Epenthesisと関連現象 - 基本概念と分析可能性

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Epenthesis と関連現象

基本概念と分析可能性

乙黒亮

早稲田大学法学学術院・言語情報研究所

Morphological Theory in the 21st Century 早稲田大学

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1 Empty morph と epenthesis 2 音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis ラテン語の theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 的分析 4 おわりに乙黒亮 (早稲田大学) Epenthesis と関連現象 MT21, 2018.2.28. 2 / 39

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Empty morph と epenthesis (1) a. absorbed [əbzɔːrbd]→absorbedness[əbzɔːrbədnəs] marked [mɑːkt]→markedness[mɑːkədnəs] well-formed [wɛɫfɔːmd] →well-formedness[wɛɫfɔːmədnəs] b. amazed

[əmeɪzd]→amazedly[əmeɪzədli] supposed

[səpoʊzd]→supposedly[səpoʊzədli] c. thirty

[θəːti]→thirtieth[θəːtiəθ] ninety

[naɪnti]→ninetieth[naɪntiəθ] _{(Bauer et al. 2013:171–172, 425)} d. sense→ sens-u-al

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Empty morph

The alternation by which the number of morphs consists of recognizing two special kinds of morphs: empty morphs, which have no meaning and belong to no morpheme; and portmanteau morphs, which belong simultaneously to two (or, theoretically, more) morphemes, and have si-multaneously the meaning of both. (Hockett 1947:333)

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Empty morph と epenthesis (2) a. lim-_√ cultivate →lim-a ‘cultivate!’ nambith-√ taste →nambith-a ‘taste!’ b. dl-_√ eat →yi-dl-a ‘eat!’ m-√ stand →yi-m-a ‘stand!’ z-√ come →yi-z-a ‘come!’ lw-√ fight →yi-lw-a

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‘bear’ ‘elephant’ ‘Rahim’

絶対格 sew fil Rahim

属格 sew-re-n fil-di-n Rahim-a-n

与格 sew-re-z fil-di-z Rahim-a-z

下格 sew-re-k fil-di-k Rahim-a-k

表 1:レズギ語 (Lezgian) の格 (Haspelmath and Sims 2010:65)

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Empty morph と epenthesis (3) a. pens-e-r-ai think-tv-fut-1sg b. sent-i-r-ai feel-tv-fut-1sg (French; Anderson 1992:54)

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Empty morph の分析可能性 ▶ 対応する形態素 (morpheme) がない形態 (morph) と捉える（古典的 IA 分析）． ▶ 前接・後接する接辞の異形態 (allomorph) と捉える． ▶ 前接・後接する語幹の代替形 (stem alternation) あるいは拡張語幹 (extended stem) と捉える． ▶ 形態的規則で具現化する． ▶ 形態音韻規則で挿入する．乙黒亮 (早稲田大学) Epenthesis と関連現象 MT21, 2018.2.28. 8 / 39

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis

1 Empty morph と epenthesis

2 音韻的・形態的 epenthesis

ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis ラテン語の theme vowel

3 Word-and-Paradigm 的分析

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis (4) is-epenthesis a. rēk-s-is-tis rule-perf-ep-2pl ‘You.pl ruled.’ b. rēk-s-ī rule-perf-1sg ‘I ruled.’ c. fer-tis carry-2pl ‘You.pl carry.’ d. mon-u-is-tis advise-perf-ep-2sg ‘You.pl advised.’ e. mon-u-ī advise-perf-1sg

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形態素表示: reg- + Perfect + [ 2nd Plural ] 

y y y

音形表示: r¯ek + s + is + tis

図 1:reksistis ‘you.pl ruled’ の 2 レベル IA 分析 (Matthews 1972:78)

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis (5) i-epenthesis a. fer-i-mus carry-ep-1pl ‘We carry.’ b. fer-i-minī carry-ep-2pl.pass ‘You.pl are being carried.’ c. da-mus

give-1pl ‘We give.’ d. monē-minī

advise-2pl.pass

‘You.pl are being advised.’ e. fer-s

carry-2sg ‘You.sg carry.’ f. fer-tis

carry-2pl

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形態素表示: fer- + [ 1st Plural ]  y y 音形表示: fer + i + mus

図 2:ferimus ‘we carry’ の 2 レベル IA 分析 (Matthews 1972:79)

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis

i-epenthesis は音韻的に規定できるのに対し (fer-mus, fer-min¯ıなど

r と m のつなぎ），is-epenthesis は規定できない (音韻的分析もItô

(1989), Mester (1994) のようなアプローチで可能かもしれないが）．

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a. s-u-mus be-ep-1pl ‘We are.’ b. s-u-m be-ep-1sg ‘I am.’ c. wol-u-mus want-ep-1pl ‘We want’ d. wul-t want-3sg ‘(S)he wants.’ e. wul-tis want-2pl

‘You.pl want.’ (Matthews 1972:79)

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis

(7) If one morph ends in r, and the next begins with m, an empty i must intervene, 形態素表示: fer- + [ 1st Plural ] + Passive 

y y y

形態音形表示: fer mus r



y ↘ ↙

音形表示: fer + i + mur

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一方，is-epenthesis は形態的動機 (perf + 2 pl) により挿入されるも ので，empty morph として規定するのはそもそも IA モデルとして成立しない (Matthews 1972:81)．乙黒亮 (早稲田大学) Epenthesis と関連現象 MT21, 2018.2.28. 18 / 39

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の theme vowel

1 Empty morph と epenthesis

2 音韻的・形態的 epenthesis

ラテン語の is-epenthesis と i-epenthesis

ラテン語の theme vowel

3 Word-and-Paradigm 的分析

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Conjugation Theme vowel Present active infinitive Gloss

first ¯a am-¯a-re ‘lover’

second ¯e d¯el-¯e-re ‘destroy’

fourth ¯ı aud-¯ı-re ‘hear’

third e leg-e-re ‘pick’

third i cap-e-re ‘take’

third ∅ fer-re ‘carry’

表 2:ラテン語の theme vowel (Aronoﬀ 1994:45)

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▶ 使用頻度の極めて高い一部の動詞を除きすべての動詞は現在

語幹 (present stem) で theme vowel が現れる．

▶ ほぼすべての第一・第四活用動詞において，すべての語幹

(present, perfect, third [= supine/perfect participle] stems) で theme vowel が現れる．

▶ 第二・第三活用動詞では現在語幹以外で theme vowel が現れる

ことはない． (Aronoﬀ 1994:50)

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表層形基底形語幹グロス

arm¯o arm-¯a-¯o arm-¯a ‘I arm’

arm¯amur arm-¯a-mur arm-¯a ‘we are armed’ arm¯avist¯ı ar-¯a-u-ist¯ı arm-¯a-u ‘you.sg armed’ arm¯atus arm-¯at-us arm-¯a-t ‘armed.masc.nom.sg’

表 3:第一活用動詞の語幹と語形の例 (Aronoﬀ 1994:47)

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表層形基底形語幹グロス

audiam aud-¯ı-am aud-¯ı ‘I may hear’

aud¯ır¯emus aud-¯ı-r¯e-mus aud-¯ı ‘we might hear’ aud¯ıverat aud-¯ı-u-er-at aud-¯ı-u ‘he had heard’ aud¯ıta aud-¯ı-t-a aud-¯ı-t ‘heard.fem.nom.sg

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Morphomic な要素としての theme vowel

▶ “[. . . ] theme vowels are associated directly with stems of lexemes rather than with entire lexemes.” (Aronoﬀ 1994:49)

▶ “[. . . ] knowing the theme vowel of a given verb will allow one to determine uniquely (and with no exceptions of any kind in the language) the entire paradigm of the forms of that verb that re formed on the present stem. The theme vowels can thus be understood just in purely morphological terms and in their

interaction with the morphology of verb stems.” (Aronoﬀ 1994:52)

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音韻的・形態的 epenthesis ラテン語の theme vowel (8) v v √ Root v Th (Embick 2010:76) (9) Athematic perfect rule

v is athematic /     [II] [III] [III(i)] LIST     Asp[perf]

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Word-and-Paradigm 的分析

Paradigm Function

“A language’s paradigm function applies to the content of a given cell in the paradigm of a lexeme L to yield the realization of that cell; in formal terms, the definition of a language’s paradigm function PF is such that for any cell ⟨L, σ : w⟩ in any of that language’s inflectional paradigms, PF(⟨L, σ⟩) = ⟨w, σ⟩.” (Stump 2016:51)

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(10) ラテン語の paradigm function:

PF(⟨L, σ⟩) =def[iii : [ii : [i : ⟨X, σ⟩]]], where X is the stem of L that is appropriate forσ.

(11) Rules of exponence (Stump 2016:48; cf. Zwicky 1985, Anderson 1992, Stump 2001):

X, C,κ →f(X), where X is a variable over stems, C is a class of stems,κ is a property constraint andf is an operation on stems.

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Theme vowel は morphomic 語幹の指定要素なので Stem 関数によっ て規定される（SC は syntagmatic context という語幹の音韻調整の ための関数）．

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a. Where L is a first-conjugation verb such that:

Stem(⟨L, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = X¯a,

Stem(⟨L, σ:{perfective}⟩) = X¯av, (Stump 2016:78)

Stem(⟨L, σ:{supine}⟩) = X¯at by default.

b. Where L is a fourth-conjugation verb such that:

Stem(⟨L, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = X¯ı, Stem(⟨L, σ:{perfective}⟩) = X¯ıv, Stem(⟨L, σ:{supine}⟩) = X¯ıt by default.

c. Where L is a second-conjugation verb such that:

Stem(⟨L, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = X¯e by default.

d. Stem(⟨ferre, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = fer,

Stem(⟨ferre, σ:{perfective}⟩) = tul. (Stump 2016:78)

e. Where L is a thirds-conjugation verb such that: f. Stem(⟨L, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = Xe,

Stem(⟨L, σ: {perfective}⟩) = Xs by default.

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(13) SC operations

SC(X[+voiced final consonant]s) = X[−voiced final consonant]s

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is-epenthesis は具現化規則で規定される．

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(14) Rules of exponence a. Block I:

X, V, {perfective 2nd plural}→ Xis . . .

b. Block II:

X, V, {2nd plural}→ Xtis . . .

(15) reksistis ‘you.pl ruled’ の派生 (PF(⟨reg, {perfective 2nd plural}⟩): a. 語幹指定:

i. Stem(⟨reg, σ:{perfective}⟩) = regs ii. SC(regs) = reks

b. 具現化規則適用:

i. reks, V, {perfective 2nd plural}→ reksis ii. reksis, V, {2nd plural}→ reksistis

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i-epenthesis や u-epenthesis は morphophonological metageneralization

による形態音韻規則で挿入される．

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(16) For each rule of exponence, there is an unordered setϕRof

morphophonological rules constraining the evaluation of the rule in any instance of its application. (Stump 2001:47, Anderson 1992:244) (17) Morphophonological rules

Where X, C,σ → Y′:

a. If X consists of a string rm, then Y′has rim. b. If X consists of Cm, then Y′has Cum.

. . .

(18) Morphological metageneralization:

a. For any rule of exponence in Block I, II or III, rules (17a, b)∈ ϕR. . . .

(19) ferimus の派生 (PF(⟨fer, {imperfective 1st plural}⟩)): a. 語幹指定:

Stem(⟨fer, σ:{imperfective}⟩) = fer

b. 具現化規則適用:

fer, V, {1st plural}→ fermus c. 形態音韻規則適用:

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おわりに

▶ Epenthesis/empty morph は一枚岩の現象ではなく，音韻的，形態的

動機付けによる挿入がある．

▶ 形態的な epenthesis にも theme vowel のように語幹指定として表出

するものと，extended exponent の一部として具現化規則によって表出するものがある．

▶ これらを異なったメカニズムで具現化する枠組みが必要で，

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Cambridge University Press.

Aronoﬀ, Mark (1994) Morphology by Itself: Stems and Inflectional Classes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bauer, Laurie, Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag (2013) The Oxford Reference

Guide to English Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Embick, David (2010) Localism versus Globalism in Morphology and

Phonology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Haspelmath, Martin and Andreas D. Sims (2010) Understanding Morphology. London: Hodder Education, 2nd edition.

Hockett, Charles F. (1947) Problems of Morphemic Analysis. Language 23, 321–343.

Inkelas, Sharon and Cheryl Zoll (1999) Reduplication as Morphological Doubling. Ms. University of California, Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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おわりに

Itô, Junko (1989) A Prosodic Theory of Epenthesis. Natural Language and

Linguistic Theory 7, 217–259.

Katamba, Francis and John Stonham (2006) Morphology. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition.

Matthews, Peter H. (1972) Inflectional Morphology: A Theoretical Study

Based on Aspects of Latin Verb Conjugation. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Mester, R. Armin (1994) The Quantitative Trochee in Latin. Natural

Language and Linguistic Theory 12, 1–61.

Stump, Gregory T. (2001) Inflectional Morphology: A Theory of Paradigm

Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.