TheEighthlnternationalLotusSutraConference:
TheLotusSutraandZen
StePhenG.Covell
Therearefewopportunitiesforscholarstogathertogetherinintimateandcom一 拍rtablesurroundingsandtodiscussindePthatopicofmutualconcernforaperiod oflse5veraldays.MOIeover,thereevenfewerchancesforscholarstoengageinde batethatconcemsandmaydirectlycontributetothereligiousorganizationsthey conduct17esearchon.TheEighthlnternationaILotusSutraConference,sponsoredby RisshoKoseikaiandheldinSunvalleyNagano,was徊stsuchanevent.Forfive days,Julyllth16th,twelvescholarsfromJapanandtheM/estgatheredtogetherin thequietmountainsofNaganotodiscusstheLotusSutraandZen.Theresultwas greaterunderstandingoftheroleoftheLotusSutraintheteachingsofChineseand JapaneseZenandthelineageofZenmeditationwithintheLotustraditionofEast Asia. Thegoaloftheconference,asexpressedbyitsleadorganizerDr.GeneReeves, wastocreate goodconvelsations. LiketheBuddhagentlypreparinghislisteners foraDharmatalk,Reevesandthesta仔oftheChuoAcademicResearchlnstitute andRisshoKoseikai,endeavoredtocreatetheperfectatmosphereforagoodconver sationabouttheLotusSutra,onethatwoulddeepentheparticiPantsknowledgeofit andlaythegroundworkforfurthercooPerativeexl)loration.Towardsthisend,the l〕articiPantsweregreetedwarmlyatRisshoKoseikaisheadquartersinTokyoonthe eveofthefirstdayoftheconference.Theformalsettingclearedthewayforthe moreinformaltalksthatwouldfollowforthenextthreedaysinNagano. Theconv(うrsatiorlitselfwascreatedfromtheninepapersplcうsentedovertwofu11 days,withonedayofffrompresentationstocontinuethediscussioninthemorein formalsettingofsightseeing,andtomeetwithlocalRisshoKoseikaipractitioners. Followingthepresentationsbytheinvitedspeiakers,RisshoKoseikairepresentatives introducedRisshoKoseikaia(;tivitiesandtheconvel・sationtumedtohowconclusions drawnfromtheconferenceregardingthemutualinfluenceofZenPracticesandthe 179中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 LotusSutramightbeofpl7acticalusetoRisshoKo記ikai. Thepar)ersreflectedawidev姐etyofviewsontheLotusSutraanditsl7(51ation shiptoZen.Therewerepapersoneverythingfromsl(mful(orexpedient)meansto braindeath,fromChineseTendai(Tientai,orTiantai)andtheterm Zen ,tothe useoftheLotusSutrabythefounderofSotoZeninJapan,Dogen(120()1253). M/ithsuchavarietyoftopicsand弛teleststherewasplentyofroomforconvel`sation and,asittumedout,conveM7sationcametofocusonafewcentralpointsincluding skillfulmeansandtheuseand/orinterpretationoflanguagebybothPractitionersand scholars. Thefirstpaperpresented, TruthandDeceptionintheLotusSutra, wasbyJohn Schroederandsparkedathemeofconvel・sationthat(;arriedonthroughoutthecon ference:namely,howcanweunderstandtheLotusSutrainrelationtotheteaching ofskillfulmeans?DidtheBuddhateachonetruthhigherthanothers,orrecommend onepracticeoverothers?Drawingonfascinatingmaterialpresentedinhisrecent work,SkillfulNleans:TheHeartofBuddhistCompassion,Schroederalguesno,o「 morel」1(うcisely,hearguesthatthe(;21tegoryoftruthasun(krstoodintheWest(and totheextentthatmodemJapaneseKholarshipisshapedbyWestemcategoriesone mightadd,injlElpan)isllotaPpropriatetounderst皿dingtheBuddhEljteachings.While thepaperdidnotdirectlyaddress Zen assuchat皿ylength,itdidbrieflycallon thefamousChinesepractitionerl_.inchiinsupportofthepapers(;entralthesisthat theBuddhaemPhasizedaperformativesenseoftruthascomPassionandnotadi chotomoussenseoftruthasintrueversusfalse.lntheendSch170ederargued,andit wasl;cうnelallyagreeduponinthePursuantd cussion,thatThebodhis;attvasability totranscendallformsofattachmentsisnottheresultof£1ttaininganewerorhigher truth regardingtheBuddhistpath,butaresultofloveandintimacy,atypeofwis domthathas gonebeyond allthef()rmsof(;11tegories,andsenseelementsofthe DharmatoexperienceaprofoundsensitivityandcomPassionforothers.Thatthis lelationshipbetweenabodhisattvaswisdom(pr4jna)andabodhis;attvasintimacy (karuna)signmesanew truth isthetypeofreas()ningthat skjllfulmeans asksus toquestion.Asthe(lirectoroftheGeneraIScう(JretariatofRisshoKosekainotedat theendofthed柚cussion5;5sionけhereisalotthatBuddhistpmctitionerscanlearn fromthiscriticalunderstandingoftheLotusSutraandskillfulmeans. Thesecondpaperr)IeうsentedwasbyPau1Swanson皿dentitled Ch anand Chihkuan: I je5nt ai sviewof Zen Swansonbeganhispaperandtheensing (l扨ctlssionbyquestioningthetitleoftheconferenceasking, ぺVhatismeantbythe teml Zen ? .DoesZenrefertomeditationorastateofbeing?Or,doesitcon 180
noteoneofthemanyschoolsthatcallthemselves Zen ?Or,isit PopZen o「 AmericanZen?lnanefforttoputsomeboundariesonthedevelopingconvel7sation F1・うlimitedhistalktoChihis(j52385 )フ,thelRounderoftheIendaiLottlstradition inChina)useoftheterm Ch an (ZeninJapanese).Swansonfindsthatfor ChihiZen,asmeditationjsa(2ruciaIPIactice.But,healsowamsthatChihicriti cizedthosewhoemphasizedonlyZen.ZenmustbePaftofabroadermorewe11 roundedpracticethatalsoemPhasizeswisdomandcompassioninanintegratedfa shion.lnthissense,SwansonsworksuPPortedtheconclusionsofSchroederthat theBuddhadidnotexpoundonetruthoverothers,butinsteadcalledforgoingbe yondsimpletrue5falsedichotomies.lnhisemphasisonintegratedPractices,Chihi hasmuchtoof弛rtogrouPssuchasRisshoKoseikaithatarereconsideringtherole ofZenschoolinformedmeditativePmcticesintheirwayofli弛. JohnMCRae spaper, ThelnterfaceofEarlyChanandTiantaiMeditation ,was thethirdpaperpresented.MCRaebroughttheworldofhightechtotheprogramby o仔eringanaccountofZenTendai柚tel actioninChinagleanedfromacomputer searchoftheLotusSutraandZenandTendaitexts.Thisinterestinganalysisledto apictureofselectiveinnuence.HenotesthatTendaimeditationtextsweresocorn monlyusedthattheirinnuenceonZeniswithoutquestion.Yet,regardingtheLotus Sutraitself,MCRaescomputersearchfoundthattherearenodetaileddeiscriptionsof meditationintheLotusSutraandthatkeyTendaivocabularydoesnotappearas suchintheLotusSutra(inparticularheidentilで1esthetermzhiguan,shikaninJapa nese,whichisroughlytranslatedas concentrationandinsight, andwhichformsthe heartofChihismeditativeoutlook).MCRaealsofoundthatwhentheLotusSutra doesrefertomeditationitisinapositivelight.Hispreliminaryanalysisofthe ChanNorthernSchooltextぺvufangbianorFiveExpedientNleansshowsthatwhile theschoolisindebtedtoTendaiforitscontemPlativeanalysisstylejtappearsthat therewasamovetoavoidanyfurtheridentmcationwithTendai.IVlcRaesworkal lowedparticiPantstofurtherrefinetheirunderstandingofthe吊tel・actionbetweenthe LotusandZentraditions. Discussionfocusedontwomaintopics:timeandplactice,andtranslation.Re gardingtimeandpractice,questionswereraisedconcemingλ4cRaesobservations onthelimiteduseofshikanandonthewayinwhichmeditationwasrc5ferredtoin theLotusSutra.lnparticular,I)articipantsPointedoutthemannerinwhichtheBud dhaempoweredhis(1 ciplestopreachafterheenteredsamadhi(aleferenceforhis death).ThemannerinwhichtheLotusSutraitselfbecomesunderstoodastheeter nalbodyoftheBuddhawasalsod柚cussedasl4cうgardsthequestionoftimeandprac 181
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 tice.LinkedtothedeathoftheBuddhaandthequestionofpractice,itwasnoted thattheconceptofmappoG11elatterdaysofthelaw)wasl;e・nerallylessimPortantin ChinathaninJapan,whereitwaspartofageneralsenseofworldcrisisandplayed acriticalroleinthedevelopmentofJapaneseBuddhism・ N/luchofthediscussionalsofocusedontranslation.MCRaesinnovativeuseof comPuterstosearchthroughtextsdrewintoquestionPreviousscholarlyinterpreta tionofhowcertainwordsareunderstood,andtheぅ17elうore,ofhowscholarstoday shouldtranslatethem.This柘reshadowedthepointsbroughtupinthefinalpaper presentedattheconference,whichconcemedthetranslationofreligioustexts. Thefourthpapernarrowedthe柘cusfurtherbylookingspe5cincallyat(Primarily) oneZenpractitionersuseandunderstandingoftheLotusSutra,Dogen.Nlichiko Yusa spaper TheLotusSutraandDogen sZenHermeneutics seto汀alivelydebate thatharkedbacktoSwansonsinitialcallforcontextualizingtheterm Zen. lnher paperandthevigorousdiscussionthatfollowed,Yusabroughttolightthewayin whichtheLotusSutrapermeatedmuchofDogensteachinlgs.Nloreover,Yusacha1 1engedtheparticipantstoseewhatDogenhastooffercontemPoraryJapaneseBud dhism一alivelyspiritualitythatcouldhelpJapaneseBuddhismescapetherealmof funera1Buddhisminwhichshe,andmanyothers,believeitistrapped.Acentral pointraisedinthediscussionhadtodowiththeplayfulwayinwhichbothDogen andtheLotusSutrauselanguage.Theplayfulnatureofthelanguagewasfoundto becentraltothemannerinwhichtheteachingandexperienceofBuddhistcompas sioncouldbeexPressed.And,indeed,thisdiscussionbroughtparticipantsbackto thequestionoftranslation.HowcanmodemtranskltorscaPturethecultureofthe livingtextandthesubtleuseofmetaphorthatmarkedtheLotusSutraandthewrit ingsofDogen? ThefifthpaperpresentedkeptthefocusonDogen.DanLeighton s Dogen sAp proPriationoftheLotusSutraGroundandSpace examinedhowtheLotusSutra helpedtodefineDogensworldview.SPaceandtime,Le塘htonnotes,areessential f7actorsinDogensviewofawakeningandDogennlakesextensiveuseoftheLotus Sutrainmakingthisclear.AlthoughDogenreliedontheLotusSutramoreasa meanstoexpresshisownworldview(asopposedtoothers,suchasNichiren(1222 1282),whospecificallysoughttopl^or)agatetheLotus),itisclearthattheLotus SutrawasnotsimplyatooltobeusedbutplayedacriticalroleinshaPinghis worldview.Forexample,Le址htonnotesthat, DogenusesthetimeframeofSakya muniasteacherofthesec5minglymucholderundergroundbodhisattvastodiscuss theinclusionofallbeings,regardlessofspiritualmaturity,aschildrenoftheBud 182
dha・andthepotentialofallbeingsasthemselvesdevelopingBuddhas. Elsewhere, DogenbuildsontheLotusideaoftheetemalimmanentBuddhabyteaching thatit isncうcessaryforhisdescendentstoactivelycontinueBuddhasl)ractice andthat `゛orkoftheundelgr()undbodhisattvasdescribedintheLotusSutra化11apters15and 16)istobe(jarriedoutbycurrentpractitione17[sl.OnecommentinresPonsetothis wasthattheundergroundbodhisattvasareindeedallthosewhohe訂andtakepartin theteachingsoftheLotus.Moreover,Leightonnoted,forDogen,Practiceisthe ritualembodimentandexpression oftheBuddha,ForDogen,then,timeand sPacearecollapsedandwiththemthelinearunderstandingofproS;I・essiondowna pathtowardsenlightenment.TheLotusSutra,inwhichtimeandspacearealsocol 1apsed,servedasacmcialtoolforDogentoexpressthisworldview. Anotherpointraisedduringthediscussionservedtolinkthispapertooneofthe criticalthemestoemergefromtheconference,namelytheuseoflanguage.Leighton PointedoutthatDogensuseofmetaphorwasbothasPuredescriPtionandasmeta phor.TheplayfuluseofmetaphorbyDogenthusservedasanindispensableteach ingtool.IVletaphorsjtwasnoted,aretramJormativelanguageestablishingrelation shipsbetweenpeoplejdeas,andwords. ThesixthpaperpresentedwasbyMatsuokaYukakoandentitled Dogen slnter 1)retationofJukiintheLotusSutra. Matsuokasworkcontinuedtheexplorationof notionsoftime,1)17Elctice,andBuddhahoodthroughananalysisofDogensuseofthe termtjuki,whichisvafiouslyintcう17pretedtomeanprediction,confirmation,or 21ssurance .IX/latsuokaarguesthatDogenexpandsuPonthenotionofprediction foundintheLotusSutratoincludeasenseofuniversalpredictionandassurance (somethingotherParUcipantsarguedisalsotobefoundintheLotusSutra). Thediscussionofx/latsuokaspaperneshedoutthedeveloPmentoftheunder standingofjukiwithintheteachingsofDogenaswellaswithintheBuddhisttradi tionmorebroadly.Forexarnple,itwasnotedthat,inearlyMahayana,1)Iediction wasab5;olutelycriticaltothepracticeofbodhisattvas.TheLotusSutrabuiltonthis trendbygivingthepredictionofBuddhahoodtoa11.Duringthediscussion,Reeves addedthatjukiintheLotusSutraisanotherwayoftellingpeoplethattheyare bodhisattvaandthushasm4jorimplicationsforhowtheyshouldlivetheirlives.ln fact,onecritiqueraisedofDogenwasthatwheretheLotusSutracanbeunderstood asteachingpeoplehowtobehave,forDogentheLotuswasusedtohelpexplain moreabstractnotionsregardingpracticeandBuddhahood.Forexample,Dogenused jukitocollapsetimebetweencauseandresultandtherebyreversetheirorderi.e., enlightenmentbecomesthecauseandpracticethelesultinDogensteachings.Dur 183
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 ingthe(lkussionperiodaquestionwa丿raisedlinkingthecollceptofjuki(inwhich l)I edictionofBuddhahoodismade)tothatoforiginalennghtenmat(hongaku seeJacquelineStonesrecentworkonthistopicformoredetai1,0rigina1Enlighten mentandtheTrans;formationofMedieva1JapaneseBuddhism)・Swansoncom mentedthat,atleastwithinearlyChineseTendai,suchaviewwouldhavebeencri tiquedasextreme.Chihineversaiddelusionasitiswaswisdom;heonlywould gosofafastosaythattheyareindivisible. TheseventhpaperPresentedwasbyRubinHabito.HispaperbroughtNichiren intothediscussionthroughacomparativeexaminationofNichirenandDogen s bodilyreadings oftheLotusSutrainhispaper NichirenonZen,Dogenonthe LotusSutra:BodilyReadingsofBuddhistScriptures. Habitopointsoutthatboth DogenandNichirenheldtheLotusSutrainthehighest5teem,However,Nichirens readingoftheLotusSutrarequiredofhimfullengagementwiththesocietyand politicsofhistime,whereasforDogentheLotusSutrawasasupportfortheprac ticeofseatedmeditationandembodiedinmeditativepractice.Putanotherway,Do gen sreadingwasahis;toricalwhencomparedtoNichren sthoroughengagement withhistime.Renectingthenatureoftheconference,Habitocalleduponpartici pantstoaskwhatZencouldbringtocontemporaryLotusl)17ε1cticesandwhattheLo tuscouldbringtoZen. Muchofthepursuantconve17sationfocusedonthewaysinwhichthesocialen gagementofNichiren(andthosereligiousgroupsthatdevelopedovertimebasedon hisandtheTendai・;chooFs三三dingsoftheLotusSutra)couldbeincorporatedinto modemZenpractice.lnotherswords,couldaLotusbasedsocialethicbedrawn uponbyZenBuddhiststotramJormtheirl)I21cticesintoamoreengagedcomPassion atepractice.0nepointofwarningbroughtupinthediscussionwasthemannerin whichnationalistshaveusedNichirensteachingsonworldengagementinthePast fordubiouspurposes. へVhereasthediscussiononmodemZencenteredaroundtheviewthatitisinneed ofanengagedsocialethic,RisshoKoseikaiparticipantswerequicktopointoutthat thereexiststodayagrowingdemandamongyoungmembersformoresittingmedita tionwithintheplacticesofRisshoKo記ikai. ThecallforanengagedsocialethicraisedinHabitosPaPersetthestageforthe eighthpaPerpresented, BackboneinBuddhism:JapansResistancetoautilitarian Biocうthi(ニ;s,byべvilliamLaFle11r.へvhilethisPaperdidnotrefereithertotheLotus SutraortoZendirectly,afactpointedoutfromthebeginningbyLaFleurjtwas,as LaReuralsonoted,clearlyinthesPiritoftheLotus.LaFleurarguesthat,contrary 184
totheoPiiollofcelt血IJaPalleseintellcctuals(he・;I)e・cificallyhighnllhtsthewritings ofMaruyamal?vlasao・19141996),BuddhisminJapanProvidesamoral backbone toJapanesethoughtonimportantethicalquestions,suchasorgantransplantand braindeath. LaFleuroutlineshowtheJaPanesehavearguedagainstxへ/estemutilitarianviews inwhichthebodyhasbecomefullycomme51cialized.Basedonconceptsofpurity andonanondualisticviewofthebodyandmindinspiredbyBuddhistthought, manyJaPanesehaveafguedagainsttheuseofbraindeathasadeterminantofdeath. LaFleuralsofindsthatJapanesehavecometoargueagainstorgantransplantbased onthemindsetnotofthedonor(asiscommonintheWest,inParticulartheunited States, ̄i.e・, Shouldldonate? )butofthel4eceiver(i.e・, ぺVhataretheimplica tionsofre5ceiving? ).Regardingthemindsetofthereceiver,LaFleurdemonで追認皿s thecomplexnatureofthedecisionprocessesbynotingreticenceaboutthedesireto prolonglife,andmorecritically,asenseofillateaseregardingabidinginthehope, howeverremotely,thatanotherwilldieandけhereby,grantoneanextensiononlife. ぺvithinJapaneseBuddhism,henotes,thereisadisdainforcalculatedutilitarianism andan emphasisonimmediacy. Thispointwastakenupinthediscussionperiod withaspecialfocusontheteachingofskillfulmeans.Skillfulmeans,itwasdeter mined,doesnotimplyautilitarianviewbutisbasedinsteadoncompassion.During discussionthequestionwasalsoaskedifitispo ibletoformulateafoundationfor modemBuddhistethicsinJapan(andelsewhere)and,ifso,howcouldBuddhist l〕I`actitioners,suchasthemembersofRisshoKoseikai,Putintopracticethatfounda tion. Thefina1PaPerkepttheconvelsationonskillfulmeansgoing;indeed,itbrought theconvel・sationbacktothefirstpaperpresented.lnherpaper, Upayakausalyaand Sandhabhasa:HermeneuticsandLjteraryEfficacyintheTranslationoftheLotus Sutra, GummerseyeopeningcomparativeanalysisoftheSanskritversionofthe LotusSutrawithKum副ivasChinesetranslationbroughttolighttheoftenover 100kedimPortanceoflanguage.Asxvasnotedduringthediscussion,thenterary valueofreligiouswritingislgc3nGallyignoredbyBuddhalogists,butasane5?(amina tionoftheLotusSutramakes()1earthePlayfulusewordsisattheheartofthetexts e汀1cacy.Gummernotesthatinthexvestlanguageisoftenseenasanleans,but whatwemustrememberwhenengagingatextsuchastheLotusSutrajsthatjnthe worldofthel;utras,1anguageisanagent ̄itisperformative.lnparticulaf,aswas drawnoutduringthediscussion,Gummerseekstocallourattentiontothemanner inwhichoralandwrittenlanguagewereneverunderstoodseparatelywithinnlanu 185
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 2 号 script(2111ture.Duringthe(l心cussionWilliamLaFleur,whoseownearlywork(see forexanlPle,TheKarmaofWords:BuddhismandthelMeraryArtsinMedievaIJa pan)focusedonBuddhismandlite17atureinJapan,concurredwithGummerand addedtheexampleofJaPanese5otericBuddhismwhich17e51)resenteda domainof linguisticplay. Withinherl)aPer,Gummerfocusesherattentiononthete5rm(s) allusivespeech and expedientmeans. ShenotesthatKumar4jivastmnslationplacedanemphasison expedientmeans whereastheSanskritversionemphasized allusivespeech .Both, shestates,wereh塘hlyeffectivetransf()rmativetextsbutKumar4jivasemPhasison expedientmeanstotheextentthathestatesthatthesutraitselfisnotanexPedient mean(thusplacingitaboveother tluths )greatlyalteredthepotentialwaysin whichthetextcouldbeunderstoodand,thus,a汀ectedthedevelopmentofthemany laterEastAsianBuddhisttraditionsthatreliedonhistext. TogethertheabovepaPersactedasseedsfiomwhichgeatconvel7sationsblos somedoverthelengthoftheconference.lnfact,althoughtheofficialschedulekept Participantsatthetablefrom8:30inthemomingunti18:00atnight,withoutfail participantscarriedontheconvel4sationlateintothenightsomethingmadepossi blebytheconstantcarTyingattentionoftheRisshoKoseikaistaffmembersonsite. Theconvelsationscafriedonbytheattendeesdelvedinthefutureprospectsofsuch comparativeandcollaborativeworkontheLotusSutra.Thepaperspresenteddem onstratedthemutuallyinfluencingcodependenceoftheLotusandZentraditionsin JapanandChinaand(2hE111engedscholarsaswellaspractitionerstogobeyondsec tarianlineagebasedstudiesinordertobetterunderstandhowtheBuddhisttradition asawholedeveloPedacrosseastAsia.Moreover,throughfocusingonthetopicof translationtheybroughttolightthecriticalnatureoftextsaslivingdocumentsthat existedandexistwithinspecinccontexts.Theseconclusionsmaybeofparticular importancetonewBuddhistmovementssuchasRisshoKoseikaithataremoreand moreoftenseekingtosPreadtheDharmatothexVest. Theprimarygoaloftheconferencewastocreate goodconversation andthis goalwasnotsimplyconfinedtothepaperspresented.lndeed,theconferencewas designedsothattheconvelsationwouldnotbelimjtedtotheinvitedscholarsbutso thatitwouldincludetheminaconvel7sationwithRisshoKoseikaimembers.0nthe seconddayofthestayinNagano,I)21rticipantsboardedtheirbusanddroveintoNa ganocitytovisitwiththemembersoftheNaganoChuoChurch.Atthechurch, 1)articipantswerewelcomedwarmlybychurchmembers,o汀eredadeliciouslunch, andinvitedtositinontheirobonservice.ThroughthisexperienceParticiPants 186
wereabletolearnfirst`handofRisshoKosekaia(:;tivities,andtheNaganoChuo Churchmemberswereabletoseenrsthandtheworldwideintel estintheLotus Sutra.Pa拓cipantswerealsotakenonaguidedtourofZenkoji.Allmemberswere l7elievedthattheywereabletotouchthelockhiddeninthepit(;hblackco❹dorun derthehonzonGentralimage)atZenkojiandthusgu211anteetheirrebirthinthePure Land。 0nthennaleveninginNagano,participantsweretreatedtoanintroductionto RisshoKoseikaibyleadingmembersofvariousRisshoKoseikaiadmini5;trative branches.ParticiPantsleamedofRisshoKoseikaiactivitiestodevelopmissionsab road,ofRisshoKoseikaiaimshereinJapan,andofthecう1TortsoftheNiwanoPeace Foundation.Finally,onthelastdayoftheconference,theparticipantsheldanopen discussionwithRisshoKoseikaimembersattheheadquartersinTokyo.I)articipants satacrossfromRisshoKoseikaimemberswhoaskedmanydis;cemingquestions regardingthepaperspresentedandonthegeneraltopicoftheLotusSutraandZen. Finally,onthelastday,1)articiPantswereinvitedtomeetwiththePresidentof RisshoKoseikai.A11ina11,theconferencexvasasuccessandtheconvel7sationbe gantheirwillnodoubtcontinueintothefuture. 187