ᱧผㇺᏒ㒐ἴ⺰ᢥ㓸 Vol. 4㧔2010ᐕ7㧕
ࡀࡄ࡞ߩᱧผ⊛⚵Ⓧㅧᑪㅧ‛ߩ㔡ᤨേߦߟߡ
Study on Seismic Behavior of a Historic Masonry Building in Nepal
ฎᎹᗲሶ
1ᷡ㊁⚐ผ
2ጘᙗਃ
3⼱ญੳ჻
3
H. R. Parajuli
4
P. N. Maskey
5Aiko Furukawa, Junji Kiyono, Kenzo Toki, Hitoshi Taniguchi, H. R. Parajuli and P. N. Maskey
1੩ㇺᄢቇ ഥᢎ Ꮏቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ␠ળၮ⋚Ꮏቇኾ㧔ޥ615-8540 ੩ㇺᏒ੩੩ㇺᄢቇ᩵㧕
Assistant Professor, Kyoto University, Dept. of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering
2੩ㇺᄢቇ ᢎ Ꮏቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ㇺᏒ␠ળᎿቇኾ㧔ޥ615-8540 ੩ㇺᏒ੩੩ㇺᄢቇ᩵㧕
Professor, Kyoto University, Dept. of Urban Management
3┙㙚ᄢቇ ᢎ ᱧผㇺᏒ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲㧔ޥ603-8341 ੩ㇺᏒർዊ᧻ේർ↸58㧕
Professor, Ritsumeikan University, Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage
4┙㙚ᄢቇ ቇⴚ⎇ⓥຬ ᱧผㇺᏒ㒐ἴ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲㧔ޥ603-8341 ੩ㇺᏒർዊ᧻ේർ↸58㧕
Post Doctoral Fellow, Ritsumeikan University, Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage
5࠻ࡉࡃࡦᄢቇ ᢎ ᎿቇㇱᧁᎿቇ⑼㧔Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal㧕
Professor, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Nepal
Seismic behavior of an existing historic masonry building in Nepal is simulated. Results for two input ground motions with different exceedance probabilities, three cases with different strength of brick-to-brick connections, and two cases of different stiffness of ring beams are compared. In the simulation, the building does not get severe damage by the ground motion with the exceedance probability of 10% in 50 years, but falling down of structural elements occurs for that of 5%. It is found that structural damage can be reduced by inputting vertical columns and increasing the strength. It was also found that softer ring beams can reduce damage if the structure has sufficient strength to behave as a whole.
Key Words : historic masonry building, Nepal, seismic behavior, simulation
㧝㧚ߪߓߦ ࡅ ࡑ ࡗ ㅧ ጊ Ꮺ ߩ ৻ ㇱ ߦ ⟎ ߔ ࠆ ࡀ ࡄ ࡞ ࠞ ࠻ ࡑ ࡦ ࠭ ࡃ (Kathmandu Valley)ߪޔࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ (Kathmandu)ޔࡄ࠲ࡦ(Patan)ޔࡃࠢ࠲ࡊ࡞(Bhaktapur)ߣ߁ਥⷐߥ3ߟߩ߆ࠄᚑࠆࡀࡄ࡞ᢥൻߩਛᔃ ߢࠆ߇ޔ㔡ᄙ⊒Ꮺߦ⟎ߔࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦ♿ߦ߽ᷰߞߡᱧผ⊛ߥᑪㅧ‛ߩᶖ㐳߇➅ࠅߐࠇߡࠆޕ ․ߦ1934ᐕߦࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ࠍⷅߞߚࡑࠣ࠾࠴ࡘ࠼8ࠍ߃ࠆᄢ㔡ߢߪޔᄙߊߩኹ㒮߿ࡕ࠾ࡘࡔࡦ࠻ߥߤߩ ᢥൻㆮ↥߇ߎߣߏߣߊ⎕უߐࠇߚ1)ޕ
ࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ࡃߪ1979ᐕߦUNESCO߆ࠄ⇇ㆮ↥(World Heritage Site)ߦᜰቯߐࠇߚ߇ޔㇺᏒൻ ᬺൻߦߞߡޔવ⛔⊛ߥⅽደᩮࠍߔࠆ⚵Ⓧㅧ߿⚵Ⓧㅧߣᧁㅧߣߩᱧผ⊛ⶄว᭴ㅧ‛ߩขࠅუߒ߿ޔഠᖡߥ ࠦࡦࠢ࠻ᑪ‛ߩᑪ⸳߿Ⴧ▽ߥߤ߇ടㅦߒߚޕߘߩߚޔ2003ᐕߦෂᯏㆮ↥ࠬ࠻ߦ⊓㍳ߐࠇߚޕߘߩᓟޔ ⇇ㆮ↥ᆔຬળߣࡀࡄ࡞ᐭ㑐ㅪ⋭ᐡߩദജ߇㊀ߨࠄࠇޔ2007ᐕߦෂᯏㆮ↥ࠬ࠻߆ࠄᄖߐࠇߚ2)ޕ ߒ߆ߒޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥᢥൻㆮ↥⼔ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩᡷༀദജ2)ߪߥߐࠇߡߪࠆ߽ߩߩޔߎߣ㔡ἴኂ߆ࠄߩ ᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛ߩ⼔ߪචಽߣߪ߃ߥޕሽߔࠆᱧผ⊛ߥࡕ࠾ࡘࡔࡦ࠻߿ኹ㒮ᑪ▽ޔߘࠇࠍขࠅ࿐ၞ ߩᑪ‛ߥߤߪޔ100ᐕߦ1࿁⒟ᐲ↢ߓࠆᄢ㔡ߩߚ߮ߦୟუࠍᄢ߈ߥⵍኂࠍฃߌߡ߅ࠅޔߘߩᐲߦᒻࠍᄌ ߃ߚࠅᶖṌߒߚࠅޔࠆߪㄭᐕߩ㋕㛽߿㋕╭ࠦࡦࠢ࠻ࠍ↪ߚᒝᎿߦࠃߞߡવ⛔⊛Ꮏᴺߣߪ⇣ߥ ࠆᆫߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߥ߇ᄙᢙႎ๔ߐࠇߡࠆ3)ޕ
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡޔᣣᧄᐭߪJICAࠍㅢߓߡ᭽ޘߥᒻߢᛛⴚេഥࠍⴕߞߡ߅ࠅޔ2002ᐕߦߪᣣᧄ࿖ౝߢߪ߶߷ ⏕┙ߐࠇߚᚻᴺࠍ↪ߒߡޔࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ߩ㔡ⵍኂᗐቯࠍⴕߞߡࠆ4)ޕߎߩਛߢⴕࠊࠇߡࠆᑪ‛ⵍኂផ ቯߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢ⇇ߢߎߞߚ㔡ߦࠃࠆฦ⒳ᑪ‛ߦ㑐ߔࠆⵍኂ⛔⸘߆ࠄዉߐࠇߚⵍኂ㑐ᢙ5)ࠍ↪ߒߚ ߽ߩߢࠆߚޔࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ࡃߦㆡߒߚⵍኂ㑐ᢙߢࠆߣߪ⸒߇ߚޕ߹ߚޔ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦⵍኂផቯ ߪ⚻㛎⊛ߦዉߐࠇߚⵍኂ㑐ᢙߦၮߠߊߚޔᮡᧄߪኅⵍኂ߇ਥߢࠅޔᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩ ߢߪߥߚޔሽߔࠆᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛߇ߔࠆ⠴ജߦߟߡߪଐὼߣߒߡᧂ⍮ߩ߹߹ߢࠆޕ ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࡀࡄ࡞߇ᦨ߽ᵈᗧߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ⥄ὼἴኂߢࠆ㔡߆ࠄᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛⟲ߥߤߩᢥൻ ㆮ↥ࠍࠆߚߩ⍮ࠍᓧࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡޔࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ߦሽߔࠆᱧผ⊛ᑪㅧ‛ߩ㔡ⵍኂࠪࡒࡘ ࡚ࠪࡦࠍታᣉߒߚޕ߹ߕޔࠞ࠻ࡑࡦ࠭ߦ߅ߌࠆ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸߇10㧑ߣ5㧑ߩ2ㅢࠅߩ㔡േ3)ࠍޔ᭽ޘߥᣇะ ߦജߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᑪ‛߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩᣇะߩ㔡േߦኻߒߡߤߩ⒟ᐲߩⵍኂࠍฃߌࠆߩ߆ࠍ⺞ߴߚޕᰴ ߦޔᾃⅽߩᒝᐲߣᑪ‛ⵍኂߩ㑐ଥࠍ⺞ߴޔߐࠄߦޔߩ‛ᕈ୯ߣᑪ‛ⵍኂߩ㑐ଥࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣߢޔⵍኂࠍ㒐 ᱛߔࠆߚߩኻ╷ߦߟߡᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߚޕ 㧞㧚⸃ᨆⷐ ⸃ᨆኻ⽎ᑪㅧ‛ ⸃ᨆኻ⽎ᑪㅧ‛ߪޔ౮⌀1(a)(b)ߦ␜ߔ⚵Ⓧㅧߣᧁㅧߣߩᱧผ⊛ⶄวᑪㅧ‛ߢࠆޕᑪ‛ߪ17♿ਛߏࠈߦ ᑪߡࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢࠆ߇ޔ㔡߿⠧ൻߦࠃߞߡߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᚲߦୃ߇ⴕࠊࠇߦ⥋ߞߡࠆޕᑪ‛ߪ 2㓏ᑪߡߢޔ㐳ㄝᣇะߣ⍴ㄝᣇะߩߪ16.5mޔ5.6mߢࠆޕ1㓏ߣ2㓏ߩ㜞ߐߪ2.4mޔ2.1mߢࠆޕደᩮߩ ߆ࠄߩ㜞ߐߪ6.5mߢࠆޕߕࠇߩოߦ߽㐿ญㇱ߇ࠆ߇ޔ㐿ญㇱߩഀวߪߩო㧔౮⌀1(a)㧕߇ᦨ߽ ᄢ߈ޕოࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆᾃⅽߪࡔࡦ࠻ࡕ࡞࠲࡞ߦࠃࠅធ⌕ߐࠇߡࠆޕធ⌕㕙ߩᄖ߆ࠄࡔࡦ࠻ࠍߒㄟ ࠎߢធ⌕ࠍᒝൻߔࠆ႐ว߽ࠆޕოߪޔෘߐ10cm⒟ᐲߩ2㕙ߩᾃⅽߩოߩ㑆ߦߊߕᾃⅽ߿ࡔࡦ࠻ࠍㄟ ࠎߢ1ᨎߩოߣߒߡࠆޕᾃⅽߩᄢ߈ߐߪ․ߦฎ߽ߩߪ⛔৻ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔᤨઍ߿ࠄࠇߚᎿ႐ߦ ࠃߞߡᄙዋ⇣ߥࠆޕฎ߽ߩߪᣣᐓߒᾃⅽޔୃߐࠇߚ߽ߩߪᚑᾃⅽߢࠆޕᑪ‛ౝㇱߪ౮⌀1(c)ߩࠃ߁ ߦ2-3mߩ⚦㐳ⓨ㑆߇2ߢࠆޕ ⸃ᨆࡕ࠺࡞ ർޔർ᧲ޔᣇ߆ࠄ࿑ൻߒߚ⸃ᨆࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ࿑1(a)(b)(c)ߦޔᾃⅽએᄖߩᩇߣࡦࠣߩ㈩⟎ࠍ࿑1(d)ߦޔ ᐳᮡゲࠍ࿑1(a)ߦ␜ߔޕYゲߩᱜ߇᧲ߢࠆޕ㐿ญㇱߩᄙߩოߦߪޔ1㓏ߦᧁߩᩇ߇8ᧄޔ2㓏ߦ㐿 ญㇱࠍ࿐ࠃ߁ߦ4ᧄߩᧁ᧚߇㈩⟎ߐࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔ1㓏ߣ2㓏ߩოߩࠍㅡ߁ࠃ߁ߦࡦࠣ߇㈩⟎ߐࠇ ߡࠆޕෘߐߪޔᑪ‛ᄖߩ4ᨎߩო߇55cmޔౝߩოߩ߁ߜޔ㐳ᚻᣇะߩო߇55cmޔ⍴ㄝᣇะߩო߇40cm ߣߒߚޕᑪ‛ߪ⋥ᣇ߅ࠃ߮บᒻᩇߩⷐ⚛ߩ㓸วߣߒߡࡕ࠺࡞ൻߒߚޕ✚ⷐ⚛ᢙߪ1190ߢࠆޕ (a) ߩო (b)᧲ߩო (c) 2 㓏᧲ߩㇱደ ౮⌀1 ⸃ᨆኻ⽎ᑪㅧ‛ (a) ർ߆ࠄߚ࿑ (b) ർ᧲߆ࠄߚ࿑ (c) ߆ࠄߚ࿑ (d)ᾃⅽએᄖߩᩇߣ(ർ) ࿑1 ⸃ᨆࡕ࠺࡞ X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z
ᝄേ․ᕈࠍߔ‛ᕈ୯ࠍ1(a)ߦ␜ߔޕᾃⅽߩ‛ᕈ୯ߪޔ⺞ᩏ㧔ᒢᕈᵄ࠻ࡕࠣࡈࠖ㧕ߦࠃߞߡផ ቯߐࠇߚოߩᐔဋ⊛ߥ୯ߣߒߚ6)ޕߘߩߚޔოߪᾃⅽනߢࡕ࠺࡞ൻߖߕޔෘߐᣇะߩᐔဋ⊛ߥ‛ᕈ୯ࠍ ߔࠆᾃⅽࠃࠅᄢ߈ࠨࠗ࠭ߩⷐ⚛ߢࡕ࠺࡞ൻߒߚޕߩოߩᧁ᧚ߩ‛ᕈ୯ߪ⺞ᩏߢ᷹ቯߐࠇߡߥ ߚޔᐢ⪲᮸߱ߥߩ৻⥸⊛ߥ୯7)ࠍ↪ߚޕࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯߽⺞ᩏߢ᷹ቯߐࠇߡߥߚޔᾃⅽ ߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍ↪ߚ႐วߣᧁ᧚ߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍ↪ߚ႐วߩ2ㅢࠅߣߒߚޕደᩮߪࡕ࠺࡞ൻߖߕޔઃട⾰㊂ࠍደᩮ ⋥ਅߩⷐ⚛ߦਈ߃ߚޕ᧲ߦㅢࠆᄤߩᧁߩߪᧄᢙ߇ዋߥߚࡕ࠺࡞ൻࠍ⋭⇛ߒߚޕ ⷐ⚛㑆ߦߪޔⷐ⚛ߩᕈߦၮߠߊ߫ߨࠍਈ߃ߚޕⷐ⚛⥄りߪߢࠅᄌᒻߒߥ߇ޔⷐ⚛߇㊀ߥࠅ߁ ߎߣߢᑪ‛ోߩᄌᒻࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ߫ߨߦ↪ߔࠆᒁᒛߖࠎᢿ❗ᔕജ߇ޔߘࠇߙࠇߩᒝ ᐲࠍ࿁ߞߚ႐วޔ߫ߨࠍಾᢿߒޔ⎕უ⽎ࠍߒߚޕᧄ⸃ᨆߢߪޔᾃⅽߣࡕ࡞࠲࡞ࠍࠎߛოߩᐔဋ⊛ ߥ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᜬߞߚᾃⅽࠃࠅᄢ߈ߥⷐ⚛㑆ߩធ⌕㕙ߦ߅ߡߩߺ⎕უ߇↢ߓࠆߣቯߒޔᒝᐲࠍᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝ ᐲߣ߱ߎߣߣߒߚޕᒁᒛᒝᐲޔߖࠎᢿᒝᐲ㧔☼⌕ജޔౝㇱᡂⷺ㧕ޔ❗ᒝᐲࠍ1(b)ߦ␜ߔޕᣉᎿ᧦ઙ ߩ㆑߿⚻ᐕഠൻߩᓇ㗀ߥߤߦࠃࠅޔᑪ‛ߦࠃߞߡᒝᐲߪ߫ࠄߟߊߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇޔࠗࡦߩ⚵Ⓧㅧߩߢ߽ ᢥ₂Ფߦ߫ࠄߟߡࠆ8)9)ޕߘߎߢޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲߣߒߡᒙޔਛޔᒝᒝᐲߩ3ㅢࠅࠍᗐቯߒߚޕࡀࡄ࡞ ߩᒝᐲߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂߇ᒰߚࠄߥ߆ߞߚߚޔၮḰߣߥࠆਛᒝᐲߪቶౝታ㛎ߦࠃࠅᓧࠄࠇߚࠗࡦߩᾃⅽߩ ᒝᐲ8) ࠍઍᦧ⊛ߦ↪ߚޕᒙᒝᐲߣᒝᒝᐲߪޔਛᒝᐲߩᒁᒛᒝᐲޔ☼⌕ജޔ❗ᒝᐲࠍߘࠇߙࠇ1/10ޔ10 ߣߒߚ߽ߩߣߒߚޕᧁ᧚ߩᒝᐲߪ1(b)ߦ␜ߔᐢ⪲᮸߱ߥߩ৻⥸⊛ߥᒝᐲ7)ࠍ↪ߚޕࡦࠣߪოࠍ৻ ൻߔࠆᓎഀࠍᜬߞߡࠆߩߢޔᒁᒛᒝᐲߩᄢ߈ᧁ᧚ߩᒝᐲࠍࡦࠣߩᒝᐲߣߒߡઍᦧ⊛ߦ↪ߚ߇ޔ ߕࠇߩࠤࠬߢ߽⎕უߖߕᒢᕈേࠍ␜ߒߚޕᾃⅽ㧙ᩇ㑆ޔᾃⅽ㧙ࡦࠣ㑆ߩᒝᐲߪޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ ߣหߓ୯ࠍ↪ߚޕ ജ㔡േ ടㅦᐲᵄᒻࠍ࿑2ߦ␜ߔޕࡀࡄ࡞ߩᱧผ㔡࠺࠲ߣᵴᢿጀ࠺࠲߆ࠄ㔡ෂ㒾ᐲ⸃ᨆߦࠃߞߡផቯߐ ࠇߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ࿑2(a)ߪ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑㧔ౣᦼ㑆975ᐕ㧕ߩ߽ߩߢᦨᄢടㅦᐲߪ6.3m/s2ޔ࿑2(b)ߪ50ᐕ ⊒↢⏕₸10㧑㧔ౣᦼ㑆475ᐕ㧕ߩ߽ߩߢᦨᄢടㅦᐲߪ4.2m/s2ߢࠆޕ 㔡േߩജᣇะߩࠤࠬߣߒߡߪޔ1ᣇะߦߩߺജߔࠆ3ࠤࠬޔ2ᣇะߦหߓടㅦᐲࠍജߔࠆ3ࠤ ࠬޔ3ᣇะߦหߓടㅦᐲࠍജߔࠆ1ࠤࠬߩ⸘7ㅢࠅߣߒߚޕ2ߦജࠤࠬࠍ␜ߔޕ 1 ⸃ᨆࡄࡔ࠲ -8 -4 0 4 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 TIME (s) A CC. ( m /s ) 2 -8 -4 0 4 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 TIME (s) ACC. ( m /s ) 2 (a) 50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑 (b) 50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸10㧑 ࿑2 ജ㔡േ 2 㔡േߩജᣇะߩࠤࠬ㧔٤㧦ജޔ㧙㧦ജߒߥ㧕
ᣇะ ࠤࠬX ࠤࠬY ࠤࠬZ ࠤࠬXZ ࠤࠬYZ ࠤࠬXY ࠤࠬXYZ
Xᣇะ ٤ 㧙 㧙 ٤ 㧙 ٤ ٤ Yᣇะ 㧙 ٤ 㧙 㧙 ٤ ٤ ٤ Zᣇะ 㧙 㧙 ٤ ٤ ٤ 㧙 ٤ (a) ‛ᕈ୯ ‛ᕈ୯ ᾃⅽ ᧁ᧚ ⾰㊂(kg/m3) 1.9u103 7.0u102 ࡗࡦࠣ₸ (N/m2) 7.67u108 6.3u108 ࡐࠕ࠰ࡦᲧ 0.2 0.3 (b) ᒝᐲ ᒝᐲ ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ ᩇ ࡦࠣ ਛᒝᐲ ᒙᒝᐲ ᒝᒝᐲ ᒁᒛᒝᐲ㧔MPa) 0.127 0.0127 1.27 110 ☼⌕ജ㧔MPa) 0.0304 0.00304 0.304 9.0 ౝㇱᡂⷺ㧔q㧕 32.0 32.0 32.0 0.0 ❗ᒝᐲ㧔MPa) 0.49 0.049 4.9 45.0
㧟㧚⸃ᨆ⚿ᨐ 㔡േߩജᣇะᲤߩᑪ‛ߩ⎕უ⁁ᴫ ߹ߕޔ㔡േߩജᣇะᲤߦޔផቯ㔡േߦኻߔࠆᑪ‛ߩ⎕უ⁁ᴫࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ߇ਛᒝᐲ ߢޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᾃⅽߣหߓ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚ႐วߩ⚿ᨐࠍߦߣߞߡ␜ߔޕ C ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸㧑ߩ㔡േࠍജߒߚ႐ว ࿑3ߦޔ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩ㔡േജᓟߩᑪ‛ߩ⎕უ⁁ᴫࠍޔ㔡േߩജᣇะߩࠤࠬᲤߦ␜ߔޕᒁᒛ ⎕უࠍߎߒߚ㕙ࠍ⿒✢ߢޔ㕙ࠍ࿐4ㄝࠍ㤥✢ߢ␜ߔޕ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩ㔡േߢߪޔᒁᒛ⎕უࠍߎߒ ߡ⪭ਅߦ⥋ࠆⷐ⚛߇ࠄࠇߚޕߕࠇߩࠤࠬߦ߅ߡ߽ޔߖࠎᢿ⎕უޔ❗⎕უߪ↢ߓߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߹ߕޔ1ᚑಽജߩ3ࠤࠬ㧔࿑3(a)(b)(c)㧕ࠍᲧセߔࠆޕ⍴ㄝᣇะߩოㇱߩਃⷺᒻߩㇱಽߪޔXᣇะߦ ജߒߚ႐วߦߪᄙߊߩⷐ⚛߇ᒁᒛ⎕უߩᓟߦ⪭ਅߒߚ߇ޔYᣇะߦജߒߚ႐วߦߪ⪭ਅߒߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߩ ਅߩოߪޔXޔYߩߕࠇߩᣇะߦജߒߚ႐ว߽ᒁᒛ⎕უ߇↢ߓߚ߽ߩߩ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛ߪ↢ߓߥ߆ߞߚޕ 㐳ᚻᣇะߩოߢߪޔౝߣ᧲ߩოߦᄙߊߩᒁᒛ⎕უ߇↢ߓߚޕߎࠇࠄߩოߢߪޔYᣇะߦജߒߚ႐วߦ ߪ㕙ᄖᣇะߦᄢ߈ߊᝄേߔࠆߚޔᄙߊߩⷐ⚛㑆ߢᒁᒛ⎕უ߇↢ߓޔᄢ߈ߊߕࠇࠆⷐ⚛߿⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛߇⏕ ߐࠇߚޕ৻ᣇޔߩოߢߪޔXޔYߩߕࠇߩᣇะߦജߒߚ႐ว߽ᒁᒛ⎕უ߇߶ߣࠎߤ↢ߓߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߎߩℂ↱ߪޔߩოߦߪ㋦⋥ᣇะߦᧁߩᩇ߇ㅢߞߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇࠄ߇ᒁᒛߦᛶ᛫ߔࠆߚߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄ ࠇࠆޕࠃߞߡޔ㐿ญㇱߩഀว߇ᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕⵍኂ߇ᦨ߽ዊߐߣ߁⚿ᨐߦߥߞߚޕਅᣇะ 㧔Z㧕ߦജߒߚ႐วߪޔ߶ߣࠎߤᑪ‛ߪᝄേߖߕޔᒁᒛ⎕უ߽ߎࠄߥ߆ߞߚޕ ᰴߦޔ࿑3(a)ߣ(d)ޔ࿑3(b)ߣ(e)ࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔ᳓ᐔേߦട߃ߡਅേࠍജߔࠆߎߣߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⺞ ߴࠆޕXᣇะߦജߔࠆ႐วߪޔਅേ߇ടࠊࠆߎߣߢޔਃⷺᒻߩㇱಽߩ⪭ਅⷐ⚛ߩᢙ߇Ⴧ߃ߡࠆ߇ޔߘ ࠇએᄖߩⵍኂߪ߶ߣࠎߤᄌࠊࠄߥޕߎߩℂ↱ߪޔਃⷺᒻߩⷐ⚛ߪ৻⇟ߦࠅޔㄝߩⷐ⚛߆ࠄߩ᜔᧤߇ ዋߥߩߢޔਅേ߇ടࠊࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡォୟߒᤃߊߥࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕYᣇะߦജߔࠆ႐วߪޔ ਅേࠍㅊടߔࠆߎߣߢᒁᒛ⎕უࠍߎߒߚࠛࠕ߇Ⴧടߒߡߪࠆ߇ޔ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛ߩᢙߪᷫዋߒߡ߅ࠅ㗼 ⪺ߥ㆑ߪࠄࠇߥޕ ᰴߦޔ2ᚑಽജߩ3ࠤࠬ㧔࿑3(d)(e)(f)㧕ࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ᳓ᐔᣇะߦ2ᚑಽജߒߚࠤࠬXYߩⵍኂ߇ᦨ ߽ᄢ߈ߊޔਃⷺᒻߩㇱಽߩⷐ⚛ߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⪭ਅߒߡ߅ࠅޔౝޔ᧲ߩოౝߩⷐ⚛߽ᄙߊ⪭ਅߒߡࠆޕ 3ᚑಽജߒߚࠤࠬ㧔࿑3(g)㧕ߣ᳓ᐔᣇะߦ2ᚑಽജߒߚࠤࠬ㧔࿑3(f)㧕ߩⵍኂࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ⪭ਅⷐ ⚛߿ᒁᒛ⎕უࠍߎߒߡࠆ⿒⦡ߩࠛࠕߦᄢ߈ߥ㆑ߪࠄࠇߥޕ એࠍ߹ߣࠆߣޔ⚵Ⓧㅧߪო߇㕙ᄖᣇะߦᝄേߒߚᓟߦᒁᒛ⎕უࠍߎߒߡ⎕უߦ⥋ࠆߚޔ⎕უߩ⒟ ᐲߪਥߦ᳓ᐔേߦᡰ㈩ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔ㐳ᚻᣇะߩოߪޔ߇㐳ߦ㐿ญㇱ߇ᄢ߈ߚ㕙 ᄖᣇะߦᝄേߒᤃ߇ޔ⍴ㄝᣇะߩოߪ߇⍴ߊ㐿ญㇱߩഀว߽ዊߐߚ㕙ᄖᣇะߦᝄേߒߦߊޕߘߩ ߚޔ㐳ㄝᣇะߩოߩ㕙ᄖᣇะ㧔Yᣇะ㧕ߦ㔡േ߇ജߐࠇࠆߣ߈ߦⵍኂ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ᧁߩᩇߣߩⶄว᭴ㅧߣߥߞߡࠆߩოߪ⎕უߒߡ߅ࠄߕޔᩇߩᒝലᨐ߇⏕ߐࠇߚޕ (a) ࠤࠬ X (b) ࠤࠬ Y (c) ࠤࠬ Z
(d) ࠤࠬXZ (e) ࠤࠬYZ (f) ࠤࠬXY (g) ࠤࠬXYZ ࿑3 㔡േߩജᣇะᲤߩᑪ‛ⵍኂ㧔50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸:5㧑ޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ਛޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯:ᾃⅽ㧕
X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z
5 D ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸㧑ߩ㔡േࠍജߒߚ႐ว ࿑4ߦޔ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸10㧑ߩ㔡േജᓟߩᑪ‛ߩ⎕უ⁁ᴫࠍޔ㔡േߩജᣇะߩࠤࠬᲤߦ␜ߔޕᒁ ᒛ⎕უߩߺ↢ߓޔߖࠎᢿ⎕უޔ❗⎕უߪ↢ߓߥ߆ߞߚޕߕࠇߩࠤࠬߦ߅ߡ߽⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛ߪ⏕ߐ ࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕᒁᒛ⎕უߪޔოߣოߩធวㇱߩᣇ߿ޔ㐿ญㇱㄝߦ߆ߦࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ࿐ߩⷐ⚛ߣߩ㑆ߦ ߕࠇࠍ↢ߓࠆⷐ⚛ߪ⏕ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕߎࠇࠄߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔᒰࡕ࠺࡞ߪ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸10㧑ߩ㔡േߦኻߒߡ ⠴ജࠍߒߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ (a) ࠤࠬ X (b) ࠤࠬ Y (c) ࠤࠬ Z
(d) ࠤࠬXZ (e) ࠤࠬYZ (f) ࠤࠬXY (g) ࠤࠬXYZ ࿑4 㔡േߩജᣇะᲤߩᑪ‛ⵍኂ㧔50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸:10㧑ޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ਛޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯:ᾃⅽ㧕 ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲߩᓇ㗀 ᰴߦޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ߇᭴ㅧ‛ߩ㔡ⵍኂߦ߷ߔᓇ㗀ߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ߦ߅ߌࠆᬌ⸛ߦ߅ߡޔ ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛߇ࠄࠇߚ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩ㔡േߦኻߔࠆᬌ⸛⚿ᨐߦߟߡ␜ߔޕ ࿑5ޔ6ߦޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ߇ᒙޔਛޔᒝᒝᐲߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦኻߒߡޔ㔡േࠍ3ᣇะߦജߒߚߣ߈㧔ࠤࠬ XYZ㧕ߩޔ㔡േ⚳ੌᓟߩᑪ‛ⵍኂࠍ␜ߔޕ࿑5ߪࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᾃⅽߣหߓ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚߣ߈ޔ࿑6ߪ ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᧁ᧚ߣหߓ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚߣ߈ߩ⚿ᨐߢࠆޕ ᒙᒝᐲߩ႐ว㧔࿑5ޔ6(a)㧕ޔਃⷺᒻߩㇱಽ߶߷ోߡߣޔౝߣ᧲ߩ㐳ㄝᣇะߩოߩᄙߊߩⷐ⚛߇⪭ਅߒ ߚޕߘࠇએᄖߩოߢ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛ߪߥ߆ߞߚޕᒙᒝᐲߢߞߡ߽ޔᩇߢᡰ߃ࠄࠇߚߩოߩⷐ⚛ߪ⪭ਅߖ ߕޔᩇߩലᨐ߇⏕ߢ߈ࠆޕߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᧁ᧚ߩ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߩᣇ߇ޔ⪭ਅߒߚⷐ⚛ߩᢙ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ (a) ᒙᒝᐲ (b) ਛᒝᐲ (c) ᒝᒝᐲ ࿑5 ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲߣᑪ‛ⵍኂߩ㑐ଥ㧔50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸:5㧑ޔࠤࠬXYZޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯:ᾃⅽ㧕 (a) ᒙᒝᐲ (b) ਛᒝᐲ (c) ᒝᒝᐲ ࿑6 ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲߣᑪ‛ⵍኂߩ㑐ଥ㧔50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸:5㧑ޔࠤࠬXYZޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯:ᧁ᧚㧕 X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z
ਛᒝᐲߩ႐ว㧔࿑5ޔ6(b)㧕ޔਃⷺᒻߩㇱಽߩ߶߷ోߡߣޔ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩߦࠆᄙߊߩⷐ⚛߇⪭ਅߒ ߚޕ߹ߚޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ߣߒߡᾃⅽߩ୯ࠍណ↪ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞㧔࿑5(b)㧕ߢߪޔౝߩ㐳ㄝᣇะߩოߦ߅ ߡ1㓏ߣ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩ㑆ߦࠆⷐ⚛ߩ৻ㇱ߇⪭ਅߒߚ߇ޔߩ‛ᕈ୯ߣߒߡᧁ᧚ߩ୯ࠍណ↪ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ 㧔࿑6(b)㧕ߢߪ⪭ਅߒߥ߆ߞߚޕ ᒝᒝᐲߩ႐ว㧔࿑5ޔ6(c)㧕ޔߕࠇߩࡕ࠺࡞ߢ߽⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛߇↢ߓߥ߆ߞߚޕ એߩࠃ߁ߦޔ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩᄢ߈ߥ㔡േߢߞߡ߽ޔᒝᐲࠍᒝᒝᐲ߹ߢߍࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⪭ਅ ߔࠆⷐ⚛߇ߥߊߥࠅޔᑪ‛ⵍኂࠍᄢ߈ߊシᷫߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔᒝᐲߦࠃߞߡⵍኂߩ⒟ᐲ߇ᄢ߈ ߊ⇣ߥࠆߩߢޔᑪ‛ߩ㔡ⵍኂࠍㆡಾߦ⹏ଔߒኻ╷ࠍ⻠ߓࠆߚߦߪޔᒝᐲࠍᱜߒߊᛠីߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ ࠆޕ ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ߩᓇ㗀 ߦ߅ߌࠆᬌ⸛⚿ᨐࠃࠅޔਛᒝᐲߩ႐วޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ߣߒߡᧁ᧚ߩ୯ࠍ↪ߚᣇ߇ᾃⅽߩ୯ࠍ↪ ߚߣ߈ࠃࠅ߽ⵍኂ߇ዊߐߊߥࠅޔᒙᒝᐲߢߪㅒߦⵍኂ߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚߩߢޔߎߎߢߪࡦࠣ ߩ‛ᕈ୯ߩᓇ㗀ߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ࡦࠣߪޔోߡߩოߩࠍㅡ߁ࠃ߁ߦ⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᾃⅽߣᾃⅽޔოߣოࠍ᜔᧤ߔࠆലᨐࠍᜬߞߡ ࠆޕᧁ᧚ߪᾃⅽࠃࠅ߽ᕈ߇ዊߐߊᄌᒻߒᤃߩߢޔᾃⅽ㑆ߦᄌᒻߒᤃᧁ᧚ࠍᝌߔࠆߎߣ߇ⵍኂࠍᛥ ߔࠆ႐ว߽Ⴧടߔࠆ႐ว߽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߘߎߢޔࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᾃⅽߣหߓ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚߣ߈ߣޔ ᧁ᧚ߣหߓ୯ߦ⸳ቯߒߚߣ߈ߩ㔡ᤨേࠍᲧセߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᕈߩዊߐⷐ⚛ࠍᝌߔࠆߎߣߩല ᨐߦߟߡ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩ㔡േࠍ3ᣇะ㧔ࠤࠬXYZ㧕ߦജߒߚ⚿ᨐߦߟߡᲧセߔࠆޕ ߦ߅ߡᾃⅽߩ⪭ਅ߇↢ߓߚᒙᒝᐲߣਛᒝᐲߩ⚿ᨐߦߟߡᲧセߔࠆޕ C ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ߇ᒙᒝᐲߩ႐ว ࿑7ޔ8ߦޔᒙᒝᐲߩ႐วߩਔࡕ࠺࡞ߩ㔡ᤨേࠍ␜ߔޕ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩߩⷐ⚛ߪޔࡦࠣࠍᧁ᧚ ߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߩᣇ߇ޔᣧᤨೞߢ⪭ਅߒߡࠆޕ߃߫ 15⑽ᓟ㧔࿑7ޔ8(a)㧕ߦ߅ߡޔࡦࠣࠍᧁ ᧚ߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪർߩოᣇߣ᧲ޔౝߩ㐳ᚻᣇะߩოߩ┵ߩⷐ⚛ߩᄙߊ߇⪭ਅߒߡࠆ߇ޔ ࡦࠣࠍᾃⅽߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ1ߟߩⷐ⚛߽⪭ਅߒߡߥޕߎߩℂ↱ߪޔᧁ᧚ߪᾃⅽࠃࠅ߽ᕈ߇ዊ ߐߊᄌᒻߒᤃߚޔᄌᒻߒߚࡦࠣߦㅊᓥߒߡᄌᒻߔࠆࡦࠣߩⷐ⚛ߦߪᒁᒛᔕജ߇↢ߓᤃߊޔ߆ ߟ࿐ߩⷐ⚛߆ࠄߩ᜔᧤߽ዋߥߚޔᒙᒝᐲߩ႐วߪᒁᒛ⎕უ߇↢ߓᤃߊ⪭ਅߒᤃ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ 29⑽ᓟ㧔࿑7ޔ8(h)㧕ߢߪ1㓏ߣ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩ㑆ߩⷐ⚛ߢ⪭ਅߒߚ߽ߩ߇⏕ߐࠇߚޕࡦࠣࠍᧁ᧚ߣ ቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߩᣇ߇⪭ਅⷐ⚛ᢙ߇ᄙޕ⪭ਅߦ⥋ࠆࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߪޔㄝߩోߡߩⷐ⚛ߣᒁᒛ⎕უࠍߎߒ ߚᓟߦޔ⋥ਅߩⷐ⚛ߩߢṖേߒߡ┵ㇱ߆ࠄ⪭ਅߔࠆߣ߁߽ߩߢߞߚޕᧁ᧚ߩࡦࠣߩᣇ߇ᄌᒻߒᤃ ߚޔṖേߒߡ⪭ਅߒߚⷐ⚛ߩᢙ߇ᄙߊߥߞߚ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ (a)15 ⑽ᓟ (b)17 ⑽ᓟ (c)19 ⑽ᓟ (d)21 ⑽ᓟ (e)23 ⑽ᓟ (f)25 ⑽ᓟ (g)27 ⑽ᓟ (h)29 ⑽ᓟ ࿑7 ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯߇ᾃⅽߣ╬ߒߣ߈ߩ㔡ᤨേ(50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑䇮ࠤࠬXYZޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ᒙ) X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z
(a)15 ⑽ᓟ (b)17 ⑽ᓟ (c)19 ⑽ᓟ (d)21 ⑽ᓟ (e)23 ⑽ᓟ (f)25 ⑽ᓟ (g)27 ⑽ᓟ (h)29 ⑽ᓟ ࿑8 ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯߇ᧁ᧚ߣ╬ߒߣ߈ߩ㔡ᤨേ(50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑䇮ࠤࠬXYZޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ᒙ) D ᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ߇ਛᒝᐲߩ႐ว ࿑9ޔ10ߦޔਛᒝᐲߩ႐วߩ㔡ᤨേࠍ␜ߔޕ߹ߕޔოߩ㕙ᄖᄌᒻߩ⒟ᐲࠍᲧセߔࠆޕࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ ୯ࠍᧁ᧚ߩ୯ߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪޔᾃⅽߩ୯ߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ࠃࠅ߽ޔ᧲ߣౝߩ㐳ᚻᣇะߩო߇㕙ᄖ ᣇะߦᄢ߈ߊᝄേߒߡࠆ᭽ሶ߇ߡขࠇࠆޕ߃߫ޔ࿑9ޔ10(e)(g)ߪ᧲߳ޔ࿑9ޔ10(f)(h)ߪ߳ᝄേ ߒߡࠆ߇ޔ࿑10ߩᣇ߇࿑9ࠃࠅ߽ᄌ߇ᄢ߈ޕߎߩℂ↱ߪޔ೨ㅀߩߣ߅ࠅᧁ᧚ߩᣇ߇ᕈ߇ዊߐߊᄌᒻ ߒᤃߚߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߩოߩ㕙ᄖᝄേߩᄌ㊂ߪޔਔࡕ࠺࡞ߣ߽ࠊߕ߆ߢ㆑߇ᒰߚࠄߥ ޕߎߩℂ↱ߪޔਔࡕ࠺࡞ߣ߽ᧁߩᩇߢᡰᜬߐࠇߡࠆߚߢࠆޕ⍴ㄝᣇะߩოߪޔოߩ߇ዊߐߚ ߦ㕙ᄖᄌᒻ߽ዊߐߚޔਔࡕ࠺࡞ߢᗧߥ㆑߇ࠄࠇߥޕ ᰴߦޔ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩߩⷐ⚛ߩⵍኂࠍᲧセߔࠆޕ߃߫22⑽ᓟ㧔࿑9ޔ10(a)㧕ޔࡦࠣࠍᧁ᧚ߣቯ ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߩᣇ߇ޔࠃࠅᄙᢙߩⷐ⚛߇⪭ਅߒߡࠆޕߎߩℂ↱ߪޔᒙᒝᐲߩ⠨ኤߢㅀߴߚߣ߅ࠅߢࠆޕ ৻ᣇޔ2㓏ߩࡦࠣߩਅߩⷐ⚛ߩ⪭ਅ⁁ᴫߦߟߡ⺞ߴࠆߣޔࡦࠣࠍᾃⅽߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪౝ ߣ᧲ߩ㐳ᚻᣇะߩოߩⷐ⚛߇⪭ਅߒߚ߇ޔࡦࠣࠍᧁ᧚ߣቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪ㕙ᄖᄌᒻ߇ᄢ߈ߦ߽ 㑐ࠊࠄߕ⪭ਅߒߥ߆ߞߚޕᒙᒝᐲߩߣ߈ߣㅒߩะߢࠆޕߎߩℂ↱ߪᰴߩㅢࠅߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕࡦ ࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯ࠍᾃⅽߩ୯ߣቯߒߚ႐วޔᾃⅽ߇ࠊߕ߆ߦᒁᒛ⎕უߒߚߣ߈ޔᾃⅽߩ߆ߌߩᕈߪࡦࠣ ߩᕈࠃࠅ߽ዊߐߊߥࠆߚޔᕈߩᄢ߈ࡦࠣߩ᜔᧤ߩߚߦޔᾃⅽߩო߇ߒߥ߿߆ߦ㕙ᄖᄌᒻߢ ߈ߕޔ㕙ᄖᣇะߦṖേߒߡ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛߇↢ߓࠆޕ৻ᣇޔࡦࠣ߇ᧁ᧚ߩ႐วޔᾃⅽߩოߪᨵߥࡦࠣ ߣ৻ߣߥߞߡߒߥ߿߆ߦ㕙ᄖߦᄌᒻߢ߈ࠆߚޔṖࠅ⪭ߜࠆⷐ⚛ᢙ߇ዋߥ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ (a)22 ⑽ᓟ (b)23 ⑽ᓟ (c)24 ⑽ᓟ (d)25 ⑽ᓟ (e)26 ⑽ᓟ (f)27 ⑽ᓟ (g)28 ⑽ᓟ (h)29 ⑽ᓟ ࿑9 ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯߇ᾃⅽߣ╬ߒߣ߈ߩ㔡ᤨേ(50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ޔ䉬䊷䉴XYZޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ਛ) X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z X(ධ) Y(᧲)Z
(a)22 ⑽ᓟ (b)23 ⑽ᓟ (c)24 ⑽ᓟ (d)25 ⑽ᓟ (e)26 ⑽ᓟ (f)27 ⑽ᓟ (g)28 ⑽ᓟ (h)29 ⑽ᓟ ࿑10 ࡦࠣߩ‛ᕈ୯߇ᧁ᧚ߣ╬ߒߣ߈ߩ㔡ᤨേ(50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑䇮䉬䊷䉴XYZޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ᒝᐲ:ਛ) એࠃࠅޔო߇৻ߣߥߞߡᄌᒻߢ߈ࠆ⒟ᐲߦᒁᒛᒝᐲ߇⏕ߐࠇࠆ႐วߦߪޔᕈߩዊߐࡦࠣߩ ᣇ߇ⷐ⚛ߩ⪭ਅࠍ㒐ᱛߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈߩࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ 㧠㧚߹ߣ ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࡀࡄ࡞ߦታߔࠆᱧผ⊛⚵Ⓧㅧᑪㅧ‛ߩ㔡ⵍኂࠍࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦߦࠃࠅ⹏ଔߒߚޕ ቯߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ߢߪޔਛᒝᐲߩ႐วޔ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸10㧑ߩ㔡േߦኻߒߡߪᒁᒛ⎕უ߇↢ߓࠆ߽ߩߩ⪭ਅߔࠆ ⷐ⚛ߪ↢ߓߥ߇ޔ50ᐕ⊒↢⏕₸5㧑ߩ㔡േߦኻߒߡߪ৻ㇱߩⷐ⚛߇⪭ਅߔࠆ⚿ᨐߣߥߞߚޕᧁᩇߣߩ ⶄว᭴ㅧߣߥߞߡࠆߩოߩⵍኂ߇ዊߐߊޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᧁߩᩇߩሽ߇ᒝߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡࠆߎ ߣ߇⏕ߐࠇߚޕ߹ߚޔᾃⅽⷐ⚛㑆ߩᒝᐲߦࠃߞߡⵍኂߩ⒟ᐲ߇ᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔო ߇৻ߣߥߞߡᝄേߢ߈ࠆ⒟ᐲߦᒝᐲ߇⏕ߢ߈ࠇ߫ޔࡦࠣߩᕈ߇ዊߐᣇ߇ო߇৻ߣߥߞߡߒߥ ߿߆ߦᄌᒻߢ߈ࠆߚޔ⪭ਅߔࠆⷐ⚛ᢙ߇ዋߥ⚿ᨐߣߥߞߚޕᑪ‛ߩ㔡ⵍኂࠍㆡಾߦ੍᷹ߔࠆߦߪޔⷐ ⚛㑆ߩᒝᐲ߿ࡦࠣߩᕈߥߤࠍㆡಾߦ⹏ଔߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ⻢ㄉ㧦ᧄ⎇ⓥߪޔᐔᚑ21ᐕᐲ┙㙚ᄢቇࠣࡠࡃ࡞COEࡊࡠࠣࡓ㧔⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ฬ㧦ᱧผㇺᏒࠍࠆޟᢥൻㆮ ↥㒐ἴቇޠផㅴὐ㧕ߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ৻ㇱߢࠆޕߎߎߦ⸥ߒߡ⻢ᗧࠍߔࠆޕ ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
1) Amatya, S.: Monument conservation in Nepal, Vajra Publications, 2008. 2) Rohit K.R.: Heritage homeowner’s preservation handbook, UNESCO, 2007.
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