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大型ミラーを用いた次世代レーザー干渉計重力波検出器

Proposal of a next-generation GW detector using huge mirrors

April 10, 2001 坪野公夫

abstract

大型ミラーを用いたレーザー干渉計重力波検出器の性能および実現可能性の評価をおこなう.大型ミラーを 使うことにより、不確定性原理で決まる限界を下げることができる.また、鏡面でのビームサイズを大きく とるデザインを採用することにより、ハイパワー照射が可能となりショットノイズを下げることができる.同 時に、大型化によってミラーおよび懸架システム全般の熱雑音を小さくすることができる.これにより本設 計の大型ミラーを用いたレーザー干渉計は、室温動作であるにもかかわらず次世代高感度重力波検出器とし ての性能をもつことが可能である.

目 次

1 introduction 1

2 design parameters and sensitivity 2

3 mirror considerations 3

3.1 huge substrate availability . . . . 3

3.2 mirror curvature[2] . . . . 3

3.3 mirror thermal noise[3] . . . . 6

3.3.1 mirror internal modes (n=0) . . . . 6

3.3.2 structural damping noise[4] . . . . 6

3.3.3 thermoelastic noise[8] . . . . 6

3.3.4 thermo refractive noise[9] . . . . 7

3.3.5 photon-thermal noise[8] . . . . 7

3.3.6 mechanical loss from coatings [10] . . . . 7

3.4 pendulum motion[11, 12] . . . . 7

4 high-power source consideration 8 4.1 high power laser availability . . . . 8

4.2 thermal lensing[14, 15] . . . . 8 5 future works 8 6 discussion 9 7 conclusion 9 8 appendix 12 8.1 noise sources[16] . . . . 12 8.2 projective sensitivities . . . . 12

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8.2.1 LCGT 計画 [17] . . . . 12 8.2.2 LIGO II 計画 [18] . . . . 12

1

introduction

次世代干渉計の条件 確実に「発見」するには、年に数回と予想される、200Mpc での中性子星連星 (1.4M−1.4M) 合体を SNR=10 で検出できること. ⇒ ˜h ∼ 5 × 10−24 [1/Hz] @∼ 100Hz (実際には干渉計のノイズスペクトルによる) current TAMA⇒ ˜h ∼ 5 × 10−21 [1/√Hz] @ 700Hz∼ 1.5kHz[1] 本デザインの有利な点

• ミラーの質量が大きいので radiation pressure noise が下がる.

• レーザービームのスポットサイズが大きいので、鏡面での発熱が分散する.ミラーの面積が大きいので

放熱がよくなる.これにより、干渉計に蓄えるレーザーパワーを大きくでき shot noise を下げることが できる (thermal lensing の問題はある).

• 鏡面でのビームスポットサイズが大きいので mirror thermal noise が下がる.

• mirror suspension thermal noise については、スケール効果により下がることが期待される.

大型ミラーの問題点

• 大型ミラーの製造可能性?

• 大型大曲率ミラーの curvatute(R ∼90km), polish, coating, annealing, metrology? • ミラーおよびバイオリンモードの共振周波数低下

• レンズ等の周辺光学系も大型化する

2

design parameters and sensitivity

• ミラー材料:合成溶融石英 (synthesized fused silica) • 直径 φ60cm × 厚さ t50cm, 質量 m=300kg (ρ = 2.2)

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• 基礎パラメータ ARM L=3km LIGHT SOURCE λ = 1064nm Plaser=300W Recycling gain 80 Peff=15kW (BS input) FP CAVITY F=100 τs=0.64ms r0 = 7.5 cm MIRROR m=300kg 2rm=60cm t =50cm R1= R2=90km E = 7× 1010Pa σ=0.17 φm= (1× 108)−1 Tm=300K SUSPENSION ωp/2π = 0.5Hz φp= (1× 108)−1 Tp=300K SEISMIC x0= 10−8m G = (2π/ω)8

3

mirror considerations

fused silica properties

熱膨張率: α = 5.5× 10−7[1/K] 屈折率温度変化: β = 1.5× 10−5[1/K] 比熱: C = 6.7× 102[J/kg/K] 熱伝導率: κ = 1.4[W/m/K] 密度: ρ = 2.2× 103[kg/m3] ヤング率: E = 7.2× 1010[Pa] ポアソン比: σ = 0.17

3.1

huge substrate availability

Heraeus can deliver 800 mm diameter silica which is the standard of National Ignition Facility (by Riccardo).

3.2

mirror curvature[2]

L: baseline, Ri: curvature beam size : w2i = π|gi|  g1g2 1− g1g2, gi= 1 L Ri (i = 1, 2)(1) L=3km R1= R2= 90km (δ = r2m/(2R2) = 0.5µm) g1= 1, g2= 0.97

w1 w2 7.5cm≡ r0(at r = r0, 1/e in amplitude)

transvers mode : νn;lm= c 2L[n + (l + m + 1)γ], γ = 1 πcos −1√g 1g2 (2) γ = 0.055 ⇒ 縦モード間に 20 本の横モード

(4)

Frequency f [Hz]

Strain

sensiti

vity

˜ h

1

Hz

total

shot noise

mirror thermal

suspension thermal

radiation pressure

seismic

Large mirror interferometer

K. Tsubono Mar.1, 2001

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1

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–25

10

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Frequency f [Hz]

Strain

sensiti

vity

˜ h

1

Hz

K. Tsubono Mar.1, 2001

10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

10

–25

10

–24

10

–23

10

–22

10

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LIGO II

LCGT

TAMA300

LIGO I

designed sensitivities

LM300

(6)

R1= R2= 90km⇒ r0= 6.3cm conforcal(R1= R2= L)⇒ r0= 3.2cm

3.3

mirror thermal noise[3]

3.3.1 mirror internal modes (n=0)

lowest mode 5.05kHz

2nd mode 5.26kHz

3rd mode 5.93kHz

.... thanks to Numata

3.3.2 structural damping noise[4]

石英のバルクな性質 (intrinsic) としての損失.φ(ω) は周波数依存性をもたない. ˜ h = 2 L  4kBTmφm(1− σ2) πEr0ω [1/ Hz] (3) = 1.1× 10−23 [1/√Hz] @f = 10Hz (4) if φm= 1× 10−8[5, 6] (5) 鏡が有限の大きさであるための補正 [7] r0 rm 7.5 30 = 0.25⇒ ∆˜h < 7% (6) 3.3.3 thermoelastic noise[8] 石英を変形させると温度分布ができ、これにともなう熱膨張がおきる.この熱変形の位相がもとの変形の位 相に対して遅れることによる損失. ˜ h = 8 L α(1 + σ)T ρCω  κkB r30 (7) = 1.2× 10−24 [1/√Hz] @f = 10Hz (8)

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3.3.4 thermo refractive noise[9] 温度の統計的ゆらぎにより、coating の屈折率が変化して光路長の雑音となる. βeff = n 2 2β1+ n21β2 4(n21− n22) (9) β1=dn1 dT , β2= dn2 dT (10) ˜ h = 2 L βeffλT r0  kB π√ωρCκ (11) TiO2 n1= 2.2, β1= 1.5× 10−5K−1 (12) SiO2 n2= 1.45, β2= 1.5× 10−5K−1 (13) βeff = 9.5× 10−6 (14) ˜ h = 5.3× 10−25[1/√Hz] @f = 10Hz (15) 3.3.5 photon-thermal noise[8] coating の吸収する光パワーが統計的にゆらぐため、その厚さが熱膨張により変化し雑音となる. ˜ h = 8 L α(1 + σ) ρCr20ω  cPa πλ (16) mirror absorption: Pa∼ 1W (17) ˜ h = 3.2× 10−25 [1/√Hz] @f = 10Hz (18)

3.3.6 mechanical loss from coatings [10]

˜ h∝ 1 r0 (19) 大 beam spot により影響は少ない.

3.4

pendulum motion[11, 12]

pendulum mode: ωp=  g/+ ωp/2π=0.5Hz⇒ +=1.0m

Silica fiber で N =4 を仮定, 直径 dfのワイヤーにかかる stress σp

df =

 4mg

πN σp

(20)

σp = 0.5GPa (achievable tensil strength)⇒ df = 1.4mm

fviolin= 1 2+



σp

(8)

dilution effect of loss φp=  EN πd4f 32mg+2φf (22) = 6× 10−3φf = 1 170φf (23) thermoelastic loss φth= ∆ ωτd 1 + (ωτd)2 (24) ∆ = 2T 1 + σ 1− σ (25)

thermal diffusion coefficient : D = κ

(26) fiber case :τd= d2f/(13.55D)⇒ fd= 1.1Hz (27) φth= 6.6× 10−7(10Hz/f ) φf = φbulk+ φth+8ds df φbulk (28)

ds: surface dissipation depth < 200µm⇒ φthが支配的 (φbulk∼ 10−8を想定).

φp= 4× 10−9(10Hz/f ) よって f > 10Hz では φp < 10−8を達成可能.

4

high-power source consideration

4.1

high power laser availability

300W or even 1kW is no problem if 100W is OK (by Mio).

4.2

thermal lensing[14, 15]

most serious problem for high power interferometer !

sagitta :s≈ λ  L R (29) thermal expansion:δs≈ α 4πκPa < β 4πκPa(for silica) (30)

shot noise を下げるためには入射パワーを増やすしかなく、thermal lensing は次世代干渉計の共通の問題.い ずれの場合も BS の熱レンズは対策が必要.active compensation しかない?

sensing & compensating

5

future works

• high power in MC • high power PD • scattering noise

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6

discussion

further improvement if T /Q⇒ 1/10 (advanced detector) narrowband improvement (dual recycling, RSE, etc)

7

conclusion

proposal of a next-generation interferometric laser interferometer 1. huge mirrors (M = 300kg, φ =60cm)

2. large spot size (r0= 7.5cm)

3. high power illumination (PBS= 15kW) 実現には極限技術開発 (R&D) が必要

• 大型ミラー(大口径材料、研磨、コーティング) • 低損失石英(φ ∼ 10−8

• 大出力レーザー(300W、超高安定)

• thermal lensing compensation (active,scanned beam heating ?, idea 必要) • ミラー懸架(低損失)

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Frequency f [Hz]

Strain

sensiti

vity

˜ h

1

Hz

total

shot noise

mirror thermal

suspension thermal

radiation pressure

seismic

Large mirror interferometer(advanced)

K. Tsubono Mar.1, 2001

10

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Frequency f [Hz]

Strain

sensiti

vity

˜ h

1

Hz

K. Tsubono Mar.1, 2001

10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4

10

–25

10

–24

10

–23

10

–22

10

–21

10

–20

LIGO II

LCGT

TAMA300

LIGO I

designed sensitivities

LM300

LM300 advanced

(12)

8

appendix

8.1

noise sources[16]

1. SHOT NOISE ˜ h =  4πcPBS( 1 τs2 + ω2)[1/ Hz] (31)

(τs=2LFπc : cavity storage time)

2. MIRROR THERMAL NOISE structure damping model

˜ h = 2 L  4kBTmφm(1− σ2) πEr0ω [1/ Hz] (32) (r0: beam radius)

3. SUSPENSION THERMAL NOISE ˜ h = 2 L  4kBTpω2pφp 5 [1/ Hz] (33)

p: resonant freq. of the pendulum) 4. RADIATION PRESSURE NOISE

˜ h = 2 L b 2  8πPBS [1/ Hz] (34) (b = F) 5. SEISMIC NOISE ˜ xseismic= x0  1Hz f 2 [m/√Hz] (35) x0= 10−7∼ 10−9m

vibration isolation ratio G(ω) ˜ h = 2 L 2 ω2 x0G(ω)[1/ Hz] (36)

8.2

projective sensitivities

8.2.1 LCGT計画 [17] 8.2.2 LIGO II計画 [18]

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LCGT

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mirror thermal

suspension thermal

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seismic

(14)

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LIGO II

Frequency f [Hz]

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shot noise

mirror thermal

suspension thermal

radiation pressure

seismic

(15)

参考文献

[1] M. Ando et al.

Stable Operation of a 300-m Laser Interferometer with Sufficient Sensitivity to Detect Gravitational-Wave Events within Our Galaxy

Phys. Rev. Lett. 86-18 (2001)(in press). [2] H. Kogelnik, T. Li

Laser beams and resonators Proc. IEEE 54 (1966)1312. [3] Kazuhiro Yamamoto

Ph.D. thesis, Study of the Thermal Noise Caused by Inhomogeniously Distributed Loss, December 2000.

[4] Y. Levin

Internal thermal noise in the LIGO test masses : a direct approach Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998)659.

[5] 沼田健司

溶融石英再考、坪野研輪講資料 2000 年 11 月 21 日. [6] S. D. Penn et al.,

High Quality Factor Measured in Fused Silica http://xxx.lanl.gov/ps/gr-qc/0009035

[7] Y. T. Liu, K. S. Thorne

Thermoelastic Noise and Homogenious Thermal Noise in Finite Sized Gravitational-wave Test Masses Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000)122002.

[8] V. B. Braginsky, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. P. Vyatchnin

Thermodynamical Fluctuation and Photo-thermal Shot Noise in Gravitational Wave Antennae Phys. Lett. A 264 (1999)1.

[9] V. B. Braginsky, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. P. Vyatchnin Thermo-refractive Noise in Gravitational Wave Antennae Phys. Lett. A 271 (2000)303.

[10] K. Yamamoto, M. Ando, K. Kawabe, K. Tsubono

Thermal Noise Caused by the Inhomogeneous Loss in the Mirrors Used in the Gravitational Wave Detectors

Phys. Lett. A (in preparation). [11] A. M. Gretarrson et al.,

Pendulum Mode Thermal Noise in Advanced Interferometers: a Comparison of Fused Silica Fibers and Ribbons in the Presence of Surface Loss

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[12] G. Cagnoli et al.,

Very High Q Measurements on a Fused Silica Monolithic Pendulum for Use in Enhanced Gravity Wave Detectors

Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000)2442. [13] A. M. Gretarrson, G. M. Harry

Dissipation of Mechanical Energy in Fused Silica Fibers Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 (1999)4081.

[14] W. Winkler, K. Danzmann, A. Rudiger, R. Schilling

Heating by Optical Absorption and the Performance of Interferometric Gravitational-wave Detectors Phys. Rev. A 44 (1991)7022.

[15] K. Strain, et al.,

Thermal Lensing in Recycling Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors Phys. Lett. A 194 (1994)124.

(宮川治、坪野研輪講資料 1999 年 12 月 7 日) [16] 坪野公夫

次世代レーザー干渉計、坪野研輪講資料 2000 年 10 月 17 日. [17] K. Kuroda et al.,

Large-scale Croyogenic Gravitational Wave Telescope Int. J. Mod. Phys. 8 (1999)557.

[18] E. Gustafson, D. Shoemaker, K. Strain, R. Weiss,

LSC White Paper on Detector Research and Development Sep. 1999-LIGO T990080-00-D.

[19] 沼田健司

無題(損失一般論)、坪野研輪講資料 1999 年 12 月 21 日. 熱雑音干渉計、坪野研輪講資料 2000 年 10 月 10 日.

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