Skeletal Remains of Domestic Dogs from Jomon and Yayoi Sites in Kagoshima Prefecture

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J.Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 人類誌 100(4):485-498(1992)

MATERIALS

Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA1, Mitsuharu MATSUMoTOI1),

Junichi OTSUKAI1) and Sadanori KAWAGUCHI2)

1) Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University

2) Kagoshima-ken Archaeological Society

Abstract Dog bones excavated from 11 Jomon and 2 Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture were investigated morphologically and osteometrically. The late and final Jomon sites (3,500-2,500 BP) were shell mounds at Izumi, Euchi, Ichiki, Muginoura, Kusano, Ushuku, Omonawa I, and Inutabu, cave sites at Katano and Kurokawa, and a site at Uwaigusuku. The early Yayoi sites (2,300-2,000 BP) were the Takahashi shell mound and a cave site at Atake. The total excavated pieces of bone numbered 373;102 from the Inutabu shell mound, 83 from the Kusano shell mound, 82 from the Euchi shell mound, and the rest from the other sites. Most pieces were from adult dogs, but some from Euchi, Ichiki, and Kusano shell mounds were from young dogs.

The morphological characters of the bones, as large as those of today's Shiba dog, were nearly similar at each site. The estimated withers height from the intact bone lengths was 35-43 cm, showing that the dogs belonged to HASEBE's small-sized dog group.

It is suggested that in the late Jomon period, small dogs were already being kept by people throughout the entire area of Kagoshima, although a buried sample has not yet been found.

Key Words Domestic dog, Jomon and Yayoi sites, Kagoshima Prefecture, Measurement of bone, Skeletal remains

Introduction

The dog is the earliest animal domesticated by ancient peoples mainly for protection, com-panions for hunting, and also for the purpose of food. In Japan, some examples of dog burials have been reported as evidence of domestication at Kamikuroiwa-iwakage, Ehime Prefecture, in

the earliest Jomon period (12,000-10,000 BP, ESAKA, 1970).

Many researchers such as HASEBE (1921, 1925a, b, 1950), NAORA (1973), KANEKO (1976, 1978), and SHIGEHARA and ONODERA (1984), have reported the characteristics of excavated bones of ancient dogs. SHIBATA (1969) and OTA (1980) reported the bones of ancient dogs

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486 H. NISHINAKAGAWA, M. MATSUMOTO, 1. OTSUKA and S. KAWAGUCHI

cavated from 170 sites in Japan. DAIGO (1956, 1957) and ONODERA et al. (1987) measured the bones of the contemporary Japanese Shiba dog, and described a resemblance in the shapes and sizes of the dog bones between the present and ancient periods.

The present study presents the morphometrical data of dog bones excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima and discusses the mor-phological characteristics of skeletal remains from this period in southern Kyushu.

Materials and Methods

We examined animal remains from 68 Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture, and they were identified in 31 of these sites (NISHINAKAGAWA et al., 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1992).

Materials used were dog bones excavated from 13 archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture; 11 are Jomon sites and 2 are Yayoi sites. As shown in Fig. 1, the names of these sites are the Izumi shell mound excavated by HASEBE in 1921 (HAYASHIDA, 1960), the Euchi shell mound (Takaono-cho Board of Education, 1992), the Ichiki shell mound (KAWAGUCHI, 1966), the Muginoura shell mound (Sendai-shi Tochikaihatsu Kosha, 1987), the Kusano shell mound (Kagoshima-shi Board of Education,

1988), and the Katano cave site (KAWA-GUCHI, 1965). Also, the Ushuku shell mound (HAYASHIDA, 1960), the Ononawa I shell mound (Isen-cho Board of Education, 1983), the Uwaigusuku site (Yoron-cho Board of Educa-tion, 1990), the Kurokawa cave site (KAWA-GUCHI,1967), the Inutabu shell mound (Isen-cho Board of Education, 1984), the Takahashi shell mound (KAWAGUCHI, 1965), and the Atake cave site (MORlZONO, 1971). Data were obtained from measurable bones using slide calipers by the method of DRIESCH (1976) and SAITO (1963).

The materials from the Izumi shell mound

in-cluded those of HASEBE measured by SHIGE-HARA (1986) and those of HAYASHIDA (1960). HAYASHIDA's results were also included in the descriptions of materials from the Ushuku shell mound. The measurements of skeletal remains

from the Todoroki shell mound (SHIGEHARA, 1986, Jomon period) and the Harunotsuji site (SENBA, 1960, Yayoi period), which were reported in Kyushu, were used for comparison. Also, the measurements of the Tagara dog, which were reported as a typical type of Jomon dog by SHIGEHARA and ONODERA (1984), and of a contemporary Shiba dog

(ONODERA et al., 1987) were compared.

We used discriminant analysis to sex the bones as described by ONODERA et al. (1987), THE and THROUTH (1976) and BROTHWELL et al. (1979) by using the main characteristics and shapes of the bones. In addition, the withers heights were estimated by using YAMAUCHI's method

(1958).

Results 1. Sites and excavated bones

A summary of the 11 Jomon and 2 Yayoi sites from which dog bones were excavated has already been reported, so the details are not described here. The locations of the sites and the number of bones excavated from each site are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1.

There were 373 bone pieces recorded, of which 102 pieces were from the Inutabu shell mound (27.6°10), 83 from the Kusano shell mound (22.2°10), 82 from the Euchi shell mound (22.0%), and the rest (29.2%) from the other sites, as described in Table 1. Nine of the excavation sites were from the late Jomon period (3,500 BP), 2 from the final Jomon period (2,500 BP), and 2 from the early Yayoi period (2,300-2,000 BP). Eight of the excavated sites are in Kagoshima proper, 4 on Nansei Island, and 1 on Satsunan Island. The excavated bones were almost all from

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Skeletal Remains of Jomon and Yayoi Dogs 487

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jomon and Yayoi sites yielding the remains of domestic dog in Kagoshima Prefecture; • : Jomon, O: Yayoi.

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adult dogs, but they included some young dogs from the Euchi, Ichiki, and Kusano shell mounds. Also, it was noted that most of the bones collected from the Katano and Kurokawa cave sites and the Uwaigusuku site were small pieces and some from Katano were burned. A penis bone was excavated for the first time; it was found at the Kurokawa cave site in Kagoshima.

From these observations, it is suggested that in the late Jomon period domestic dogs were usually kept by people throughout the entire area of Kagoshima.

2. Morphologies and measurements of skeletal remains

The results of crania and limb bones

measurements excavated from each site are shown in Tables 2-4 in comparison with bones excavated from the Todoroki shell mound, the Harunotsuji site, and the Tagara shell mound, and with those of a contemporary Shiba dog.

Crania: Only one measurable cranium was excavated, and it was found at the Takahashi shell mound. It was considered to have belonged to an adult male dog (Fig. 2-1), according to ONODERA's method of discriminant analysis (ONODERA, et a!., 1987). The frontal "stop" was generally small, which is an old characteristic of Japanese dogs, and it was found to be more similar to a Tagara bone than to that of a modem Shiba dog. The sagittal crest was characteristically developed, and the shape of the great foramen

Table 2. Comparison of the cranial measurements (mm)

A number in parenthesis next to measured value is the exceptional sample size.

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was elliptical. The maximum cranial length was 161.4 mm, slightly longer than those of a Shiba dog. The facial and palatal lengths were slightly greater than those of Tagara and Shiba dogs. The zygomatic breadth was 89.3 mm, which was as wide as that of a female Shiba dog. Also, the Todoroki data revealed larger measurements than those of bones from other sites. The length-breadth index of Takahashi was 55.14, which was close to that of a Tagara dog.

Mandibles: The measurable mandibles were excavated from the Kusano (n =1), Inutabu (n = 3), and Takahashi (n =3) shell mounds.The Kusano mandible was identified as being from an adult female (Fig. 2-4), and those from Inutabu were judged to be from one adult male and two adult females (Figs. 2-5*7). Those from Takahashi were the right and left halves of the mandibles of an adult male and an adult female, respectively (Figs. 2-8,9). The mandibles from Kusano and Inutabu were small

and resembled one another; those from Taka-hashi were a little larger. The masseter fossa in the Tagara was deep (7.1 mm), but in other specimens it was shallow, except for the one from Takahashi. The masseter fossa of the Izumi dog was as small as in the dog from Inutabu.

Limb bones: Thoracic and pelvic limbs were excavated from the 13 sites, and the results of their measurements are shown in Table 4. The one measurable scapula found (with a distal articular surface) at the Inutabu shell mound had a 13.9 mm glenoid cavity breadth and a 21.3 mm glenoid cavity length. Humeri were found at Muginoura, Omonawa I, Inutabu, Takahashi, and Atake (Figs. 2-11 *14). The maximum length of an intact bone from Omonawa was

120.9 mm. Measurements of the breadth and diameter at the middle of the diaphysis of the Inutabu shell mound specimens were 9.4 ± 0.5 mm and 10.6 ± 0.8 mm (n = 6). The measure-ments of the other samples from Muginoura,

Table 3. Comparison of the mandibular measurements (mm)

Fig. 2. (opposite page) The skeletal remains from Kagoshima archaeological sites: 1. Cranium (Takahashi) 2 . Mandible (R, Ichiki) 3. Mandible (R, Ichiki) 4. Mandible (R, Kusnao) 5. Mandible (R, Inutabu) 6. Mandible (R, Inutabu)

7. Mandible (L, Inutabu) 8. Mandible (L, Takahashi) 9. Mandible (L. Takahashi) 10. Mandible (R, Atake) 11.

Humerus (L, Muginoura) 12. Humerus (R, Omonawa) 13. Humerus (R, Inutabu) 14. Humerus (L, Atake) 15.

Radius (L, Euchi) 16. Radius (R, Ichiki) 17. Radius (L, Inutabu) 18. Ulna (R, Kusano) 19. Femur (L, Muginoura)

20. Femur (R, Kusano) 21. Femur (R, Inutabu) 22. Femur (L, Inutabu) 23. Tibia (R, Muginoura) 24. Tibia (R, Inutabu) 25. Tibia (L, Atake). L: left, R: right, ( ): site.

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Values in parentheses denote those from incomplete bones. Numbers in parentheses next to mean values are sample size. 1) SHIGEHARA, 1986; 2) HAYASHIDA, 1960; 3) SENBA, 1960; 4) SHIGEHARA and ONODERA, 1984; 5) ONODERA et u!., 1987.

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Fig. 3. Estimated withers heights. ( ): Sample size. Values are mean ±S.D.

Omonawa, Takahashi, and Atake fell into this range, which is similar in size to those of a Shiba male dog. Radii were found at Euchi, Kusano, Inutabu (Figs. 2-l5*17) and Takahashi. The average breadths of the diaphyses were 10.4 mm for Inutabu, which were a little larger than those from other sites. Ulnae were excavated from Izumi, Kusano, Ushuku, and Inutabu. The one from Kusano had 143.0 mm long, close to that of a Shiba male. And except for the Kusano specimen, the breadths of the proximal ends of the excavated ulnae were small. Coxae were excavated from Muginoura and Inutabu in imperfect condition. The breadth of the iliac body from Muginoura was wide (16.2 mm) and from Inutabu narrow (13.5 mm, n = 3). Almost intact femurs were found at Kusano (Fig. 2-20). The maximum length, 126.8 mm, was nearly as great as that of a Tagara female. The average values of breadths and diameters at the middle of the femurs from Muginoura, Kusano, Inutabu, Takahashi, and Atake were 9.8 ± 0.8 mm and 9.4 ± 0.8 mm, as large as Shiba male and female dogs. Two samples of nearly perfect tibiae were excavated from Inutabu (Fig. 2-24). Their maximum lengths were 126.3 mm and 112.3 mm.

The middle part of the tibia was found at five sites, as shown in Table 4. Their diameters of about 10 mm were nearly the same as that of a Shiba dog. Furthermore, the measurement data of Harunotsuji were larger than those of other sites.

Although a few samples of vertebrae, tall, calcanei, metacarpal and metatarsal bones, and teeth were excavated besides the examples described above, their details are omitted here.

3. Estimation of withers height

Withers height was estimated, according to YAMAUCHI's method (YAMAUCHI,1958), from maximum length of skeletal remains excavated from the 4 sites mentioned above (Fig. 3). The withers height estimated from the maximum lengths of the ulna and the femur obtained at the Kusano shell mound were 40.27 cm and 39.14 cm, respectively. The estimate from one humerus sample from the Omonawa I shell mound was 39.93 cm. Results from samples excavated at the Inutabu shell mound were 40.84 cm (male), 38.11 cm (female), and 37.11 cm (female) on the basis of mandible sizes; two samples of radii gave results of 37.72 cm and 37.40 cm; two samples

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of femora gave results of 39.66 cm and 35.65 cm; two samples of tibiae gave results of 37.32 cm and 34.30 cm. The average value (Mean ± SD) of all the estimated heights was 37.56 ± 1.38 cm..

At the Takahashi shell mound, the estimate from the maximum cranial length was 41.76 cm and from the mandible, 42.46 cm. These bones were determined to be from one male specimen, which showed slightly greater height than those from Kusano and Inutabu. The estimated withers height from the maximum cranial length of Tagara specimens were 42.83 ± 1.31 cm (male) and 39.01 ± 1.62 cm (female), and from the humerus and tibia from Harunotsuji, it was estimated to be 45.48 and 44.01 cm. These results were greater than those from Kagoshima.

Discussion

Although controversies have been raised con-cerning the origin of domestic dogs, from a small-sized wolf or a wild dog, no conclusion has been reached (IMAIZUMI, 1980; OTA, 1980). On the other hand, attempts to domesticate dogs are supposed to have started in East Asia about 14,000 or 15,000 years ago (SHIBATA, 1969; TANABE, 1991). Concerning the genesis of the domesticated dog in Japan, SHIBATA (1969) stated that dog bones are reported to have been excavated from 170 sites throughout the country, and from 14 Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kyushu. The earliest examples are from Kamikuroiwa-Iwakage, Ehime Prefecture, of the earliest Jomon period (ESAKA,1970). Because they were buried, it was thought they had been kept with great care by the people from those periods (KANEKO, 1976; YAMASAKI, 1985; NIWA, 1982).

Dog bones excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture have been found through the research of HASEBE (1921, 1925a, b, 1950) and HAYASHIDA (1960). The earliest example is from the late stage of the Jomon period in Kagoshima. It is assumed that this result

is closely related to the formative period of the shell mounds in this locality. Although the buried sample has not been found in Kagoshima, it is possible that dogs were kept by people in those days as companions for hunting. It is also probable that they were used for meat,

because burned bones were found at the Katano cave site. With regard to the shape and size of excavated bones, the stop on the cranium from the Takahashi shell mound is small, and this is a distinguishing trait in ancient dogs. The other main characteristic of the cranium from Taka-hashi is a longer face than that of a Tagara. Mandibles from 3 males and 4 females were identified from 3 sites, and each is nearly as large as the mandible of a contemporary Shiba dog. Although the skeletal remains of the Takahashi shell mound are all slightly larger than those of the Kusano and Inutabu shell mounds, they belong to the same breed.

Estimates of the withers heights from the intact bones by using YAMAUCHI's method (1958) show that the range of the heights, 35-43 cm, indicates a small-sized dog group classified by HASEBE (1925a, b). Because their characteristics resemble those of a Shiba dog, these dogs kept in Kagoshima Prefecture during the Jomon period are assumed to have been small, less than the size of a contemporary Shiba dog.

Concerning the origin of dogs in Japan, OTA (1980) and TANABE (1991) assumed that they came from a mixture of small dogs from Taiwan, large and mid sized dogs from the north, and mid sized dogs from the Korean Peninsula. Although the ancient dogs of Kagoshima cannot be easily identified as those from the south, Inutabu and Uwaigusuku dogs may have been from the south because they are all small and similar in size and because these two sites are situated at

Tokuno-shima and Yoron in the southern extremity of Kagoshima. This will become clearer through

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investigations of bones from the Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, and through analyses of their characteristics. These materials are needed for future investigations to trace the history of the dog in Kyushu. 抄録鹿児島の縄文,弥生遺跡出土のイヌの骨西中川駿・松元光春・大塚閏一・河口貞徳イヌは古代人が狩猟の伴侶として,また,番犬として,最も早くから家畜化した動物であり,わが国でも縄文早期(12,000-10,000BP)の愛媛県上黒岩岩陰などから,その証拠となる埋葬例が報告されている. 鹿児島の縄文時代のイヌの出土例は,出水,江内,市来,草野,面縄,犬田布貝塚や上城遺跡および片野, 黒川洞穴の11遺跡(3,500-2,500BP)でみられ,弥生時代には高橋貝塚,阿獄洞穴の2遺跡(2,300-2,000BP)から出土している.出土骨の総数は373個, その内102個は犬田布貝塚からの出土で,草野貝塚から83個,江内貝塚から82個と3遺跡で全体の71.8%を占め,他の遺跡からは極めて少ない.出土骨のほとんどは成犬のものであるが,2,3の遺跡では幼犬のものも含まれている.骨の形態は,縄文犬である田柄イヌ (宮城県)などとよく似た形質をもち,また,現生の柴イヌとほぼ同じ大きさである.長骨の最大長から体高を推定すると35∼43cmであり,これは長谷部のいう小型イヌに属しており,小さいものは雌と推定される. 以上の観察から,縄文後期の鹿児島県では,埋葬例はみられないが,すでに小型イヌが飼養されていたことが示唆された. References

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(In Japanese) [与論町教育委員会,1990:上城遺跡.与論町埋蔵文化財調査報告書1,pp.6-61.] 西中川駿鹿児島大学農学部家畜解剖学教室〒890 鹿児島市郡元1-21-24

Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA Department of Veterinary Anatomy Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University

21-24 Korimoto 1, Kagoshima 890, Japan.