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中央学術研究所紀要 第32号 179スティーブン・G・コーヴェル「第8回国際法華経会議 報告書(英文)」

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TheEighthlnternationalLotusSutraConference:

TheLotusSutraandZen

StePhenG.Covell

Therearefewopportunitiesforscholarstogathertogetherinintimateandcom一 拍rtablesurroundingsandtodiscussindePthatopicofmutualconcernforaperiod oflse5veraldays.MOIeover,thereevenfewerchancesforscholarstoengageinde­ batethatconcemsandmaydirectlycontributetothereligiousorganizationsthey conduct17esearchon.TheEighthlnternationaILotusSutraConference,sponsoredby RisshoKoseikaiandheldinSunvalleyNagano,was徊stsuchanevent.Forfive days,Julyllth­16th,twelvescholarsfromJapanandtheM/estgatheredtogetherin thequietmountainsofNaganotodiscusstheLotusSutraandZen.Theresultwas greaterunderstandingoftheroleoftheLotusSutraintheteachingsofChineseand JapaneseZenandthelineageofZenmeditationwithintheLotustraditionofEast Asia. Thegoaloftheconference,asexpressedbyitsleadorganizerDr.GeneReeves, wastocreate goodconvelsations. LiketheBuddhagentlypreparinghislisteners foraDharmatalk,Reevesandthesta仔oftheChuoAcademicResearchlnstitute andRisshoKoseikai,endeavoredtocreatetheperfectatmosphereforagoodconver­ sationabouttheLotusSutra,onethatwoulddeepentheparticiPantsknowledgeofit andlaythegroundworkforfurthercooPerativeexl)loration.Towardsthisend,the l〕articiPantsweregreetedwarmlyatRisshoKoseikaisheadquartersinTokyoonthe eveofthefirstdayoftheconference.Theformalsettingclearedthewayforthe moreinformaltalksthatwouldfollowforthenextthreedaysinNagano. Theconv(うrsatiorlitselfwascreatedfromtheninepapersplcうsentedovertwofu11 days,withonedayofffrompresentationstocontinuethediscussioninthemorein­ formalsettingofsightseeing,andtomeetwithlocalRisshoKoseikaipractitioners. Followingthepresentationsbytheinvitedspeiakers,RisshoKoseikairepresentatives introducedRisshoKoseikaia(;tivitiesandtheconvel・sationtumedtohowconclusions drawnfromtheconferenceregardingthemutualinfluenceofZenPracticesandthe 179

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 LotusSutramightbeofpl7acticalusetoRisshoKo記ikai. Thepar)ersreflectedawidev姐etyofviewsontheLotusSutraanditsl7(51ation shiptoZen.Therewerepapersoneverythingfromsl(mful(orexpedient)meansto braindeath,fromChineseTendai(Tientai,orTiantai)andtheterm Zen ,tothe useoftheLotusSutrabythefounderofSotoZeninJapan,Dogen(120()­1253). M/ithsuchavarietyoftopicsand弛teleststherewasplentyofroomforconvel`sation and,asittumedout,conveM7sationcametofocusonafewcentralpointsincluding skillfulmeansandtheuseand/orinterpretationoflanguagebybothPractitionersand scholars. Thefirstpaperpresented, TruthandDeceptionintheLotusSutra, wasbyJohn Schroederandsparkedathemeofconvel・sationthat(;arriedonthroughoutthecon­ ference:namely,howcanweunderstandtheLotusSutrainrelationtotheteaching ofskillfulmeans?DidtheBuddhateachonetruthhigherthanothers,orrecommend onepracticeoverothers?Drawingonfascinatingmaterialpresentedinhisrecent work,SkillfulNleans:TheHeartofBuddhistCompassion,Schroederalguesno,o「 morel」1(うcisely,hearguesthatthe(;21tegoryoftruthasun(krstoodintheWest(and totheextentthatmodemJapaneseKholarshipisshapedbyWestemcategoriesone mightadd,injlElpan)isllotaPpropriatetounderst皿dingtheBuddhEljteachings.While thepaperdidnotdirectlyaddress Zen assuchat皿ylength,itdidbrieflycallon thefamousChinesepractitionerl_.in­chiinsupportofthepapers(;entralthesisthat theBuddhaemPhasizedaperformativesenseoftruthascomPassionandnotadi chotomoussenseoftruthasintrueversusfalse.lntheendSch170ederargued,andit wasl;cうnelallyagreeduponinthePursuantd cussion,thatThebodhis;attvasability totranscendallformsofattachmentsisnottheresultof£1ttaininganewerorhigher truth regardingtheBuddhistpath,butaresultofloveandintimacy,atypeofwis­ domthathas gonebeyond allthef()rmsof(;11tegories,andsenseelementsofthe DharmatoexperienceaprofoundsensitivityandcomPassionforothers.Thatthis lelationshipbetweenabodhisattvaswisdom(pr4jna)andabodhis;attvasintimacy (karuna)signmesanew truth isthetypeofreas()ningthat skjllfulmeans asksus toquestion.Asthe(lirectoroftheGeneraIScう(JretariatofRisshoKosekainotedat theendofthed柚cussion5;5sionけhereisalotthatBuddhistpmctitionerscanlearn fromthiscriticalunderstandingoftheLotusSutraandskillfulmeans. Thesecondpaperr)I­eうsentedwasbyPau1Swanson皿dentitled Ch anand Chih­kuan: I je5n­t ai sviewof Zen Swansonbeganhispaperandtheensing (l扨ctlssionbyquestioningthetitleoftheconferenceasking, ぺVhatismeantbythe teml Zen ? .DoesZenrefertomeditationorastateofbeing?Or,doesitcon­ 180

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noteoneofthemanyschoolsthatcallthemselves Zen ?Or,isit PopZen o「 AmericanZen?lnanefforttoputsomeboundariesonthedevelopingconvel7sation F1・うlimitedhistalktoChih­is(j5238­5 )フ,thelRounderoftheIendaiLottlstradition inChina)useoftheterm Ch an (ZeninJapanese).Swansonfindsthatfor Chih­iZen,asmeditationjsa(2ruciaIPIactice.But,healsowamsthatChih­icriti­ cizedthosewhoemphasizedonlyZen.ZenmustbePaftofabroadermorewe11­ roundedpracticethatalsoemPhasizeswisdomandcompassioninanintegratedfa­ shion.lnthissense,SwansonsworksuPPortedtheconclusionsofSchroederthat theBuddhadidnotexpoundonetruthoverothers,butinsteadcalledforgoingbe­ yondsimpletrue5­falsedichotomies.lnhisemphasisonintegratedPractices,Chih­i hasmuchtoof弛rtogrouPssuchasRisshoKoseikaithatarereconsideringtherole ofZenschoolinformedmeditativePmcticesintheirwayofli弛. JohnMCRae spaper, ThelnterfaceofEarlyChanandTiantaiMeditation ,was thethirdpaperpresented.MCRaebroughttheworldofhigh­techtotheprogramby o仔eringanaccountofZen­Tendai柚tel actioninChinagleanedfromacomputer searchoftheLotusSutraandZenandTendaitexts.Thisinterestinganalysisledto apictureofselectiveinnuence.HenotesthatTendaimeditationtextsweresocorn­ monlyusedthattheirinnuenceonZeniswithoutquestion.Yet,regardingtheLotus Sutraitself,MCRaescomputersearchfoundthattherearenodetaileddeiscriptionsof meditationintheLotusSutraandthatkeyTendaivocabularydoesnotappearas suchintheLotusSutra(inparticularheidentilで1esthetermzhiguan,shikaninJapa­ nese,whichisroughlytranslatedas concentrationandinsight, andwhichformsthe heartofChih­ismeditativeoutlook).MCRaealsofoundthatwhentheLotusSutra doesrefertomeditationitisinapositivelight.Hispreliminaryanalysisofthe ChanNorthernSchooltextぺvufangbianorFiveExpedientNleansshowsthatwhile theschoolisindebtedtoTendaiforitscontemPlativeanalysisstylejtappearsthat therewasamovetoavoidanyfurtheridentmcationwithTendai.IVlcRaesworkal­ lowedparticiPantstofurtherrefinetheirunderstandingofthe吊tel・actionbetweenthe LotusandZentraditions. Discussionfocusedontwomaintopics:timeandplactice,andtranslation.Re­ gardingtimeandpractice,questionswereraisedconcemingλ4cRaesobservations onthelimiteduseofshikanandonthewayinwhichmeditationwasrc5ferredtoin theLotusSutra.lnparticular,I)articipantsPointedoutthemannerinwhichtheBud­ dhaempoweredhis(1 ciplestopreachafterheenteredsamadhi(al­eferenceforhis death).ThemannerinwhichtheLotusSutraitselfbecomesunderstoodastheeter­ nalbodyoftheBuddhawasalsod柚cussedasl4cうgardsthequestionoftimeandprac­ 181

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 tice.LinkedtothedeathoftheBuddhaandthequestionofpractice,itwasnoted thattheconceptofmappoG11elatterdaysofthelaw)wasl;e・nerallylessimPortantin ChinathaninJapan,whereitwaspartofageneralsenseofworldcrisisandplayed acriticalroleinthedevelopmentofJapaneseBuddhism・ N/luchofthediscussionalsofocusedontranslation.MCRaesinnovativeuseof comPuterstosearchthroughtextsdrewintoquestionPreviousscholarlyinterpreta­ tionofhowcertainwordsareunderstood,andtheぅ17elうore,ofhowscholarstoday shouldtranslatethem.This柘reshadowedthepointsbroughtupinthefinalpaper presentedattheconference,whichconcemedthetranslationofreligioustexts. Thefourthpapernarrowedthe柘cusfurtherbylookingspe5cincallyat(Primarily) oneZenpractitionersuseandunderstandingoftheLotusSutra,Dogen.Nlichiko Yusa spaper TheLotusSutraandDogen sZenHermeneutics seto汀alivelydebate thatharkedbacktoSwansonsinitialcallforcontextualizingtheterm Zen. lnher paperandthevigorousdiscussionthatfollowed,Yusabroughttolightthewayin whichtheLotusSutrapermeatedmuchofDogensteachinlgs.Nloreover,Yusacha1­ 1engedtheparticipantstoseewhatDogenhastooffercontemPoraryJapaneseBud­ dhism一alivelyspiritualitythatcouldhelpJapaneseBuddhismescapetherealmof funera1Buddhisminwhichshe,andmanyothers,believeitistrapped.Acentral pointraisedinthediscussionhadtodowiththeplayfulwayinwhichbothDogen andtheLotusSutrauselanguage.Theplayfulnatureofthelanguagewasfoundto becentraltothemannerinwhichtheteachingandexperienceofBuddhistcompas­ sioncouldbeexPressed.And,indeed,thisdiscussionbroughtparticipantsbackto thequestionoftranslation.HowcanmodemtranskltorscaPturethecultureofthe livingtextandthesubtleuseofmetaphorthatmarkedtheLotusSutraandthewrit­ ingsofDogen? ThefifthpaperpresentedkeptthefocusonDogen.DanLeighton s Dogen sAp­ proPriationoftheLotusSutraGroundandSpace examinedhowtheLotusSutra helpedtodefineDogensworldview.SPaceandtime,Le塘htonnotes,areessential f7actorsinDogensviewofawakeningandDogennlakesextensiveuseoftheLotus Sutrainmakingthisclear.AlthoughDogenreliedontheLotusSutramoreasa meanstoexpresshisownworldview(asopposedtoothers,suchasNichiren(1222­ 1282),whospecificallysoughttopl^or)agatetheLotus),itisclearthattheLotus SutrawasnotsimplyatooltobeusedbutplayedacriticalroleinshaPinghis worldview.Forexample,Le址htonnotesthat, DogenusesthetimeframeofSakya­ muniasteacherofthesec5minglymucholderundergroundbodhisattvastodiscuss theinclusionofallbeings,regardlessofspiritualmaturity,aschildrenoftheBud­ 182

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dha・andthepotentialofallbeingsasthemselvesdevelopingBuddhas. Elsewhere, DogenbuildsontheLotusideaoftheetemalimmanentBuddhabyteaching thatit isncうcessaryforhisdescendentstoactivelycontinueBuddhasl)ractice andthat `゛orkoftheundelgr()undbodhisattvasdescribedintheLotusSutra化11apters15and 16)istobe(jarriedoutbycurrentpractitione17[sl.OnecommentinresPonsetothis wasthattheundergroundbodhisattvasareindeedallthosewhohe訂andtakepartin theteachingsoftheLotus.Moreover,Leightonnoted,forDogen,Practiceisthe ritualembodimentandexpression oftheBuddha,ForDogen,then,timeand sPacearecollapsedandwiththemthelinearunderstandingofproS;I・essiondowna pathtowardsenlightenment.TheLotusSutra,inwhichtimeandspacearealsocol­ 1apsed,servedasacmcialtoolforDogentoexpressthisworldview. Anotherpointraisedduringthediscussionservedtolinkthispapertooneofthe criticalthemestoemergefromtheconference,namelytheuseoflanguage.Leighton PointedoutthatDogensuseofmetaphorwasbothasPuredescriPtionandasmeta­ phor.TheplayfuluseofmetaphorbyDogenthusservedasanindispensableteach­ ingtool.IVletaphorsjtwasnoted,aretramJormativelanguageestablishingrelation­ shipsbetweenpeoplejdeas,andwords. ThesixthpaperpresentedwasbyMatsuokaYukakoandentitled Dogen slnter­ 1)retationofJukiintheLotusSutra. Matsuokasworkcontinuedtheexplorationof notionsoftime,1)17Elctice,andBuddhahoodthroughananalysisofDogensuseofthe termtjuki,whichisvafiouslyintcう17pretedtomeanprediction,confirmation,or 21ssurance .IX/latsuokaarguesthatDogenexpandsuPonthenotionofprediction foundintheLotusSutratoincludeasenseofuniversalpredictionandassurance (somethingotherParUcipantsarguedisalsotobefoundintheLotusSutra). Thediscussionofx/latsuokaspaperneshedoutthedeveloPmentoftheunder­ standingofjukiwithintheteachingsofDogenaswellaswithintheBuddhisttradi­ tionmorebroadly.Forexarnple,itwasnotedthat,inearlyMahayana,1)I­ediction wasab5;olutelycriticaltothepracticeofbodhisattvas.TheLotusSutrabuiltonthis trendbygivingthepredictionofBuddhahoodtoa11.Duringthediscussion,Reeves addedthatjukiintheLotusSutraisanotherwayoftellingpeoplethattheyare bodhisattvaandthushasm4jorimplicationsforhowtheyshouldlivetheirlives.ln fact,onecritiqueraisedofDogenwasthatwheretheLotusSutracanbeunderstood asteachingpeoplehowtobehave,forDogentheLotuswasusedtohelpexplain moreabstractnotionsregardingpracticeandBuddhahood.Forexample,Dogenused jukitocollapsetimebetweencauseandresultandtherebyreversetheirorder­i.e., enlightenmentbecomesthecauseandpracticethel­esultinDogensteachings.Dur­ 183

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 ingthe(lkussionperiodaquestionwa丿raisedlinkingthecollceptofjuki(inwhich l)I edictionofBuddhahoodismade)tothatoforiginalennghtenmat(hongaku­ seeJacquelineStonesrecentworkonthistopicformoredetai1,0rigina1Enlighten­ mentandtheTrans;formationofMedieva1JapaneseBuddhism)・Swansoncom mentedthat,atleastwithinearlyChineseTendai,suchaviewwouldhavebeencri­ tiquedasextreme.Chih­ineversaiddelusionasitiswaswisdom;heonlywould gosofafastosaythattheyareindivisible. TheseventhpaperPresentedwasbyRubinHabito.HispaperbroughtNichiren intothediscussionthroughacomparativeexaminationofNichirenandDogen s bodilyreadings oftheLotusSutrainhispaper NichirenonZen,Dogenonthe LotusSutra:BodilyReadingsofBuddhistScriptures. Habitopointsoutthatboth DogenandNichirenheldtheLotusSutrainthehighest5teem,However,Nichirens readingoftheLotusSutrarequiredofhimfullengagementwiththesocietyand politicsofhistime,whereasforDogentheLotusSutrawasasupportfortheprac­ ticeofseatedmeditationandembodiedinmeditativepractice.Putanotherway,Do­ gen sreadingwasahis;toricalwhencomparedtoNichren sthoroughengagement withhistime.Renectingthenatureoftheconference,Habitocalleduponpartici­ pantstoaskwhatZencouldbringtocontemporaryLotusl)17ε1cticesandwhattheLo tuscouldbringtoZen. Muchofthepursuantconve17sationfocusedonthewaysinwhichthesocialen­ gagementofNichiren(andthosereligiousgroupsthatdevelopedovertimebasedon hisandtheTendai・;chooFs三三dingsoftheLotusSutra)couldbeincorporatedinto modemZenpractice.lnotherswords,couldaLotus­basedsocialethicbedrawn uponbyZenBuddhiststotramJormtheirl)I21cticesintoamoreengagedcomPassion­ atepractice.0nepointofwarningbroughtupinthediscussionwasthemannerin whichnationalistshaveusedNichirensteachingsonworld­engagementinthePast fordubiouspurposes. へVhereasthediscussiononmodemZencenteredaroundtheviewthatitisinneed ofanengagedsocialethic,RisshoKoseikaiparticipantswerequicktopointoutthat thereexiststodayagrowingdemandamongyoungmembersformoresittingmedita­ tionwithintheplacticesofRisshoKo記ikai. ThecallforanengagedsocialethicraisedinHabitosPaPersetthestageforthe eighthpaPerpresented, BackboneinBuddhism:JapansResistancetoautilitarian Biocうthi(ニ;s,byべvilliamLaFle11r.へvhilethisPaperdidnotrefereithertotheLotus SutraortoZendirectly,afactpointedoutfromthebeginningbyLaFleurjtwas,as LaReuralsonoted,clearlyinthesPiritoftheLotus.LaFleurarguesthat,contrary 184

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totheoPiiollofcelt血IJaPalleseintellcctuals(he・;I)e・cificallyhighnllhtsthewritings ofMaruyamal?vlasao・1914­1996),BuddhisminJapanProvidesamoral backbone toJapanesethoughtonimportantethicalquestions,suchasorgantransplantand braindeath. LaFleuroutlineshowtheJaPanesehavearguedagainstxへ/estemutilitarianviews inwhichthebodyhasbecomefullycomme51cialized.Basedonconceptsofpurity andonanon­dualisticviewofthebodyandmindinspiredbyBuddhistthought, manyJaPanesehaveafguedagainsttheuseofbraindeathasadeterminantofdeath. LaFleuralsofindsthatJapanesehavecometoargueagainstorgantransplantbased onthemindsetnotofthedonor(asiscommonintheWest,inParticulartheunited States, ̄i.e・, Shouldldonate? )butofthel4eceiver(i.e・, ぺVhataretheimplica­ tionsofre5ceiving? ).Regardingthemindsetofthereceiver,LaFleurdemonで追認皿s thecomplexnatureofthedecisionprocessesbynotingreticenceaboutthedesireto prolonglife,andmorecritically,asenseofillateaseregardingabidinginthehope, howeverremotely,thatanotherwilldieandけhereby,grantoneanextensiononlife. ぺvithinJapaneseBuddhism,henotes,thereisadisdainforcalculatedutilitarianism andan emphasisonimmediacy. Thispointwastakenupinthediscussionperiod withaspecialfocusontheteachingofskillfulmeans.Skillfulmeans,itwasdeter­ mined,doesnotimplyautilitarianviewbutisbasedinsteadoncompassion.During discussionthequestionwasalsoaskedifitispo ibletoformulateafoundationfor modemBuddhistethicsinJapan(andelsewhere)and,ifso,howcouldBuddhist l〕I`actitioners,suchasthemembersofRisshoKoseikai,Putintopracticethatfounda tion. Thefina1PaPerkepttheconvelsationonskillfulmeansgoing;indeed,itbrought theconvel・sationbacktothefirstpaperpresented.lnherpaper, Upayakausalyaand Sandhabhasa:HermeneuticsandLjteraryEfficacyintheTranslationoftheLotus Sutra, Gummerseye­openingcomparativeanalysisoftheSanskritversionofthe LotusSutrawithKum副ivasChinesetranslationbroughttolighttheoftenover­ 100kedimPortanceoflanguage.Asxvasnotedduringthediscussion,thenterary valueofreligiouswritingislgc3nGallyignoredbyBuddhalogists,butasane5?(amina­ tionoftheLotusSutramakes()1earthePlayfulusewordsisattheheartofthetexts e汀1cacy.Gummernotesthatinthexvestlanguageisoftenseenasanleans,but whatwemustrememberwhenengagingatextsuchastheLotusSutrajsthatjnthe worldofthel;utras,1anguageisanagent ̄itisperformative.lnparticulaf,aswas drawnoutduringthediscussion,Gummerseekstocallourattentiontothemanner inwhichoralandwrittenlanguagewereneverunderstoodseparatelywithinnlanu­ 185

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 script(2111ture.Duringthe(l心cussionWilliamLaFleur,whoseownearlywork(see forexanlPle,TheKarmaofWords:Buddhismandthel­MeraryArtsinMedievaIJa­ pan)focusedonBuddhismandlite17atureinJapan,concurredwithGummerand addedtheexampleofJaPanese5otericBuddhismwhich17e51)resenteda domainof linguisticplay. Withinherl)aPer,Gummerfocusesherattentiononthete5rm(s) allusivespeech and expedientmeans. ShenotesthatKumar4jivastmnslationplacedanemphasison expedientmeans whereastheSanskritversionemphasized allusivespeech .Both, shestates,wereh塘hlyeffectivetransf()rmativetextsbutKumar4jivasemPhasison expedientmeanstotheextentthathestatesthatthesutraitselfisnotanexPedient mean(thusplacingitaboveother tluths )greatlyalteredthepotentialwaysin whichthetextcouldbeunderstoodand,thus,a汀ectedthedevelopmentofthemany laterEastAsianBuddhisttraditionsthatreliedonhistext. TogethertheabovepaPersactedasseedsfiomwhichgeatconvel7sationsblos­ somedoverthelengthoftheconference.lnfact,althoughtheofficialschedulekept Participantsatthetablefrom8:30inthemomingunti18:00atnight,withoutfail participantscarriedontheconvel4sationlateintothenight­somethingmadepossi­ blebytheconstantcarTyingattentionoftheRisshoKoseikaistaffmembersonsite. Theconvelsationscafriedonbytheattendeesdelvedinthefutureprospectsofsuch comparativeandcollaborativeworkontheLotusSutra.Thepaperspresenteddem­ onstratedthemutuallyinfluencingcodependenceoftheLotusandZentraditionsin JapanandChinaand(2hE111engedscholarsaswellaspractitionerstogobeyondsec­ tarianlineage­basedstudiesinordertobetterunderstandhowtheBuddhisttradition asawholedeveloPedacrosseastAsia.Moreover,throughfocusingonthetopicof translationtheybroughttolightthecriticalnatureoftextsaslivingdocumentsthat existedandexistwithinspecinccontexts.Theseconclusionsmaybeofparticular importancetonewBuddhistmovementssuchasRisshoKoseikaithataremoreand moreoftenseekingtosPreadtheDharmatothexVest. Theprimarygoaloftheconferencewastocreate goodconversation andthis goalwasnotsimplyconfinedtothepaperspresented.lndeed,theconferencewas designedsothattheconvel­sationwouldnotbelimjtedtotheinvitedscholarsbutso thatitwouldincludetheminaconvel7sationwithRisshoKoseikaimembers.0nthe seconddayofthestayinNagano,I)21rticipantsboardedtheirbusanddroveintoNa­ ganocitytovisitwiththemembersoftheNaganoChuoChurch.Atthechurch, 1)articipantswerewelcomedwarmlybychurchmembers,o汀eredadeliciouslunch, andinvitedtositinontheirobonservice.ThroughthisexperienceParticiPants 186

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wereabletolearnfirst`handofRisshoKosekaia(:;tivities,andtheNaganoChuo Churchmemberswereabletoseenrsthandtheworldwideintel estintheLotus Sutra.Pa拓cipantswerealsotakenonaguidedtourofZenkoji.Allmemberswere l7elievedthattheywereabletotouchthelockhiddeninthepit(;h­blackco❹dorun­ derthehonzonGentralimage)atZenkojiandthusgu211anteetheirrebirthinthePure Land。 0nthennaleveninginNagano,participantsweretreatedtoanintroductionto RisshoKoseikaibyleadingmembersofvariousRisshoKoseikaiadmini5;trative branches.ParticiPantsleamedofRisshoKoseikaiactivitiestodevelopmissionsab­ road,ofRisshoKoseikaiaimshereinJapan,andofthecう1TortsoftheNiwanoPeace Foundation.Finally,onthelastdayoftheconference,theparticipantsheldanopen discussionwithRisshoKoseikaimembersattheheadquartersinTokyo.I)articipants satacrossfromRisshoKoseikaimemberswhoaskedmanydis;cemingquestions regardingthepaperspresentedandonthegeneraltopicoftheLotusSutraandZen. Finally,onthelastday,1)articiPantswereinvitedtomeetwiththePresidentof RisshoKoseikai.A11ina11,theconferencexvasasuccessandtheconvel7sationbe­ gantheirwillnodoubtcontinueintothefuture. 187

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