±·
ʃʧ˂ʎᡇ९ȾȝȤɞˢᐎߔ
ᴪʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃᴪ
ᯚಏǽα
±Ǿʹȁజǽሱ
²Ǿႎ̢ϧ܀
³Ǿ˨ฤǽ࣐ൗ
´A Study about the Practical Thought of Sports:
Total Defense in Volleyball
Shingo TAKANE, Kyu SASAKI, Kentaro TAI, Kohki UWAIZUMI
ᛵǽ ǽటᆅሱɁᄻᄑɂǾʃʧ˂ʎᡇ९ȻȪȹɁɿʍɵ˂Ɂᚓᄑʞʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽȻȗșᜊཟȞɜǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵ ȾȝȤɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾȷȗȹᐎߔȬɞȦȻȾȕȶȲǿɑȭɂᚓᄑʞʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽɁច࿑ॴȟɜȞ ȾȨɟǾȰɟɜɂǾᛓ᫆ॴǾᒲࢄᄾͬॴȝɛɆ࿑ႱॴȺȕȶȲǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɂǾɿ˂ ʠǾʗʍʒʑɭʟɱʽʃᴥʠʷʍɹᴦȝɛɆʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃᴥʑɭɺᴦɁ ³ ࠈᬂȾґኮȨɟȲǿȪȞȪȽȟɜǾȰ ɟȱɟɁ ³ ࠈᬂɂȪȹȗɞɁȺɂȽȢǾൡᄑȽɕɁȺȕȶȲǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞᡇ९ȻȪȹʒ˂ʉʵʑɭ ʟɱʽʃȾɂǾᚓᄑʞʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽɁច࿑ॴȻɁᜆ֪ॴȟᝓɔɜɟǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾɛȶȹʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵɁ߳ศɁױȻտ˨ȟఙशȺȠɞǿ ɷ˂ʹ˂ʓᴷʃʧ˂ʎᡇ९Ǿᚓᄑʞʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃ Abstract
The purpose of this study was to consider about total defense in volleyball from the angle as tactical periodization in soccer as a practical thought of sports. The characteristics of tactical periodization were made clear, were the complexity, the self-similarity and the specificity. Total defense in volleyball had three phases, service, net defense (block) and fl oor defense (dig), respective phases weren’t separative and were organic. Total defense as a practical thought of volleyball exhibited affi nity to the characteristics of tactical periodization, and total defense would be able to expect improvement of coaching methods and results.
Key Words: practical thought of sports, tactical periodization, volleyball, total defense
± ࢠᕹ۾ޙǽTokoha University ² ࠞढ۾ޙǽYamagata University ³ Ᏸᮗ۾ޙǽGunma University ´ ࢿࡀ۾ޙǽHiroshima University
±¸
ᴮᴫ፳
ǽᚓᄑʞʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽᴥ͏˩ǾPT ȻȬɞᴦȻɂǾ ±¹·° ࢳ͍˹ᬰȾʧʵʒ۾ޙЫଡ଼ૌʾɭʒ˂ʵˁʟʳ˂ ʑȾɛȶȹ૬כȨɟȲʃʧ˂ʎɁᡇ९ȺȕɝǾɑ Ȳး٣˰ႜȺఊɕТᇸȽɿʍɵ˂ᄶᅚɁˢ̷Ⱥȕɞʂʱ ʆˁʬɰʴ˂ʕʱȾɛȶȹႊȨɟȹȗɞʒʶ˂ʕʽ ɺʫʇʍʓɁȦȻȺȕɞǿኂᐐɂȈʃʧ˂ʎᡇ९Ɂ ᆅሱȉ± ɥɔɞȽȞȺǾPT ȾᅔᄻȪǾȰɁп߁ȟɜ ȞȻȽɟɃǾʃʧ˂ʎȾȝȤɞျᝲȻᡇɁፋնȟ߁ ȻȽɝǾɿʍɵ˂ȳȤȺȽȢͅɁߦټᪿي္੫ʃʧ˂ ʎɁ߳ศɁױȻտ˨ȟఙशȺȠɞȻَ͙Ȫȹȗ ɞǿȰȦȺǾటᆅሱȺɂǾȰɁَ͙Ɂ˩ȺǾаᚐᆅሱȺ ȕɞǾజ࣍² Ⱦɛɞɿʍɵ˂ȾȝȤɞᡇ९ȻȪȹɁ PT ɁകᛵɥᜓᝢȪȲɁȴǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴɥમȥǾటᆅ ሱɁߦ៎Ⱥȕɞʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾᅔᄻȪǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ ߳ศɁױȻտ˨ȟఙशȺȠɞᡇ९ȻȪȹ Ȉʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȉɥɝ˨ȥǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴȻ ȗșᜊཟȞɜᐎߔɥɔɞǿिȶȹǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝ Ȥɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾȷȗȹǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴɥᩜ ᣵȸȤȽȟɜᐎߔɥɔɞȦȻȟȺȠɟɃǾటᆅሱɁᄻ ᄑɂᤎȮɜɟȲȦȻȾȽɞǿᴯᴫɿʍɵ˂ȾȝȤɞ ÐÔ
ǽజ࣍³ ɂǾȈPT ɂǾɕȻɕȻʧʵʒɶʵɁЫʧʵʒ۾ ޙଡ଼ૌʾɭʒ˂ʵˁʟʳ˂ʑȾɛȶȹ ±¹·° ࢳ͍˹ᬰȾ ӁಘȉȨɟǾȈȰɁ९ᑔȾɂǾʃʞʘʀɁޙǾᛓ ᫆ጕɁᇼޙǾᑲᇼޙǾɿɮʚʗʐɭɹʃǾʡʳɺʨʐɭ ʄʪȽȼǾȨɑȩɑȽޙץґȟᛓ᫆ȾፅɒնȗȽȟɜ ސ٣ȪȹȗɞȉȻଊȪȹȗɞǿȰȪȹǾȈȦɁPT Ⱦ ȝȤɞɿʍɵ˂ɁȊᐎțȋɥᝢȪȹȗȢ᪨ȾǾఊқ Ⱦ ᛵ Ƚ ᨉ ക ॡ Ȼ Ȫ ȹ મ ȥ ɜ ɟ ɞ Ɂ ȟǾȊ ᛓ ᫆ ॴ complexidadeȋȉȺȕɝǾȈʟʳ˂ʑɂǾɿʍɵ˂ɥȊɵ ɴʃȋȺȕɝǾȊʟʳɹʉʵȋȺȕɞȻްᏲȉȪȹȗɞǿ ɿʍɵ˂ɂᛓ᫆Ƚɼ˂ʪȺȕɝǾȈᤣਖ਼ɁॷਾɗᣝکǾ ៎Ɂ۰ԇǾɴʟʀʞʍʋɁफᬭȽȼȻȗȶȲǾɢȭȞ Ƚқఙస͔ɁᤏȗȾɛȶȹɕፀȟ۾ȠȢ۰ɢȶȹȢ ɞȉǿȦɁᛓ᫆ॴɂʃʧ˂ʎцᣮɁ࿑ॴȺɕȕɞȟǾɼ˂ ʪȾȝȗȹႆᠭȬɞး៎ɂˢوॴɥ࢛ɆȹȝɝǾпȢպ ± ኂᐐɂ JSPS ᇼᆅ៵ JP±¶K°±¶³µ ɁӒɥՙȤǾȈʃʧ˂ʎᡇ ९ɁᆅሱᴷPT ɁᜓǾျᝲȻᡇɁፋնȻȰɁख़ႊժᑤॴȉ ɥᆅሱᝥᭉȻȪȹɝጸɦȺȗɞǿ ² జ࣐࣍ൗᴥ²°±·ᴦȈʃʧ˂ʎȾȝȤɞࡿȻծźɿʍɵ˂Ɂߦለॴ ȻՕߦለॴɥɔȣȶȹȉǾȝɛɆႎ̢ϧ܀ˁʹȁజሱˁዢరᐖ ࢲˁᆀࠥ˦ˁజ࣐࣍ൗᴥ²°±´ᴦȈʃʧ˂ʎᡇɁ९ᴥ̝ࢳᄻᴦ ᴪᡇ९Ɂʛʟɳ˂ʨʽʃᴪȉɥՎྃȨɟȲȗǿ ³ జ࣐࣍ൗᴥ²°±·ᴦp.±±±-±±µ ȫး៎ɂႆᠭȪȽȗɁȺȕɞǿिȶȹǾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺک ᬂȺɂǾస͔ᜫްȟᛓ᫆ॴɥίધȪǾចస͔ȟԨጠȾȽ ɜȽȗɛșᥓਁȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿɑȲǾɿʍɵ˂ɂʟʳ ɹʉʵᴥᒲࢄᄾͬᴦȺȕɞȲɔǾȈɿʍɵ˂ɂȼȦɥҒȶ ȹɕɿʍɵ˂ȺȽȢȹɂȽɜȽȗȻȗșɁȟǾPT Ⱦȝ Ȥɞɿʍɵ˂ɁȊᐎțȋȽɁȺȕɞᴥȊᒲࢄᄾͬॴȋᴦȉǿ ȷɑɝǾȈɿʍɵ˂ɂǾᣮࢠȰɁᛵጨȻɒȽȨɟȹȗɞȊ੫ ᚓȋȊᚓȋȊʟɭʂɵʵȋȊʫʽʉʵȋȾȰɟȱɟґҾ Ȫȹʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȬɞȦȻɂȺȠȽȗǾɿʍɵ˂ɂɿʍ ɵ˂ɥȬɞȦȻȺȪȞ˨ਖ਼ȢȽɜȽȗȻȗșɁȟǾPT Ɂʒʶ˂ʕʽɺՁҬȽɁȺȕɞȉǿिȶȹǾʒʶ˂ʕʽ ɺکᬂȺɂǾʟʳɹʉʵഫᣲɥەȨȽȗʶʣʵȺґҾȪ ȹஃȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿȨɜȾǾȈPT Ⱦȝȗȹศᝲ ˨ఊɕᛵȽകॡȺȕɞȻɢɟȹȗɞɁȟȊ࿑Ⴑॴ especifi cidadeȋȉȺȕɞǿȦɁȊ࿑ႱॴȋȻɂǾȗɢɃ ʋ˂ʪʃʉɮʵɥขްȬɞȊɼ˂ʪʬʑʵmodele de jogoȋɁȦȻȉȺȕɝǾȈȼɁɛșȽɿʍɵ˂ɥȬɌȠȞȉ Ȼȗșʋ˂ʪɁɽʽʅʡʒǾțɃǾʦ˂ʵɷ˂ʡʉɮ ʡɁʧʆʍʁʱʽɿʍɵ˂ɗᣱʉɮʡɁɵɰʽʉ˂ ɿʍɵ˂ȽȼȺȕɞǿिȶȹǾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺکᬂȺɂǾ ρ̷Ɂʡʶ˂Ǿɺʵ˂ʡɁʡʶ˂Ǿʋ˂ʪпͶɁʡʶ˂Ǿ ȰɁȬɌȹȟࢠȾȈɼ˂ʪʬʑʵȉȾژȸȗȹȗɞ॒ᛵ ȟȕɞǿȦɁɛșȾǾజ࣍ɂǾȈPT ɁȗșȊɿʍɵ˂ Ɂ࿑යॴȋɁоɝՠȻȪȹǾɑȭઃȨțȹȝȞȽȢȹɂ ȽɜȽȗɁȟǾᴥႩᴦȊᛓ᫆ॴȋȊᒲࢄᄾͬॴȋȊ࿑Ⴑॴȋ ȺȕɞȉȻȪȹǾȦɁ ³ ȷɥPT Ɂ࿑ॴȻȪȹȗɞǿɑ ȲǾʷʍʁɂPT Ɂ˹॑ᄑȽɽʽʅʡʒɁɅȻȷȻȪȹǾ Ȉʁʋʯɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȉɥમȥȹȗɞǿʁʋʯ ɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɂǾȈᝁնɁ˹Ⱥႆɑɟɞʁʋʯ ɲ˂ʁʱʽǾȷɑɝมɥʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɁ˹ȺѓးȪǾ Ȱɟɥʡʶ˂ȾɛȶȹᜓขȬɞȻȗșʫʕʯ˂ɥᎱɝᣌ ȬȦȻȺǾᝁնɁ˹ȺպȫɛșȽมȾᏚȞɟȲȾɕ ȰɟɋɁߦख़ȟᡵȾ͇ȗȹȗɞɛșȾȬɞȻȗșɕɁǿ ± ȷɁมȾߦȬɞҜȻߦख़ɥʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɥᣮȫȹ ˢ̷ɅȻɝȟцȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹǾպȫมȾᏚȞɟ ȲȾɂʋ˂ʪпͶȟպȫᐎțɥધȴ९ፋˢȨɟȲ ± ȷɁጸᎥȻȪȹߦख़ȬɞȦȻȟժᑤȻȽɞȉ´ Ȼȗșǿ ʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɥᣮȫȹࢠȾมҜɗมɋɁߦख़ȟ ɔɜɟǾȽȝȞȷǾȰɟɜɥʋ˂ʪȺцȬɞȦȻȟ॒ ᛵȽɁȺȕɞǿɕȴɠɦǾȦɁʁʋʯɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺȾɂPT Ɂ࿑ॴȺȕɞȈᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉȈ࿑ Ⴑॴȉȟ˪ժඑȺȕɞǿᴰᴫпศȻґศɁ੧Ҝᄑᐎߔ
ǽPT ɂǾȈዊԨȾțɃȊɿʍɵ˂ɂɿʍɵ˂ȋȺȕ ´ ࿁ᤍǾʷʣʵʒˁʷʍʁᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.¶´±¹ ɞȻȗșᐎțȉȺȕɝǾȈȊɿʍɵ˂ɂɿʍɵ˂ɥʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹɁɒ˨ᤎȬɞȋɁȺȕȶȹǾɿʍ ɵ˂ɥ ´ ȷɁᛵጨȾґȤȹસțȹᴥɿʍɵ˂ᴺʐɹʕʍ ɹ+ ᚓ + ʟɭʂɵʵ + ʫʽʉʵᴦǾȰɟȱɟɥҝȁȾ ʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȬɞȦȻɂɿʍɵ˂Ɂ˨ᤎˁऐԇȾፀɆȷ ȞȽȗȉȻȗșɕɁȺȕȶȲµ ǿȦɁȈɿʍɵ˂ɂɿʍɵ˂ ɥʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȬɞȦȻȾɛȶȹɁɒ˨ᤎȬɞȉȻȗș ᝢɂǾᚓǾͶӌǾ੫ᚓȽȼɁյᛵጨɥρҝȾऐԇȨ ȮɛșȻʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȪȹȗɞȻȗșɛșȽးɥ۾ȗ Ⱦ੧ҜȬɞɕɁȻસțɞɌȠȺȕɞǿțɃǾρҝ੫ᚓ ȺȕɞʴʟʐɭʽɺȳȤɁᎃɥȪȹȗȹɕǾȕɞȗɂ ᪿيȺʛʃوȪɁᎃɥȪȹȗȹɕǾȰɟȳȤȺɂᴥп ͶȻȪȹɁᴦɿʍɵ˂ɂ˨ᤎȪȽȗȻȗșଊȺȕɞǿ िȶȹǾȦȦȺɂǾρҝᎃɗпͶᎃȻȗȶȲʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺศǾȬȽɢȴյ੫ᚓȽȼɥρҝȾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺ ȬɞศᴥґศᴦȻпͶɥʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȬɞศᴥп ศᴦɥɝ˨ȥǾPT ȻȗșཟɥધȶȹǾȰɟɜȾ ȷȗȹ੧Ҝᄑᐎߔɥɔɞǿ ǽȊఊʃʧ˂ʎᇼޙ̜ъȋȺɂǾȈпศȻґศȉɁ ᬱ¶ ȾȝȗȹǾпศɂȈᤆӦ੫ᑤɥޙȬɞکնǾᝥ ᭉɁܿɔȞɜጶɢɝɑȺɥɅȻɑȻɑɝȻȪȹǾᎱɝᣌ ȪȹᎃȬɞศȉǾˢǾґศɂȈޙᝥᭉɥȗȢ ȷȞɁґȾԖҒȶȹߵȪȭȷᎃȬɞศȉȻްᏲȨ ɟȹȗɞǿɑȲǾȈ੫ᚓɁीȉɁᬱ· ȾɕǾпศȻґ ศȾȷȗȹɁᜤᢐȟȕɝǾȈ੫ᚓɁीȺɂǾᤆӦढ ৰȻȪȹɁ੫ᚓɁीȻ˩ͱґȻȪȹɁ੫ᚓɁीɥ ԖґȬɞ॒ᛵȉȟȕɝǾȈᤆӦᑤӌɁпͶᄑȽɑȻɑɝ ɥȪȹᚐșʒʶ˂ʕʽɺศɥпศǾρȁɁ˩ͱ ґɥȪȹᚐșʒʶ˂ʕʽɺศɥґศȉȻȪȹ ȗɞǿ ǽȊʃʧ˂ʎ॑ျޙ̜ъȋȺɂǾȈпศȻґศȉɁ ᬱ¸ ȾȝȗȹǾȈᤆӦᝥᭉɥޙȬɞȻȠǾȰɁᝥᭉпͶ ɥᴮȷɁɑȻɑɝȻȪȹᎃȬɞศɥпศᴥпͶᎃ : whole practiceᴦȉȻȪǾȈᤆӦᝥᭉɥȗȢȷȞɁ ґ Ⱦ ґ Ȥ ȹ ᎃ Ȭ ɞ ศ ɥ ґ ศᴥ ґ ᎃ : part practiceᴦȉȻȪȹȗɞǿɑȲǾȰɟɜɁᩋȝɛɆᅽ ɥǾȈқ॑ᐐȾɂґศȟɛȢǾޙᐐɁ੫ᑤ෩ໄȟ ᯚȗɎȼпศȟӛᄑȉȺȕɝǾȈпศɂǾᩖȻ әӌȟȞȞɝǾȬȣȾᎃӛȟးɟȽȗȲɔȾޙᐐ ɁӦൡȸȤȟͲ˩ȪǾ॰েȽȫɥȠɗȬȗȉǾȰȪȹǾ ȈґศɂᅽȗᤆӦᝥᭉɥᎃȬɞɁȺǾᤎɗӎ ɥȫɗȬȢǾӦൡȸȤȟ˨ȟɝޙӛɥीɗȬȗȉ ȻଊȪȹȗɞǿ µ Jankowski, T.ᴥ²°±¶ᴦp.³ ¶ ஓటͶᑎޙ͢ᄶεᴥ²°°¶ᴦp.µµ² · ஓటͶᑎޙ͢ᄶεᴥ²°°¶ᴦp.±·° ¸ ஓటʃʧ˂ʎ॑ျޙ͢ᴥ²°°¸ᴦpp.²±µ-²±¶ ǽțɃǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȗȹɂǾȈ̒ੜȉȻȗɢɟ ɞɛșȽǾɿ˂ʠȞɜܿɑɝǾʶʅʡʁʱʽᴥɿ˂ʠʶ ʁ˂ʠᴦǾʒʃᴥʅʍʒᴦǾʃʛɮɹᴥɬʉʍɹᴦǾʠʷʍ ɹȽȼɥˢᣵɁํɟȺᎃȬɞȈɼ˂ʪᎃᴥʋ˂ʪᎃ ᴦȉȟпศȺȕɝǾȈɿ˂ʠᎃȉɗȈʃʛɮɹᎃȉ ȳȤɥȰɟȱɟԨͶȺஃȬɞศȟґศȺȕɞǿȨ ɜȾǾʃʛɮɹᎃɥǾӒᠨˁᡍɒҒɝˁʂʭʽʡˁʃ ɮʽɺˁʦ˂ʵʜʍʒᴥɮʽʛɹʒᴦȽȼȾґኮȪǾȰ ɟȱɟɁࠈᬂɥҒɝȶȹᚐșǾȈӒᠨᎃȉɗȈʃɮ ʽɺᎃȉȽȼɕґศȻȗțɞǿ ǽʃʧ˂ʎʳɮʉ˂ȺȕɝǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁʠʳʂʵ႒ ފ͍᚜ʋ˂ʪȾᝊȪȗዢᘖ¹ ɂǾȈʠʳʂʵ͍᚜ȺɂǾʃ ʛɮɹȳȤɁᎃɂɎȻɦȼᚐȗɑȮɦǿʋ˂ʪᎃɁ ˹ȺᴥႩᴦʅʍʉ˂Ȼʃʛɮɵ˂ȟᆬᝓȪնȗȽȟɜǾ ɽʽʝɥնɢȮȹȗȢȉȻȗȗǾȰɟɂȈԨȾᄾਖ਼Ɂȗ ȽȗʗʍʒɁҰȺʃʛɮɹɥᎱɝᣌȬɛɝǾᝁնȾᣋȗ มȺɗȶȲȟᎃȾȽɞȞɜȉȻȗșျႏɥમȥɞǿ ʠʳʂʵ႒ފ͍᚜ʋ˂ʪȺɂǾᢎᄑԨጠȽґศȻȪ ȹɁȈʃʛɮɹᎃȉɛɝɕǾпศȾᣋȗǾʠʷʍɵ˂ ɗʑɭɶ˂ɥᥓᏚȪȲʋ˂ʪᎃȻȪȹɁȈʃʛɮɹᎃ ȉɥʫʕʯ˂ȾጸɒᣅɦȺȗɞȻȗțɛșǿ ǽȻȦɠȺǾPT ȻȗșཟɥધȶȲȻȠǾпศȻґ ศɂȼɁɛșȽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺศȻȗțɞȳɠșȞǿ ɑȭǾґศɂᛵጨɥҝȁȾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȪȹȗɞཟ ȺǾPT ȾɂȰȣɢȽȗǿȦɁɛșȽґศȾȷȗȹɂǾ Ȉᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉȈ࿑ႱॴȉȰɟȱɟɁᜊཟȞɜ ੧ҜȬɞȦȻȟժᑤȺȕɞǿዊԨȾȗțɃǾʒʶ˂ʕʽ ɺɁస͔ᜫްȟԨጠȬȡɞᴥᛓ᫆ॴȞɜɁ੧ҜᴦǾʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺȟʟʳɹʉʵഫᣲɥίધȪȹȗȽȗᴥᒲࢄᄾͬॴ ȞɜɁ੧ҜᴦǾɼ˂ʪʬʑʵȾژȸȗȲʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȺ Ƚȗᴥ࿑ႱॴȞɜɁ੧ҜᴦǿɑȲǾпศɕґศɁ࣫ ᩋ፷˨ȾȕɞǾԨȽɞᛓնᎃȻȗșȳȤȺɂȽȢǾɼ˂ ʪʬʑʵȾख़ȫȹഫኳȪȲᚓʧɮʽʒȟоȶȹȗɞȦ Ȼᴥ࿑ႱॴᴦȟɔɜɟɞǿȷɑɝǾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȾȝ ȗȹɕᝁնɁɛșȾࢠȾมҜȟɔɜɟȽȤɟɃ ֞ȟིȗǿᣡȾȗțɃǾ˨ᣖȪȲʁʋʯɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺɁɛșȾǾࢠȾมҜȟɔɜɟɞม˩ȺɁ ʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȺȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗɁȺȕɞǿ
ᴱᴫʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ࿑ौ
ǽʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂȼɁɛșȽʃʧ˂ʎȽɁȞǾȬȽɢȴ ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ࿑ौɂͷȺȕɞȞȻȗșץȗȾߦȬɞኌ țɁɅȻȷɂްᏲȾɛȶȹ߳ȢȦȻȟժᑤȺȕɞǿްᏲ ȻɂǾȈA Ȼɂ B ȺȕɞȉȻȗșढࣻɥႊȗȲǾటɥ ᚜Ȭ֤ᭉȺȕɞǿȰɁ᪨ǾB ɁґȾɂǾఊᣋ᭒ᴥߦ៎ ¹ ዢᘖފᴥ²°°¹ᴦp.±´¸²° ɥሗȻȪȹֆɓ᭒ᴦȻሗࢃᴥߦ៎ɥͅɁሗȞɜԖҝȬɞ ࿑ौᴦȟֆɑɟɞǿˢᓐȾǾްᏲɥȬɞ˨Ⱥ॒ᛵȽᛵጨ ɂȈ᭒ȻሗࢃȉȻȗɢɟɞȟǾްᏲɥஓటȺ᚜Ȭکն ȾɂǾሗࢃơ᭒ȻȗșᬲȾȽɞǿțɃǾೠފɁްᏲɂǾ ȈೠފȻɂ࣋ɞȲɔɁщȺȕɞȉ±° ȻȽɞǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵɁްᏲɁکնǾ᭒ɂȈʃʧ˂ʎȉɗȈ္੫ȉȽȼɥႊ ȗɞȦȻȟ۹ȢǾሗࢃȾɂʐʕʃɗʚʃɻʍʒʦ˂ʵȻ ɂႱȽɞǾȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁᒲɁ࿑ौȉȟоɞȦȻȾ Ƚɞǿ ǽȦȦȺǾᢷంᄑްᏲɥɒȹɒɛșǿȊఊʃʧ˂ʎᇼ ޙ̜ъȋȺɂǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂǾȈʗʍʒɥયɦȺᄾߦ Ȭɞ ² ʋ˂ʪᴥ± ʋ˂ʪ ¶ ̷ᴦȟǾɿ˂ʝʃǾʛʃǾʒʃǾ ʃʛɮɹȽȼɁ੫ᚓɥႊȗȹʦ˂ʵɥੜȴնȗǾीཟɥ ቧșʗʍʒˁےټɁʃʧ˂ʎȉȻȨɟǾȰɁ࿑ौȻȪȹ ȈʗʍʒȟˢްɁᯚȨȾίȲɟȲሳᩖȾͱᏚȪȹȗɞȦ ȻɗǾʦ˂ʵɋɁ᜔ȟ ³ وȻҤ᪅ȨɟȹȗɞȦȻȾӏ țȹǾʦ˂ʵɥඨȨȮȹʡʶ˂ȬɞȦȻȟȺȠȽȗɁ ȺǾʦ˂ʵɽʽʒʷ˂ʵȻጸᎥᄑȽ᩻Ɂ੫ᚓɗᚓȟ ᛵȨɟɞȉ±± ȻȪȹȗɞ±² ǿɑȲǾȊ²± ˰ʃʧ˂ʎ۾̜ ъȋ±³ ȺɂǾȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȉɁᬱɁȈቧ੫കᛵȉȾȝȗȹǾ Ȉʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂǾʗʍʒȺ᪣ȹȲɟȲɽ˂ʒȺ ² ȷɁ ʋ˂ʪȟᄾߦȪǾਖ਼Ⱥʦ˂ʵɥ٥ᬂᴥɽ˂ʒᴦȾᕶȻȨ ȽȗɛșȾੜȴᣌȪնȶȹीཟɥቧș္੫ȉȻȨɟȹȗ ɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȽʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁްᏲɥᇉȬȳȤȺɂǾȈʚ ʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂȼɁɛșȽʃʧ˂ʎȽɁȞȉɁኌțȻȪȹ ˪ԚґȺȕɠșǿඒȾǾްᏲ͏۶ɁศȺǾȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵɂȼɁɛșȽʃʧ˂ʎȽɁȞȉȾɬʡʷ˂ʋȪȹȗɞ ̜ɥમȥȹɒɛșǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɥᭉయȻȪȲߴᝢɥ ږኂȪȲے̢ɂǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȷȗȹǾȈʦ˂ʵȟሳ ˹ȾȕɞȕȗȳȾȬɌȹɁҜɥȪȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗȻ ȗșᩖᄑҤጙǾʷ˂ʐ˂ʁʱʽ±´ ȻȗșሳᩖᄑҤጙȟ ȕɞȞɜȦȰǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂɔȹʁʃʐʨʐɭʍɹ Ƚʃʧ˂ʎȉ±µ ȺȕɞȻ᚜းȪȹȗɞǿȷɑɝǾʚʶ˂ ±° ೠފɁکնǾȈщȉȟ᭒ȺȕɝǾȈ࣋ɞȲɔɁȉȟሗࢃȺȕɞǿ ͅɁщȺȕɞధɗȻႱȽɞೠފɁ࿑ौȟȈ࣋ɞȲɔɁȉȺ ȕɞǿ ±± ஓటͶᑎޙ͢ᄶεᴥ²°°¶ᴦp.±·¸ ±² ɑȲǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵ ¶ ̷Ҥቧ੫ҬǾȗɢəɞʵ˂ʵʠʍɹȾɂǾ ȰɁїᭀґɁȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵቧ੫Ɂ࿑ॴȉȾȝȗȹǾȈʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵɂǾʗʍʒȾɛȶȹґȤɜɟȲɽ˂ʒ˨ȺǾ² ȷɁʋ˂ ʪȾɛɝᚐɢɟɞʃʧ˂ʎȉȻȗșᝢȟȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.±· ±³ ˹రୖ᪽ˁᯛ൞ϧ܁ˁߍࡺ܁ˁՓຍᇸҬᴥ²°±µᴦpp.±²°¹-±²±µ ±´ ʷ˂ʐ˂ʁʱʽȻɂǾȈɿɮʓɬɰʒȾɛɝɿ˂ʠ൏ɥीȲʋ˂ ʪɁᤣਖ਼ɂǾوɝȾ ± ȷȭȷʧʂʁʱʽɁሉӦȉɥᚐșȦ ȻȺȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.±± ±µ ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±·bᴦp.±²² ʦ˂ʵɂǾໃȺɕȕɞȈʦʶ˂ᴥvolleyᴦȉ±¶ Ⱦʡʶ˂ Ɂ࿑ौȟȕɞɛșȾǾʦ˂ʵɥίધȺȠȽȗȻȗșʵ˂ ʵ±· ȟȕɞȲɔǾʡʶ˂ȾȝȤɞʦ˂ʵ᜔ȟᅨᩖᄑȺ ȕɝǾҜȬɞᩖȟҤጙȨɟȹȝɝǾɑȲǾʷ˂ʐ˂ ʁʱʽȻȗșʵ˂ʵȟȕɞȲɔǾᴥʴʣʷɥȢᴦʡʶ˂ ʮ˂ɂަ˵ᬂɥઆș॒ᛵȟȕɝǾʚʍɹʡʶ˂ʮ˂Ɂ ³ ̷ɂǾʟʷʽʒʈ˂ʽюȺʗʍʒ˨ብɛɝɕީпȾᯚ ȗͱᏚȾȕɞʦ˂ʵɥᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒȾᣌ္ȺȠȽȗǾʠ ʷʍɹȾՎӏȺȠȽȗȽȼɁҤጙɥՙȤɞǿȪȞȪȽȟ ɜǾȦɟɜɁҤጙȟȕɞȞɜȦȰǾȰɟȱɟɁʡʶ˂ʮ˂ ȟᏚȞɟȲม˩ȺǾጸᎥᄑȾӦȢȦȻȟɔɜɟɞɁ ȟʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȺȕɞǿ ǽ˨ᣖȪȲ͏۶ȾǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ˿Ƚ࿑ौɥમȥɞȻ ȬɟɃǾᝁնᩖȾᅔᄻȬɞȻǾɿʍɵ˂ɁɛșȾ ¹° ґȻްɔɜɟȹȝɜȭǾᝁնɂ µ ʅʍʒʨʍʋᴥ²µ ཟ Ҥ±¸ ᴦȺᚐɢɟǾȼȴɜȞɁʋ˂ʪȟ ³ ʅʍʒаȪȲ ཟȺɼ˂ʪʅʍʒȻȽɞ±¹ ǿɿʍɵ˂ɁɛșȾ࣫ᩋ ɗPK ɂȽȗȟǾյʅʍʒȺʃɽɬȟ ²´ ߦ ²´²° ᴥʑʯ˂ ʃᴦȻȽȶȲکնǾ² ཟࢃȟ͇ȢɑȺፖᚐȨɟɞǿɑȲǾ ʹʽʳʴ˂ȧȻȾʳʴ˂ጶ̘ȞɜඒɁɿ˂ʠɑȺɁɮʽ ʉ˂ʚʵȟȕɝǾʉɮʪɬɰʒ²± ɗʅʍʒᩖɁɮʽʉ˂ ʚʵȟȕɞȽȼǾᝁնᩖᴥᝁնᩒܿȞɜጶ̘ɑȺᴦɁ ᩖȾɮʽʡʶ˂͏۶ɁᩖȟߵȽȢȽȗǿिȶȹǾʹʽ ʳʴ˂ȧȻɁɬɰʒɴʠʡʶ˂ɁکᬂȺʡʶ˂ʮ˂п׆ ȟɽ˂ʒ˹܄ȾᪿɑɝяɥጸɓറފɂɛȢՙȤɜɟ ɞǿȰȦȺɂʡʶ˂ʮ˂ᩖɁষڨ̬૰ȟժᑤȺȕɝǾҩȁ Ȼ۰ԇȬɞᝁնมȾख़ȫȹǾඒɁʡʶ˂Ⱦȷȗȹᆬᝓ ȪնșȦȻɂɕȴɠɦǾԨȾɦȳɝǾӘɑȪնȶȲɝǾ ધȴɥʴʅʍʒȪȲɝȬɞǿᝁն˹ȾȰɁɛșȽൡ͢ ȟ۹ȢȕɞȦȻɕʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ࿑ौɁɅȻȷȻȪȹમ ȥɜɟɛșǿ ǽɑȲǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂȷȽȣʃʧ˂ʎȻɕȗɢɟȹȗ ɞǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȺɂǾʶʁ˂ʠˁʒʃˁɬʉʍɹȻȗ ș˧ȾɒɜɟɞɛșȾǾʐʕʃɗʚʓʩʽʒʽȽ ±¶ ʦʶ˂ȻɂǾȈʦ˂ʵȟ٥ᬂᴥࣂᴦȾ͇ȢҰȾੜȷȦȻȉȺȕɝǾ Ȉʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȺɂᴥႩᴦʦ˂ʵɥȊȷȽȣȋȊओȢȋȊੜȷȋȦ Ȼȟɔɜɟɞȉǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.±° ±· Ȉ¹.².²ǽʦ˂ʵɥȷȞɓȦȻǾੵȥɞȦȻɂᜬȨɟȽȗǿȉஓట ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.µµ ±¸ ȲȳȪǾቼ µ ʅʍʒɂ ±µ ཟҤȺȕɞǿ ±¹ ᝁնᩖɁᄻާɂǾ³ ʅʍʒȺጶ̘Ȭɞʃʒʶ˂ʒɁکնǾጙ ± ᩖᵻ ± ᩖԡǾµ ʅʍʒȺጶ̘ȬɞʟʵʅʍʒɁکնǾጙ ² ᩖᵻ ² ᩖԡȺȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢уࣻɿɮʒȈʚ ʶ˂ʦ˂ʵᜊɶɮʓȉՎྃ ²° ȲȳȪǾቼ µ ʅʍʒɂ ±´ ߦ ±´ Ⱥʑʯ˂ʃȻȽɞǿ ²± ʉɮʪɬɰʒȾɂ ² ሗ᭒ȕɝǾቼ ± ᵻ ´ ʅʍʒȾȝȗȹǾʴ˂ ʓȪȹȗɞʋ˂ʪȟ ¸ ཟǾ±¶ ཟȾᤎȪȲȾᒲӦᄑȾɜɟɞ ʐɹʕɵʵʉɮʪɬɰʒȻǾյʋ˂ʪ ± ʅʍʒȾȷȠ ² وɑȺ ᛵȺȠɞᣮࢠɁʉɮʪɬɰʒȟȕɞǿ
²± ȼɁͅɁʗʍʒټʃʧ˂ʎȾɂȽȗǾᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒɋɁᣌ ္ɑȺȾᴥʠʷʍɹȾӏțȹᴦఊ۾ ³ وɁʦ˂ʵ᜔ȟ ᜬ߁ȨɟȹȗɞǿिȶȹǾȰɁ ³ وɁʦ˂ʵ᜔ɁȽȞ ȺǾަ϶ɥᠭཟȻȪȹ़ȁȾȪɗȬȗมɥͽɝȽ ȟɜǾ᪨ȾȬɞɁȺȕɞǿ˨ᣖȪȲȈȷȽȣȉȻ ɂǾȈ֞Ⱥʦ˂ʵɥȷȽȣȉɁ֞ȺȕɝǾཟɥ۰ țɟɃǾȈᄾਖ਼Ⱦʦ˂ʵɥȷȽȟȮȽȗȉȻȗșȦȻȺ ɕȕɞǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȺɂǾʳʴ˂ȾȝȗȹǾᄾਖ਼Ⱦʦ˂ ʵɥȷȽȟȮȽȗɛșȾȬɞȲɔȾǾ֞Ⱥʦ˂ʵɥȷ ȽȣɁȺȕɝǾᒲɜɁʋ˂ʪɁीཟɥȗǾ܅ཟɥ᩻ȡǾ ᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁीཟɥ᩼ɒǾ܅ཟɥșɁȺȕɞǿ
ᴲᴫʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃ
ǽటᆅሱȺɂǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞᡇ९ȻȪȹ ʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃ²² ɥɝ˨ȥɞǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾ ȝȤɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɂǾᄾਖ਼ɁʃʛɮɹȾߦȪ ȹǾɽ˂ʒ˨Ɂᴳ̷п׆ȟᣵଆȪȹǾጸᎥᄑȾǾʋ˂ʪ пͶȺߦȪɛșȻȗșᐎț²³ ȺȕɝǾȈʠʷʍɹȻ ʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃᴥʑɭɺ²´ ᴦȟᣵଆȪȹʦ˂ʵɥѿ ျȬɞȦȻǿʠʷʍɹȾɛȶȹᄾਖ਼Ɂʃʛɮɹɽ˂ʃɥ ᪅ްȪȹʠʷʍɹɁȗȽȗکȾʑɭɶ˂ɥᥓᏚȪȲ ɝǾʠʷʍɵ˂ȟʹʽʉʍʋɥȶȹȞɜʑɭɶ˂ȟ ʦ˂ʵɥѿျȪȲɝȬɞȉ²µ ȻްᏲȨɟȹȗɞǿȰȪȹǾ း٣ǾȦɁʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɁᛵॴȟᯚɑȶȹȗ ɞ۾ȠȽᛵىɁɅȻȷȾɂǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȟɴʟɱʽʃ ТͱɁᚓ˩ȾᏚȞɟȹȗɞȻȗșมȟȕɞǿिȶȹǾ ȦȦȺɂɑȭǾးɥੰ૱ȬɞȲɔȾǾȦɟɑȺɁʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞᚓɁ۰ᤢɥዊԨȾȹɒɛșǿ ǽ͏˩ɂǾԥᠰȪȲ੫ᚓᚓᝲȺาᄻɥᪿɔɞຝᣃ²¶ Ⱦ ²² ʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɁՁټȺȕɠșȈɽ˂ʒަ϶ȉȻȗșക ॡȟȕɞǿSelinger ɂǾȰɁᕻంȊʅʴʽʂʭ˂Ɂʛʹ˂ʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵȋɁቼ ¸ ቛȈɽ˂ʒަ϶ȉɁїᭀȺǾȈަ϶Ɂቼˢ፷ɂʠ ʷʍɹǾቼ̝፷ɂʶʁ˂ʠȺȕɞȉȻȪǾፖȤȹǾȈʠʷʍɹȻ ʶʁ˂ʠȾɂȗᩜɢɝȟȕɞȉȻȪȹȗɞǿȴȽɒȾǾȦɁ ంᴥஓటᜭ࿂ᴦɂ ±¹¹³ ࢳᄉᚐȺȕɞȟǾՁъɂ ±¹¸¶ ࢳᄉ ᚐȺȕɞǿSelinger, A. Ackermann-Blount, J.ᴥ±¹¹³ᴦp.²´· ²³ ຝᣃߧȈɽʳʪǽʩ˂ʙ˂္ᤍکǽቼ ³ وʠʷʍɹȌȰɁ ±ȍȉ Վྃ ²´ ʑɭɺɂǾȈɞȉȻȗș֞ȺǾȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪȞɜ᭣ɦȺȢɞʦ˂ ʵɥՙȤɞӦͽɁȦȻᴥʶʅʡʁʱʽɥȢᴦȉȺȕɞǿʑɭɺ ɥȬɞʡʶ˂ʮ˂ɥʑɭɶ˂Ȼȗșǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.xix ǽɑȲǾȈஓటȺɂަ϶Ⱦȝȗȹʦ˂ʵɥՙȤɞʡʶɮȟȬɌȹ ʶʁ˂ʠȉȺȕɝǾȷɑɝǾȦɟɑȺਾȟّȺɂǾɿ˂ʠʶʁ˂ ʠɗʃʛɮɹʶʁ˂ʠȻȗșɛșȾǾʶʁ˂ʠȻȗș፱ለɥႊ ȗȹȗȹǾȰɟɜɥԖҝȪȹȦȽȞȶȲȲɔǾȈᚓᄑȾɂʶʅ ʡʁʱʽȾɌȹʑɭɺȟႾȞȾȨɟȹȠȲȉȻȗșՕᅁɕȕ ɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.±¸ ²µ ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.xix ²¶ ຝᣃߧᴥ²°±±ᴦpp.±³¸-±³¹ Վྃ ɛɞᚓ۰ᤢɁґȺȕɞǿȈպȫᚓɁ˩Ⱥɂᡵᩋȟ ٢υᄑȾ࿎ɥșʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȻȗșʃʧ˂ʎȾȝȗ ȹǾͲᡵᩋّȟᩋᡵّȾӫȻșȻൌጪȬɞᤈሌȺȲȽ ᚓȟඒȁȻႆɑɟǾȰɁ˹ȺျȾȞȽȶȲɕɁȳȤȟ ȨɟȭȾ˰ႜൈໄȻȽɝǾѓɆᩋᡵّТͱɁ͍ȟ ᜪɟɑȬǿȬɞȻѓɆͲᡵᩋّȟȲȽᚓɥൌጪȬ ɞȉǿȷɑɝǾᚓႆơ˰ႜൈໄȻȽɝᣥơᩋᡵّ ȟӯӌɥɈɞșơᚓႆȻȗșैၥɥȲȼɞȻȗș ଊȺȕɞǿщͶᄑȾɂǾඒɁɛșȽᚓ۰ᤢȺȕɞǿ ɑȭǾʑɭʟɱʽʃɿɮʓɁʠʷʍɹТͱȺȕɞǾ۾ټ ᤣਖ਼ȾɛɞȈɽʩʍʒʠʷʍɹ²· ȉɁ͍ȟȕɝǾȰɁऻǾ ɴʟɱʽʃɿɮʓɁɬʉʍɹТͱȺȕɞȈᩖࢃᴥʐʽ ʧ²¸ ࢃᴦȉɁᚓȟႆȪȲǿᩖࢃᴥʐʽʧࢃᴦ ȻɂǾʟʷʽʒʡʶ˂ʮ˂ ³ ̷Ⱦӏțȹʚʍɹʡ ʶ˂ʮ˂Ɂɬʉʍɵ˂ȟࢠȾʚʍɹɬʉʍɹȾՎӏȪǾ ᄾਖ਼ʠʷʍɵ˂ ³ ̷ȾߦȪȹȈ´ ߦ ³ȉȻȗșɴʟɱʽ ʃɿɮʓɁୣᄑТͱॴɥͽɝҋȬᚓȺȕɞǿɑȲǾȰ ɟɂʟɫ˂ʃʒʐʽʧȻʅɵʽʓʐʽʧɁጸɒնɢȮȾ ɛɝ˵ᐐɁʐʽʧࢃɥҟႊȬɞᚓȺɕȕȶȲǿඒȾǾ ȰɟȾߦख़ȬɌȢ႕ఙᄑȽʠʷʍɹᚓȻȪȹȈʴ˂ʓ ʠʷʍɹ²¹ ȉȟᩒᄉȨɟȲǿʴ˂ʓʠʷʍɹɂǾʒʃɁ ᚐɥᆬᝓȪȹȞɜʠʷʍɹȾᡆɉȲɔǾȼȦɋʒʃȟ ˨ȟȶȹɕျᝲᄑȾɂʠʷʍɵ˂ȟળɜɟɞȦȻɂȽ ȢǾ࿑ȾʅɵʽʓʐʽʧȽȗȪɿ˂ʓʐʽʧɁȾߦ ȪȹɂǾ² ȽȗȪ ³ ɁʠʷʍɹɥȰɠțɞȦȻȟ ᢎᄑ߁ȽȲɔǾ᪨ɁࠈᬂȾȝȗȹɂǾɬʉʍɵ˂ ± ̷ȾߦȪȹȈ²ᴥȽȗȪ ³ᴦߦ ±ȉȻʑɭʟɱʽʃɿɮ ʓɁୣᄑТͱॴɥͽɝҋȬᚓȺȕɞǿȰȪȹǾး٣Ⱥ ²· ɽʩʍʒʠʷʍɹȻɂǾȈɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӦȠȾնɢȮȹՕख़Ȭɞ ʠʷʍɹɁᡆɆȉȺȕɝǾȈȝɕȾᄾਖ਼Ɂɹɮʍɹɥʨ˂ɹȬ ɞʠʷʍɵ˂ȟႊȗɞȉǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp. xviii ²¸ ʐʽʧȻɂǾʒʃȨɟȲʦ˂ʵɁʃʞ˂ʓɗᢀᤍɁᯚͲɥȹ ҜȨɟɞɕɁȺɂȽȢǾʅʍʒɬʍʡҰɁɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨ ӦͽɥȹҜȨɟɞɕɁȺȕɝǾɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨӦͽɥढ ߁ȬɞᕹȺȕɞǿȈʅʍʒɬʍʡɥژໄȻȪȲᩖᢉɁ˹ȺǾ ɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨӦͽȟȼɁʉɮʩʽɺȺᚐɢɟɞȞɥ֣ለȬ ɞԖґศȉȺȕɝǾɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨӦͽȟʅʍʒɬʍʡɛ ɝҰȾᚐɢɟɞɕɁɥȈʟɫ˂ʃʒʐʽʧᴥʐʽʧ ±ᴦȉǾʅʍ ʒɬʍʡȻ˶ᚐȪȹᚐɢɟɞɕɁɥȈʅɵʽʓʐʽʧᴥʐʽʧ ²ᴦȉǾʅʍʒɬʍʡɛɝऻȾᚐɢɟɞɕɁɥȈɿ˂ʓʐʽʧᴥʐ ʽʧ ³ᴦȉȻґ᭒Ȭɞǿʟɫ˂ʃʒʐʽʧɁșȴǾʅʍʒɬʍʡ ɛɝҰȾᡍɒҒɝӦͽɥީ̘ȬɞɕɁɥȈʨɮʔʃʐʽʧᴥʐ ʽʧ °ᴦȉȻґ᭒ȬɞȦȻɕȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±²ᴦ p.±´ ²¹ ʴ˂ʓʠʷʍɹȻɂǾȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁʒʃɥᆬᝓȪȹȞɜՕख़Ȭ ɞ ʠ ʷ ʍ ɹ Ɂ ᡆ Ɇ ȉ Ⱥ ȕ ɝǾ ʁ ˂ ᴣ ʶ ʃ ʧ ʽ ʓᴥsee & respondᴦʠʷʍɹȻɕ֣ɃɟɞǿȈʴ˂ʓȻɂȊȢȋɁ ֞ȺǾລᴥguessᴦɥ֞ȬɞȊᝣɒȋȺɂȽȗǿʒʃɥɒȹ ȞɜᡆɉȲɔȾળɜɟɞȦȻɂȽȗȟǾʠʷʍɹɁީɂᤂȢ Ƚɞȉǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.xviii²² ɂǾȈͱᏚࢃᴥʃʷʍʒ³° ࢃᴦȉȟఊɁ˰ႜൈໄ ᚓȻȽȶȹȗɞǿͱᏚࢃᴥʃʷʍʒࢃᴦɂǾʟɫ˂ ʃʒʐʽʧȾɛɞǾ´ ɵɁʃʷʍʒȞɜᎱɝҋȬ ȺȕɝǾ´ ̷Ɂɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨӦͽȟʁʽɹʷȪȹȗ ɞȲɔȈʁʽɹʷȉȽȗȪɂȈպ۹ᄉͱᏚࢃȉ Ȼ֣ɃɟȹȗɞᚓȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞᚓ۰ᤢɂɴʟɱ ʽʃᚓȝɛɆʑʟɱʽʃᚓȾȝȤɞцԇɁ۰ᤢȻ ȗțɞǿ˨ᣖȪȹȠȲɛșȾǾး٣Ɂʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɂȈպ ۹ᄉͱᏚࢃȉȾɛɞɴʟɱʽʃТͱɁᚓ˩Ⱦȕ ɞǿȰɁȲɔǾ᪨ɁᝁնȾȝȗȹɂǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱ ʽʃɁᛵॴȟᯚɑȶȹȗɞɁȺȕɞǿ ǽȞȷȹJT ɿʽʊ˂ʃɁᄶᅚɥөɔǾး٣Ǿஓటʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵԦ͢Ɂɽ˂ʋʽɺʃʉʍʟɥөɔɞMayforth³± ɂǾȈʑɭʟɱʽʃᎃȻȗșȻǾʃʴ˂ʨʽɗʁ˂ʒ ʶʁ˂ʠȻȗȶȲʗʍʒɥΈɢȽȗʶʁ˂ʠᎃɥ۹Ȣ ɗɞʋ˂ʪȟߵȽȢȽȗȉȻछɁมɥ੧ҜȪǾȈ ᪨ɁᝁնȺɂʃʛɮɹɂʗʍʒɁտȦșȞɜǾʠʷʍɹ Ɂ˨ɗɥᣮᤈȪȲɝǾʹʽʉʍʋȾɛɝʦ˂ʵɁᢀᤍ ȟ۰ɢȶȲɝȬɞʦ˂ʵɥʶʁ˂ʠȪȽȤɟɃȽɜȽ ȗȉȻȪǾȈʶʁ˂ʠӌɥʑɭʟɱʽʃӌȾ۰țɞȲɔ ɁɽʽʅʡʒǾȊʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȋȾȷȗȹᄽ ȪȹɒɛșȉȻ૬ȪȹȗɞǿMayforth ȟ੧ҜȪȲȈʗʍ ʒɥΈɢȽȗʶʁ˂ʠᎃȉɂǾPT Ɂ࿑ॴȺȕɞȈᛓ ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉȈ࿑ႱॴȉȟඑܩȪȹȗɞʒʶ˂ʕ ʽɺȺȕɞǿMayforth ɂǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɁɽ ʽʅʡʒȾȷȗȹǾȈʠʷʍɹȻɬʉʍɹʶʁ˂ʠᴥʑɭ ɺᴦɥɽ˂ʑɭʗ˂ʒȬɞȦȻȉȺȕɞȻȗșǿɑȲǾȈȰ Ɂ̝ȷɂȪȹސ٣ȬɞȦȻɂȽȗǿпȹɁʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵɁʃɷʵɂǾඒɁɕȪȢɂҰɁʃɷʵȻȝ̠ȗᩜ ᣵȪնȶȹȗɞȉȻґȪȹȗɞǿȰȪȹǾȈʒ˂ʉʵʑɭ ʟɱʽʃɁᨉȻȽɞɁɂǾɗɂɝʠʷʍɹȺȕɞȉȻȪǾ ȈʑɭʟɱʽʃɁտ˨ȾɂǾʠʷʍɹȻʑɭɺɥˢ፳Ⱦ ᎃȪǾȰɁ̝ȷɥᩜᣵȸȤɞǾɽ˂ʑɭʗ˂ʁʱʽɥ ᯚɔɞȦȻɥᐎțɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞȉȻଊȪȹȗɞ³² ǿ ³° ʃʷʍʒȻɂǾɽ˂ʒɁࢥᴥ¹mᴦȾᅔᄻȪǾȈʗʍʒȾࢲᚐ Ƚ෩ࢲ࣋ൈᢉɥᜫްȪȹᴮm ҩɒȾɽ˂ʒɥ ¹ ґҾȪǾୣޏɗ ᜤհɥႊȗȹ֣ለȬɞɽ˂ʒ˨ɁሳᩖͱᏚȉɁȦȻȺȕɞǿȈ˿ ȻȪȹǾɬʉʍɵ˂ȟʦ˂ʵʜʍʒȬɞͱᏚɥ֣ለȬɞɁȾႊ ȗɜɟɞȉǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±²ᴦp.±µ ǽʅʍʉ˂ɁްͱᏚɥȈʃʷʍʒ °ȉȻȪȹǾȰȦȞɜʶʟʒ ɿɮʓȾտȞȶȹȈʃʷʍʒ ±-µȉǾᣡȾʳɮʒɿɮʓȾտȞȶ ȹȈʃʷʍʒA-CȉɥᜫްȬɞǿिȶȹǾʶʟʒɿɮʓȞɜʳ ɮ ʒ ɿ ɮ ʓ Ɂ ᬲ ȾȈµ ´ ³ ² ± ° A B Cȉ Ȼ Ƚ ɞǿSelinger, A. Ackermann-Blount, J.ᴥ±¹¹³ᴦp.±´µ Վྃ ³± Mayforth, G.ᴥ²°°¸ᴦpp.²-³ ³² Mayforth ɂՁሟɁఊऻɁґȺɿ˂ʠȾȷȗȹɕՒȪȹȗɞ ȟǾȰɟɂǾȈʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾȝȤɞɿ˂ʠɁमҾȉȻ ȪȹǾȈʑɭʟɱʽʃɁᩒܿɂࢠȾɿ˂ʠȺȕɞȉȻȪǾȈȻȾ ǽȻȦɠȺǾ˨ᣖȪȲஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ɁȈʒ˂ʉ ʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȉɁްᏲȾȝȗȹɕǾɿ˂ʠȾȷȗȹɁ ᜤᣖɂछȲɜȽȗǿȪȞȪȽȟɜǾኂᐐɂǾʒ˂ʉʵ ʑɭʟɱʽʃȾȝȗȹǾɿ˂ʠɂ˪ժඑȽᛵጨȻસțȹ ȗɞ³³ ǿिȶȹǾటᆅሱȺɂǾʠʷʍɹȻʑɭɺȾӏțȹǾ ɿ˂ʠɥʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾȝȤɞᛵጨȻȪǾᐎߔ ߦ៎ȻȬɞǿʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɂǾᩖᢉȺસțɟ ɃǾḧɿ˂ʠǾḨʗʍʒʑɭʟɱʽʃᴥʠʷʍɹᴦǾḩ ʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃᴥʑɭɺᴦɁ ³ ࠈᬂȾґኮȨɟɞǿ ḧǽɿ˂ʠ ǽɑȭǾɿ˂ʠȺȕɞȟǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗș ᜊཟȾȝȤɞɿ˂ʠᚓȻɂǾɿ˂ʠᄽऻɁᄾਖ਼Ɂ ȺȕɞʃʛɮɹɥЭґȽৰȺੜȲȮȽȗȻȗșَɥ ધȶȲɕɁɥȬǿщͶᄑȾɂǾᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁʶʅʡʁʱ ʽȟ̒ɟǾȗɢəɞA ʛʃ³´ ȟʅʍʉ˂ȾᣌɜȽȗɛș ȽӛɁȕɞɿ˂ʠɥੜȷȦȻȺȕɝǾɑȲǾɿ˂ʠɁ ȗȾɛȶȹǾᄾਖ਼ɬʉʍɵ˂ɁӒᠨᡅɥ᪅ްȨȮȲ ɝǾʅʍʉ˂ȟʅʍʒɬʍʡȪȾȢȗมɥͽȶȲɝǾ ȨɜȾɂǾ࿑ްɁɬʉʍɵ˂ɥȗፖȤȹʡʶʍʁʭ˂ ɥȞȤȲɝȬɞȲɔȾɿ˂ʠɥੜȷȦȻȺȕɞǿʶʅʡ ʁʱʽȞɜɁɂǾʴʣʷȻʅʍʉ˂ɥȗȲɬʉʍ ɵ˂ȟఊ۾ ´ ̷ȗɞȟǾȰɁୣɥນɜȬȦȻȟɿ˂ʠ ᚓɁᄻᄑɁɅȻȷȺɕȕɞǿʶʅʡʁʱʽɥઆșɬʉʍ ɵ˂ɁͶӯɥȢȭȪȹӒᠨȾоɟȽȗɛșȾȪȲɝǾɹ ɮʍɵ˂ɥΈȗȸɜȢȪȲɝȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿȷɑɝǾ ʃʛɮɹɥЭґȽৰȺੜȲȮȽȗȻȗșَɥધȶȹ ɿ˂ʠɥੜȷȻȗșɿ˂ʠᚓȾɂǾɬʉʍɵ˂Ɂୣ ɥນɜȬȻȗșɴʟɱʽʃɿɮʓɁᦀᄑȽͲ˩ɥȶȲ ɕɁǾɬʉʍɵ˂ȾЭґȽӒᠨɥɜȮȽȗǾȕɞȗɂ ॑ျᄑȽʡʶʍʁʭ˂ɥ˫țɞȻȗșɴʟɱʽʃɿɮʓ ɁᄑȽͲ˩ɥȶȲɕɁǾȨɜȾɂǾʅʍʉ˂ȟʒʃ ɥ˨ȥȾȢȗৰɥͽɞɕɁȽȼȟમȥɜɟɞǿ ǽʳʴ˂ʧɮʽʒʁʃʐʪȺᚐɢɟɞᝁնȾȝȗȹɂǾ ʳʴ˂ɁఊқȾ൏ɥȬɞʶʅʡʁʱʽɿɮʓȾʧ ȞȢǾऐȗʠʷʍɹȻʑɭʟɱʽʃӌɥ϶țȲɜǾᑄ॑ȽȦȻ ɂɿ˂ʠɥʩʃȪȽȗȦȻȉɥଊȪȹȗɞሌ࣊ȾႡɑɞɕɁ ȺȕɞǿMayforth, G.ᴥ²°°¸ᴦp.µ ³³ ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞȈʵ˂ʵȻᚓɁ۰ᤢȉȾȷȗȹɂǾஓ టʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦȊʚʶ˂ɹʷʕɹʵȋpp.±±²-±±· ɥՎྃȨɟȲȗǿȰȦȾɂǾȈʁʽɹʷɥᎱɝҋȨȮȽȗȲ ɔɁɿ˂ʠᚓȻʠʷʍɹᚓɥፅɔȲȲȽʒ˂ʉʵʑɭ ʟɱʽʃɁᆬȉᴥp.±±³ᴦȻȗșᜤᣖȟȕɝǾኂᐐɁᐎțɥऻ ઃȪȪȹȗɞǿ ³´ ʶʅʡʁʱʽɂʅʍʉ˂ɋɁᣌ္ͱᏚȾɛȶȹΙȨɟǾA ʛ ʃɂȈʅʍʉ˂ȟˢඬɕӦȞȭʒʃȟȺȠɞȉȻȗșఊɕᓦȗ ΙژໄȺȕɞǿࠞటɂǾȈA ʛʃɋᣌȮɃȬɌȹɁɥʴʃ ɹɁȽȗมȞɜᒲ٣ȾΈțɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȉȻȗșǿࠞట ःᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.±´³
²³ ɮʽʒɁТͱॴȟȕɞ³µ ȲɔǾ˪ҟȽɿ˂ʠɿɮʓɂʠ ʶɮɹȬɞᴥᣵፖʧɮʽʒɥပीȬɞᴦȲɔȾǾʒ˂ʉ ʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɁឧɥᯚȢધȶȹǾɑȭɂɿ˂ʠɥӛ ᄑȾੜȷȦȻȟɔɜɟɞǿ Ḩǽʗʍʒʑɭʟɱʽʃ ǽʗʍʒʑɭʟɱʽʃȻɂǾᄾਖ਼ɁʃʛɮɹȾߦȪȹǾ ʠʷʍɹȬɞȦȻȺȕɝǾȗɢəɞʁʭʍʒɬɰʒȾ ɛȶȹीཟɥȪȲɝǾɬʉʍɵ˂Ⱦʡʶʍʁʭ˂ɥȞȤ ȹʃʛɮɹʩʃɥȶȲɝǾʹʽʉʍʋȾɛȶȹʃʛɮ ɹɁݏӌɥऍɔȲɝǾʃʛɮɹɽ˂ʃɥ᪅ްȨȮȲɝȬ ɞȦȻȺȕɞǿ ǽ˨ᣖȪȲɛșȾǾʠʷʍɹɁᡆɆȾᩜȪȹɂǾɬʉʍ ɵ˂ɁӦȠȾնɢȮȹՕख़ȬɞɽʩʍʒʠʷʍɹȻǾᄾ ਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁʒʃɥᆬᝓȪȹȞɜՕख़Ȭɞʴ˂ʓʠʷʍɹ ȟȕɞȟǾʠʷʍɵ˂ɁᥓᏚǾȗɢəɞʠʷʍɹʟɳ˂ ʫ˂ʁʱʽȾᩜȪȹɂǾʚʽʋʁʟʒ³¶ Ǿʃʡʶʍʓʁ ʟʒ³· Ǿʑʑɭɻ˂ʒʁʟʒ³¸ Ǿ۰ҬʃʡʶʍʓʁʟʒȻ ȪȹɁʴʴ˂ʃ³¹ Ƚȼȟȕɞǿʵ˂ʵ˨Ǿʟʷʽʒʡʶ˂ ʮ˂Ɂ ³ ̷ȳȤȟʠʷʍɹȾՎӏȬɞȦȻȟȺȠɞȟǾ ʠʷʍɹȾᡆɉȲɔɁໄ϶ȻȪȹǾȰɁ ³ ̷ȟࢥ ¹m ɁȼȦȺʒʃɥशȷȞȟʠʷʍɹӎɁ۾ȠȽᨉȻȽȶ ȹȗɞǿȰɁȲɔǾมȾख़ȫȲʠʷʍɹʁʟʒɥ୧Ȣ ȦȻȟɔɜɟɞǿʚʽʋʁʟʒɂǾʠʷʍɵ˂ ³ ̷ȟ ˹܄ȾᪿɑɝǾȈȽɞɌȢ۹ȢɁʠʷʍɵ˂ɥߦख़ȨȮ ɞȦȻɥᄻᄑȻȪȲʁʟʒȉȺȕɝǾȈ˹܄͇ᣋȞɜɁ ᴥɹɮʍɹǾʚʍɹɬʉʍɹኄᴦȾߦȪȹɂӛᄑ ȳȟǾ˵ɿɮʓɁɬʽʐʔ͇ᣋȞɜɁᣱȗʐʽʧȺɔ ȹȢɞʋ˂ʪȾɂߦख़ȟᫍȪȢȽɞȉ´° ǿʃʡʶʍʓʁʟ ³µ ߴࡺޫˁऻูᴥ²°°µᴦȈʳʴ˂ʧɮʽʒҤȾɛɞʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵ ɼ˂ʪɁӫҟᆬလȾȷȗȹȉǾȝɛɆᯚಏαˁธնޙˁߴࡺޫˁ ऻูᴥ²°±³ᴦȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁʳʴ˂ʧɮʽʒʁʃʐʪȾȝȤ ɞीཟȾᩜȬɞᆅሱȉɥՎྃȨɟȲȗǿ ³¶ ʚʽʋʁʟʒɂǾȈɽ˂ʒ˹܄͇ᣋȾ ³ ̷ȟᪿɑɞʠʷʍɹʁʃ ʐʪȉȺȕɝǾȈʠʷʍɵ˂ȟశȾȽȶȹʡʶʍʁʭ˂ɥȞȤɛ șȻȬɞَȉȟȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp. xviii ³· ʃʡʶʍʓʁʟʒɂǾȈɿɮʓʠʷʍɵ˂ȟȰɟȱɟɁɬʽʐʔ ͇ᣋȾࢿȟɞʠʷʍɹʁʃʐʪȉȺȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.xviii ³¸ ʑʑɭɻ˂ʒʁʟʒɂǾȈ³ ̷Ɂʠʷʍɵ˂ɥǾཟᄑȾࡿɑȲ ɂծȾ࿁߆ɜȮɞʠʷʍɹʁʃʐʪȉȺȕɝǾȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁ ȟʶʟʒϫɗʳɮʒϫȾ࿁߆ȶȹȗɞȻȠȾӛȉȽʁʃʐ ʪȺȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.xviii ³¹ ʴʴ˂ʃɂǾȈʚʽʋʁʟʒȞɜɿɮʓʠʷʍɵ˂Ɂ ± ̷ɥȗȭ ɟȞɁɿɮʓȾࢿȥȲȉᥓᏚȺȕɞǿȈʅʽʉ˂͇ᣋɁɽʽʝʗ˂ ʁʱʽȾӏțȹˢɁɿɮʓȾᯚᣱȺऐȗȟȕɞɗǾᄾ ਖ਼Ɂʟʷʽʒʃʛɮɵ˂ȟ ² ̷ȺʚʍɹɬʉʍɹȟȕɞکնȽ ȼǾȕɞሌ࣊ɁϡȶȲʛʉ˂ʽȾ᪅ްȨɟɞȻȠȽȼȾɕ ႊȗɜɟɞȉǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°¶ ´° ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°µ ʒɂǾȈɽ˂ʒɁ˵ɿɮʓȾʠʷʍɵ˂ᩖɥᫌȪȹᴥࢿ ȥȹᴦᥓᏚȬɞȉʁʟʒȺȕɝǾȈ˵ɿɮʓȞɜʐʽʧ Ɂᣱȗȟ۹ȗکնȾߦख़ȬɞȉȦȻȟժᑤȺȕɞȟǾ Ȉʩʓʵʠʷʍɵ˂ɂࡿծɁሉӦኰٍȟࢿȟɞȲɔȾǾ ጨȢሉӦȬɞᑤӌȟᛵȨɟȉǾȈ˹܄ȞɜɁɽʽʝ ʗ˂ʁʱʽɥȻɕȽșɗᣱȗʐʽʧȺɁȾߦȪ ȹǾᛓୣ̷ȺɁʠʷʍɹȟᫍȪȢȽɞȉ´± ǿʑʑɭɻ˂ʒ ʁʟʒɂǾȈʠʷʍɵ˂ᩖɁᠾᫌɥ٫ኄȾȮȭǾʨ˂ɹ Ȭɞᄾਖ਼ȾնɢȮȹʠʷʍɵ˂̷ୣɥۄɗȪȹᥓᏚȬ ɞȉʁʟʒȺȕɝǾȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁʛʉ˂ʽɗɲ˂ ʃʃʛɮɵ˂ɋɁߦख़ȽȼǾᄾਖ਼ɁɴʟɱʽʃȾऐऍɗ ͱᏚɁϡɝȟȕɞکնȉ´² Ⱦႊȗɜɟɞǿ ǽɑȲǾʠʷʍɵ˂Ɂ̷ୣȟߵȽȗکնɗࢿᜏȾੜȷȦ ȻȟȺȠɞɬʉʍɵ˂ȾɂǾʠʷʍɹȾɛȶȹےɥͽɝǾ ࿑ްɁʃʛɮɹɽ˂ʃɥڸȣǾțɃǾʃʒʶ˂ʒɽ˂ ʃɥ፻ɔɞȻȗȶȲߦኍɥផȫɞǿȷɑɝǾʃʛɮɹɽ˂ ʃɥ᪅ްȨȮɞَɥધȶȹǾʊɮɬɾʔʵɕȪȢɂʳ ɮʽɁʁʟʒɥ୧ȢɁȺȕɞǿʊɮɬɾʔʵʠʷʍɹɂǾ ȈߦᜏᴥɹʷʃᴦɁʃʛɮɹɽ˂ʃɥҤ᪅ȬɞͱᏚȺʠ ʷʍɹȬɞʁʟʒȉ´³ ȺǾʳɮʽʠʷʍɹɂǾȈʃʒʶ˂ ʒɽ˂ʃɥҤ᪅ȬɞͱᏚȺʠʷʍɹȾᡆɉʁʟʒȉ´´ Ⱥ ȕɞǿȦɟɜɁʁʟʒɁᤁᚐɂʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȾ ȝȤɞʗʍʒʑɭʟɱʽʃɁ۾ȠȽᄻᄑɁɅȻȷȺȕ ɝǾʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃȻɁᣵଆȟఊɕɔɜɟɞґ Ⱥȕɞǿ ḩǽʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃ ǽʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃȻɂǾᄾਖ਼ɁʃʛɮɹȾߦȪȹǾ ʑɭɺᴥʶʁ˂ʠᴦȬɞȦȻȺȕɞǿʑɭɺɂǾ˨ᣖȪ ȲɛșȾǾᴥɿ˂ʠ͏۶Ɂᴦᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒȞɜ఼ɞʦ˂ʵ ɥՙȤɞӦͽȺȕɝǾऐੜȾߦȬɞʑɭɺǾʟɱɮʽʒ ʦ˂ʵɗʹʽʉʍʋʦ˂ʵɥѿျȬɞʑɭɺǾʋʭʽʃ ʦ˂ʵɥѿျȬɞʑɭɺȽȼȟȕɞǿ ǽᥓᏚȾᩜȪȹɂǾʴʣʷȽȼʑɭɺɥीȻȬɞʑɭ ɶ˂ɥ֞ʠʷʍɵ˂ȟڸȗȺȗɞɲʴɬ͏۶ȾǾऐੜ ɥઆșɌȢᥓᏚȬɞǾȷɑɝǾȰɁɛșȽʑɭɶ˂ɥᥓ ᏚȪȹȗɞکȾᄾਖ਼Ɂʃʛɮɹɥ߳ȪȹǾʑɭɺɥ ᚐșǿ۹ȢɁɬʉʍɵ˂ɂʠʷʍɹȾɛɞʁʭʍʒɬɰ ʒɥୢᤕȬɞȲɔǾʠʷʍɹȟӛȾൡᑤȪȹȗɞȻǾ ᄾਖ਼ʃʛɮɹɁऐੜȟȢɞɽ˂ʃɂ᪅ްȨɟǾʑɭɺɁ ӎᆬလɂᯚȢȽɞǿʟʷɬʑɭʟɱʽʃȺɂǾȦɁऐ ੜȾߦȬɞʑɭɶ˂ȾӏțǾʠʷʍɵ˂ɁȬȣऻɠɁɬ ʉʍɹʳɮʽ͇ᣋᴥ³m ሌ࣊ऻᴦɗɲʽʓʳɮʽ͇ᣋ ´± ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°µ ´² ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°µ ´³ ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°¶ ´´ ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.²°¶
²´ ᴥ¹m ሌ࣊ऻᴦȾǾʟɱɮʽʒʦ˂ʵɗʹʽʉʍʋʦ˂ ʵɥѿျȬɞʑɭɶ˂ɥᥓᏚȬɞɻ˂ʃȟ۹Ȣɒɜɟ ɞǿ ǽɑȲǾး٣Ɂ˿ํᚓȺȕɞʚʽʋʴ˂ʓʠʷʍɹȺ ɂǾ³ ̷Ɂʠʷʍɵ˂ȟպȾᡆɉɻ˂ʃȟ۹ȢɜɟǾ ȰɁ᪨ʑɭɶ˂ɂ ³ ̷ȻȽɞǿɑȲǾʠʷʍɵ˂ȟ ² ᴥȽȗȪ ± ᴦɁȻȠɂǾʠʷʍɹȾᡆɃȽȗʟʷʽʒ ʡʶ˂ʮ˂Ⱥȕɞɴʟʠʷʍɵ˂ɁʑɭɺɋɁՎӏȟ ᛵȾȽɞǿɴʟʠʷʍɵ˂ɥӏțȲ ´ ̷ᴥȽȗȪ µ ̷ᴦɂǾ ʴ˂ʓᴥʶʑɭᴦʧʂʁʱʽɥढȬɞȦȻȟɔɜɟ ɞǿ ǽ᪨Ɂʳʴ˂ȾȝȗȹǾᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒȾʦ˂ʵȟȕɞ มȺɁᒲɁ ¶ ̷Ɂʡʶ˂ʮ˂ɁʁʟʒɂǾȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ ʪɁʒʃȟ˨ȟɞɑȺȉȻȈʒʃȟ˨ȟȶȹȞɜɬʉʍ ɵ˂ȟʃʛɮɹɥީ̘ȬɞɑȺȉɁࠈᬂȾґȤȹᐎțɞ ɌȠȺȕɞǿȈᄾਖ਼ʋ˂ʪɁʒʃȟ˨ȟɞɑȺȉɁʁʟ ʒɂʣ˂ʃʧʂʁʱʽȻ֣ɃɟǾȈʒʃȟ˨ȟȶȹȞɜ ɬʉʍɵ˂ȟʃʛɮɹɥީ̘ȬɞɑȺȉɁʁʟʒɂʴ˂ ʓᴥʶʑɭᴦʧʂʁʱʽȻ֣Ƀɟɞǿʣ˂ʃʧʂʁʱʽ ɂǾʟʷʽʒʡʶ˂ʮ˂Ⱥȕɞʠʷʍɵ˂ ³ ̷ȟʠʷʍ ɹʟɳ˂ʫ˂ʁʱʽȾژȸȗȲʁʟʒȺǾʚʍɹʡʶ˂ ʮ˂Ⱥȕɞʑɭɶ˂ ³ ̷ȟʎ˂ɬʉʍɹȽȼȾߦख़ȺȠ ɞʁʟʒȺȕɞǿɑȲǾʴ˂ʓᴥʶʑɭᴦʧʂʁʱʽɂǾ ± ҚᄻɁʠʷʍɵ˂Ǿ² ҚᄻɁʟɱɮʽʒɗᢅੜȾߦख़ Ȭɞʑɭɶ˂Ǿ³ ҚᄻɁऐੜɗʹʽʉʍʋʦ˂ʵȾߦख़ Ȭɞʑɭɶ˂ȻमҾȾɛȶȹґഈԇȨɟȲʁʟʒȺȕ ɝǾȰɟȱɟɁҚɁᦀᄑȝɛɆᄑȽ̷׆ᥓᏚɂȈɼ˂ ʪʬʑʵȉȾɛȶȹขްȨɟɞɌȠȺȕɞǿȽȝǾʣ˂ ʃʧʂʁʱʽȞɜʴ˂ʓᴥʶʑɭᴦʧʂʁʱʽɋɁሉᚐ ɂǾᄾਖ਼ʃʛɮɹɁʐʽʧȾɕɛɞȟǾᢎᄑᅽᩖȾ ᚐș॒ᛵȟȕɞǿ ǽȦɟɑȺǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɥɿ˂ʠǾʠʷʍɹǾ ʑɭɺɥ ³ ࠈᬂȾґኮȪȹȠȲȟǾᛵȽȦȻɂǾȰɟ ȱɟɁʡʶ˂ȟȪȹȗɞɁȺɂȽȗȻȗșȦȻȺȕ ɞǿȬȽɢȴǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȗȹɂʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱ ʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒɥધȷȦȻȾɛȶȹʡʶ˂Ɂસț ȟ۰ɢɝǾᝁնȺႆᠭȬɞȨɑȩɑȽʡʶ˂ȟɅȻȷ ɅȻȷɁԨጠȽʡʶ˂ɁᣵፖȺɂȽȢǾȰɁҰȕɞȗɂ ȰɁऻɁʡʶ˂Ȼȝ̠ȗᩜᣵȪնȶȹȗɞǾൡᄑȽɕ ɁȺȕɞȻસțɞȦȻȟᛵȽɁȺȕɞǿ ǽے̢ɂǾȈɽ˂ʒюɥյᒲȟᒱൡख़۰ȾӦȗȹȗɞɛ șȾțȹɕǾᎃɥɀȹᡵͶȾդȠᣅɦȳʟɳ˂ ʫ˂ʁʱʽɁ˹Ⱥф̷ȟᣵଆȪȷȷͱᏚɝɥɬʂʭʃ ʒȪȹȗɞǿȳȞɜᝤȞȟʁʃʐʪɥ۶ɟȲȦȻɥȪȲ ɜǾȰɟȟȼɦȽȾȗȗЄȠȺɕǾф̷ɁൡᄑȽፀɆ ȷȠȟൡᑤȪȽȢȽɞȉ´µ ȻґȪȹȗɞǿțɃǾʠ ʷʍɵ˂ɁȰɁکɁ९ȗȷȠᴥҜᴦȾɛɞɼʃʠʷʍ ɹ´¶ ɗʹɮʡ´· ȽȼɁԨʡʶ˂ɂǾʑɭʟɱʽʃࡓە Ɂ۾ȠȽᛵىȻȽɞǿȦɁȦȻȻպറȾǾʑɭɶ˂Ⱦȷ ȗȹɕǾȈȊ̙ລȋɂ۾ҒȺȕɞȟǾᴥႩᴦʦ˂ʵɋɁՕ ख़ȟᤂɟɞȦȻȟȕɞɁȺǾʑɭɺȾȝȗȹɂȕȢɑȺ ɕʦ˂ʵȾՕख़ȬɞȻȗșژటɥॗɟȹɂȽɜȽȗȉ´¸ ǿ ǽʃɽɬʴʽɺʃɷʵȺȕɞɿ˂ʠɗʠʷʍɹɂᄑ ϫᬂɕધȴնɢȮȹȗɞȲɔǾȾǾɿ˂ʝʃɲ˂ʃɗ ʁʭʍʒɬɰʒȺीཟɥșȦȻɂȕɞǿȪȞȪȽȟɜǾ ʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒȾȝȤɞɿ˂ʠ ɂǾᄾਖ਼ȾʃʛɮɹɥЭґȽৰȺੜȲȮȽȗȻȗș َɥધȶȹੜȷȦȻȟɔɜɟǾɑȲǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱ ʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒȾȝȤɞʠʷʍɹɂǾʹʽʉʍʋ ȾɛȶȹʃʛɮɹɁݏӌɥऍɔȲɝǾʃʛɮɹɽ˂ʃɥ ᪅ްȨȮȲɝȬɞَɥધȶȹᡆɉȦȻȟɔɜɟɞǿ ȰɟɜɁɿ˂ʠɗʠʷʍɹɥጽȹǾशȴՙȤɞʑɭɺȟ ӎȬɟɃǾަ϶ȞɜˢᢆȪȹɋʒʳʽʂʁʱʽȬ ɞȦȻȟժᑤȻȽɝǾȈպ۹ᄉͱᏚࢃȉɥ̈́Ȥ ɜɟǾʳʴ˂ɥҤȬɞȦȻȾᣋȸȢǿ
ᴳᴫÐÔ Ȼʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃ
ǽʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȗȹǾʠʶɮɹᴥɿ˂ʠɿɮʓȟʧ ɮʽʒᴦȬɞǾ࿑ȾǾɿ˂ʠɁᄽऻɁަȾɛȶȹʧɮ ʽʒɥɞȦȻȟӫҟᴥʅʍʒीᴦɁȲɔȾᛵȨ ɟȹȠȹȗɞǿȰɁးɁȲɔȾɂǾʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱ ʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒȟӛȺȕɞǿ᪨ɁᝁնȾȝȗ ȹʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒɁɕȻȺʡ ʶ˂ȬɞȦȻɂɕȴɠɦȺȕɞȟǾᎃȾȝȗȹɕʒ˂ ´µ ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±·bᴦp.±²² ´¶ ɼʃʠʷʍɹȻɂǾȈʅʍʒɬʍʡҰȾǾʠʷʍɵ˂ȟρ̷ȺǾ ລǾҜȬɞʠʷʍɹɁᡆɆȉɁȦȻȺȕɞǿஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±²ᴦp.´¶ ´· ʠʷʍɹȾȝȤɞʹɮʡȻɂǾʠʷʍɹɁʂʭʽʡɁᣩ˹ȺǾ ʹɮʛ˂ɁɛșȾࡿծȾᑼɥળɞӦͽɥႊȗȹǾʠʷʍɹȾɛȶ ȹڸȣɽ˂ʃɥॲᤦ۰țɞʟɱɮɹʡʶ˂ȺȕɞǿȰɁᄻᄑɂǾ ʠʷʍɹɥᤧȤɛșȻȬɞɬʉʍɵ˂ȾɢȩȻɸʴɸʴɑȺሳ ȗȹȗɞɽ˂ʃɥȮǾȰɁɽ˂ʃȾʃʛɮɹɥ߳ȪǾሳ˹ ȺʃɮʽɺȪȹʠʷʍɹɽ˂ʃɥ۰țǾʁʭʍʒɬɰʒȽȼɥ șȦȻȺȕɞǿțɃǾɬʉʍɵ˂ɁੜȷʒʃȟᅽȢǾʗʍ ʒȾᣋȗȽȼȪȹǾ࿑ްɁʉɮʩʽɺȺǾʹʽɽ˂ʃȾȪȞʃ ʛɮɹȟੜȹȽȗɛșȽมɁکնȾɂǾʹɮʡȾɛɞʠʷʍ ɹɕӛȺȕɞȞɕȪɟȽȗǿȪȞȪȽȟɜǾʠʷʍɵ˂ɂǾʒ˂ ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃɁɽʽʅʡʒɁ˹Ⱥʡʶ˂ȬɞȦȻȟᛵȺǾ ʑɭɶ˂ȻɁᣵଆɥȪȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿɕȪǾʠʷʍɵ˂ ȟɽʽʅʡʒɥིȪȹǾᒲࢄҜȺʹɮʡɥᚐȗǾʠʷʍɹ Ⱥڸȣ̙ްȺȕȶȲɽ˂ʃȾʃʛɮɹɥੜȴᣅɑɟȲکնǾᯚ ȗᆬလȺʑɭɺɂ܅ȪǾ܅ཟȬɞȦȻȾȽɞǿ ´¸ ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦp.±·´²µ ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒɁɕȻȺʒʶ˂ʕʽ ɺȬɞȦȻȟɔɜɟɞǿᣡȾǾʘʽʡʶʍʁʭ˂Ⱥʃ ʒʶʃɁȞȞɜȽȗม˩ȺɁʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɗᝁնȺɎ ɏᠭȦɜȽȗɛșȽม˩ȺɁʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɂǾᤧȤȽ ȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿिȶȹǾȈՕेᎃᄑȽʓʴʵʒʶ˂ ʕʽɺȉ´¹ ǾțɃǾᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒȾᝤɕȗȽȗมȺɿ˂ ʠɥੜȷʒʶ˂ʕʽɺǾᑔऻȾʑɭɶ˂ɥᥓᏚȪȽȗȺ ʠʷʍɹɥȬɞʒʶ˂ʕʽɺǾʠʷʍɹɁɗ˨ɥᣮᤈ ȪȲʦ˂ʵǾɕȪȢɂʠʷʍɹɁʹʽʉʍʋȾɛɝᢀᤍ ȟ۰ɢȶȲʦ˂ʵɥްȪȽȗʑɭɺɁʒʶ˂ʕʽɺ ɂǾȈᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉȈ࿑ႱॴȉȻȗșPT Ɂ࿑ ॴɥધȴնɢȮȹȝɜȭǾขȪȹӛȽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȻ ɂȗțȽȗǿщͶᄑȾɂǾ۹ȢɁʋ˂ʪȟႊȪȹȗɞ ɛșȽǾͅɁʒʶ˂ʕʽɺʫʕʯ˂ɁնᩖȾ µ ґሌ࣊Ǿ п׆Ⱥˢ୭ȾੜȷȻȗȶȲɿ˂ʠᎃɥஃȬɞɁȺɂ ȽȢǾᄾਖ਼ɽ˂ʒȾʶʅʡʁʱʽɥᚐșʡʶ˂ʮ˂ɥо ɟǾȰɁ᪨Ǿɬʉʍɵ˂मɕްȪǾɿ˂ʚ˂ȾมҜ ɥऐȗɞɛșȽʁʋʯɲ˂ʁʱʽɥႊȬɞȦȻȟ॒ ᛵȺǾȨɜȾǾ᪅ɝȽȢᝁնȻպȫɛșȽมɥͽɞȲ ɔȾǾɿ˂ʚ˂Ɂ॑ઍୣɥ˨ȥȹɿ˂ʠᎃɥஃȬɞ ȽȼɁࡾ܁ɕ॒ᛵȺȕɞǿ ǽȦɁɛșȾǾᛓ᫆ॴɁᜊཟȞɜɂǾʒʶ˂ʕʽɺکᬂ ȺɂǾస͔ᜫްȟᛓ᫆ॴɥίધȪǾចస͔ȟԨጠȾȽɜ ȽȗɛșᥓਁȬɞ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿȽȯȽɜǾȈᛓ᫆Ƚɼ˂ ʪȾᤛख़ȬɞȾɂǾԨጠȽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȺɂ˪Ԛґȉµ° ȺȕɝǾԨጠȽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɂӛလᄑȺȕɞȟǾӛᄑ ȺɂȽȗȞɜȺȕɞǿɑȲǾᒲࢄᄾͬॴɁᜊཟȞɜɂǾ ʟʳɹʉʵഫᣲɥەȨȽȗʶʣʵȺʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɥґҾ ȪȹǾȈᝁնȾख़ႊժᑤȽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȉµ± ɥஃȬɞ॒ ᛵȟȕɞǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȺɂǾᝁնȺӫȷȲɔȾɂаȾ ³ ʅʍʒɥɞ॒ᛵȟȕɝǾʅʍʒɥɞȲɔȾɂᴥఊ Ͳ ² ཟʴ˂ʓȪȹᴦаȾ ²µ ཟɞ॒ᛵȟȕɝǾीཟɥ ɞȲɔȾɂʳʴ˂Ⱦӫȷ॒ᛵȟȕɞǿʳʴ˂ȻɂǾ Ȉɿ˂ʚ˂ȾɛɝੜȲɟȲɿ˂ʝʃɁཟȞɜǾʦ˂ʵ ȟɬɰʒɴʠʡʶ˂ȻȽɞɑȺɁǾˢᣵɁʡʶ˂ɁӦ ͽȉµ² ȺȕɝǾʳʴ˂ȟީ̘ȪȲፀȺȗȭɟȞɁʋ˂ ʪȾ ± ཟȟ˫țɜɟɞǿिȶȹǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȤɞ ఊߴഫᛵጨɂȈʳʴ˂ȉȻɒȽȬȦȻȟȺȠɞɁȺǾ ʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɁԨͱɂȈʳʴ˂ȉɥژటȻȪȹǾʁʋʯ ɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺɥஃȬɌȠȺȕɞǿȰȪȹǾ ࿑ႱॴɁᜊཟȞɜɂǾʡʶ˂ʮ˂ˢ̷ɅȻɝȟǾᛓୣ̷ ɁᪿيᴥᪿيᄑʠʷʍɹȽȼᴦȟǾȕɞȗɂʋ˂ʪпͶ ȟǾࢠȾȈɼ˂ʪʬʑʵȉȾژȸȗȹʡʶ˂Ȫȹȗɞ॒ ´¹ ፀڌ࣐ࢲᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.±¹¸ µ° ፀڌ࣐ࢲᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.±¹¸ µ± ፀڌ࣐ࢲᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.±¹· µ² ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±¹ᴦp.³¹ ᛵȟȕɞǿțɃǾȈպ۹ᄉͱᏚࢃȉȻȗșᚓ Ⱦژȸȗȹɼ˂ʪɥࠕᩒȬɞکնǾȰɁးɁȲɔȾɂǾ пȹɁɬʉʍɵ˂ȟʟɫ˂ʃʒʐʽʧȺʃʛɮɹɥੜȷ ɌȢǾЭґȽӒᠨᠾᫌɥᆬίȪȹǾӒᠨȪǾᡍɒҒɝǾʂʭ ʽʡȬɞȦȻǾȞȷǾȰɁȲɔȾǾʟɫ˂ʃʒʉʍʋȺ ȕɞʶʅʡʁʱʽɗʑɭɺȟəȶȢɝǾᯚȢʅʍʉ˂Ⱦ ᣌ္ȨɟɞȦȻȽȼȟίᜳȨɟȽȤɟɃȽɜȽȗǿ͏˨ ɁɛșȾǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝȗȹɕȈᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾ ͬॴȉȈ࿑ႱॴȉɂᤛႊժᑤȺȕɝǾȷɑɝǾʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵȾȝȤɞʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗșɽʽʅʡʒȾ ɂǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴȺȕɞȈᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉȈ࿑Ⴑॴȉ ȻɁᜆ֪ॴȟᝓɔɜɟɞǿ ǽʷʍʁɂǾ߳ȾᩜȪȹǾȈʩʃɗ܅ɥᜬ߁ȪǾȰ ɟȟᩋɁȲɔȾ॒ᛵȽʡʷʅʃȳȻȗșαᭅᩜΡȉɥ ኳȠǾ߳ɁʧɮʽʒɂȈᚓᄑȽʩʃɂଊȬɞȟǾ ੫ᚓᄑʩʃȾɂ᜔ɟȽȗȉȻȗșǿȽȯȽɜȈᚓᄑȽ ʩʃɂεඩȾɛȶȹȬȣȾױȺȠɞȟǾ੫ᚓᄑȽʩʃ ɂȰșɂȗȞȽȗȉȞɜȺȕɞµ³ ǿʃʧ˂ʎɁးکȺɂǾ ʡʶ˂ʮ˂Ɂ੫ᚓᄑʩʃȾᄻȟᚐȠȟȴȺǾ߳ᐐȟȰ ȦɥଊȬɞȦȻȟ۹ȢՙȤɜɟɞǿ੫ᚓᄑʩʃɥ ଊȬɞȦȻɂ߳ᐐɁȬɌȠȦȻɁɅȻȷȺɂȕɞȟǾ ȰɟȟпȹȺɂȽȗǿ੫ᚓᄑʩʃȾɌǾᚓᄑʩʃɥ ᝓឧȬɞȦȻɂᫍȪȗǿȽȯȽɜǾպȫʡʶ˂ȺɕȼɁ ɛșȽᚓȾȝȤɞʡʶ˂ȺȕɞȞȾɛȶȹΙȟґȞ ɟɞȞɜȺȕɝǾɴʟʀʦ˂ʵȾɔɜɟɞǾඒɁʡ ʶ˂Ɂໄ϶ȻȪȹɁʧʂʁʱʕʽɺȽȼɂǾʦ˂ʵɗ ʦ˂ʵ᜔Ȫȹȗɞʡʶ˂ʮ˂Ɂɒɥȹȗɞ᪅ɝᝓឧ ȺȠȽȗȞɜȺȕɞǿȪȞȪȽȟɜǾᚓᄑȽཟɥધ ȷȦȻȺǾᚓᄑȽɲʳ˂Ⱦ͇ȠǾȰɁཟȞɜɁɬ ʓʚɮʃȟժᑤȾȽɞǿȦɁȦȻɂǾ߳ศɁױȻ տ˨ȾɂඑȞȮȽȗᛵጨȺȕɞǿ
ᴴᴫፀ
ǽኂᐐɂȈʃʧ˂ʎᡇ९Ɂᆅሱȉɥɔɞ˨ȺǾ PT ȾᅔᄻȪȹȗɞǿȰɁп߁ȟɜȞȻȽɟɃǾʃʧ˂ ʎȾȝȤɞျᝲȻᡇɁፋնȟ߁ȻȽɝǾɿʍɵ˂ȳ ȤȺȽȢͅɁߦټᪿي္੫ʃʧ˂ʎɁ߳ศɁױȻ տ˨ȟఙशȺȠɞȞɜȺȕɞǿȦɁَ͙Ɂ˩Ǿటᆅ ሱȺɂǾɿʍɵ˂ȾȝȤɞᡇ९ȻȪȹɁPT Ɂകᛵ ɥᜓᝢȪȲɁȴǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴɥમȥǾటᆅሱɁߦ៎Ⱥ ȕɞʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾᅔᄻȪǾȈʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȉ ɥᭉయȻȪȹǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴȻȗșᜊཟȞɜᐎߔɥɔ Ȳǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɁ߳ศɁױȻտ˨ȟఙशȺȠ ɞᡇ९ȻᄻȨɟȲʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȻȗșɽʽ ʅʡʒȾɂǾPT Ɂច࿑ॴȺȕɞȈᛓ᫆ॴȉȈᒲࢄᄾͬॴȉ µ³ ࿁ᤍǾʷʣʵʒˁʷʍʁᴥ²°±¹ᴦpp.²²-²³²¶ Ȉ࿑ႱॴȉȻɁᜆ֪ॴȟᝓɔɜɟȲǿʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȾȝ ȗȹɕǾȈʁʋʯɲ˂ʁʱʽʒʶ˂ʕʽɺȉɥᣮȫȲ ߳ȾɛȶȹǾ᪨ɁᝁնȺɥ˨ȥɞȦȻȟժᑤȻȽ ɞȺȕɠșǿ ពᢷ టᆅሱɂJSPS ᇼᆅ៵ JP±¶K°±¶³µ ɁӒɥՙȤȲɕɁ ȺȬǿ ऀႊˁՎᐎ୫စ ᴮ). Jankowski, T.ᴥ²°±¶ᴦȊஓట̷Ⱦଡ଼țȲȗᚓᄑʞ ʴɴʊɮʆ˂ʁʱʽоᩌȋʟʍʒʦ˂ʵɰɭ˂ɹʴ˂ ᪿᜭǾూᤳҋ࿂ ᴯ). ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±µaᴦȊ².´³ ຏ᪒ᯚಇ႒ފʚʶ˂ḧȋ ᪿᔐᇋ ᴰ). ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±µbᴦȊ².´³ ຏ᪒ᯚಇ႒ފʚʶ˂Ḩȋ ᪿᔐᇋ ᴱ). ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±·aᴦȊ².´³ ຏ᪒ᯚಇ႒ފʚʶ˂ ͍᚜ขްḧȋᪿᔐᇋ ᴲ). ے̢ʰɵɽᴥ²°±·bᴦȊ².´³ ຏ᪒ᯚಇ႒ފʚʶ˂ ͍᚜ขްḨȋᪿᔐᇋ ᴳ). ࿁ᤍǾʷʣʵʒˁʷʍʁᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊɿʍɵ˂Žɽ ɽʷȻɵʳʊžᆅሱǽɮʉʴɬ̷ɽ˂ʋȻᜓȠȞ ȬǾʫʽʉʵᴣʟɭʂɵʵȈ±± Ɂណȉȋʇʵˁʫʑɭ ɬ ᴴ). జ࣐࣍ൗᴥ²°±·ᴦȈʃʧ˂ʎȾȝȤɞࡿȻծźɿʍ ɵ˂ɁߦለॴȻՕߦለॴɥɔȣȶȹȉࢿࡀ۾ޙ۾ޙ ፱նᇼޙᆅሱᇼȊࡿȻծˁߦለॴɁɿɮɲʽʃȋ˽ ױҋ࿂Ǿ¹·-±²¹ ᬮ ᴵ). Mayforth, G.ᴥ²°°¸ᴦȈʒ˂ʉʵʑɭʟɱʽʃȉ ȊCoaching & Playing Volleyballȋቼ µ¶ հǾ²-µ ᬮ ᴶ). ˹రୖ᪽ˁᯛ൞ϧ܁ˁߍࡺ܁ˁՓຍᇸҬᴥ²°±µᴦ Ȋ²± ˰ʃʧ˂ʎ۾̜ъȋ۾εᮁంࣆ ±°). ஓటʃʧ˂ʎ॑ျޙ͢ᴥ²°°¸ᴦȊʃʧ˂ʎ॑ျޙ ̜ъȋ۾εᮁంࣆ ±±). ஓటͶᑎޙ͢ᄶεᴥ²°°¶ᴦȊఊʃʧ˂ʎᇼޙ̜ъȋ ࢲѾᇋ ±²). ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±²ᴦȊVolleypediaǽʚ ʶ˂ʤʑɭɬᵘ²°±² ࢳ࿂ᵚȋஓట୫ԇҋ࿂ ±³). ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵޙ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦȊʚʶ˂ɹʷʕɹʵȋ ஓట୫ԇҋ࿂ ±´). ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢уࣻɿɮʒȈʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵᜊ ɶ ɮ ʓ ȉhttps://www.jva.or.jp/fun/guide.html ᴥ²°±¹ ࢳ ¹ ఌ ´ ஓᩣᜄᴦ ±µ). ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±·ᴦȊɽ˂ʋʽɺʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵᴥژᇀᴦȋ۾εᮁంࣆ ±¶). ஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵ ¶ ̷Ҥቧ੫Ҭȋஓటʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵԦ͢ ±·). ߴࡺޫˁऻูᴥ²°°µᴦȈʳʴ˂ʧɮʽʒҤȾɛɞ ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵɼ˂ʪɁӫҟᆬလȾȷȗȹȉȊʚʶ˂ʦ˂ ʵᆅሱȋቼ · ࢊቼ ± հǾ·-±³ ᬮ ±¸). ɜȗȞ˂ɞȻᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊɬʔʴʁʃˁɬɮǽɿʍɵ˂ Ɂᬂᄌȗᚓґȋߴޙᮁ ±¹). Selinger, A. Ackermann-Blount, J.ᴥ±¹¹³ᴦȊ ʅ ʴ ʽʂʭ˂Ɂʛʹ˂ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵȋښ႑̝ᄶεˁ᥆༖ Ѿ܁ᜭǾʣ˂ʃʦ˂ʵˁʨɶʂʽᇋ ²°). ႎ̢ϧ܀ˁʹȁజሱˁዢరᐖࢲˁᆀࠥ˦ˁజ࣍ ࣐ൗᴥ²°±´ᴦȈʃʧ˂ʎᡇɁ९ᴥ̝ࢳᄻᴦᴪᡇ ९Ɂʛʟɳ˂ʨʽʃᴪȉȊͶᑎޙᆅሱȋቼ ´µ հǾ ³µ-´¶ ᬮ ²±). ᯚಏαˁธնޙˁߴࡺޫˁऻูᴥ²°±³ᴦȈʚʶ˂ ʦ˂ʵɁʳʴ˂ʧɮʽʒʁʃʐʪȾȝȤɞीཟȾᩜȬ ɞᆅሱȉȊʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵᆅሱȋቼ ±µ ࢊቼ ± հǾ¸-±µ ᬮ ²²). ᑨᅊˢᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊʡʶ˂ጽ᮷ʆʷȺɕȺȠɞᡇ ᄑɼ˂ʪʬʑʵɁͽɝȋʇʵˁʫʑɭɬ ²³). ຝᣃߧᴥ²°±±ᴦȈ࠙ᅊᄾ္ۀǽ´ ᪅ᄻȉȊఌҔ ʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵǽµ ఌհȋቼ ¶µ ࢊቼ ¶ հǾ±³¸-±³¹ ᬮ ²´). ຝᣃߧȈɽʳʪǽʩ˂ʙ˂္ᤍکǽቼ ³ وʠ ʷʍɹȌȰɁ ±ȍȉȊʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵʨɶʂʽȋhttp:// vbm.link/²´·³/ᴥ²°±¹ ࢳ ¹ ఌ ´ ஓᩣᜄᴦ ²µ). ࠞటःᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊʚʶ˂ʦ˂ʵᠯᜊᚓȈୣȉɁ ཟȺǾʡʶ˂ɁᮠȤऀȠɥᝣɒᜓȢȋɵʽʆʽ ²¶). ዢᘖފᴥ²°°¹ᴦȊʠʳʂʵʚʶ˂ɥఊऐȾȪȲȈ̷ȉ ȻȈʁʃʐʪȉȋూᤳҋ࿂ ²·). ፀڌ࣐ࢲᴥ²°±¹ᴦȊඔࡻɿʍɵ˂Ɂᜓǿʧʂʁʱ ʔʵʡʶ˂ɁȬɌȹȋʇʵˁʫʑɭɬ
