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(1)Reports. [Science. National. the pYokohama. of. EJrects. Air. of. Film. University,. Sect. Formation. on. I, No･. 7,. 1958]. of. Figures.. Lichtenberg. By. BIlnji ARAI. Abstract The. of this. object. in relation vations know the function for. used The. was. The the. result. are which in length,. not. obtained. was. in number, the of increasing. these. only. of. macroscopic丘gures like leaves, part streamers. around. Tben,. writer has surface dry. both丘gures lOkV due. to. the. the. and. very. for. plate. Then nism. the. effects the. naked, 2kV･. electrical. But. characteristic. Lichtenberg丘gures. of surface. were. less O･050cm),. or. but. recognized,. both. When. electrodes･. very. also the. thick-. emulsion corona. there. of existence for appearing crest. critical. in the. case. This. of seems. insulating. of the. the. the. air丘1m. the. macroscopi七figure･ for appearance. voltage oil immersion to. be. oil used. along. it the for. of. about. was. phenomenon it･. Imtrodlletion. by applying electric obtained in the air have been thought generally discharges in the.air film along the emulsion that. of the air丘1m existence of the Lichtenberg丘gures･ the. researched･ less 0.010cm),. to those similar in width･ longer. wider. (more. oil丘1m. O･20cm,. that. about dense microscopic丘gures.. photographic. record. or. observed. became. an. of. around. §1. The. oilfi1m. (more. regular･. over. dominant was. was. for. the streamers. thickness. thought. the. emulsion when the. were. were. But. appeared is increased. was. oil丘1m. these appear will not These but the microscopic dense丘gures･ consist of wide dendritic The length dense of and fine dendritic触ures･ one･ was longer than the negative the positive electrode. oil layer. an. thin. a. (ordinary)丘gures. macroscopic. microscopic丘gures. ness. thus:-For. negative dry plates･. iⅢsulating. Lichtenberg丘gures. obtained. is to. which. surface photographic emulsion impulse A亡tbis the chopped state,. Lichtenberg丘gures. naked larger. case. dense. the. and. positive. In. and. applied,. obser-. layer･. the. along. 丘gures,. The. air丘1m.. controlled.. was. of oil丘1m. the. ftlndamental. of the. one. Lichtenberg. tile. of of. of existence the air丘1m. was. study. formation. with. removlng. thickness. wave. experimental. are. must. be. Formerly. dominant the. generating with Lichtenberg丘gures. impulse to. be. a. layer.1) mecbain the.

(2) 24. B.. reduced. some. grade. Therefore,. surface state,. the. writer. be. would. of air丘1m discussed･. The. the. insulating. the. writer. were. the. upon. oil. The. electric was. 1ng. Experimental. source. apparatus. from. tension. the. the. along. (transformer analyslng. it. than. In. oil).. on. dry. a. breakdown. were. immersed. plate insulating. of. this. the effects. Licbtenberg丘gures. the. was. emulsion. the丘gures. in Here,. oil･3). Procedure. and. same. impulse. the. as. et of Gai恥-Gallot Fig･ 1 of the former. fo D.C.. ll.T. hitherto. circuit. half. Refer. source･. But bigber. circuit. the. was. air･丘1m. oil丘1m. Apparatus. impllIse. and. supplied. high. the. From. electrical inversely.. method. §2. tension. coating. researched･. for the. was. this. (I) High. that. plan. a. mechanism generating Lichtenberg丘gures of the. study. used. a. made by. replaced. Agures. obtained. which. in various were stages researched.2) dry to be kept a vacuum plate. atmospheric pressure for the photographic. imposible. Arai. PilorL,s. multiple. used, rectify-. report.4). source. Ps U･V. Lamp /. OPT;妻G2i/Kk G,. ヽ･.I:･.I. I. ]cs,A 1.. Fig. Gl:. Scbematic Sphere. G2:. r. Liq･. Fix. :. Large. Cs: L. ′′. D･. for. of impulse. ￠, brass. ball),. ′′. ′′. damper. of H2SO｡, impulsive. of. special. camera.. ), variable. 105β×2).. ,. solution. to. circuit Gl>G2.. (solution. wave. CuSO4,. of. 20oC). resistance (107β). Leyden jar (0･0038fLFx2). at. Special. :. ‖わ. (dilute. resistance. 0･26k32 R. (2･0. ′′. ′′. :. (2･5cm. spark-gap. ′′. Rs:. diagram. connection. klydonograph. C･ H･ T. camera.. leads. source‖. to. Gaid'e･G&11ot. the. sphere. et. Pilon･B. mu]tiple. rectifying. apparatus.. Throughthe kept. was. at. G2. spark-gap tively. (21･OkV,. impulse. object. wave. of. experiments,. O･95cm. (30･OkV, peak. (2･Ocm 14･8kV, supplied. め brass 13･2kV, by. minimum丑uctuations. Gl. voltage. ball) used peak formed. at was. voltages a. Gl. spark-gap. wave. of sparking. 760mm. 25oC, O･60cm, at. tail. (2.5cm Ⅲg).. OAOcm, 20oC,. brass. @. 0･35cm. 760mm. chopped both voltages,. The. G2.. sphere. sphere respec-. Ⅲg). by. ball). So. the. For. the. spark. gap.

(3) Effects. (Gl, G2) The. former. that. positive. and. the. at. was. Two is. and. RI. the. with. to. equal. the. needle [o. R2,. JJ.T. be. form. L＋ and. Fig.. 2.. G2. other. Connection. voltage tive. diagram. 1･. Fig･. of. L to. This. the. posi-. on. the. same. the. but. light. and. 〉the construction. are. shown. in. ftoⅡi brass was. plate This. I'''... as. used. plate. and. side plate丘Ⅹed plate bakelite. cover. of. (0.30cm this rodes. was. this. め) electrodes. cover. was. The. The. npper. the were. location by. regulated bar at. end. plate. and the. was. electrode,. too. Brass. :. Bakelite. plate. (0.52. R. :. Bakelite. lock. ど. :. PhotoISenSitive. bar. 1. in elecト cut. 丘Ⅹed ￣by. a. posi-. of the electrodes. as. used. (6.6cmx. lO･OcmxO･10cm). :. brass. suitable. plate. Ⅰ. the. screw. plane. camera. special. this experiment.. base. :Brass. (ocm. of. for. PQ. as. of this. Details. on. screwed. the. C. by. put. to丘t. prepared box, and. on比e electrode bakelite lock nut tions.. A. 3.. designed. too.. electrode,. was. Fig.. base. the. dry. l. 5. was. the. solder, and the base plate.. thick). box. and. ■!. 0. camera. The. plane. -I;;a. ー＼c＼｢■Y. tight only The details. /f7 〟. I/o. this. plates,. the. cm. 3.. Fig.. = HT I.1. /z/I. l. camera. alsoforoil. of. i. I. Rl-R2. is not. for. e. I. that. at. klydonograph. camera. I. tilne.. same. same. Gハニ0.60cm,. special. special. made. 〟. ;;. =1Mβ×5.. (2) The. G2. of. crest. obtain. the. But,. the. as. voltage. snpply. same. negative丘gures at. surface. Rz. the to. emulsion surface The are notations for. emulsion this case,. so. arranged. @r. camera,. and. impulse,. and. one. In. circuit.. this. of. of. been. I,{. wiring. form. same. has. 2.. Fig.. @＋. L2＋. R.. impulse. the. Fig.. 〟. The. mercury. 1 and. source. ⊥l. Ics. quartz. of sparking value Lーrespectively.. mP. LT. on. obtained impulse wave.. half. the. SO. electrodes. D,a. the. a. Refer. prepared. later wlrlng. 25. Figures.. from. rays. violet. were. may. negative丘gures by the same time. Licbtenberg. of. ultra. circuits fundamental, and. Was. tO. glVen. Formation. on. impulse. most. same. resistance. Film. illuminated. were. lamp.. vapour. Air. of. needle. dry. (0･30cm￠)･. electrode. plate,. (0.52cm. thick).. (1･Ocm￠)･ (FtLji A material. nut. quarter. of. a. cabinet. size). 0. :. Transformer. L. :. Terminal. L. :. N. :. Z. :. for //. 〝. ′′. nccted Double. ′′. to. mid. cover. oil. high. tension. earth. side.. neutral. point of for mercury. (past､eboard box).. side.. (is conRl-R2). lamp.

(4) 26. is. B.. terminal,. a. dry. the. plate.. impulse,. same. both. box of brass illumination. ln the the. as. of the. d and d. for. the. was. plate. high. was. in the. safty. were. dry. were. benzen. sufBciently,. was. of. plate. previously. clearance. volume. (d). in. given density. was. the. (A) and. is the volume. calculated between. of the. by. measured horizontal. by. dark. this. the. later. burette,. the. quantity bottom. the. 0.0050cm. over. their. V. balance. the. oil丘1m area. of. mass. coated. thickness of the desired product is equal to the volume of oil V, so. in the. and. an. the. the A. For. by. weighed. Here,. desired,. in the. 0.0090cm),. of the coated. product. level.. Of. of. camera. method the. and. of oil V. was. in. oil put. this procedure. course. room.. treatmerLt. D. ligTOine.. (C6H6), SOltltOl and. after or. 丘Ⅹing bath The. (under. Tbethickness. dry. materials. box.. camera. materials, Ft)ji A 1 dry plates (orthochromatic, After an impulse on or the oil coating oil used. supplied by As the three times. the solvents plates washed solvent. immersion. minutes). light. plate strong. preventing. this. covers. side. the. photo-sensitive. speed) used. was. kept. which. the. oil film surface. neglected.. of oil. (4) Photo-sensitive As. of the. putting Here, the. volume. place. the. of the. electrode for again,. the. of by. time. same. oilfi1m. thin. was. by. given A. glVen. camera. by. oil丘1m. area. upper. The. used.. took. thick. was. the. and. the. the. dry. of a. layer. emulsion the. at. case. outer. oil (〟)or d-m/(βA)-Ⅴ/A. 0.885g/cm3 at 20oC.. 〟 was. the. that. an. emulsion darkroom. mass. of oil. useing. oil, and When. lamp,. the. near. Over. one.. the. oil丘1m light inthe. The. used.. negative. of prepareing. quotient. of the. are. thickness. on. safety a. a. mercury of. case. coated. the as. is used. and touches be obtained. must. electrodes. DetermirLation. (3). is sharp. other end both丘gures. When. Arai. natural. drying. (7 minutes). 76-F. these at. 20oC,. When. the. developed. were. plates. by. andfiⅩed. was. oil. FF-1. washed by Dk15) the. of. out. (5. indicated. (15 minutes).. reason. the. why. §3.. developer. Experimental. D. 76-F. Results. used. was. and. was. for microphotograph.. DiscllSSion. impulse on the variety constant place by supplying Photo. 1 (Plate I) shows this typical of the oilfilm. example of thickness 2■ by Fig. Photo. Refer Table. It was the (Plate II) 1. obtained circuit of on were by the both丘gures the same emulsion surface, which obtained shows The. took. experiments. circuit of Fig. In the case. 2.. 丘gures were oil film (more or less 0.010cm), both on by supplying dry plate･ But to those the naked Impulse observed similar in length, larger in number,.and became in width, longer the streamers wider very. regular. of. a. in both. thin. figures.. This. tendency. was. likely. due. to. the. effect. of.

(5) Effects. increasing. Air. of. dielectric. Film. Forhation. on. (E) by. constant. In other. of. surface resistance･ fully attached to the oil coated insulated. So, the charges did. the. Lichtenberg. of. process. it. words,. of oil coating, to. due. was. surface,. emulsion. Figures.. 27. the. increase. electric. charges. and. these was. which. probably. well. leak.. not. ●. According. to. that. both丘gures. mark. through. the. oil丘1m, In the. 0.050cm), low. these. 5. appear. The. longer. length than. Ⅲere,. negative. macroscopic. Also,. layer. emulsion. by. e庁ects might When the. 3-4. that. writer thought hasJ dominant surface figures.. air丘1m. layer. (more. along. observed,. both. and. less. or. but. also the. 0.20. cm. electrodes. by. (Plate III一ⅠⅤ).. the. like leavers,. See. dendritic. an°血e. the. around. existense. effects. for. would. be. there. the. the. positive. electrode. one.. the. emulsion. oil. around. part consist of wide dense dendritjc streamers. of. the. be. tO. upper. were. recogllized. These. (Plate V).. Observed. increased over of the oil layer was su氏ciently but the microscopic den芦e丘gures. these丘gures. thickness. not. the. of. macroscopic丘gures. Photo.. See. in the. Ⅵ7aS. seeⅢ1S. transparent.. 亡hickness. were. it. oil丘1m,. phenomenon. discharge was. the. of the This. ones.. oil used. microscopic丘gures. the. thickness. corona. defused. microscope.. 丘gures･ was. trams.. increasing. only. would. Photo.. of the. oil丘1m the. of. not. power. the. the and. When there. of the defused the. became. case. dense. very. increase. an. the. the. oil.. For. the. ordinary. absorbed. other. the. along. the. of. of the. effects. 丘1m. air. appearance. the. air in the. resolved. of. on. air. these. study,. researched.. dry. was. plate. potential) for the of oil immersion,. critical. of botb丘gures. appearance. it. the. naked,. was. about. Lichtenberg丘gures. on. lOkV. crest. about. was. 丘ve. or. voltage 2kV.. times. (or minimum But. in the. for. potential. the. case. dense. microscopic丘gures. The record to be. a. of the. resistivity,. partially. electrical. problem. related. When. the. oil that. flash-over. the. intbe. be the oil would itself. It seems oil. of the insulating. once. glVen. the. characteristic of the insulating impulse electric. (insulating. electrical. dependence). was. immersed. plate. breakdown the. temperature. and. dry. a. took. along emulsion surface See Photo. 6 (Plate V). Some. place. for. oil used discharge. very. easily. was. at. the. power,. it. used, same. disolution have must chemical layer impulse. by the supplied The low ionization potenoil disolution are to be oⅡ＋, thought CII十, In chemical (-c…c-)十.. crest. voltage. happened in the tial ions these to. by. cases. be. led. Tbis ing. on. Tokyo,. these. report. Electric on. conductivity. electric by. May. is. ions a. part. Discharge 4, 1954.. or. by. will ion. increase･. Then,. easy. flash-over. seems. conduction.. of the. Of the. Physics,. SUI--mary. held. by. the. lectures Physical. at. the. Society. Special. Meet-. of Japan,. in.

(6) 28. Arai. B.. Ackno The U.. to expresses his hearty wishes Dr. T. AsAEINA (the National. writer. NAKAYA. and. him. to. suggestions. wle dgementB. throughout. this. MEEK. J.M.. J.D. CRAGGS: (1953), 217.. and Press,. Clearendon. J. STEKOLNIEOF. 2). K.. und. vermindertem G. PRAETORI口S: unter. 3). as. dependent. L.. INGE. B.. W口L:. Breakdown. Elektrotech.,. Arch.. Discharge. =Randdurcbschlag. Figtlren. Photographic. on. Plates. 83-105.. 34 (1940),. Arcb･. Randentladungen=･. und. the. at. 491-494･. (1932),. Elektrotech.,. Oxford. Lichtenbergschen. 26. Surface. the. of. who made April･ 26･ 1958･. Gases,. of. der. "Bildung. Arch.. Pressure=.. the. on. und. RIASCIiENZEF:. Investigation. =. Museuh). Dr･. MAGONO,. s. Electrical. Druck=.. Science. work.. Referenee. i). C.. Dr.. to. thanks. Elektro-. (1931), 597-606.. tecb･,. 9. Hans. STAACK. ". :. lsolatoren. auf. in. die. Gesetzmatzgkeiten. Transformatoren6l. Gleit-. elektrischer. Arch.. ”.. ersheinungen. Untersuchungen也ber. 9. Elektrotech.,. (1931),. 607-630. Y.. ToRIYAMA. Zetsuenron. Denki. :. sha, (1935), 184. K. INADA: -YuchulⅢoden Apps. B.. 4). Phys.. ARAI:. "Study. Reports. 5). B.. ARAI:. Museums,. Table. "Effects. of. Vol･柑,. No.. University,. Humidity 3. Lichtenberg's. on. (1951),. and. Room Temp.. Weather. 6. Apri一.. llh50m->17h-. Cloudy. 20.2. //. //. //. 9.. //. 11h15m->12h19m. Fine. 19, 6. 2. //. 6.. //. 9h50m→15hO8m. 3. //. 4. //. I. 〝. 5 *. Relative. 8.1954. 14.. 12bO3m→14b16m. 〟. 10.. //. 11.. //. oil丘1m. oil. 18. 0. Cloudy. 18.5. //. Half. lOh15m･→11hO2m. humidity. or. Rain. 9h52m→10h46m. Numerical丘gures. in. the. room. written layer. in. under c血.. Science. Films=,. (1952),. 28.. Natural. was. 丘ne glVen. the. each. data. Gl. (oC). 1, I. 1. FiguresH.. Date. Time. Date. Color. of Ⅰ. No.. (J･. 273-275･. Science. and. 68･. Plate畠Ⅰ→V.. Of. Sec.. Oil)”, 6y6butsuri. 180-182,. (1942),. Means. by. Kyoritsu･. Insulation),. in. Figures ll. 415-417,. Figures. National. Explanations. Photo No.. (1940),. of Electrical. (Lichtenberg 5ト54,. Lichtenberg's. on. Yokohama. the. of. Zukei 9. Japan),. of. Theory. (The. for. G2. (cⅢ1) (cm) 0.95. 0.40. R.H.*. 〝. 0.60. 75-85. 761.4-754.6. 68-69. 755.5-756.. 1. 766.1-766.. 0. 764. 7-764. 3. 0.60. 54-59. 20.0. 〝. /. 68-66. show. 5. 762.1_762.8. 0.35. 〝. wet. Hg). 757. 7-759.. 51. ′′. &. (mm. 64-71. 〝. Photo･. Atmo.Press.. (%). 19. 3. dry. 1-6.. Photo.. bulb the. bygrometer. thickness. of. given.

(7) B.. ARAI. Plate. 0. 010. 0. 15. 0. 0041. 0. 10. 0. 0014. 0. 040. 0. 020. 5'cm. Photo.. They on. the. the. were. variety. ea･ch. 1.. Variation. ol⊃tained of. photographs. I)y. thickness show. of. of. the. impulse. constant. supplying the. Lichtenberg丘gures.. positive. oil丘1ITl.. thickness. (the circuit. Numerical丘gures glVen. Oil丘1m. of. written. in. cm.. Fig. under. 1). I.

(8) B. ARAI:. Plate. 0. 0018. 0. 0090 6c仰. Photo.. 2.. Positive surface,. and which. negative are. Lichtenberg. obtained. by. figures the. circuit. the. on. of. Fig.. same. 2.. emulsion. II.

(9) B.. Plate. ARAI:. 0. 6. +. cFn. -:....:..二.J. 0･E. _.________. 1.a. mm. J. 0. 080. _..__. J. O. 12. ___i. 0. 16. photo.. 3.. Defused. microscopic丘gures Microphoto: R. Winkel graphic. Unit. positive丘gures. macroscopic. Model. CM.. the. around. (G.. m.. (left hand side) and (right hand side)･. electrodes b. H” G6ttingen)-Canon. dense. Photomicro-. III.

(10) B.. ARAI:. Plate. ;I;ieu. ”e9a. ,a. Pos･'f,'vefi8ure. o･oEO Z. 4. 6c仰. 0･S. 1.Onlm. ”e9. a;iiV8eu ,e. Posif,'ve. o･10. Pl10tO.. 4.. Not. but. also. only very. these dense. around. defused. figure. macroscopic丘gures. microscopic丘gures the both electrodes.. were. were. recognized. observed,. IV.

(11) B. ARAI:. Plate. a-o･50. a-o,zocm. Photo.. 5.. Increasing. the. defused丘gures. thickness but. of. oil layer,. microscopic. 6.. Flash10Ver. there. would. not. dense丘gures.. 0. 080. 0. 080. photo.. cyy7. t･O mrn. O･5. o. On. the. oil. film. of. emulsion. surface.. appear. V.

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