402
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS
Takao HosHIAl', Masaaki MuRAN02, Keiji NAsua and Makoto TERAZAKl4
BIOMASS
J t 画における日本の活動
星合孝男 1 ・村野.1Lll1ド・奈須敬二a• 、り綺
訳
要旨:南極服洋生物資源管理の駈礎と
lc , 南極郎の面洋生態系の構造と動的機 能をより深く理解することを
H的とした
BIOMASS,d抽iは ,
1977年から 10ヵ年
,d
・
両としで K 施された国際共l
1iJ研究であった.
1991年
9月 , ドイツ国,プレー、
9ーハーソェンで開催された研究成果総括のための
"BIOMASS Colloquium"を もって,すべての活動を終鈷した.かねて南極海の生物資狐 とくにナンキ
J クオキ/'ミの利用の可能性について関心を持っていたわが国の研究者,研究機関は
BIOMASS壮両に積極的に参加しに.
BIOMASS if両では,
1980‑81年に第 1回国
際共 1,~j 多船観測 (FIBEX) 計両を組み,ナンキョクオキアミ現存贔のいっせい凋介
を行った.わが国からは,面鷹丸,白鳳丸,聞洋丸が参加した. また,第
2[り]国際 虹
j1多船観測
(SIBEX)が,
1983‑84, 1984‑85年の2期に分けて行われ,第
1期に ぱ海鷹丸,間汗丸が,第
2期 に は 開 祥 丸 が 航 海 を 行 っ に 第
2lriJ多船観測では,凋 任・研究の)
J点は,生態系全般の研究に移行しに国際佑船観測とは別に,海肱丸,
開洋丸はそれぞれ独自の閥川炉航海を行っているが,いずれも南極海の面袢生態系の 解明を
11的としたものであり,
BIOMASSのサ隠と見ることがでぎる.
11本南極地域観測隊は,
BIOMASS壮j
1hiに合わせて,船上における定常観測を拡充すると共に,
定着氷縁,
fl{i和基地周辺の定着氷域での研究を行っに.これらの研究は,観測・研 究船の夏期間水域での研究成果と共に,而氷域における冬間を含めた生態系の構追 と機能についての基本的梢報を提供した.これらの研究を通して,わが国の南極甜 海汗生態系に対する理解は格段に深まっにと杓えられる.これまでに発火された倫 文,報内の数は,
200編を超える.Abstract: Japanese scientists have been interested in the utilization of Ant‑
arctic krill as a potential resource of protein for mankind. Thus, the objectives of BIOMASS which aimed at gaining the knowledge of Antarctic marine eco‑ systems for the management of Antarctic marine living resources were accepted by Japanese scientists and supported by the Japanese government. In succession to the pre‑BIOMASS activities, Japanese vessels, UMITAKA MARU Ill, KAIYO MARV and HAKUHO MARU conducted cruises to participate in FIBEX and SIBEX.
Furthermore, two additional cruises were undertaken by the KAIYO MARV as an extension of BIOMASS. The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition contri‑ buted to BIOMASS with the observations on board the FUJI and SHIRASE and shore‑ based research at Syowa Station. The UMITAKA MARV Ill and the HAKUHO MARV investigated primary production, abundance and distribution of phyto‑
1
国立:極詞研究所.
National Institute of Polar Research, 9‑10, Kaga 1‑chome, Itabashi‑ku, Tokyo 173.2東東水産大学.Tokyo University of Fisheries, 5‑7, Konan 4‑chome, Minato‑ku, Tokyo 108.
:}水産庁遠汗水産研究所.N
ational Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Orido 5‑chome, Shimizu 424.4東成大学海洋研究所.Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 15‑1, Minamidai 1‑chome, Nakano‑ku, Tokyo 164.
南極資料•, Vol. 35, No. 3, 402‑433, 1991
Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), Vol. 35, No. 3, 402‑433, 1991
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS
p l a n k t o n , z o o p l a n k t o n a n d r n i c r o n e k t o n a n d o r g a n i c p a r t i c l e s w i t h o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n s o u t h o f A u s t r a l i a . The K A I Y O MARV s u r v e y e d p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a l o n g s e v e r a l m e r i d i o n a l l i n e s a n d i n g r i d s i n t h e I n d i a n a n d A t l a n t i c s e c t o r s o f t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . S t r e s s w a s p u t on t h e a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l a b u n d a n c e a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f i t s b i o m a s s . A c c o r d i n g l y s t u d i e s o f t a r g e t s t r e n g t h w e r e u n d e r t a k e n . T h e J a p a n e s e A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h E x p e d i t i o n p r o v i d e d p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l d a t a o b t a i n e d i n t h e i c e ‑ c o v e r e d w a t e r s a l o n g w i t h t h o s e i n o p e n s e a s . Summer d a t a i n t h e f a s t i c e e d g e z o n e a n d y e a r ‑ r o u n d d a t a a t Syowa S t a t i o n c o m p l e m e n t e d t h e J a p a n e s e BIOMASS d a t a f i l e , m o s t o f w h i c h w e r e f o r m e d w i t h o n b o a r d summer r e s e a r c h i n t h e o p e n w a t e r . BIOMASS e n c o u r a g e d J a p a n e s e m a r i n e s c i e n t i s t s t o p a y t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . T h e i r e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n h a s b e c o m e a f o u n d a t i o n i n p r o m o t i n g r e s e a r c h r e l a t i n g t o t h e g l o b a l c h a n g e o f e n v i r o n m e n t , w h i c h f o c u s e s a t t e n t i o n a s o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s e a r c h t h e m e s a t p r e s e n t .
1.
I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 . 1 . Background
403
I n t e r e s t i n t h e A n t a r c t i c k r i l l , Euphausia s u p e r b a a s a p o t e n t i a l p r o t e i n r e s o u r c e of mankind, had i n c r e a s e d i n t h e e a r l y l 9 7 0 ' s . I n Japan t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e k r i l l had been d i s c u s s e d among s c i e n t i s t s i n t h e l 9 6 0 ' s . Concurrently i t had been c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e k r i l l s h o u l d be made c a r e f u l l y b e c a u s e t h e k r i l l seemed t o p l a y a key r o l e i n t h e A n t a r c t i c marine e c o s y s t e m s . A c c o r d i n g l y , Japanese s c i e n t i s t s who took i n t e r e s t i n t h e A n t a r c t i c r e s e a r c h p o s i t i v e l y responded t o t h e B i o l o g i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of Marine A n t a r c t i c Systems and S t o c k s (BIOMASS) program of t h e S c i e n t i f i c Committee on A n t a r c t i c Research (SCAR), when i t was proposed i n 1 9 7 5 . The p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e o f BIOMASS program was t o g a i n a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e s t r u c t u r e and dynamic f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e A n t a r c t i c marine e c o s y s t e m a s a b a s i s f o r t h e f u t u r e management of p o t e n t i a l l i v i n g r e s o u r c e s . T h i s i n t e n t i o n a g r e e d w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n of r e s e a r c h c o n c e i v e d by most of Japanese s c i e n t i s t s who were i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e A n t a r c t i c b i o l o g y .
1 . 2 . A c t i v i t i e s p r i o r t o BIOMASS
B e f o r e t h e commencement of BIOMASS, Japanese c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e A n t a r c t i c marine b i o l o g y were made through t h e r e s e a r c h work i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e w h a l i n g , t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s by Japanese A n t a r c t i c Research E x p e d i t i o n (JARE) ( s i n c e 1 9 5 7 ) and t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t onboard t h e UMITAKA MARU I I ( 1 9 5 6 ‑ 5 7 , 1 9 6 1 ‑ 6 2 , 1 9 6 4 ‑ 6 5 and 1 9 6 6 ‑ 6 7 ) and t h e HAKUHO MARU ( 1 9 7 3 ‑ 7 4 ) . S i n c e t h e 1 9 7 2 ‑ 7 3 s e a s o n Japan Marine F i s h e r y Resources Center (JAMARC) had conducted p i l o t s t u d i e s of k r i l l u t i l i z a t i o n i n c l u d i n g s u r v e y of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance o f t h e k r i l l . Ant‑
a r c t i c c r u i s e s t o s t u d y e c o l o g y and b i o l o g y of t h e k r i l l a s a f u t u r e food r e s o u r c e were undertaken by Tokyo U n i v e r s i t y of F i s h e r i e s (UMITAKA MARU I I I ) i n
1977—
78and by F i s h e r i e s Agency (KAIYO MARU) i n 1 9 7 9 ‑ ‑ 8 0 .
1 . 3 . O r g a n i z a t i o n s
I n o r d e r t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n BIOMASS, t h e s u p p o r t of r e s e a r c h o r g a n i z a t i o n s which
had t h e i r r e s e a r c h v e s s e l s , and t h e i n v o l v e m e n t of s c i e n t i s t s who were i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e
404
T . H o s H I A I , M. M U R A N O ,
K.NAsu a n d M. T E R A Z A K I
e n v i r o n m e n t , l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s and e c o s y s t e m s i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean were c o n s i d e r e d t o b e e s s e n t i a l . The J a p a n e s e n a t i o n a l committee f o r SCAR, t h a t i s Committee on A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h o f t h e J a p a n e s e S c i e n c e C o u n c i l had f o r m a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o b o t h n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e promotion o f BIOMASS and i t was i n t e n d e d t o s t r e n g t h e n i t s power by s e t t i n g up a subcommittee f o r BIO‑
MASS. The s u b c o m m i t t e e c o n s i s t e d o f marine b i o l o g i s t s , f i s h e r i e s s c i e n t i s t s and p h y s ‑ i c a l and c h e m i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h e r s . At t h e same t i m e , a group o f s c i e n t i s t s f o r promo‑
t i n g s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i n r e l a t i o n t o BIOMASS was o r g a n i z e d t o p r o v i d e a forum t o s c o o p v i e w s , i d e a s and i n f o r m a t i o n o f s c i e n t i s t s who took i n t e r e s t i n r e s e a r c h t h e m e s r e l a t e d t o BIOMASS.
I n p a r a l l e l w i t h t h i s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a r r a n g e m e n t s were made. The onboard programs p l a n n e d by Tokyo U n i v e r s i t y o f F i s h e r i e s (UMITAKA MARU I I I ) , Ocean R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo (HAKUHO MARU), F i s h e r i e s Agency (KAIYO MARU) and N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f P o l a r R e s e a r c h (Fun and S H I R A S E ) f o r F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l BIOMASS E x p e r i m e n t (FIBEX) and Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l BIOMASS E x p e r i m e n t P h a s e I and I I (SIBEX‑1 and SIBEX‑11) w e r e c o o r d i n a t e d t h r o u g h t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e S p e c i a l Committee f o r A n t a r c t i c Marine L i v i n g R e s o u r c e s , N a t i o n ‑ a l I n s t i t u t e o f P o l a r R e s e a r c h (NIPR). The c o o r d i n a t e d c r u i s e p l a n s were e n d o r s e d by t h e H e a d q u a r t e r s o f J a p a n e s e A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h E x p e d i t i o n a s p a r t o f t h e n a t i o n a l programs o f J a p a n e s e A n t a r c t i c r e s e a r c h .
I 4 P . . a r f l
・・c 1 p a t 1 0 n
The h i g h l i g h t o f BIOMASS was FIBEX i n 1 9 8 0 ‑ 8 1 , SIBEX‑1 i n 1 9 8 3 ‑ 8 4 , and SIBEX‑11 i n 1 9 8 4 ‑ 8 5 . I n t h i s r e g a r d , a s summarized b e l o w , t h e UMITAKA MARU I I I and t h e KAIYO MARU took p a r t i n FIBEX, t h e UMITAKA MARu I I I , t h e KAIYO MARU and t h e HAKUHO MARU p a r t i c i p a t e d i n SIBEX‑1 and t h e KAIYO MARU d i d i n S I B E X ‑ 1 1 . The r e s e a r c h a t Syowa S t a t i o n and t h e o b s e r v a t i o n onboard t h e Fun ( t i l l 1 9 8 2 ‑ 8 3 summer) and t h e S H I R A S E ( s i n c e 1 9 8 3 ‑ 8 4 summer) by JARE w e r e c o n ‑ s i d e r e d a s an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f J a p a n e s e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o BIOMASS. The JARE r e s e a r c h was e x p e c t e d t o be a s o u r c e o f b i o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i c e ‑ c o v e r e d s e a s i n t o which o t h e r J a p a n e s e r e s e a r c h v e s s e l s t h a n t h e Fun and t h e S H I R A S E c a n n o t p e n e t r a t e .
A f t e r c e a s i n g t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l BIOMASS f i e l d w o r k t h e KAIYO MARU c a r r i e d o u t c r u i s e s two t i m e s i n 1 9 8 7 ‑ 8 8 and 1 9 9 0 ‑ 9 1 t o o b t a i n b a s i c d a t a f o r t h e a s s e s s m e n t and f u t u r e management o f k r i l l r e s o u r c e , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e BIOMASS o b j e c t i v e and t h e i n t e n t i o n o f Commission f o r C o n s e r v a t i o n o f A n t a r c t i c Marine L i v i n g R e ‑ s o u r c e s (CCAMLR), and t h e S h i r a s e i s c o n t i n u i n g onboard o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c h l o r o p h y l l a i n t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
1 . 5 . M e e t i n g s
A m e e t i n g o f t h e Group of S p e c i a l i s t s on A n t a r c t i c E c o s y s t e m s and t h e i r L i v i n g R e s o u r c e s was h e l d i n Nikko i n May t o June 1 9 8 2 . The r e s e a r c h p l a n s f o r SIBEX, t h e h a n d l i n g o f BIOMASS d a t a and o t h e r t o p i c s were d i s c u s s e d . J u s t b e f o r e t h i s m e e t i n g , t h e BIOMASS c o l l o q u i u m was convened a t N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f P o l a r Re‑
s e a r c h , Tokyo. The p r e s e n t a t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s o f BIOMASS
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS
405and o t h e r s t u d i e s done i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean were made. The p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e c o l l o q u i u m was p u b l i s h e d a s Memoirs o f N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f P o l a r R e s e a r c h , S p e c i a l I s s u e , No. 2 7 i n 1 9 8 3 . Also a m e e t i n g o f t h e T e c h n i c a l Group on D a t a , S t a t i s t i c s and R e s o u r c e E v a l u a t i o n and a SCOR/SCAR workshop on t h e Enhancement o f I n t e r a c ‑ t i o n between P h y s i c a l , Chemical and B i o l o g i c a l Oceanographers were h e l d a t NIPR.
Ad hoc Group on S q u i d B i o l o g y , a s u b s i d i a r y body o f Group o f S p e c i a l i s t s on A n t a r c t i c E c o s y s t e m s and t h e i r L i v i n g R e s o u r c e s had a m e e t i n g a t Ocean R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo i n September 1 9 8 3 .
1 . 6 . F u t u r e
A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f d a t a and s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h BIOMASS a c t i v i t i e s . These d a t a on t h e A n t a r c t i c marine e c o s y s t e m s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o make t h e management p l a n o f A n t a r c t i c marine l i v i n g r e s o u r c e s . However, t h e r e s t i l l remained s u c h g a p s i n our knowledge on A n t a r c t i c marine e c o s y s t e m a s t h e k r i l l b i o m a s s and s q u i d b i o l o g y . R e s e a r c h e s aiming a t t h e management o f marine l i v i n g r e s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e CCAMLR a c t i v i t i e s .
The i n f o r m a t i o n a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h BIOMASS i s c o n s i d e r e d u s e f u l b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r t h e m o n i t o r i n g o f v a r i a t i o n of A n t a r c t i c marine e c o s y s t e m s i n r e l a t i o n t o g l o b a l change o f n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . I n t h i s r e g a r d , ongoing and p l a n n e d A n t a r c t i c r e s e a r c h e s s h o u l d b e made t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e e x p e r i e n c e i n BIOMASS.
T h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s t h e summaries o f s c i e n t i f i c work c a r r i e d o u t onboard t h e v e s s e l s and a t t h e s t a t i o n a s t h e J a p a n e s e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l BIOMASS program w i t h t h e s i m p l i f i e d c r u i s e t r a c k s o f v e s s e l s (Appendix I ) and t h e l i s t s o f s c i ‑ e n t i f i c r e s u l t s i n r e l a t i o n t o BIOMASS p u b l i s h e d b e f o r e m i d ‑ 1 9 9 1 (Appendix 2 ) . The o u t l i n e o f t h i s r e p o r t was p r e s e n t e d a t t h e p o s t e r s e s s i o n o f t h e BIOMASS Colloquium h e l d on September 1 8
ー2 0 ,1 9 9 1 a t B r e m e r h a v e n , Germany.
2 . F i e l d A c t i v i t i e s 2 . 1 . Tokyo U n i v e r s i t y of F i s h e r i e s (UMITAKA MARU I l l )
I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e BIOMASS, c r u i s e s o f T/S UMITAKA MARV I I I , Tokyo U n i ‑ v e r s i t y o f F i s h e r i e s were c o n d u c t e d t h r e e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d from 1 9 7 7 t o 1 9 8 4 i n t h e A u s t r a l i a n s e c t o r o f t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean.
2 . 1 . l . Pre‑FIBEX
The f i r s t c r u i s e was done i n t h e
1977—
78s e a s o n . The UMITAKA MARV I I I l e f t Tokyo on November 2 , I 9 7 7 and r e t u r n e d on F e b r u a r y 2 7 , 1 9 7 8 , s p e n d i n g 49 d a y s f o r s c i e n t i f i c work i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean and i t s v i c i n i t y . The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s c r u i s e were t o c a r r y o u t ; I . S t u d i e s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e k r i l l by means o f a f i s h pump and a midwater t r a w l ( n e t ) , b o t h o f which were n e w l y d e s i g n e d f o r k r i l l s a m p l i n g , 2 . A c q u i s i t i o n o f b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance o f t h e k r i l l w i t h a f i s h f i n d e r , 3 . P r e l i m i n a r y l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e k r i l l p h y s ‑ i o l o g y w i t h t h e f r e s h and sound i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e k r i l l c a u g h t w i t h t h e pump and t r a w l n e t , and 4 . The p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s on o c e a n o g r a ‑ p h i c c o n d i t i o n s a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
Oceanographic o b s e r v a t i o n s and b i o l o g i c a l s a m p l i n g s were c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g
t h e l o n g i t u d e s o f l 2 0 ° E , l 5 0 ° E and 1 6 7 ° E s o u t h o f 5 0 ° S and i n t h e two a r e a s s u r ‑
406 T. HOSHIAI, M . MURANO, K. NASU and M . TERAZAKI
rounded w i t h 6 3 ° S and 6 5 ° S l a t i t u d e s and l 2 0 ° E and 1 3 2 ° E l o n g i t u d e s and 6 4 ° S and 6 6 ° S l a t i t u d e s and l 50°E and 1 6 0 ° E l o n g i t u d e s .
The k r i l l sampled w i t h t h e f i s h pump on January 2 5 , 1 9 7 8 were p r o v i d e d f o r t h e onboard e x p e r i m e n t s o f t h e f i l t e r i n g r a t e o f d i e t under t h e d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f o o d p a r t i c l e s and oxygen consumption a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s . P a r t o f t h e k r i l l , which were r e a r e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a t Tokyo U n i v e r s i t y o f F i s h e r i e s f o r more t h a n 2 6 5 d a y s f o l l o w i n g t h e onboard c u l t u r e , were u s e d f o r t h e measurements o f growth i n c r e m e n t and m o u l t i n g f r e q u e n c y . The growth i n c r e m e n t i n body l e n g t h was e s t i m a t e d a s 1 2 . 9 2 m m y
―tand t h e m o u l t i n g o c c u r r e d o n c e p e r 1 6 ‑ 2 6 d a y s .
A t e n t a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n o f k r i l l abundance i n t h e A n t a r c t i c Ocean was made w i t h a model combining t h e k r i l l p a t c h d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e k r i l l biomass i n t h e o b s e r v e d p a t c h e s . The k r i l l abundance was e s t i m a t e d a s 3 . 6 hundred m i l l i o n t o 1 3 . 7 hundred m i l l i o n t o n s . For t h e measurement o f t h e k r i l l biomass a f i s h f i n d e r (FURUNO FWGT‑23, 2 0 0 kHz, 5 kW) was a p p l i e d . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n and m i g r a t i o n o f t h e k r i l l i n r e l a t i o n t o p h o t i c c o n d i t i o n s were a l s o made w i t h t h e f i s h f i n d e r d a t a .
2 . 1 . 2 . FIBEX
The s e c o n d c r u i s e was u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e 1 9 8 0 ‑ 8 1 s e a s o n i n t h e A u s t r a l i a n s e c t o r o f t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean. S i n c e t h i s c r u i s e was conducted t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e FIBEX, t h e s t r e s s i n r e s e a r c h was p u t on t h e e c o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f marine A n t a r c t i c e c o s y s t e m s . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e k r i l l b i o l o g y were c o n t i n u e d f o l l o w i n g t h e f i r s t c r u i s e i n 1 9 7 7 ‑ 7 8 . The p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s o f o c e a n o g r a ‑ p h i c c o n d i t i o n s a l o n g c r u i s e t r a c k were r o u t i n e l y c a r r i e d o u t . S p e c i a l e f f o r t s were made t o a c q u i r e e c o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on p h y t o p l a n k t o n , z o o p l a n k t o n , o r g a n i c p a r ‑ t i c l e s , s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c h l o r i n a t e d hydrocarbons was s t u d i e d a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
The UMITAKA MARU I l l l e f t Tokyo on November 1 1 , 1 9 8 0 and r e t u r n e d on March 1 1 , 1 9 8 1 , a f t e r s p e n d i n g 5 0 d a y s f o r s c i e n t i f i c work i n t h e Southern Ocean and i t s a d j a c e n t a r e a s .
Along I 25°E from 4 5 ° S t o 6 5 ° S , 1 2 CTD and 5 9 XBT s t a t i o n s were o c c u p i e d . XBT o b s e r v a t i o n s were made a t 1 7 s t a t i o n s on t h e l i n e between 5 0 ° 1 9 ' S , 1 5 1 ° 4 7 ' E and 5 7 ° 2 5 ' S , I 54°E and 1 1 CTD and 1 9 XBT o b s e r v a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e 1 6 0 ° E m e r i d i o n a l l i n e between 6 5 ° S and 5 5 ° S . Based on t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d , t h e p o l a r f r o n t ( 5 6 ° S i n b o t h 1 2 5 ° E and 1 6 0 ° E ) and t h e A n t a r c t i c d i v e r g e n c e zone ( 6 4 ° S i n 1 2 5 ° E and 6 2 ° S i n I 6 0 ° E ) were i d e n t i f i e d . The c h l o r o p h y l l a c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r was 0 . 1 1 8 ‑ 0 . 3 8 5 mg m ‑ 3 . D i u r n a l f l u c t u a t i o n o f i n v i v o f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r was o b s e r v e d . S u b s u r f a c e c h l o r o p h y l l a maximum was o b s e r v e d i n t h e l a y e r s from 50 t o 1 2 5 m d e p t h , which were a l s o t e m p e r a t u r e minimum l a y e r s a t t h e s t a t i o n s o c c u p i e d s o u t h o f t h e p o l a r f r o n t . The i n t e g r a t e d amount o f c h l o r o p h y l l a i n t h e w a t e r above 200 m depth l a y e r was 1 2 . 4 8 ‑ 5 0 . 9 6 mg m ‑ 2 . The p h y t o p l a n k ‑ t o n communities dominated by diatoms and d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s were i n v e s t i g a t e d and some d e t a i l e d t a x o n o m i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n was a c q u i r e d .
The s a m p l i n g s of macrozooplankton and micronekton were made. Remarkable
components i n zooplankton and micronekton a l o n g 1 2 5 ° E and 1 6 0 ° E n o r t h o f t h e
p o l a r f r o n t were c o p e p o d s , c h a e t o g n a t h s and amphipods b u t a l o n g I 60°E s o u t h o f t h e
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS
407p o l a r f r o n t c o p e p o d s and e u p h a u s i i d s .
V e r t i c a l f l u x and h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f p a r t i c u l a t e o r g a n i c m a t t e r and a l s o d i s s o l v e d o r g a n i c m a t t e r w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n o r g a n i c p a r t i c l e s and r e g i o n a l movement o f w a t e r , b u t f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h c o n c l u s i o n s . As f o r t h e n u t r i e n t c y c l e i n t h e m a r i n e A n t a r c t i c e c o s y s t e m , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f f a t t y a c i d s i n t h e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a t a s t a t i o n n e a r 6 4 ° 3 5 ' S , 1 2 5 ° E .
F o l l o w i n g t h e f i r s t c r u i s e , t h e onboard l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t f i l t e r ‑ i n g r a t e and f e e d i n g r a t e o f t h e k r i l l w e r e h i g h i n t h e w a t e r w h i c h c o n t a i n e d much f o o d . R e s p i r a t i o n r a t e o f 3 . 3 1 ‑ 1 3 9 . 9 7 μ I 02 I n d ‑ 1
にwasr e c o r d e d f o r t h e k r i l l o f 6 . 1 ‑ 3 8 5 . 4 mg i n d r y w e i g h t . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
2 . 1 . 3 . SIBEX‑1
The t h i r d c r u i s e was c o n d u c t e d i n t h e 1983 — 84 s e a s o n i n t h e A u s t r a l i a n s e c t o r o f t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . T h i s c r u i s e was d e v o t e d t o t h e S I B E X ‑ I . Thus i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e s t r u c t u r e and f u n c t i o n o f m a r i n e A n t a r c t i c e c o s y s t e m s and on t h e k r i l l b i o l o g y w e r e c a r r i e d o u t . To make e f f e c t i v e d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n i n t h e r e s e a r c h a r e a , t h e c r u i s e s c h e d u l e s o f t h e UMITAKA MARU I I I and t h e HAKUHO MARU, Ocean R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Tokyo, w e r e c o o r d i n a t e d i n a d v a n c e .
The UMITAKA MARU I I I d e p a r t e d from Tokyo on November 2 2 , 1 9 8 3 and r e t u r n e d on March 1 4 , 1 9 8 4 , a f t e r s p e n d i n g 4 1 d a y s i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean and i t s n e i g h b o r i n g w a t e r s . O c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t 1 2 s t a t i o n s a l o n g l l 6 ° E and 1 5 s t a t i o n s i n t h e l l 8 ° E , 1 2 0 ° E and 1 2 2 ° E b e t w e e n 6 0 ° S and 6 5 ° S . F u r t h e r o b ‑ s e r v a t i o n s w e r e made a t 1 0 s t a t i o n s a l o n g l 5 0 ° E and 4 s t a t i o n s around 6 5 ° S , 1 4 7 . 5 ° E . CTD and XBT o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t 4 2 and 1 5 2 s t a t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S a m p l i n g s o f p l a n k t o n and m i c r o n e k t o n , p r i m a r y p r o d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s w i t h t h e i n s i t u 1 3 C method and a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i 1 l w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t s e l e c t e d s t a t i o n s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e CTD o b s e r v a t i o n . R e s e a r c h e f f o r t s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e two a r e a s around 6 2 ° S , l 2 0 ° E and 6 3 ° S , l 5 0 ° E . A s e d i m e n t t r a p moored a t a b o u t 6 1 ° 3 0 ' S , l 5 0 ° E by t h e HAKUHO MARU on December 2 5 , 1 9 8 3 was r e c o v e r e d on F e b r u a r y 5 , 1 9 8 4 .
S u b t r o p i c a l c o n v e r g e n c e , s u b a n t a r c t i c f r o n t , A n t a r c t i c f r o n t and A n t a r c t i c d i ‑ v e r g e n c e w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a t 4 0 ° S , 4 9 ‑ 5 0 ° S , 5 5 ‑ 5 6 ° S and 6 3 ‑ 6 4 ° S a l o n g I 1 6 ° E and 4 7 ° S ,
s s 0 s , 56 — 58°S and 6 3 ‑ 6 4 ° S a l o n g
I5 0 ° E . The l a t i t u d i n a l v a r i a t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s a l t s
was o b s e r v e d . I n g e n e r a l , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f P 0 4 , N02 and N03 i n c r e a s e d s t e p w i s e
a t t h e f r o n t s t o w a r d s s o u t h and t h a t o f S i 0 3 became h i g h beyond t h e A n t a r c t i c f r o n t .
The mean c h l o r o p h y l l a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and i n t e g r a t e d c h l o r o p h y l l a c o n t e n t s a b o v e
2 0 0 m d e p t h i n t h e w a t e r a l o n g l I 6 ° E and I 5 0 ° E w e r e 0 . 2 2 6 ‑ 0 . 3 9 9 mg m‑3 and 0 . 1 5 0 ‑
0 . 2 4 5 mg m‑3 and 2 6 . 5 1 ‑ 5 2 . 2 8 mg m
→and 1 7 . 4 0 ‑ 4 4 . 6 0 mg m ‑ 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . P r i ‑
mary p r o d u c t i v i t y measured a t 6 5 ° S , I l 6 ° 2 0 ' E and 6 5 ° S , 1 5 0 ° E was 2 9 . 2 2 mgC m‑2
h ‑ 1 and 5 . 8 4 mgC m
→h
ー1 . I t was a l s o c l a r i f i e d t h a t t h e major p a r t o f c h l o r o p h y l l
a owed t o t h e n a n n o p l a n k t o n o f 3‑20μm i n t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . The l a t i t u d i n a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o t i s t s was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e f r o n t s . Amoeba and c o l ‑
o r l e s s d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s w e r e common and p r e d o m i n a n t c o n s t i t u e n t s i n h e t e r o t r o p h s
408 T. HOSHIAI, M. MURANO, K. NASU and M. TERAZAKI
i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean.
The mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a t e o r g a n i c carbon and t h a t o f p a r t i c u l a t e n i t r o g e n were 59.7‑118μgC I
→and 8.85 — 16.6µgN 1 ‑ 1 i n t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r and d e c r e a s ‑ e d w i t h d e p t h t o r a n g e s o f 16.1‑54.lμgC 1 ‑ 1 and 1.48 — 3.44µgN 1 ‑ 1 .
Composition o f amino a c i d , c a r b o h y d r a t e and l i p i d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a t e o r g a n i c c a r b o n was a n a l y z e d . T o t a l amount o f t h e t h r e e components o c c u p i e d 6 3 . 8 ‑ 8 8 . 3 % o f p a r t i c u l a t e o r g a n i c c a r b o n i n t h e s u r f a c e and d e c r e a s e d w i t h d e p t h . I n g e n e r a l , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f amino a c i d and l i p i d t o t h e p a r t i c u l a t e o r g a n i c carbon i n c r e a s e d i n v e r s e l y w i t h w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e . P r o p o r t i o n o f l i p i d was h i g h i n t h e s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e minimum l a y e r and t h a t o f amino a c i d was h i g h i n t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r . The abundance o f k r i l l e s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e a c o u s t i c s u r v e y was 0 . 0 2 8 7 g m ‑ : i and 0 . 0 7 1 2 g m‑3 i n t h e two s u r v e y e d a r e a s , and t h e s e v a l u e s w e r e a b o u t f o u r t i m e s t h a t i n t h e FIBEX c r u i s e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e UMITAKA MARU I I I i n a l m o s t t h e same a r e a . As f o r t h e f e e d i n g o f k r i l l , r e s u l t s o f i n g e s t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f o o d p a r t i c l e s i n t h e a m b i e n t w a t e r s , i n d i v i d u a l s l a r g e r t h a n 8 . 1 6 mg i n d r y w e i g h t c o u l d n o t c a t c h f o o d t o s a t i s f y t h e i r minimum r e q u i r e m e n t f o r n o u r i s h ‑ ment and t h a t m i g h t have o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o t a k e s u f f i c i e n t f o o d sometime d u r i n g sum‑
m e r . An a n a l y s i s o f l i p i d and amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f f e c a l p e l l e t o f k r i l l and p o s s i b l e food p l a n k t e r s showed t h a t s m a l l k r i l l f e d on d i a t o m s b u t l a r g e r one t o o k b o t h d i a t o m s and c h o a n o f l a g e l l a t e s . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was c o n d u c t e d t o a c c u m u l a t e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e c o s y s t e m s t r u c t u r e f o l l o w i n g t h e FIBEX.
2 . 2 . F i s h e r i e s Agency (KAI YO MARV)
BIOMASS and BIOMASS r e l a t e d r e s e a r c h c r u i s e s which were p e r f o r m e d by t h e KAIYO MARU, F i s h e r i e s Agency o f Japan were c a r r i e d o u t s i x t i m e s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d from t h e 1 9 7 9 ‑ 8 0 s e a s o n t o t h e 1 9 9 0 ‑ 9 1 s e a s o n . P r i o r t o t h e commencement o f c r u i s e s o f t h e KAIYO MARU, i n 1 9 7 2 ‑ 7 3 a f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y f o r t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e A n t a r c t i c k r i l l a s a f u t u r e r e s o u r c e o f p r o t e i n f o r mankind was s t a r t e d by JAMARC.
F o l l o w i n g t h i s p i l o t s t u d y , c o m m e r c i a l o p e r a t i o n s f o r t h e k r i l l began i n 1973 — 74 and have b e e n c o n t i n u e d u n t i l now. S i n c e F i s h e r i e s Agency o f Japan i n t e n d e d t o r a t i o n a l l y u t i l i z e t h e k r i l l , i t e m p h a s i z e d t h e n e e d t o c o l l e c t b a s i c d a t a on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and e c o s y s t e m o f f i s h i n g ground t o a v o i d h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o f f i s h e r i e s a c t i v i t y t o t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t and e c o s y s t e m s o f t h e A n t a r c t i c O c e a n , a s w e l l a s t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r o b t a i n ‑ i n g b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e b i o l o g y o f t h e k r i l l t o p r e v e n t i t s d e p l e t i o n .
2 . 2 . 1 . Pre‑FIBEX
The f i r s t c r u i s e was done i n t h e 1 9 7 9 ‑ 8 0 s e a s o n . The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s c r u i s e
were t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and e c o s y s t e m s i n t h e
w a t e r s o f f t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t o f W i l k s Land, t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e k r i l l abundance and
t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f b i o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e k r i l l . The KAIYO MARU d e p a r t e d
from Tokyo on December 1 2 , 1 9 7 9 and r e t u r n e d on March 8 , 1 9 8 0 . R e s e a r c h work
was done f o r 3 7 d a y s i n t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . A r e g i o n e n c i r c l e d by 1 0 0 ° E and l 20°E
and 6 1 ° S and 6 5 ° S was s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i n t e n s i v e s t u d y . Along f i v e m e r i d i o n a l l i n e s
o c c u p i e d a t 5 ° i n t e r v a l s from l 00°E t o 1 2 0 ° E p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a ‑
t i o n s were r o u t i n e l y c a r r i e d o u t a t i n t e r v a l s o f 2 0 ' l a t i t u d e . P l a n k t o n s a m p l i n g s were
made a t s e l e c t e d s t a t i o n s o u t o f t h e r o u t i n e s t a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , i n t e n s i v e p l a n k t o n
s a m p l i n g s w i t h o c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e done i n t h e a r e a s o f 6 5 ° S , l l 5°E
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS
409and 6 5 ° S , l 2 0 ° E , where abundance of t h e k r i l l was h i g h . H y d r o a c o u s t i c s u r v e y was done c o n t i n u o u s l y a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k o f t h e s h i p . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e k r i l l r e a r e d on board was made. S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was made a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
F r o n t a l z o n e s , s u b t r o p i c a l c o n v e r g e n c e , A u s t r a l a s i a n s u b a n t a r c t i c f r o n t and A n t a r c t i c c o n v e r g e n c e were o b s e r v e d a t 4 0 ° 0 6 ' S , 1 1 1 ° 2 8 ' E , 4 7 ° ‑ 4 9 ° S , l l 0 ° E and 5 5 ° 4 2 ' S , 1 0 5 ° 2 0 ' E i n t h e southbound c r u i s e and 4 4 ° 0 7 ' S , l 4 0 ° 4 2 ' E , 5 1 ° ‑ 5 2 ° S , 1 3 5 ° E and 5 8 ° 4 7 ' S , 1 2 9 ° 2 2 ' E i n t h e northbound c r u i s e . A g e n e r a l e a s t w a r d c u r r e n t was o b s e r v e d i n t h e s t u d y a r e a , i n w h i c h t h e r e were r e g i o n a l c u r r e n t s y s t e m s . The c y c l o n i c and a n t i c y c l o n i c e d d i e s were o b s e r v e d i n t h e a r e a e n c l o s e d w i t h l a t i t u d i n a l l i n e s o f 6 2 ° S and 6 2 ° 3 0 ' S and l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e s o f l 0 5 ° E and 1 1 0 ° E . A s t r o n g meandering o f e a s t w a r d f l o w which seemed t o b e i n d u c e d by t h e bottom t o p o g r a p h y was s e e n s o u t h o f 6 3 ° S . The k r i l l abundance was h i g h beyond 6 4 ° S . The k r i l l d e n s i t y e s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e n e t s a m p l i n g was l ‑ 4 0 g m ‑ 3 . I t seemed t h a t t h e r e was a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e ‑ t w e e n t h e k r i l l abundance and h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c h l o r o p h y l l a . B r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r of t h e k r i l l was o b s e r v e d i n an onboard a q u a l i u m . The number o f e g g s , f r e q u e n c y o f e g g l a y i n g and t h e development o f l a i d e g g s w e r e e x a m i n e d . The e g g s d e v e l o p e d t o t h e m e t a n a u p l i u s s t a g e one month a f t e r t h e e g g l i b e r a t i o n . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was done t o a c c u m u l a t e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n .
2 . 2 . 2 . FIBEX
The s e c o n d c r u i s e o f t h e KAIYO MARV was c o n d u c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e I n ‑ t e r n a t i o n a ] I n d i a n Program o f FIBEX. The main o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s c r u i s e were t o c o n t i n u e o c e a n o g r a p h i c r e s e a r c h o f t h e marine A n t a r c t i c e n v i r o n m e n t and e c o s y s t e m s and t o d e v e l o p a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l d i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance i n t h e w a t e r s i n c l u d i n g f i s h i n g g r o u n d s o f J a p a n e s e f i s h e r i e s f l e e t . The KAIYO MARU l e f t Tokyo on November 1 1 , 1 9 8 0 and r e t u r n e d on March 1 8 , 1 9 8 1 . R e s e a r c h work was done f o r 5 0 d a y s i n t h e S o u t h e r n O c e a n . The c r u i s e o f t h e KAIYO MARV i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean c o n s i s t e d o f two l e g s . The o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t l e g were m a i n l y made i n t h e a r e a b e t w e e n 60°E and 85°E s o u t h o f 6 1 ° S and t h o s e o f t h e s e c o n d l e g i n t h e a r e a b e t w e e n 30°E and 55°E s o u t h o f 6 3 ° S . S i x n o r t h ‑ s o u t h l i n e s a t 5 ° i n t e r v a l s were s e t a t e a c h o f two r e s e a r c h a r e a s and p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e t r a n s e c t s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n , z o o p l a n k t o n and p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r was o b s e r v e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s . A c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l was a l s o c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k . Abundance o f t h e k r i l l was h i g h i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f s u r v e y a r e a s , w h i c h were w i t h i n 200 km from t h e pack i c e e d g e . Major z o o p l a n k t e r s o t h e r t h a n t h e k r i l l were Me‑
d u s a e , T h a l i a c e a and Pteropoda i n t h e s e a r e a s . I n t e r c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c echo s o u n d e r and comparison o f s a m p l i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f two t r a w l n e t s e q u i p p e d on t h e A u s t r a l i a n r e s e a r c h v e s s e l NELLA DAN and t h e KAIYO MARV w e r e u n d e r t a k e n . S i g h t ‑ i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was made a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
2 . 2 . 3 . SIBEX‑I
The t h i r d c r u i s e was c o n d u c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n SIBEX‑I. The o b j e c t i v e s o f
r e s e a r c h s e t up i n s u c c e s s i o n t o t h e s e c o n d c r u i s e were t o c o l l e c t b a s i c d a t a on t h e
o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s and marine e c o s y s t e m s o f t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean and t o make
a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l . The r e s e a r c h a r e a , h o w e v e r , was s e l e c t e d b e t w e e n 65°E
410 T . H o S H I A I , M. M U R A N O , K. N A S U a n d M. T E R A Z A K I
and 75°E s o u t h o f 6 1 ° S o f f P r y d z B a y , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e scheme n e g o t i a t e d by t h e I n d i a n S e c t o r g r o u p o f SIBEX. F i v e m e r i d i o n a l l i n e s a t 2 ° 3 0 ' i n t e r v a l s w e r e s e t f o r t h e o c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s and b i o l o g i c a l s a m p l i n g s . The f i r s t o b s e r v a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s b e t w e e n 61°Sand 6 4 ° S i n t h e p e r i o d o f December 4 t o 2 5 , 1 9 8 3 . The s o u t h end o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s i t e s was l i m i t e d w i t h t h e pack i c e e d g e . The s e c o n d o b s e r v a t i o n was made a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f f i v e l i n e s p r e v i o u s l y s e t t l e d . I n g e n e r a l , o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e done b e t w e e n 6 3 ° S and 6 9 ° S b e c a u s e o f t h e r e t r e a t o f i c e e d g e .
The p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f w a t e r mass i n t h e r e s e a r c h a r e a was o b s e r v e d . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s , c h l o r o p h y l l a w i t h p h a e o p i g m e n t s and d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n c o n t e n t s were measured i n c o n j u n c t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f s e a w a t e r . C h l o ‑ r o p h y l l a c o n c e n t r a t i o n was h i g h i n a s u b s u r f a c e l a y e r which c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e t e r n ‑ p e r a t u r e minimum l a y e r . I t a p p e a r e d t h a t t h i s h i g h c h l o r o p h y l l l a y e r e x t e n d e d t o s o u t h w i t h t h e r e t r e a t o f i c e e d g e . T a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e k r i l l measured i n s i t u was
‑66.2 dB 1 g ‑ 1 w i t h an e c h o i n t e g r a t o r , FQ‑50 w i t h a f r e q u e n c y o f 2 0 0 kHz. The k r i l l b i o m a s s was e s t i m a t e d a c o u s t i c a l l y a s 5 , 4 9 0 , 0 0 0 t o v e r t h e s e c o n d s u r v e y a r e a w i t h h i g h e r d e n s i t y i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f r e s e a r c h a r e a on b o t h o c c a s i o n s . S i z e c o m p o s i t i o n and m o r p h o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e k r i l l w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was made a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
2 . 2 . 4 . SIBEX‑II
The f o u r t h c r u i s e o f t h e KAIYO MARU was c o n d u c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n S I B E X ‑ 1 1 . Most o f p r o p o s e d r e s e a r c h a r t i c l e s f o l l o w e d t h o s e o f t h e p r e v i o u s c r u i s e t o c o n t i n u e t h e e f f o r t s i n o b t a i n i n g b a s i c d a t a on t h e o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s and e c o s y s t e m s o f t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean and i n c a r r y i n g o u t a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l a b u n d a n c e . The KAIYO MARU l e f t Tokyo on O c t o b e r 9 , 1 9 8 4 and r e t u r n e d on March 1 0 , 1 9 8 5 . The r e s e a r c h c r u i s e i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean c o n s i s t e d o f two l e g s . L i n e s a l o n g t h e 90°W l o n g i t u d e and a l o n g t h e w e s t c o a s t o f t h e A n t a r c t i c P e n i n s u l a and a t r a n s e c t c r o s s i n g t h e Drake P a s s a g e w e r e c o v e r e d i n t h e f i r s t l e g from November 2 7 t o December 1 7 , 1 9 8 4 . L i n e s a l o n g 30°W i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e S c o t i a S e a , o f f t h e P r i n c e A s t r i d C o a s t and a l o n g t h e 1 2 ° E l o n g i t u d e w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e s e c o n d l e g from J a n u a r y 2 t o 2 2 , 1 9 8 5 . P h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k . B a s i c d a t a on t h e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e b i o m a s s o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n , z o o p l a n k t o n and t h e k r i l l w e r e c o l l e c t e d . The t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e k r i l l measured i n s i t u was ‑57.6 dB l g ‑
1.Average k r i l l d e n s i t y was e s t i m a t e d a c o u s t i c a l l y a s 1 1 . 5 g m
→t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r a c k l i n e s i n t h e s u r v e y r e g i o n . Abundant k r i l l w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e n o r t h o f t h e S o u t h S h e t l a n d I s l a n d s and i n t h e w e s t o f t h e S o u t h S a n d w i t c h I s l a n d s . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
2 . 2 . 5 . Post‑SIBEX
The f i f t h c r u i s e was c o n d u c t e d t o f u r t h e r e f f o r t s on t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e k r i l l
b i o m a s s t o a c q u i r e b a s i c d a t a f o r t h e management o f A n t a r c t i c m a r i n e l i v i n g r e s o u r c e s ,
t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e a c t i o n o f CCAMLR. The p r o p o s e d r e s e a r c h a r t i c l e s w e r e
composed o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e k r i l l
w i t h t h e e c h o i n t e g r a t o r i n s t a l l e d on board t h e KAIYO MARU, t h e a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f
t h e k r i l l d i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance and p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a ‑
J a p a n e s e A c t i v i t i e s f o r BIOMASS 4 1 1
t i o n s o f o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e k r i l l d i s t r i b u t i o n . For t h e k r i l l b i o m a s s s t u d i e s , c o o p e r a t i v e o p e r a t i o n s w i t h a USA/Poland R e s e a r c h V e s s e l , P R O F E S S O R S I E D L E C K I and a J a p a n e s e t r a w l e r , Aso MARV w e r e u n d e r t a k e n .
The KAIYO MARV l e f t Tokyo on O c t o b e r 2 8 , 1 9 8 7 and r e t u r n e d on March 1 6 , 1 9 8 8 . The r e s e a r c h c r u i s e s i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean c o n s i s t e d o f two l e g s . A t r a n s e c t b e t w e e n 5 6 ° S , 70°W and 6 2 ° S , 55°W, c r o s s i n g t h e Drake P a s s a g e and t h r e e l i n e s a l o n g 55°W ( 5 7 ° ‑ 6 2 ° S ) , 50°W ( 5 6 ° ‑ 6 2 ° S ) and 45°W ( 5 0 ° ‑ 6 2 ° S ) w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h t h e f i r s t l e g from December 1 6 t o 2 8 , 1 9 8 7 . The c r u i s e o f t h e s e c o n d l e g was made f i r s t i n a l i n e a l o n g 60°W s o u t h o f 5 7 ° S . S u c c e s s i v e l y t h e c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h f o r t h e d e t e r ‑ m i n a t i o n o f t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e k r i l l w i t h t h e Aso MARV was done a t a b o u t 6 2 ° S , 6 0 ° 2 3 ' W , n o r t h o f L i v i n g s t o n I s l a n d , S o u t h S h e t l a n d I s l a n d s on J a n u a r y 1 7 t o 2 0 , 1 9 8 8 . I n t e r c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e e c h o i n t e g r a t o r and n e t s a m p l i n g w i t h P R O F E S S O R S I E D L E C K I was done a t a b o u t 6 1 ° S , 56°W, n o r t h o f E l e p h a n t I s l a n d on J a n u a r y 2 3 and 2 4 , 1 9 8 8 .
A c c o r d i n g t o b o t h t h e r e s u l t o f a c o u s t i c s u r v e y w i t h t h e e c h o i n t e g r a t o r , FURU‑
NO FQ‑50 and t h e c a t c h amount o f t h e k r i l l by t h e Aso MARV, c a l c u l a t e d t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f 1 g i n w e t w e i g h t o f t h e k r i l l was ‑ 6 6 . 1 d B . F u r t h e r m o r e , t a r g e t s t r e n g t h o f t h e k r i l l m e a s u r e d t w i c e i n s i t u was ‑60.9 dB 1 g ‑ 1 . The k r i l l b i o m a s s e s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e e c h o i n t e g r a t o r was 2 3 , 8 5 0 , 0 0 0 t i n t h e w a t e r s s o u t h o f 5 7 ° S i n t h e s u r v e y a r e a and 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 t i n t h e c o o p e r a t i v e s u r v e y a r e a w i t h a t r a w l e r ( 3 0 ' l a t i t u d e x I O l o n g i t u d e ) . As f o r t h e k r i l l d e n s i t y , r e s u l t s o f t h e s a m p l i n g w i t h a KYMT n e t g a v e a f i g u r e o f 8 4 g i n w e t w e i g h t 1 0 0 0 m ‑ 3 . The n o r t h e r n l i m i t o f t h e k r i l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s h i f t e d n o r t h w a r d a s o n e g o e s e a s t w a r d .
The s t r u c t u r e o f w a t e r mass and t h e p o s i t i o n and o c e a n o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s o f f r o n t a l z o n e s w e r e e l u c i d a t e d t h r o u g h p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a ‑ t i o n s . C l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f h i g h c h l o r o p h y l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h h i g h c o n t e n t s o f d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n and low c o n t e n t s o f p h o s p h a t e ‑ P and n i t r a t e ‑ N was g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v e d . T h i s i n d i c a t e d h i g h p r i m a r y p r o d u c t i v i t y i n t h i s w a t e r . S i g h t i n g o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s was c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t h e c r u i s e t r a c k .
2 . 2 . 6 . Post‑BIOMASS
The s i x t h c r u i s e was c o n d u c t e d t o c o n t i n u e r e s e a r c h on t h e b i o l o g y o f t h e k r i l l t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e management o f t h e k r i l l and o t h e r A n t a r c t i c m a r i n e l i v i n g r e ‑ s o u r c e s . R e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s w e r e composed o f t h e a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e k r i l l d i s ‑ t r i b u t i o n and a b u n d a n c e , t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e k r i l l and i t s p r e d ‑ a t o r s and t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f b i o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e k r i l l i n r e l a t i o n t o e n v i r o n ‑ m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s . The p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s o f o c e a n o ‑ g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s and t h e s i g h t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s o f s e a b i r d s and w h a l e s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n on t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e k r i l l and p r e d a t o r s was u n ‑ d e r t a k e n i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l O c e a n i c and A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (NOAA), USA.
The KAIYO MARU l e f t Tokyo on November
I,1 9 9 0 and r e t u r n e d on March 2 2 ,
1 9 9 1 . The r e s e a r c h c r u i s e i n t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean c o n s i s t e d o f two l e g s . I n t h e f i r s t
l e g o c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e S o u t h S h e t l a n d
I s l a n d s i n c l u d i n g B r a n s f i e l d S t r a i t , b u t i n t h e s e c o n d l e g o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c o n c e n t r a t ‑
e d i n t h e w a t e r s n o r t h o f t h e S o u t h S h e t l a n d I s l a n d s . I n t e n s i v e a c o u s t i c s u r v e y o f t h e
412