʦ˛̶˙ (Efe) ɻ̫Ͳ̜˕ͻᏙȡʳȦɻ˽ͻ̋Ͳ Ꮩɹៜˁ᠌ɐȵ⏋̫ˡɻɗʶʰɭɻᏙᐏȵᅵɲʳആˏ͇̋ͩᏙɹៜᮃɴࣚɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉȩ Ɍɛዷᬚᇕ᭧ɛʱɭៜɹሂ᧓ɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ɄʶʰɹගɹɹᬚɴɻȼʓɰɹయᇕɲԊ ᦲਸȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ȦɑʶʢගɴࢪɐʳȦћࡔɭཉȦᬠήˁᦲɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛȋගɹయȍˁԊ ɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵගɹɻගɹ֪႒ʦඨ႒ɴɦȦɩȼʓɰᢌȴɲሾᡫˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋৳ʰɭʓ˃ɹధ ಁᬚɫʢΥᐷɴගˁȦɩʛʶɽɐȽɴʼȴʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ܑٞˁݏʠࣉȼɐඨ႒ʦܩᯆɴȴɐ ȴɴʳᤄ⏋ᰄΫɴɇɊʠȼ႒ᯭȴʰ⏋৳ʰȵɰ˃ɲɴȼɹɄɭˁʳɄɭȴ⏏ʚɛ৳ʰɹ ගɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ˁΥራɐʳɞȿɫ⏋৳ʰȵȦȴɴȼˁගɹᅋ႒ɴᢦɤɩȦʳȴȵჿៗɫȷʳ⏏ץ ჽ݀ɹࢸ࣒ˁɻɍʠ⏋ெᅎɹᎢʦᙶɲɰɻ⏋ɐʏɩගɹᏬೳɞȿȴʰɫȷɩȦʳ⏏˥͑Ͳ̺ ɹȡɠɄɠɴɻගɫᮃɌɩȷɛഗ႒ʦᖱɲɰɹᰩ႒ྞȵᘺɠɩȦʳ⏏ࡎɰʢɛɠɹᧉʃ᧑ԍ ʢගɹඨ႒ɹࡸʦᘽɫɦȼɤɛʢɹȵȦ⏏ɗɌɩȵಬʶʶɽ⏋ʼȷɛɦʭȩɲ̶͠ͅ˝̢ͻ ⏃ުغڟ⏆ɴ٧ਝɌɩගɹμȴʰჼʶɛᏄᮠɭɭʢɴೃȿʚɫȦ⏋ᤐʳ⏏ᰩᅊ༎ʦз࣎⏋ ᧑ԍɹʭȩɲ႒ᣒᯆɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᧉʃʦәɭȦɤɛɄɭɴʚɫ⏋ɰʶɞȿȼɹᅊ༎ɹүᯆ ȵගɭࢌஞɴᬠʼɤɩȦʳɄɭȴ⏏৳ʰɹయɻගɹɐʳɇʚɊʚɲخᔨਸˁࡔՕɴգᅎɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻЁ⏋ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹගɹయɹჿៗˁᇿ୭ɌɩᠭീˁᦽʠɩȦʳȵ⏋ɲ ȴɫʢˁȦɫȦʳɹȵඨ႒ɴࢪɐʳሾᡫɹؚᮃɭჿɹсɫȡʳ⏏ȋˏ̶ͦͻ͞ (AFlora)ȍ ɭؿЊȿʰʶɛɄɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɫɻ⏋႒ᣒᇕᏄኜᇕ⏋ʚɛሁஞᇕᬚஞᇕɲգᅎɭ᠗ሾ⏋ɐ ɲʼɠගɹඨ႒ɴᬠɐʳ৳ʰɹሾᡫɹɐʏɩɴɦȦɩɹ៨ᥔȵ᠅ʛʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋৳ʰ ȵлγᏛɴʢʼɛɤɩᙢዩɌɩȷɛሾᇕ᧨ᅋ⏋ȡʳȦɻံ০ɹయ᧨ᅋˁѳԃɐʳ᠅ʛɫʢȡʳ ȵ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ᠅ʛˁᦲɌɩ⏋ɻɍʠɩ৳ʰȵȦȴɴȼˁගɴћࡔɌɩȦʳȴˁჿៗɐʳɄɭ ȵɫȷʭȩ⏏ ǵɄɹʭȩɴගɴћࡔɐʳΥɫ⏋৳ʰȵʚɇɴගɹμɴзʛ⏋ɗɹᣂ྇ˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵගɹ ᅊᏙɹԗᅊᅋɴᢨɌɩȦʳɭȦȩᯆˁឿᦣɌɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ৳ʰȵգᅎɐʳᰩᅎඨ ႒ɴɻӵȵʭȼয়ɛʳݭଘɫɌȴᇍᗂଁᬏɌɲȦ⏋Ȧʼʪʳ᭞ปȵȦ⏏ගɹ˥͑Ͳ̺ܩɲ ɰɫɻ⏋μࢸೠȵʱଡʼʶɩয়ɛʱȵʭȼɲʳɹɫ⏋ɗʶʰɹඨ႒ɹᅊᔒɹИȵȭʰʶ ʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ܩɫɻ⏋ᰩʏɌɹྞʦഗࡸɹዛࡎȵঘඉɇʶ⏋ɗɄȴʰȡɛʰɌ Ȧඨ႒ȵᗂᅊȭʳ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ɹܑٞˁȦɩʛʳɭ⏋ȡɠɄɠɴɗȩɌɩᗂᅊȭɛᅎඨ ႒ɹࡸᅊˁឿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᅆȦഗࡸˁɦȿʳගɹೠɹࡸɴɻ⏋ഗᔀɭዛࡎȵᮐʶɴȼȦʢɹ ȵȼ⏋ɗʶʰɻዛɅɭٜʛᦉʚʶʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɴɌɩ⏋Ϻᬚʦ֪႒ɹ༥፬ˁᦲɤɩகɇʶ ʳɄɭɴʭɤɩዛࡎɹత॒ʦᇍᗂȵѦᦽɇʶʳʭȩɲඨ႒ʢȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ගɹμɹঃȦ፴ܑȴ ʰᮃʠʰʶɛᚩʦᰩ႒ɲɰɹᅊ༎႒ᣂȵဒʦᏎѤɭɲɤɩ˥͑Ͳ̺ܩٞᦇɹܤޚˁᔋ໋ɐʳɭ Ȧȩ֟ഗʢံែɫȷɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ඨ႒ȵܤޚȴʰُؚɌɛെՕɻ⏋Ϻᬚɹ༥ᢹˁЂɌɩʈɛ ɛʃܤޚɴ᧰ӯɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏Ɋɤɭ᠅፤ɌɛɭɄʸ⏋50 Ϻʓɰɹᮃȵ 1 Ͷᬚ˥͑Ͳ̺ ɴྡྷܧɐʳᬚɴ⏋ᰩ႒ɞȿȴʰɫʢ 25 kg ʓɰɹዾᏬɭ 15 kg ʓɰɹ͠Ͳȵ˥͑Ͳ̺ܩٞᦇɴᙢ ዩɇʶʳɭȦȩ፤ɴɲɤɛ⏏ၖय़ᮒകɹܤޚɻՕȵࢹɲȦɭȦʼʶʳȵ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ܩɻ⏋ග ɹμɫዎᚚɴతܧɐʳՕˁϺᬚ༎֪ɴʭɤɩᮃዩɇɓɛݭଘɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ܩ ٞᦇɹᅎᣂ྇ɻ༥ᢹɇʶɩቁೝᇕɴɻཝࢹɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ࢰഀɹԗᅊᅋɹዛȵʚɇɴɗ ȩɌɛ༥ᢹˁᦲɌɩȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ȦȦȴȭʶɽ৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɻ⏋ගɹᣂ྇ˁيʞᅊᏙɹ߂ȷɲ ᄩ˹˽̘͌ɹμɴȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ ǵჼܧˡ͍͡ͻͲആᨆɹගɴȲȦɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ߂ᅊɹࣩٮȵග കᄩޅɴؖʖɐϺᬚ༎֪ɹ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ɹᠭീɴȡɛɤɩȦʳ⏏ගɹμɹᅊᇕඨᅊʦ⏋˥͑Ͳ̺ ʦᮃᘺ⏋ᅣɹᤄܩɲɰɹɇʚɊʚɲඨᅊɴȲȦɩ⏋ɗʶəʶᅎඨ႒ʦ֪႒ɹՕ॒ɭᅊᔒႥ⏋ Ϻᬚ༎֪ɹᆜᤄɭɗɹ৯ᯱɴɦȦɩᏳɲᠭീˁɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɹᠭീɴʭɤɩϺᬚ ༎֪ɹᄩޅɴࢪɐʳᔐࡴᇕɲ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ȵጓ៷ɫȷʶɽ⏋৳ʰɻ⏋ɴගɭɗɹᅋ႒ɴћࡔɐʳ ɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɗʶʰɹԗᅊᅋɹИˁʢȭɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳɫȡʸȩ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ɗʶᕶ кȵភᮊɲሂϣсᅎᏙɫȡʳᅊᏙɹμɴϺᬚˁеᒞɧȿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ី๘ᇕɲᕶးɭϺᬚ ⏃య⏆ɹϠӯᠶˁώʱᣴȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗʶɻؾಁɴ⏋ჼܧଂǾȵᇿɴɐʳ
ගകಕ៎ɹ߂ץȵ⏋ࡸɻᬏȦᬚɹගɭϺɹሂϣсᅎˁᦲɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛرᇕɲᅋ႒ɞɭ᠗ᡫɐ ʳɄɭɴᦲɍʳ⏏ɗȩɲʶɽ⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪ˁᭀࢀឹ܍ɭɌȴᓒȭɩɄɲȴɤɛɄʶʚɫɹᕶးѳᡸ ɹȡʱɴೣᇕɲឿሁɌˁᦗʳɄɭɴɲʸȩ⏏ ǵɌȴɌ⏋ϺᬚɭගɹԊࡔ˹˽̘͌ɻ⏋ʢɻʦɗʶГɹγᅠɭՖʱᮐɇʶɩࡔܧɐʳʼȿɫɻ ɲȦ⏏Ȧȴɴˏ̶͠ˡɹᦇᨎɲගɹγᅠɭȦȭɰʢ⏋ჼܧɫɻȴʶࢹɲȴʶ⏋ʭʱঃȦЦ⏋ ɐɲʼɠܕࢃȡʳȦɻܕ᭬ᇕɲᐁཕక˹˽̘͌ɭஞ៘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᕶးѳᡸ֪ʦ⏋ɗʢɗʢ ɗɹᇍጩɭɲɤɛගകቑޙɗɹʢɹȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ˫ͦͻ̫͡ɲᐁཕʦక⏋ݬɹ֪ȷɭࢌஞɴ ͠Ͳ˪ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛ͇˪ͦɲႥȴʰ᧡ుɇʶɛȋගɭϺɹԊࡔγᅠȍˁ෯፷Ɍʭȩɭɐ ʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻ⏋য়᠍ܕకঌʦᬖᇍᠶᓔȵᯃᮑɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ȋᅊȷɛ႒᱅ȍ(living museum) ˁɦ ȼʳɄɭɴɲʱȴɷɲȦ⏏ᅊȷɛϺᬚɻ႒᱅ɹฌೣɫɻɲȼ⏋ᇕɲႥɭԒᇕɲ̋˓̠͊˪ ˽ɹሂϣсᅎɴʭɤɩᐓȭɑɐʳࡔܧɫȡʳ⏏ ǵɄɹɄɭȵɛɞɠɴ⏋৳ʰȵᅊᇕɲకᐁཕႥ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗʶˁఌᨗɌɩȦʳȋณ ᬠѥȍɹ႞႓ᓔɫȡʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦȵ⏋৳ʰɹయʦᅊ༎ɻԒᇕɲ̋˓̠͊̀͌ ɞȿɫჿៗɫȷʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽμ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹගɹɻ⏋ȋ˛̶ͤˎͲ̜̩Ͳ̊ͻȍ ȡʳȦɻȋᤐʱɹؿଝȍɭɌɩؿɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵɗȩȦȩʈȩɴᦏБγᅠɴȲȦɩሾʰʶɩȦ ȼዐɻ⏋Ȳɗʰȼᢒႋʦພᇤɲɰɹගക႒ᅋɹϯ౫ʦ៎ӵᅋɹ֤ᖂˁᦲɌɩ⏋৳ʰȵγᅠᐁ ཕɹɲȴɫٞᦇɇʶɩȦɤɛዐɭံᬠѥɫɻȡʳʚȦ⏏ჼܧɫɻ৳ʰɹ߂ץȵᦏ᭰ɹᦅᓚ ɭɹȡȦɞɴȦȼʉ˃ਃࣚᇕɲᬠѥˁᐄ˃ɫȦʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛਃࣚʢᦅᅊᅋɹୟ߂ɭ֝ӈ ᮛឹɹވ߂ɭȦȩᐁཕႥɭࢌஞɴᬠѥɐʳɄɭɫȡʸȩ⏏ȡʳȦɻʚɛ⏋৳ʰȵගɫԂଝɐʳ ვᔀʦᜂᜍɲɰȵϯ౫ɹࢪᢒɴɲɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗɄȴʰɛჼᩆɴʭɤɩോఠᔒʦᦏБכᆹʍɹ ˏ˪́˽ȵخᔨɴɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɴʢᇿˁكȿʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɻ⏋ᦏॷɹܕ᭬ᇕɲᕶးѳ ᡸ֪ɹᲞʚʱɻ⏋৳ʰɭᦅᓚɭɹᬠѥʦ⏋৳ʰᕶ᤹ɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑʦගɭɹᬠѥɴ ˁʢɛʰɐɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ܩݖɹ͊˪ͦɲͤ̾͡ɫɹගɹɹᅊ༎ʦయɭ⏋ɗʶʰɹȋങᏼȍˁήȭɩȦ ʳʭʱঃȦЦɹ͇˪ͦɲకᐁཕ˹˽̘͌ɭɹᬠѥˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɭȼɴˏ̶ ͠ˡᡉܕɹȼȵకᐁཕᇕɴลˁᦎȭɩȦʳჼܧ⏋ɄɹᬠѥɴɻɇʚɊʚɲکᰍȵȡʳ⏏ ɗɹμɫ⏋ගɹȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɛʰɄȩɌɛکᰍɴࢪՃɫȷʳȴ⏋ɐɲʼɠ⏋॑ݭᐁཕʦᄩޅ ቑޙȡʳȦɻᕶးѳᡸ֪ɭȦɤɛ˫ͦͻ̫̄͠ͻ˹͚Ͳɹᗷˁ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɐʶɽςкᇕɴ ɭʰȭᦐɌɩȦȿʳȴɴɦȦɩද២ɐʳਖឹȵȡʸȩ⏏ ǵГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋ȋගɹϺɹԊࡔγᅠȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ɻ⏋⏃1⏆ϺᬚɹయȵȦȴɴගɹᕶးɴћࡔ ɌɩȦʳȴˁኍɐయᅊᇕ៎ဣ⏋⏃2⏆Ϻᬚɹ࣎зʦᅊ༎֪ȵȦȴɴගകᅊᏙɹ֪ɴᬠ ʼɤɩȦʳȴˁኍɐرᅊᇕ៎ဣ⏋ɗɌɩɄʶʰȵȦȴɴ͇˪ͦɲకᐁཕႥɭᬠʼɤ ɩȦʳȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳ̘͠ͅˑˡ͡˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ៎ဣ⏋ˁᐵغɐʳсˁᦲɌɩ౩ʰȴɴɲ
ʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏
5
/ ισȜϋ̤̫ͥͅ૧̱̞দ͙
ǵܕܤɹץՕᦏȼȵගകɴុʼʶɛˡ͍͡ͻͲɫɻ⏋ȼɹϺǾȵගകɭɗɹᣂ྇ɴћࡔɌɩȦ ʳȵ⏋ɲȴɫʢගɭʢɤɭʢȼᐄʃɦȦɛᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦʳɹȵ̫ˡ̴˫͊ͻɹϺǾɫȡʳ⏏ ആᨆिɹͦ͊˛ٞᦇ⏋Ȳʭʃ͜ˡ̝˕͇ (Yokadoma) ɭ͌͡Ͳ̝ (Mouloundo) ˁᐄʉ᧑ᤉȦˁ μਕɴ⏋Ȳʭɗ 3 ΨϺʓɰȵႵჃʦᮃɲɰගɹᣂ྇ɴћࡔɌɛᅊ༎ˁȲȼɤɩȦʳ⏏̝˓̓᯿ ɞɤɛˡ͍͡ͻͲȵፀΥ๖γᅠ߂ɴ̶͞Ͳ˽ɹࠇКᐏ᯿ɴɲɤɛɴɻ⏋৳ʰɻʚɞ⏋ග ɹμɫɹႵჃɭᮃˁȦɲȵʰው֪ᅊ༎ˁȲȼɤɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ̶͞Ͳ ˽ɹకፑɴʭʱ⏋1950-60 ॷБɴ৳ʰɹࡴзȵɻɍʚɤɛAlthabe 1965; Joiris 2000⏏᧑ᤉ Ȧɹᦅᓚɹᮃᘺɴ᭰ஞɌɩ⏋ᦅᓚɭؾɍʭȩɴсʱɹ⏋ɌȴɌʁɭʚʼʱࢸɇȦ̫ˡɹз ࣎ȵলɩʰʶɛ⏏ܑٞɹගˁୖȦɩ̺͞Ͳ̘Ͳ̫̠̠ʦ˥͑˵̫ɲɰɹൕݛʢʼʶʳʭȩɴ ɲɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌᦅɻᕶᐌˁʚȴɲȩɴɻמՕɫɲȼ⏋ගɴȲȿʳႵჃɭྫௗ⏋ݠഗʦഗࡸ⏋ ᗡɹᮃɻћးɭɌɩᩂឹɲᅊɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ࡚፲ᇕɫȡʳȵ⏋ᜂᜍʦᰩᅎᛚɹᮃʢᩂឹɲ ༎֪ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦏ᭰ɹᦅᓚȴʰɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹകᅋ႒ɭɹϯழʦ⏋္ᅣɹФᬖʦ᭑ᗳ⏋ؚዲ ፈɹᦅсɹଝШȦɴʭɤɩ⏋έɐʳᦅс႒ˁɩȦʳ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ˡˡˠʦ˱ͻ̯ͻɲɰɹழ ᩆс႒ൕݛȵᇵ˃ɴɲʳɭ⏋ᦅᓚɻɗʶʚɫГΫɴ̫ˡɹ֝ӈˁਖឹɭɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ ɗɹΥɫ⏋ᦏɫɻ̫ˡɹμɴʢמՕɲᅣˁᬖޕɌɩᦅс႒ˁᕶᐌɌɛʱ⏋ᕶՕɫˡˡˠൕݛ ˁࠃʠʳᓔȵჼʶɩȲʱ⏋ᦅᓚɭɹᬚɴˏ˪́˽ɹʭȦܤܩʦ֝ӈˁʠȽʳϝȦȵᰒܧɌɦ ɦȡʳ⏏ ǵ̫ˡɹ࣎зݖɫࢸៀฐɲФȵࠃʚɤɛɹɻ 1970 ॷБɫȡʳȵ⏋1990 ॷБɴԂʳɭմᦚɌɛ ʭȩɴ⏋ᐁཕลʦ෯ᦶᠭɹ৯ᯱˁ؝ȿɩФៀฐȵᰧᤲᇕɴୟ߂Ɍɛ⏏ࢪӁ֭ɴੱʞˡ͍ ͡ͻͲకঌȵ⏋Ӂ֭ɭৄ್ȭɴФณˁ̶͞Ͳ˽ɲɰɹӁณܕɴެɤɛȴʰɞɭȦʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ ኽɛɠȵᠭീˁࠃʠɛ 1994 ॷɴɻ⏋ആᨆिɹ͜ˡ̝˕͇ᯆȴʰɞȿɫʢຘॶܯ 100 د⏋ ᮒ࡚ɹ᧑ᤉȵੲȦɭȷɫɇȭຘ 50 دʢɹ̜̒͞˪ȵॅೠˁዩ˃ɫཬɹȡʳ̝˕ˏ͞ (Douala) ᯆɴكȴɤɩȦɛ⏏ගˁȼ᧑ᤉɹθүɻ࣎зךȲʭʃᦅᓚךɭɌɩФˁӹʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗ ʶɻᔘɹᗷঘˁ᭯ɐጓɹʭȩɲʢɹɫ⏋ࢹɌගɹߡɴԂʶɽФ᧑ȵᑖดɴᣬɤɩȦɛ⏏ ǵɄȩɌɛਸ਼ᦵɲගകቑޙɴࢪɌɩܕ᭬ᇕɲᬠਕȵࢊɓʰʶ⏋1990 ॷБȴʰᕶးѳᡸ֪ȵ ᇵ˃ɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡɹ˸Ͳˤ - ˵Ͳˤܩݖȵ 1990 ॷɴܕጓԇܟɴ୭ࡴɇʶʳ ɭ⏋ԇܟ፬ჿɹᯆȴʰʢ⏋μ߈ˏ̶͠ˡ⏋˱Ͳ˳⏋ˡ͍͡ͻͲɹ 3 ˡܕɴʚɛȵʳܕ᭬ѳᡸך (transfrontier conservation area) ɹਖឹਸȵڟȭʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɴ٧ਝɌɩˡ͍͡ͻͲ үɫʢ⏋WWF ʦ WCS⏃ᩃᅊᅊ႒ѳᡸתЦ⏋ˏ͍͠ˡɹᯃకঌᏼᑩ⏆ፈȵ˵Ͳˤ (Sangha) ाី ࣳΥय़ɹѳᡸᅙɹݜኄɭɲʳᅊᇕɲᠭീˁࡸేɌɛ⏏༎ᇍɲѳᡸ༎֪ˁ؝ȿɩ⏋1999 ॷɴɻ WWF ᐵɹ˛˻Ͳ̫͞ԇȵ˵Ͳˤाីࣳɹͦ̾˭ (Lobeke) ܩݖˁែ࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶȴ ʰ 2 ॷɹ 2001 ॷ 3 19 ɴ⏋ͦ̾˭ा༑ݖɹ˽ͩͲ̺ܩय़ˁμਕɭɐʳ 212,500 ha ȵˡ͍ ͡ͻͲకঌɴʭɤɩܕጓԇܟɴ୭ࡴɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɄɹᅙɴࢹɌᧆʶɩ⏋̸Ͳ̫ (Boumba) ा⏋ ̾˪ (Bek) ा⏋Ͳ˥ (Nki) ा༑ݖɴঃȵʳȲʭɗ 670,000 ha ɹගകˁ˻˙Ͳ˧ (Jengi) ܕጓԇܟ ɭɌɩȡʰɛɴѳᡸɌʭȩɭȦȩᅙ1)ȵᦽμɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 1 ؒ၇⏆⏏ɠɲʛɴ˻˙Ͳ˧ɭɻ⏋ ̫ˡ̴˫͊ͻɹәɴᇎݭɐʳʢɤɭʢᩂឹɲගɹᏄᮠɹؿɫȡʳᨊᅥ 1996⏏ ǵɄʶʰɹѳᡸᅙɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ȦȼɦȴɹృɌȦ᠅ʛȵʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ѳᡸܩݖԒɫ Ϻᬚɴʭʳගകᣂ྇ɹգᅎȵȡʳዐࢅ᠗ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ͦ̾˭ɫɻ⏋ᦏȼɹගˁᑖดɴᣬʳФ ᧑ᤉˁШɤɩᨆȴʰࢌჃᓔȵѢԂɌ⏋᪄ˁьɤɛႵჃʦ̜̿̒ᅎɹˠͻ͌ɹკˁɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲႥɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋য়ᯆɹȡȦɞɻჼܩзɹܕጓԇܟʍɹጓԂʱɭ ྫௗʦඨ႒ਸᰩ႒ɭᜂᜍ⏋ᚫᅎඨ႒ፈɹȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳWWF-Cameroon 2001⏏ʚɛԇ ܟ፬ჿɹɭɌɩ⏋ਃഀɹΫઝά᧒ɴʭʳࡲӎᇕɲගക፬ჿɴБʼɤɩ⏋᧟ਝᇕ፬ჿ (adaptive management) ɭȦȩృɌȦȵ᠅ʛʰʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ᅊᏙɴɻϜཀྵέخᔨɲϟȵᣱ Ʉʱȩʳɭɹ᠗ᡫɴʢɭɧȦɩ⏋ȡʰȴɍʠໆʠʰʶɛ͇˽̊ͻ̺͞ͲɴɌɛȵɤɩѳᡸᅙˁ ᦽʠʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋зɭɹࢪ᠌ˁᦲɍɩ⏋ʚɛႥɹᦽࣙɴਝɍɩᅙɹឿሁɌȵɫȷʳʭȩ ɲര᥉ɲɴʭɤɩѳᡸᅙˁᦽɌʭȩɭȦȩʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴܩݖɹзˁගകɹቑޙ ᓔ⏋ѳᡸᅙɹᭀࢀឹᏬɭɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ගകᅊᏙɹ෯ଁڊɭеᒞɧȿ⏋ѳᡸᅙɹዩෑᇕ ɲȦଝɭᓒȭɩȦʳဣɫʢ̢͘ͻ˪ɫȡʳDavenport 1998; Curran and Tshombe 2001⏏ࡸ᭬ کᰍɭɌɩ⏋ܑٞлᇑΡɴʢؖʉঃ߂ɲѳᡸךˁณᇕɴѳᡸɌʭȩɭɐʶɽ⏋ࢌྫɹᇺែɹɛ ʠɞȿɴɫʢᕛ߂ɲϺɭᣂᩆˁឹɐʳ⏏ɗʶˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋зɴʭʳςкᇕɲѳᡸɹȵɻʳ ȴɴᐁཕᇕȴɦ֟ഗᇕɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʸȩ⏏ᕶးѳᡸɹɛʠɴɻ⏋ȋᩃᅊɹූܟȍিɴʭʳ؏ ࢌɲѳᡸɹȵзɹգᅎˁࢅ᠗Ɍɛᇿᇕգᅎѳᡸך (multiple-use reserve) ʭʱ֟ɭɻȦȭ ɲȦɄɭʢʼȴɤɩȷɛ⏏ ǵɗʶɫʢɲȲ⏋̫ˡɹʭȩɲϺǾȵѳᡸᅙɴዩෑᇕɴؒᅙɐʳɹɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ᭭ޖȵȡ ʳ⏏ɗɹʁɭɦɻ⏋ѳᡸᅙʦɗʶɭୃȷغʼɓɫᦽʠʰʶʳᬖᇍᅙȵ৳ʰɹయɹوࡴˁɭ ʢɲȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Hewlett N. D. ʢᦚʏɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋̫ˡɹᬖᇍᅙɴᬠʼɤɩȦʳకঌ৲ Ϻɭܕᅓഀɹ NGO ɻ⏋ɭȷɴ؏Ɍȼࢪጓɐʳɴʢᬠʼʰɑ⏋̫ˡɴࢪɐʳ᠗ᡫˁԊɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋̫ˡɹᬖᇍɭɻɦʚʱɹɭɄʸ⏋৳ʰɹʭʱΥࣝɹࡴзɭᦅᓚɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁ ᦲɌɩɹʛ৳ʰɹᦅᓚȴʰɹᕶጓɭܕࢃЦʍɹؒᅙȵ᧒ଁɇʶʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫɫȡʳ⏏ؾಁɴ ৳ʰɻ⏋̫ˡɹЦɴ͠ͻ̋ͻˁɦȼʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɄȩɌɛʍɹውȵࢅ౫ɴɲʳɭɌɩ 1) ᦏჼܩȴʰԂɤɛݬɴʭʳɭ⏋˻˙Ͳ˧ܕጓԇܟɹϜࡴܩˁᦲɌɩФ᧑ᤉȵলɇʶʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ ᅙɹ߂३ɲೃˁоәɲȼɇʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏
Ȧʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɄʶʰɻȦɑʶʢॶፈᇕɲЦˁɦȼɤɩ⏋ගɹμɴ࡚፲ᇕɲው֪ˁɌɲȵʰႵ Ⴣᮃˁȩ̫ˡɹჼܧɹᅊ༎ɭయɹوࡴˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏
ǵɇʰɴ⏋ѳᡸᅙɹࢷԂɴᬠɐʳکᰍȵȡʳ⏏ᦏɹݬٚೆɻʓɭ˃ɰёɲȼ⏋ѳᡸ ᅙɹᦽɴȡɛɤɩɻჼܩзɭɹࢪ᠌ȵέخ๕ɭ୭ɌɩȦʳcf. Curran and Tshombe 2001⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫ˡɹʭȩɴȋϠᩂɹٞᦇȍɴɇʰɇʶɩȷɛϺʃɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠඨܩಁБ ȴʰٞᦇɇʶɩȷɛˡ͍͡ͻͲɹμɫ⏋ɇʰɴٞᦇɹܦˁ؝ȿɩȷɛϺʃɭ⏃ʢɤɭʢ৳ ʰɻȋගɹμɴᦣɁᦉʞȍɲɰɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛܦȴʰᦣʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳȵ⏆ȵѳᡸ༎֪ɹዩ ෑᇕɲȦଝɭɲʳɹɴɻɇʚɊʚɲܐᮑȵȡʳ⏏ჼܩɴȲȿʳࡸ᭬ɹѳᡸᅙɫɻʚɑ⏋ᕶး ѳᡸкʦకঌɹՏӴลᬠɴʭʳ˵Ͳ˹̲͠˸˹ˠͲ⏋ɐɲʼɠѳᡸɹਖឹਸɴᬠɐʳᬠਕɹڽ ᣱȵʼʶʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ᕶးѳᡸɹఠᔒɭᅙɹಔؖɻᦲ।ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡⏃ᦽᓔ⏆ɭዌ ɐʳ͠ͻ̋ͻ৲ȵܩݖзɹμȴʰ᧧ɽʶɩȡɛɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦏࠃʚɤɛ˻˙Ͳ˧̺ͦ˻˙˪ ̜ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋WWF ʦ GTZ⏃̝˓̓కঌɹஹ֖ᏼᑩ⏆ɲɰȴʰ༐ɇʶɛˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹၖਕ ɲ༎֪ɴʭɤɩ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹᦅᓚɹɫɻɐɫɴ⏋зɴʭʳςкᇕɲԇܟɹѳᡸɭ፬ჿɴᬠ ɐʳغઝȵɫȷɦɦȡʳɭᓬȼ⏏ɌȴɌʢɤɭʢȼගɴћࡔɐʳ̫ˡ̴˫͊ͻɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ Ʉɹᅙɻʓɭ˃ɰᦽࣙɌɩȦɲȦ⏏کᰍɻ⏋ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹ᧧Տɭ৳ȵʳៜᘽɴȡʳ ɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɻʚɑёɲȼ⏋Ӧеɲጓݭɴȡʳ̫Ͳ̜˕ͻᏙᦅᓚɹμȴʰ᧧ ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ॶፈςᒶᇕɲ̫ˡɹЦȴʰ⏋͠ͻ̋ͻ৲ˁ᧧ʉɄɭɻᮑɌȦȴʢሾʶɲȦ⏏Ɍȴ Ɍ⏋ȴʰᦅᓚɴਃࣚᇕɲܩеˁȦʰʶ⏋ѠᙵɹʚɲɊɌɫឿʰʶɩȦʳ̫ˡɹϺǾȵ⏋ ᦅᓚՏ᤹ɹˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹៜᘽˁᏬሁɴѵᅎɐʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ࢹɲȼɭʢ⏋ɗʶɴʭɤɩ ᕶՕɛɠɹႵჃᮃ༎֪ˁըᭉɌʭȩɭɻਲ਼ʼɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɹѳᡸ༎֪ɭɻគᕊ ɴ⏋̫ˡɛɠɹᬚɫɻɐɫɴ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩࢌჃˁȩʚȼʦʳȴȵ᠌ᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳɭʢᓬȼ⏏ ǵɇʰɴˏ̢͇̘ͻ͡ɻ⏋ࢪ᠌ˁᦲɌɩзˁɇʱɁɲȼѳᡸɹكɴࢷɐʳɄɭȵೝ৺ɇʶ ɩȦʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻᮃʚɤɛϺˁմɴ⏋ఠȭʰʶɛԒࢅˁྲᠦؤᠭɫؙɐʳɄ ɭȵȦ⏏ɗʶɫʢᦅᓚɹɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛลЦˁɭʰȭɩᕶՕɛɠˁዩෑᇕɴѳᡸᅙɹᦽ ᓔɭɌɩеᒞɧȿɩȦȼȵ⏋̫ˡȵɄȩɌɛᠦɴᓡˁӃȿʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋Ʉɹܩݖɫ ᦽ֪ɹࡸˁᠭീɌɛᨆਚ॓⏃ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ߂ᅊ⏆ɴʭʳɭ⏋ ՟ɻឹິɇʶʳʚʚɴЦغɴᮃʚɤɩȷɛ̫ˡɛɠɹ߂ץȵ⏋႒ᇕɲ͍̜̒͠ȵံȦɄɭȵʼ ȴʳɭɐȽɴࠒˁ༥ɌɩɌʚɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹɭȷ̫ˡɹ̩Ͳ̊ͻɛɠɻ⏋ȋɛɭȭኧɇʶɩ ʢ⏋ʼʶʼʶɻႵʱˁᐚȿʳɌȴɲȦȍɭٝȦɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹៜᘽɴ⏋ԇɹݭɫɹᕶ Օɛɠˁᝠჼɐʳៜᘽˁ୫ɛɲȦᓔɛɠɹয়ɭ⏋ᯁȴɫɻȡʳȵుܔɭɌɛୄɹᝠჼˁᠧʛ ɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ѳᡸᅙɭȦȩృɌȦႥɴȋςкᇕɴȍᬠʼɤɩȦɄȩɭɐʳᦅ ᓚɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɲࠒֳɫȡʳ⏏ѳᡸᅙɴ̫ˡɹϺʃɭɹዩෑᇕɲؒᅙˁѦɐ᧑ɻ⏋৳ʰȵᦅᓚ ʍɹਃࣚ⏋ɐɲʼɠȋϠᩂɹٞᦇȍɹܦȴʰៗȷఔɛʶʳ᧑ɭʢɲʳɴɠȵȦɲȦ⏏
֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ
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