£¨wl-7;2 Þu·y˅ÎÛHªu·/;4Ü ZÀ:ZŸ£¨-7;2ÛZÀ/;4 YÀ:

3 7./;+,B2) H)()!= G.

33 7./;+,B2) H)()!= G.

£¨„Ñ Þis 28 jkßAU 3 jk

29-546Ý.ÝÞY¢®˜£¨-7;2Ï Jš Ö^

£¨wl-7;2 Þu·y˅ÎÛHªu·/;4Ü ZÀ:ZŸ£¨-7;2ÛZÀ/;4 YÀ:

xO/;4Ü Y¢®˜£¨-7;2ېg:Y¡/;4 Z#)/;4Ü cZ[¥u·£¨-7;2ÛcZˆÊ/;4 cZZŸ/;4 ӑZÀ/;4Ü

1. 36 >

Y¢‘bd¬!<` ¤–»Š Õ×,r`½›«[a~+* Åj!¤–»Š,=W*

Õי*$ gV ]»ŠZÙ ft]×Q"pµØ©œ³”—¿C Y¢‘b') ²pdoŒ%(+*?D\M*• ‘b‚ K„do,')ÄÉ:N†¶

& ¹b,ƒeP*d¬u·Œ%(+*

2. 1&36G. $

…£¨Ðœ29-54! ©œœ™*³”—¿CY¢‘b ¹b,Ӌ:Ž*% K„d o, ')ÄÉ:N†a~*% Y¢‘bpÆ:œ™­t €„vz ¹b¯X« €„y`

¹b Ӌ:Ž €„nh?,a~*% “@P~hu· М«,£¨¯XB> Ís ‰ ,¾`

©œ³”—¿'*Y¢§O ž¼u·Q"ÌÁ )Ú:}Ú ’‡:®˜u· М

©œ³”—¿'*Y¢§O ¯Xy`u·Q"ÌÁȶ_Iq¤Eu· М

©œ³”—¿'*Y¢‘b Ӌ:Ž % ¾½u·Q"9301u· М

3. 36 $:

2.  ‰*£¨Ðœs† ¦Ís ‰Ò AUGjka~£¨ s†:

R±º°*B> )*

(1) 7./;+,B25 0?!=FC I#I *%8-!= G.

25 0?!= G.

Ô´g jV,d¿ @h¸{Ã+TsÐS8;.'*VLm ‚„ Q"(V

L ›FÇM ‚„ |r›F #+;80&¾Ž'*Õ¢¯X y`,ÀS… &Bi

¸'*Õ¢¯X—ZǏ '*€ B= Õ¢¯X, Z»Ú fP¯Xy`(

‚„›F'*#+;80&¾Ž! VL Z»Ú fP'*rÙ ,9Ž*¦+

FC I#I *%8-!= G.

"65È×'œ™*Y¡P*lddo*%! Y¡P*ldY¢ ld ‚ LÍ Z’,N–'Œ%*vº*Y¡Pld Y¢ LͯX,y`*% [¥Ê‚,;s

*% is j ˆÈ×'œ™pk­WZ`yg­jUkZ`,d¿ —ZǏQ"

ldZIÅ,¶ µ† pk­WZ`!Þ'!2 ldY¢>qz* yg­jUkZ

`&Þ'!2 ldqzh]*H

°ØcFZ µØ„Ûß ˆÜ ÌÁ©Y )Ú _`q,¤E µØ—d*ÌÁ4ȓº ,¤E

*% T˜„®˜|šÒ*£¨,¶*+$ ÑR OœÌ 1ªÍ\̜

™µØ—<Z+*ÌÁ©Yf¤ Ǐ«(ÃZHŽ,¶ ÃZHŽ(•u

3 7./;+,B2) H)()!= G.

@V,HÜ Q×­t) t*ÌÁ©YˆÊXΦc«,Ì$ µØ„*ÌÁ©Y’‡ „

’‡,*/ 7Û³Ü,R)$% m OœÌ \Ì®˜¸ 2},t \̒‡’N,w

#0$7'0 1 ®˜u·¸d K§Ä†7,Ð ?

((2) 7./;+,B25 9"!=FCE<4!= G.

25 9"!=

Vmœ™*Y¡d*ÄÉÔØ % «`E Õ×Hn);',›§Y¡

G¾Ž.)7,М ˜¡¯X 3ž²k V=,[*AUGjk! Õ×(Y¡ œ™:>

$ £˜Ñ®,.)7P ,§ 6x Z’*Y¡ Ö y`Tº Hn_

Y¡G¾Ž.)7,М$ М.)7,‘k‰‹m`Ó§ Ïº «ÒY¡

 GQrÙ ‡¿,¶ µ† Õ¢*bT Y¡ Ö \M ‚„!Õ¢

bT')&€ ƒ]Ö!Õ¢bT')&]*¦+

$ œ‘ªm(Z#)‘b I:F, ”Gvz*') N†N–opd

¬ a~Ê*,  Z#)‘bdo .)7 ;s|š‡¿ Z

#)‘bdo .)7,›§*') s ”G[Ú,§*')&Z#)‘b I :F•¤:ÄÉvzTº ) ÔدX:opd¬‡¿ wa8Í« ‘bdo ÄÉq•¤q«

V=É¥ *& · (+*

FCE<4!=

"65È×

"65È×'*ÌÁӑ}Úӑ,·*= ×Öwald Ò<,˜HŽ*Õº

* Ò< ˜HŽ§*×Öwa! H¾ºÝ *#ldZŒ*?Š

$+( Œ5,*®kŸ | C|*×Öwa \Y4Ȭ“ADÐ

* 6 7'!4×Öwa%&(4 -0%/);' ÛB> );'YÜ*

);'!™);' % lÁ) ;'(ȶ»M«K§+*U¯È¶»M[ ×Ö ,;s*! =J½ ±,*vº '¹‡( );'(U¯ ȶ»M [ ×ÖۂÑ×Ö Ð¶×Ö Ye×Ö~€ ‚Ñ×ÖÜ,;s*29-54,М

Èׂ ÌÁK§¸ _Iq¤E ½’( Y¢‘b Q×q*gZÎ ÌÁ!?Lȶ

»M'*do¶+*—]§(+*¨o–¿‚*ÌÁȶ»MºÚ!ж × Ö')?Lȶ»M a~ Iƒ+* ©œœ™*"65È×,·{ (PH do % "65È×&do?Lȶ»M|š,*, ‡¿

&¶*

is jk! "65È×doÕ×~‰,‡¿*,  ÑR ÌÁ )Ú ‘b

?Dd¯ Õ×~‰,¾`Õפ™‘b ÒÐq ˜,¶ ߂Ѵ°×Ö,™Ë¤–

j ж×֕»P> "65È×d*?Lȶ»M ~‰>*Tº q¼(+i s jk! Õ× ¤™ ڝvz, 8;.; -.&¾Ž×Ö Ó§ q ‡¿,¶ ¾Ž×

Ö Úi^P')aÕ×dbt')]e™*ÆÛ,¤ ÂAUGjk! Ye×Ö

~€ Ó§qÒ*‡¿,¶ <Î ‘b!H¶Õ× rÙ M*+* ‘b98q V=*,¤Â

µØ

°ØcFZ µØ„Ûß ˆÜ ÌÁȶ_Iq,¤EÌÁQ6®˜,¶%! µØ—'*

•uf¤-*4,¾† 3%Q×­t,yž=d¬,`*vº* %µØ

—'*ÌÁ©Y f¤ 7O,½ž )‚Ðs¾Ž'*f¤HŽ,¶ Fd‡¿_`q,_

*£¨,¶*+$ µØ—(Zf¤™ÌÁ©YdZ>—½Ñk—

,½«,¾U µØ„Ñ*©Y Oz½ž, jÑǏ µØ„Ñ ©YEƒ]Z>—

Í ©Y —Z¤™¾Žµ†,Fdµ† E<W( ÑR f¤ ,¾Ž

3 7./;+,B2) H)()!= G.

$—µ† ]f¤t(+ +&E<W l´°;±×Ö,~‰Fd ‡¿

Ò<q,Œ%

$ µØ„œ™*}Úld'*¹‘,WÔ*% µØ,·{?Lȶ»M[  М

, ‰ —¤C|/A–G« –¿wa (µØ—Ö,P!y`*|š@X š,· —Z‡^ ÑRµØ'*ldœ™Z'E \€Z’ j )µØ¤™,Ǐ jk! Ǐ);',[œ‘Z’ ÑR µØ—Ö,y` Õ×

T±—Ö~‰ À±( ?Lȶ»M [ > ‡¿,¶ µ† Õ×,601Œ5 Õ×µØ Ð¶T±—Ö,~‰* ldœ™‚ ȶ»M*[ >,À± *

0Ÿld

0Ÿ}Ú q¤[wa «( ld r`­t,Ó&4G Q×0: q¤r»Š,•¤y`*

²k Ý0Ÿld »Šy`|š,*, *AUGjk! |r 0Ÿ}Ú%J ( u·')ˆO ”GZq.)7,[¥ mo*ÐS[ bVr@}

Ǐ M%J'*6* -01¾Ž( ÐS [Ú 41¤™,N: $— = Ð S[X$+Zg(R&(+†Lld 0:! Å" ldc«(ldT*r

`+*ڈÊÐS[ ±T'*I]ld0:,.)7P*|š, H+

4G*'

((3) 7./;+,B2) H'D( A@!=!= G.

2) H'D( A@!=

s_Y¡Óa>-:CÜ VZ=7OE‰qº,†( VZ=¾½š, * , *Y¡Óa>-Ò! a»Š>-Š_,§ÕhZ©'*>- <# K  a p¾½|š Fd,a~ VZ=7O,vzY¡Ó aCÒ! a»Š ÕhZ

©a p'"i‹Ú,$—ÎBap€>¾Ž,a~ E‰qº,vz !=G.

]»Š³”‘bœ™m ¹b5]Ӌ€„ n %! ¹‘¤™ ǏÌÁ+Ð opd

¬,ÄɶnoÕº* +(opd¬!Q×qÝbt ;’ *bT.

'Q×=t ~h! _I %fj?;Tº2¾“D,§*“@P~he§+*

bT*‘b.œ™*3\! fj?;_2¾“D,§“@P~h!+$

\E 200 5B= ›§aS,6*…£¨! ³”‘bœ™‚“@P~h»+*9301 u·, _I:ÄÉ:ÝN–Ó§*% ,¶,  ÆÛ ’ ˜ vºº³u·

£¨ u·,*/ 7 ,¶& *AUGjk! 50/;%&(4 ›§,

Ó§q‡^ap,¶¶“@P~hÏ8;'g`|š ‡¿,¶ ª:

 ¼fj?;gJ|š*Tºq*,†($ “@P~h ~hN–9>(Z,

‡^ ~hN–9> ƒ&](Z!¼]wa*Tºq,†(q

3 7./;+,B2) H)()!= G.

D

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF SEDIMENT-RELATED DISASTERS INDUCED BY UNFORESEEN NATURAL PHENOMENA

Research Period ÞFY2016-2021

Program Leader ÞErosion and Sediment Control Research Group TOMITA Yoko

Research Group ÞConstruction Technology Research Department (Advanced Technology Research Team), Geology and Geotechnical Engineering Research

Group(Geology Research Team, Soil Mechanics and Dynamics Research Team, Erosion and Sediment Control Research Group (Volcano and Debris Flow Research Team, Landslide Research Team), Cold-Region Construction

Engineering Research Group (Structures Research Team, Structures Research Team, Geological Hazard Research Team)

Abstract : Countermeasures against sediment-related disasters are generally designed based on the recurrence interval of rainfall events. However, the frequency and intensity of some recent extreme rainfall events exceeded the current planning criteria. Moreover, sediment-related disasters induced by unforeseen natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruption, catastrophic earthquakes, torrential rainfall, and rapid snowmelt have newly emerged as critical issues.

Therefore, we aim to provide novel technologies for the prevention and mitigation of those disasters, by achieving the following respective targets:

1) Development of innovative monitoring and management systems of slope failures following unforeseen natural phenomena;

2) Development of innovative hazard risk assessment and traffic regulation guidelines following unforeseen natural phenomena;

3) Development of innovative structural design for rockfall protection fences and unmanned construction technologies following unforeseen natural phenomena.

Keywords : Sediment-related disasters, Slope failure, Hazard risk assessment, Unmanned construction

3 0)*4%'8,# >#!#5 <)

33.1 0)*4%'8,. +75;9 ?? $1(5

<)

3.1.1 ,. +7:6"5=-/

xo1<6ß\§±›¨¬,7<5ܖj;\¦“Ý

¨¬xoµß¦@×Ôތ¤=Ì

»„

Ѹj 2016 mX–*hÃÞAk¹†|Ä(WuÏU8<0$'X–Nq 2 ‡‰ÞS%

X–N 1 žHÇO 3 ‡‰}pžHÞ-4<8:.¿‹$'җ²Zye*Á T€"Ib

¹†$'җ²Z#š]Ž$'~ cm C>җ²Z*Þ]ºØaP²Zye%Þ 3 ‡‰žH$'-4<8:.¿‹ÞX–N]ºØaP$'pÙ*D”'©(

+<9<3ßѸj 2016 mX–ÞWuÏU8<0Þ¹†žH¿‹Þҗ²ZÞҗR

1@

–jX–‡XL('–j—°ÍÎs

·?–UBÆ$&R_«'–j—°

ؼ)('X–CN$&"iÒÖ\

¦“ œ'`W'!ÞX–qÞ Ò—²ZҗR*ÅÉrÞ\¦“ œQÓ tړ^*…% ÞE‘ËÕ 'Í»'

X˜$&>­ %¡½°YÕ`W#]

>Ž!–jjÛ®J(`WÞҗ

²Z#җRv{`W"ÞAk

¹†|Ä(ÚM¿¶WuÏU8<0ÜC?Þ SAR ÝÞcd %X˜*ÈÊV¶8<

0'!Þn^җ™’*¾•'`W '

Þ SAR }p(žHÜC?Þ SAR ž HÝ*-4<8:.¿‹$&җ

²Z;җRye*Á Šª¯µ%‚ 

º

[*F>Kz%³%

'´g*O"'

2@

2016 m 10 ˆ 8 ƒÑ¸jX–$'җ*Ž

hÚ]Ž$&rҗRMlX–

¢q 2016 m 10 ˆ 10 ƒIb¹† SPOT6 $' V½žHST€ %yeҗ²ZÜC?ޅ

¥Ò—°_«²Z

Ý*(([

1 2 ©(*À2</җ²Z;Ò

—R*r'!ޟ' 2 ‡‰ 3 ‡‰}p(

SAR žH-4<8:.¿‹*fX–Nq 2

‡‰-4<8:.¿‹Þ]ºØaP$'£ÐG ÜC?Þ-4<8:.GÞ Ýi²Z*wL ' <K' 3 ‡‰-4<8:.¿‹ÞX–N 2 ‡‰ÞX–Nq 2 ‡‰-4<8:.G6*

ÞX–N]ºØaPÜ·UF 0Q aPÝ

*k% ÞX–Nqҗ$'aP²Z*wL'<

K'

¿‹  SAR žH*º 1 ©¹†`d (Þ}p‡‰Ÿ' 2 B' 3 B žH

*žH A Þ B Z e' žH - 4<8:.Gš]f•Ò—RIb

[1 š]Ž³­¤$'җ²Z

[2 SPOT6 $'V½žH

º - 1 ¿‹ SAR žH}p‡‰

33@23

X–Nqn ‡‰žH AÞ B $'-4<8:.

¿‹³*(([3 [4 ©ºm ©

$Þ[ 3 " 10 ˆ}p( 2 ‡‰žH

*Þ[4 6 ˆ 10 ˆ 2 ‡‰žH*-4<

8:.Gi²Z]ºØaP²Z´%

(' 2 <.¿‹š]Ž$'җR 1 cm C>²Z-4<8:.G 0.6p0.7 C?²Z hs'

[3 ²Z…¥Ò—°

_«²Z (' Þ[4 # D²Z…¥Ò—°_«²Z$&"n²Z Ml'› N–j—_«C.$) '

´%('

HÞº1 © 2 ‡‰¿‹žH X–N 1

žH*ÇO 3 ‡‰-4<8:.¿‹$'-4<

8:.6*[5 [6 ©š]Ž 'җ

RhI %-4<8:.6 0.0 p0.2 C>²Z җR 2 cm C>hs'

²ZÜl ; XT ÝÞ

[ 3 n‡‰žH A $'-4<8:.G

[4 n‡‰žH B $'-4<8:.G

2 ‡‰¿‹ / eY%(Þ[ 4 # '…¥Ò—°_«²Z*_'³

% º 1 * Y'ޞH B Þ X–N}p‡‰ 6 ˆ 2 ˆÞX–q 10 ˆ '3 ‡‰¿‹D œ0Qa җC .º ØaPpÙ*D”¿g ('

C>³$&Þ 2 ‡‰ 3 ‡‰ SARžH-4<

8:.¿‹ %~ cm C>җR²Zye

% 3 ‡‰žH$'-4<8:.¿‹ÞX–N ]ºØaP$'pÙ*D”'©(

^ c

ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 * %> (Ü* ¨ÝcdS

­¨¬Ï  GE Þ¿‹° "h *\ ÈO5]

€@25=V;5jL ;–j=V:/<Þ [ aÄ* []( ÜPÝ §j b ^: *º'

3&

1Ý Jh  F Þ ,18 Þ 34?Þ C j !&Þ 7MR-ފ M Þ A Š 9 ތ¤=ÌßҗR W ~‡‰ SARžHi -4<

8:.D?Ð + җ²ZwL<K f tÞ§

j b \ Þ Vol.72Þ No.6Þp.18-28Þ 2020

[ 5 o‡‰žH A $'-4<8:. 6

[6 o‡‰žH B $'-4<8:. 6

3 >89C56I:4!P424*EN8

33.1.2 JQ(3DR? "'LKS+S79@7)/O

;=TJQ"'U

„w0;4ß^É:^©¯³-7;3Ü^É0;4Ý

¯³„w»ß›AI<”o‡T

À

.65ÇÙ%§¥(\­šP(qcm(m|*½"\­šP(qc\®qcŽ

NÐ^ž*O %˜"({À(\­šP(qc*mÆqc\®Nж[*†j ("a°È‰*Fƒ("rƒ 30 s 7 ÇÙ%§¥tp«W^`€g«iYp^`*m Æ¡^ēSqc^MÃ*½·’tp«W^`Þ/+3qc\®š=x(

€g«iYp^`#Þ/+3qcxh](L ,;8;1ßÕيÚqc\­š

1V

Ís¬×>_Çٗs§¥¤f¿l*#

&'ÇÙ%(lJV¾nqc§

¥RZ(l@Ge…&)(rƒ

30 s 7 ÇÙ0 –ŧ¥¾nqc\­š

P' Ñ}¹%'=‹ŠÚ¾nqc$¼­§¥

' ŠÚ=‹BÎ+925¿@Ge

!&)"ÏËԝm´*½Ö) º

‚) Ï˵¢¦^Q`dŠÚ

§¥(qc#Cz•Á*½{À '%l*̜("qc\®NÐ ÊØ*ˆ¢({À(

DYKsu qc\®Nж[?*ª¨a

°È‰*Fƒ("¡^ē%(qcŸ~ˆ¢

*½qc^MÃ*kŒ‘bX<£

kŒrƒ30 s 7 ÇÙ%§¥tp«

W^`€g«iYp^`¡^ēSqc^M÷

’±

2V;=,/

‘¯³ÏËyÛ*ÂH(U²a°È‰*F

ƒ("mÆ^`Òjqc^Má^ē*

kŒE=‹™*±

2V1 "IM

DYKsuqc^Ÿ~ˆ¢*½v¸

2.2 ±qc^M÷’*#\ÓNж[

*ˆ¢({À(" qc\®š=

(^x("qc "LP + qc^¶[*MÃ ("qcz LP + qc^¶[MÃqc\®

NÐ^žMÃ*("qcz 7 N ( V9 *mÆ^Òj

2V 2 6H.

qc^^ɟ~$qc^qcŸ~*Qf ("

¡^ē*½ qcŸ~%/+

3 {À /( /+3 *½

2V 3 %G

qczLP + *#qc^MÃ*kŒMÎ

qcz 7 N# I¦mÆÇÙ

%§¥qcM< 7N *¦C¥

*7LH %mÆÇÙ%§¥qcE

"qcQL

3V;=A-

3V 1 ;="IM

‘¯³mÆ(ÇÙ*rƒ 30 s 7 ÇÙ we ÇÙ%¾nqce§^`*Òj qc" LP + qczLP +qcz 7 N h](^`tp«W^`€g«iYp^`

Þ^Q'Þ^Q*¯³mÆ

3V 2 6H.

(1) tp«W^Q

we ^`>¥ tp_21q SsM šX1

q o ( ¡^ēqce§tp _21q L

3 >89C56I:4!P424*EN8

4^` sMšX1q L 4^`½·’qc Þ/+3h](L

1&<:0 ß¾nqc J š<u5 3 )\®(## J6.S\®

š # P\­šP#Ü+ -1Ý

$B%:0 ß¾nqcqc\®o ]*

š=>\­šP#Ü + -2 Ý

J6.S\®š #/+3 Fi o] qc

\®š# /+3 qcKpl r Pj½(

L (2) €g«iYp^Q

we ^`>¥ .S1 ()$ n[

o (¡^ē*½·’qcÞ/+3 h](L

F#%ß< ^ ¨c)(¾nqcÜ +-3Ý

F#:0 ß 30w50cm R u¾nl\®š

#Ü+ -4Ý

¾n\®š /+3 §¥/ Ÿ 8 9 OU’E-! ¦)(%Fi ¨`^

¶[e^`a &)(L 33V3 %G

(1) tp«W^Q

tp«W^Q^x+!*¦qc^MÃ*

½ rƒ 30 s 7 ÇÙ§¥ Q f(" 7N *¦>qc^ = qc^

ÞQL·’rƒ 30 s 7 ÇÙ%

W 1,500 V9qcf "&

(2)€g«iYp^Q

€g«iYp^Q¡^ē·’* h qc^M Ã*½Ö ¾nqc/+3ß u/+3 ^x +

!*¦MÃ*½ ¾n\®š /+3ß v /+3

^x+ Us¹ )7N %(` ^*(

MÃ(qc^*M÷’ u / +3 *W 400 V9 v/+3 *W1,500 9 dW 1,900 V9 qcf"&)

4V

DYKsu¯³E=L :tp«W^Q J6.S \®š#/+3 o]

qc\®š #/+3 0#Þ/+3qc\®

š=x(

:€g«iYp^Q ¾nqc/+3 ¾n\®

š /+3 Þ/+3qcx(

Cz : qc^qc\®Nж[ :

*½ qc\®š=x k qcx

k *h U² @ˆ¢: bA*½q c$ŠÚ@ : qcNж[yÛ* (

@ : *½?j( )&·’

*Z !( (%ÏËyÛ*S &\ ~ sŠÚ*O ¨: (‹™*ˆ¢(*?

Yª D¯³* j "(?j(‘¯³*½ ' ,\^¢ nqc " LP ;/%q cz 7N ; * % Bm5G o g qcz LP ;/% 7 N ;*%

+t J6.S\®š #/+3 Ü3 ßT >P' ß^x +Ý

+ o ]qc\®š #/+3 Ü3ß T> P' ß^x+ Ý

+t ¾nqc/+3 Ü3 ß^x+' ßT >P Ý

+t ¾n\®š /+3

Ü3 ß^x+' ßT >P Ý

3 sklyeh=ocB†c(acN{„k…pr

33.1.3 %$€ˆJbz‰tDH‚Š(RŠ9ilviM^…

prŽ3 Žz‰Xm=Š2ƒ

t3?9Þmde°Á®³.<?7 Ümdd«3?9Ý

®³t¼Þ§o Dٌ WE–Ž ½

Ç

²ØmQd¿Ø‹Ü 3 ß 6 ‰ÝÔ̪c'Úijy*¯L¿Ø˜n(ÔÌGЗ¾*¯L(

#\£©†¶£}™Ö(®³*À ()"ÓYV›ÔC­ÎbÔ¨¥

¿Ø˜@`)(Ô̪cg¡Ë´&É`R*ÀÉ`R& w%N]*

RÛX×µ|'v(Ô̪c”Ñ%^Ϥf´*Í"Ô̪cŸ’ÅŸ&¿Ø‹(†

Ÿ’86;+<Ü·‘Ý*Z'"#uV›ÔbÔ¶£¼F~*vbԟ’“T*

/>0<2>4¶£Á¼nS¦ÊˆJ*ÕM

-?=?5޿ؘÔ̪cg¡Ô̪cŸ’86;+<Ü·‘Ý

1

a -1 ±q{ 24 r 5 ‰ 25 r 4 ‰Ò¹¨¥

V›ÔBopÔ̪cڞk

HÂ)(¿Ø

‹hĕÔ̪c'ڞkg¡:,619%V

›Ô Šx¿Ø w%N] ˆ&

¢¡¿Ø‹ UÔ̪cŸ’}™

$

Ž®³ )&¿Ø‹Ô̪c'Úg¡¨¥:

,619*ˆ&( ¿Ø*»zÔ̪c 'ÚiPyÇK}™*’Æœž*¬©\£

©Ÿ’}™„‘*¬ƒ$(

q{ 29 rs" V›ÔCbÔ¨¥ÔÌ ªcg¡ ȸː É` R

q{ 30 rs É`R& w%N]*RÛ X×µ|'v(Ô̪c”Ñ%^Ϥ

f´*Í" Ô̪cŸ’ÅŸ&¿Ø‹(†

Ÿ’}™Ü·‘Ý*…£

I_Ors V›ÔbÔ(¿Ø‹Ô̟

’86;+<Ü·‘Ý Z'"#V›ÔbÔ

¶£¼ÊˆF~*vbԟ’“T*[/>0<

2>4¶£Á¼nS¦ÊˆJ*ÕM †º‚¶£}™lA(

2_Kz‰G‹Œ?O1M^

ÓY¿Ø‹g¡N]*Í"šÅ!Ô̪c

€ ,} ‹ a -2 ± ±ªc A¡

?6>.Š¬ ÓYg¡$ * d Š¬

( Š¬ | t(µ|&€,(

( g¡Ä• & /o

 (¿Ø˜ B‰*5g¡µ| $€

, V"

; -1 q‰X<‚ 230 7m=cB*-

; -2 5‡uLO1 m=Ff%)!'

33_Kz‰G‹UXPAM^

/ŠªcA¡ ?6>.€,)µ|¿

Ø¡ _*¯ } (( a-3 ±'¿Ø

?6>. Ul'ÔÌ :?2?+:

ÓY 10 r‡ 3 ß 6 ‰‹(b s²Ø …* 1 R‡

3 €,( /"“ L&&ÓYUh

²Ø … Ü3 cm/O‡ Ý* ]# ː

ÓYg¡ $ ²Ø a n 100cm ƒu

7 O‡ n 40cm ²Ø … (: \g¡

ÓY Uh &n( <ˆ ²Ø … 0\

Ü ¿Øƒ L ݚŃ L 0.6 (šÅ E Ã' !-´e(*

tÃ(

4 4`‚<‚z‰X‚d\"!#&

Žw[ /|

Órs®³{ X*…£ Ô̶£¼&F~*v V›ÔbÔ(¿Ø‹Ô̟’86;+

<Ü·‘Ý *Z'"# +i-1 ±ŽŸ’86;

+<S¦ÊˆJ V›Ô *bÔÔ̟’“T*

/>0<2>4¶£Á¼* J ®³uS&

¬©S¦š GŸ´*ʈ 41 ¼&

Y Gy €7 ,Ÿ’¼Ô̶£ ~H $ÖD Ž $ H Z)

5

Ÿ’ Eà ¬©*‚<N((

ÓYg¡ $&ŽŸ’86;+<*"{ 8<

((a-4 ±' "Q‹¨

y(h (# ÓYg¡<q *

Z'"#ŽŸ’86;+<*` ¦[

uŽŸ’86;+< € ,Ô̪cij y*ÇK(z´*# ¦}™ $ K‚j '&ŽÊˆJ*o <ˆS¦<I % Gy sZ pX*Z') ) # % Ÿ’ k ]%\´*

À j( Zrs Ÿ’/>0<2>4

< T¼]ʈJ*<N ¿Ø‹

Ô̪cŸ’Ö(º‚¶£†}™l A(

6xQg

1) B „ E ٌWE ^?'™ÞbԞk CP@ B (d dB{c * Œ# Ô̺‚¶£ M™  bcGÐ h V›ÔÕ¨ >m 8 V›ÔÕ¨Á®³¨ÂJ  2012

2) xWrF =g?T; wfl. Þ@v bÔ 230 6 Bopž

k CP@  bcGÐ h V›ÔÕ¨ >m 57 8 V

›ÔÕ¨Á®³¨ÂJ  2013

3) j9 ™ O ŽÔÌ 2 JÞÔÌc@ ªc @ƒ † pp.62-67 2010

; -4 Zd\"!#&]I

0n -1 8d\'&' 3j}T,V

Ž+: 2 E 1 W 22 S C>=YprL~@„.

; -3 5‡uLO1 z‰%)!'

3 PFGUBD])KA-gA?A2WeF

33.2 PFGUBD])KN%R(3,2W'b^aV+#1M"2WeF 3.2.1 )KN%HZ_X- @2WfLOknl

€w3?:ß_©µ¢ª±0<?8ݜo>_

¨—3?:Þ

ª±€w¼ß¨DÚ׎§@Òoq¬E

…

‹ª±\œy¥£*_¨—l*ËÍÑØ$XRAIN ³—bMÖÙOs5?2-–¤

_¨——Nō;5<-Ô¥•›¶]Cš·vYA-^*G[LtvÖÙ(_¨—¥£>

—B" ¢Î®-;5<SXRAIN -¤I}`ž *_¨——Ó‚kW½Os a_¨——Nō;5<-Ô¥"Ô¥;5<-p‰Œr—bФ˜Ì½¦Ï_¨—

—N U!xܑÇ-¿¸Ö*eX_¨——ÓfQ‡ŠÖeX ')%†ˆi—Ó֝eX')%i*«+

/?=?6ß\œy_¨—_¨—•›CšÖ˜Ì½

m

œo\œy\œP¥£mÄ’Ö Ù%_¨—¥£**

+֝

'o¾„Û_g ٔ˜Ì{&J”{h,

*»(+*$* \œy¥£*_¨—l ËÍÑØ-¿$_¨—•›¶]-«

71?6948‰R* _©•›¶]-‚k

*$_©•›Ôj`ž *_¨——Ó

ˆiK&º—NÓ-C$Èk*zÂ*

‹tv Öه²ÕOs& o¾„Û_gÁà ÝH ÖÀ_nÞTÀ_n ٔ˜Ì½À _n̔{o¾„Û™—¹&™—F™—

X—(™uc°*_©V)Ê#&V )Ê._©c°-»~*I}`ž_¨—

—Ó-Æ´*ƒK;5<-Ô¥

‹¯

Ô¥;5<;5<-¤Ö‰Ÿ-|k

˜Ì½¦Ï_¨——N U!xܑÇ

¸-dZ*

m[8 m:Y

‹;5<“¡É-—bÖÙo

¾„ÛÀ_n˜Ì˜Ì—)™— —B ˜Ì%„ÛÀÛ-˜Ì—')%Í Àۗ™— —By™—-—

+*”F™—X—(™uc°_©- V)Ê.)"—+V)Ê._©-™uc°

)(—B ‹ª±Ô¥Osa

_¨——Nō;5<';5<S+¡É

ƒKō-¿;5<o¾„Û(™—"

ٔ­ /-ō* ”OÝHÖÖٗNō

ޙ—_©V)Ê#&c°- _¨—& j”

—B-ō* ”O ÝHÖ j”—>_¨—ÅÞ ( cN+*

mhi=$[8

ÖٗNōÈk`ž(A— * … ƒ o¾„Û™—' cN+*`I;5<

¿œo\œ'֝¥£o¾„

ÛÀ_n˜Ì½-hS**'

*˜Ì—U Àۗ+ + < ?- U 9 0 --Фƴ*

m<;=)J==[8

j ”—>_¨——Bō ™—X—-»~¿

™—€ O cN+ 4 =? À¡+*

o¾„Û ÖٗNō')Æ´+Àۗ

U ˜Ì—™——) *™—c° Èk )„Û(— )'˜Ì—¥£*˜Ì

—” kfQc°  ?k) * n

—/ S_¨——B** j”—&

_¨——+Æ´—+ kÍ ˜$G

&_

©V)Ê#G

-¤¿*

m[89.56/=*dE

Ô¥;5<-p‰Œr—bÝ^ £1ÞФ

֝‰Ÿ-|k˜Ì½¦Ï_¨——N U

!xܑÇ-¿

3 PFGUBD])KA-gA?A2WeF

m\QE7!

Æ´¤*` I5?22013 t 10 ^ƚ+

 ² ?1?šÓ N(10 m՛ 046 <-

!N !N `I 5?2( ”Û° 1,000 m

HA* <-™—^ £1 Æ´ žb™—  -«™—D 10 mV)Ê#W½_©T 1 m ֝eX*eX-|k˜Ì

½ '  [̔$ ƒ-YJUq

:֝

ß 1.010

cm/s֝)ß 1.510

cm/s Èk FÆ´zÂÈkK YJUq

-% – .QÍv

©w‹Ó@v

”‹Ó@v

M”ST‡

™uc°  °_©nv

’/ Ó „f

$ƒ _©Ž„f$ƒ " L

~_© 5 ‰r

U À|K lÉÖÙ2014 t8 ^ 29Z¥£ÖÙ ÖÙ5?28_ u') R#+DIAS B2

> R#+* XRAIN 5?2-¤^ £1 Æ´ 10 O՛ 2014 t 8 ^ 29 Z 14 ‡(

18 ‡"ÖÙ5?2} °K²ÕOs-«

m>`TIc)J=='0j

^ £2 B— zÝ^£ 1Þ *֝eX

*eXÆ´'*—ÓU † š+_¨——Ó-

«ÖeX_¨——Ó M f†š¸

') 10 O ‘—ÓˆiK † šK 1.5 & ®v

@ X֝*eX—Ó Mf † š¸

') 30 O †—ÓˆiK †šK 5 &®

v‹‘Ǹ')֝*eX_¨—

—ÓfQ‡ŠÖeX')%†ˆi

—Ó֝eX')%i*«+

m

‹ª±ÖÙ(_¨—¥£>—B" ¢ ή-;5<S XRAIN Öه²ÕOs-

I}`ž *_¨——Ó‚kW½ Osa_¨——Nō;5<-Ô¥"Ô

¥;5<-p‰Œr—bФ˜Ì½¦Ï _¨——N U!xܑÇ-¿¸Ö

^ £1 Æ´¤ÖÙ} °K²ÕOs

^£ 2 ֝‰Ÿ_¨——Ó¦Ï

*eX_¨——ÓfQ‡Š†) ˆ i—Ói*«+ y , ¡{Y A& `ÈkˆÐS-¿Ck*

&S4C

1Þ s Œ 94 o Œš × aB] ?¡A%< ߜo\œy_

¨—¥£ " _ _QƒŠV 52 C 33 p¤ 34-39 2010

2Þ oq¬E P;6= EB§X Ž§@Ò¨DÚ×ßÖ

Ù H v h“ *_¨—¥£>—BU!xÜ

ƒKōG[2tvÝ+x Þ© ™>ª±¥À >ƒ‰m

 2020

3Þ gŸi ‚s [ t vp 7 ¢ol@Òß_¨— cN- ˜ *ª± • i >™p ª± O td 32 3 B-2 p¤ 487- 501 1989

4Þ gŸi ß_¨— 'e >c° :Ý¥ Þ © ™>

ˆ 46 C 1 3 p¤ 45-49 1993

5Þ sX \o Œš × b1l @ {1(< Fœ[ ¢d

y m—A0 ß W Ä ~| œoc°—b *Os

a—Nō;5<‘Ç© ™>ˆ 60 C 43 p.15-24

2007

3 RJKWEG`,MC/gC"AC8XeJ

33.2.2 ,MP&L[aZ/$B8XfNQimj

„v9G?ßf¯¸§°´7DG>

Ýg(09G?Þ

°´„vÀߓ’nKµIÂ

Ő

’°´ &ª ­y/g(0 q%WPU4 šV«$ƒˆ1!$.0\–«\¥«#|}

r·%p$Ï1!4¬«! g(0 qr|% A;D%Q€‚$—É g (0 qr|% A;D4ž©1!$.0z”% šVeÚ4©1.0,g(0 q%WPU

›±FÐÒ$ƒˆaÁ!#0ÔÙ¹dF|}r·—ÉiMÓ¶% qr|%ÐÒ~-›±~¶%cH$Î

¤1,%!¿/21

6GEG=ßg(0 CIM  qr| SfM 5BG¡¾;G8

1l

g(0 q%ª ­y%r|!& g(0%k

£¹d!³]Žc%±Ê³]fj%†]%LŸ…m%

aÁ~%—ÉxÛ¹d%‡o¶Ã32́ÔÙPZ

%ŒT-|}r·¶p21 %Ø$ÖÅ#%&

Úgwk£%ª¨£œSWrÍ%Yt£œ¶%N½

×R4 šV«$§È1! 1

Ñu qr|4ʙ×p1Ø&º$_[

2gwe-¦g£œ4‰xX®4J{$£œ4ƒ

ˆiMÓ-r|%—É4Ã!l

¶Ü¼ge &g(0Ú-SWrÍh%^Õ g (0Ú!SWrÍ!%ÜOs¶&Ë+`0$ *

¦g£œX®%•‹l#1)"2/%N½×

R4±ÊWP4ƒˆ1%&mk#Q˜!#1 %ž©$.gwFg¢ šV«$IJ2 2' Ú^Õ-SWrÍ!%ÜOs¶%×Rƒˆ-

#1* šVw£!¦g£œX®4»+b3 IJ1! ÆÇ«$§È-!@

C:<‘V % 1%+ ª ­y/ šVgw A;D4ž©1! £œƒˆ H(iMÓ%ÐÒ~

-›±~¶%cH‘ V 21

’°´ &ª ­y/g(0 q%WP U4 šV«$ƒˆ \–«\¥«#|}r·%p

$Ï1 +5BG¡¾;G8/#1 šVgwA

;D4N| ! g(0 qr|% A;D%Q

€‚$—É

2lNQ:?

* ' g(0 qª¨O b% 5 «#r|%x 24 )*g(0 qr|$ž©aÁ# %Q€Ž

œ$—É4Ú$5BG¡¾;G84` W 1‚$š ©~4—’g(0 qr|%

A;D% n€ H(Q€‚ A;D%ž©Ž$

—É

3lNQT;

3l 1 -C/03 CIM !%5:d

g(0 q%ª¨y |}r· r¢ $$ ́ÔÙ r·-|}r·T8 ¶%—ÉÃ321%y Xc F XŒr¢ $³Ã qXc8 ˜ qי‰ } 8˜¶

’k p21

ª ­y%|}r·r¢ / %

ž©aÁ 2'\–«\¥«#|}r·%p

$Ï1!‘ V21!/’°´ &ª ­y%

|}r·%—É$ž©1 ! g(0 qr

|% A;D4—É1!!# $ Xc F X

Œr¢$ $1 %ž©$& SC-,=B ,4

$ w…U%Ü A;D4©r|aÁ

!¿/21

g(0 qr|% A;D$ u+/21Å < !

*' eŸ Q€aÁ 1!ÖÅ!¿

bU Q€ % 1!4¬o !* g(

0 q%WPU%ƒˆ$Z Å#31D!ÐÒ~4 AB 1*p % 1À¡ o2#. yq#]

 6Å 1!,ÖÅ!¿

Y -C/03 !%5:d

3l 2 #DU#(2:?bH4<]

5BG¡¾;G84` W 1Ž!& È i-

;2 8"1 0"+-,7 8"1 95.$.$!%<

= /&#)6 4'(:=

*3=7

3 RJKWEG`,MC/gC"AC8XeJ

3G .G Ÿ1Ä $²! $0A;D4Q€

1rÍhÝWP › YÞ$Y %;G8Q€Ž$

pØ$g(0g  ŸFÈi4à š ©~%—

É4Ãg(0WP4rÍ!A;D%Q€$ $

& X®‰x! È i%»+b3$.5 BG¡¾;G84Q€1‚g(0WP%;G8

%` WaÁ 0ÐÒ~! …U , f1 ‡

–!#k£ª¨h% ›Y«#A;D%Q€$ $

& …U ŽP#%3 G. G/ 6204©1Ž

ÐÒ~Ü%gHX®‰x! Èi 4©1‚

1! ‡–!#

Y #DU#\B7?bH4

33l 3 -C/03 CIM !>5"%57?

5BG¡¾;G8%` WŽ% š©~%—ɇ –4)

* g(0 qr|% A;D% n€ $. (Q€‚

$—É

g(0 qr|% A;D% n€& ÐÒ~4 AB 1+ $ X®‰x! È i%»+b3$.0 Q€1 g(0 qWP% m{«#…U%gwA;D 4N ’! ZÅ$| & I‚;G84»+b3,%

!¦g ˜j$$ g(0~%k£±Ê2 Ob 7 Å#k£ª¨„[$“†#¡¾;G84`

W g(0 qWP% m{gwA;D!ˆb1!

g ** q­y% ‰}«# •j %‡ –́

ÔÙr·F|}r·T8%—É ‡– N|geiF Mf

‹@i¶%Dž;G8¶4»+b31!,\–«

!¿/21

%.$g(0 qr|% A;D& ‰ }4 Å1ª ­y$Q€1!/ÐÒ~4AB S WrÍh, J+g(0 qWP% m{gwA;D4 Q€1!4N ’! I‚ ;G84»+b3Q

€1‚! e

3l4 -C/03 CIM !@H:?

g(0 qr|% A;D&g(0 q%WP U%ƒˆÌÔÙPZ%—É|}r·%—ɶ$ž©

% 1!!,$ Ef $.0×R™×}9 %iMÓ

+ -C/03 !%57?

+ _6chS*<]@H#i.:)

O^j i=I-1!kchS*<]T;j

-\ b G— RQ$.1 ]_^ $,ž© %1 e

*ÆÇ«$30- yY4¨gh >s

¶* %”d$ž©1!,\–« 1!¿/21

4l

’°´ &ª ­y/g(0 q%WPU4 š V«$ƒˆ \–«\¥«#|}r·%p$Ï 1 +%g(0 qr|% A;D%Q€‚$

—É ; y&pØ$ qr|e$ž©‚

%`Ž 4Ú ©~4Ü+!ÖÅ!¿

1

'V9F

“’nKß g(0r·$ $ 1 %ž© ƒ L ¯  H( g(0  p–‹£ 5€W Mvt ¯  G= !!

µI“’nK Kz?‘ ß g(0 %ž©$.1

•j Fr·%ÐÒ F F\¥ F $c`» f h] Ï a

!!

M f : Ñ ~ ß SC-, =B ,4 Ý l Þ ƒ Šg(0

Š ""!###" ! !

0 0 &3 $%

*-"

78 1!4

78 (#

:

1!4 (#

:

1!4 (#

: +.,

9/ 62

"

78 1!4 1!4

3 FAB M<>R'C;+[;9;1PXA

33.2.3 S\.: N]G,-VT^5^%?B I?08Z DE_b` _S\,-`

†8K@ßqÆJq©­°1EK?ÛqÆ8K@Ü

­°†·ßšQ^L”z‰i

¼Ž

2DCÅ×&)ÎÇ՟%ŒØ՟,¶)M×сs{uÔ[,‹¤%c“)м )Ô[‹¤%c“¦)×сscÁ¹Ú) {uqÉ )P‘!

*'’V,)®~„Èa„)×сsnoRË«¡`bÒ) XRAIN D-E6.@×сs34:@ 250m A93B;K6ÛUN XRAIN ;K6mÜ)

XRAIN ;K6¥;K6#Ã;K6'˺½f±e¦*)j¯Ëº½frž×Ñ,Yƒ

)]d³,)€¼& ¸'•g§˜&( XRAIN ;K6'j¯Ëº½ frž×ÑۏÓ×Ñ̵×Ñov×чŠÝޏÓ×ÑÜ,Yƒ)?G1C@,Ò§

0KHK=ßÅ××ь؟x

1a

É| ÖOÅ×&wo¬Ÿx§¥

( ›Ÿ,ª¨×сs,¦5><y²Í

#'*)×ÑÀœ$Àœ…»lMX×ÑÂ

"Àœ* s' FK7&)Á“×

Ñ& ؁sT+()£pFK7

&)Á“×ÑÁ_~$Ú(´ 250m 1D9=

s¥ÙS (2016)&Ò§*AMeNOW!

¾¿hJ7/IGK=º)¢—)L

›Ÿ±™¦*)×сs ×ÑÀœ,$]

d³,º €¼)£p–Ä}&

Ó×Ñ%ov×чŠsˆZ*) W

‚q W‚’V×сs,Yƒtk e

¦·dÊ]d?G1C@,YƒÂ³)€

¼)

'£pÏ\*)Ú vx XRAIN × Ñ;K6¦j¯×сs,³)?G1C@

Ò§,º?G1C@Ò§  Ishihara and Kobatake(1979)&ˆ] * 5 ¯ qÆ%

cy I CAK6,K )&

2a7L

?G1C@ a ¹ XRAIN ×Ñ;K6,$

j¯×сs,Yƒ )¹)UNa $;K65

></ -³) ¹×сs!$;K6,q

2a1 !#

a $;K6UN q ,¦‚) (1) XRAIN ;K6ßX/C I= MP FK7(XRAIN)D

-E6.@×сs7/IGK=º)

´ 250m A93BÁ“×Ñ;K6

(2) Á“×Ñߖĕg NLI6K(2020)'ˆZ

*)´ 1km A93BÁ“×Ñ;K6

(3) qÆ % cß Ishihara and Kobatake(1979)&ˆ

] *)% c, †¦;K6

?G1C@XRAIN ;K6"$6 º) ¹ )UNtkS;K6€¼)

J AMEDAS Á“×Ñ XRAIN;K6 bM ,~

#e¦)tk

JqÆ %cov×чŠ,qÆc=k+ ³ )tk

2a 2 QH\W

³ ) ¹×сsUNq 4 ) (1) 48 Ó×Ñß³Ò4 # 48 Ó F '³y

# Óya$ ;K6Ó Œe 48 ÓkÂ

‰×Ñ,³ U2, !$)

(2) Ó×ÑßÂœÒ 4 # ‚5ÓF'œ y

 #Óya $ ;K6ӌe ‚5Ó k‰ ×Ñ,³ U2 ,!$)

Ó×Ñ ‚5,48 Ó ‚5 tk (1)³ )

(3) ̵×ÑÛws×ÑÜ ßjc ‡&̵×Ѷ

m )L5 ÓUM¡‰ ×)tk w s ‰ ×Ñ,D9< ‰ (4 #'‰ ×,ws ) X ?G1C@ ws,D 9<

) ‰×ÑNŠ WÓ,1T) _

3 FAB M<>R'C;+[;9;1PXA

(4) ov×чŠß–Ä}&o¬Ÿx œ#

Ò§* 3 dn"6I ;E&'+

*)‡Š(8lSß 2001)(œÒ4 # ' œ y #Óy a $;K6Ó Œe‡Š, ³ U2, !$ )!ov×чŠÂ

³¦6I;Ej6I U2 $!$

)£p–Ä} K@ K bÒ*) ov×чŠIshihara and Kobatake(1979)

&ˆ ] *)qÆ%c e 5 ¯‚5 *

$ {;9 CAK6, nLE

¦$) X ?G1C@qÆ e CAK6, 1T³) _ 22a3 "#

!$ ;K6 :04<;K6 pƒ )) GOLDENSOFTWARE r Surfer GRD ASCII Ex- act format *CA Surfer ' !$ *) CA )3 -/ -)ESRI r5>< ArcGIS

%>DK K?I5></ -) QGIS $ } q%Á“,º) CA)

3a*O

Ò§?G1C@ 6 º ,UN q 6 º y ĀRX ,OH n¨Å× ˆ *> ƒ 30

| 6 V 28 R“7 V 8 R §¥> ƒ 30 | 7 V

Å× (–Ä}ß 2020)!yÄq 0 ?:o+ q

0

/ -1 ?G1C@,¦Â³Ó×Ñ (2 Ó

×Ñ )̵×Ñov×чŠ,q

4a

£p 'G )) XRAIN ×Ñ;K6,$

W‚q & W‚’V 48 Ó×яÓ×Ñ (

ÓÓ ŒW‚ ) ̵×Ñ ( ‰ ×ÑNŠD 9<WÓ,W

‚ 1T)¹ ),³)?G1C@,Ò§!

ov×чŠÂ³qÆ %c,a $)&

qÆ% c ˆ] * CAK6e¦, )

¹ F ?G1C@,¦Â³j¯×

сs{uÔ[,‹¤) 5) X ?G 1C@qÆ8K@/ bÒ) 5) X?G1C@,Yƒ(e¦Á“×Ñ

;K6) XRAIN ;K6noRË«&(ˆZ, (

$K4=

ESRI(2020)ß ArcGIS Desktop.URL ß https://www.esrij.com/pr oducts/arcgis-desktop/

(pƒRß 2020/4/15)

GOLDENSOFTWARE(2020)ß Surfer.URLß https://www.gold ensoftware.com/products/surfer ( pƒR ß2020/6/17)

¥Ù [ iJ ‡z J ZYiÎJ \Xe B J 7gŽ J - Ì <

(2016) ß XRAIN ×Ñ;K6¾¿hJ7/IGK=34:@ A

MeNOW! ^u’t78 . n 2…k„OÖ ‘ 2016,no.1, pp.475-476.

Ishihara, Y. and Kobatake, S.(1979) Runoff model for flood forecasting. Bull. Disaster Prevention Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ. vol.29, pp.27-43.

–Ä} (2020)ß > ƒ30 | 7V Å× . URL ß https://www.data.jma.

go.jp/obd/stats/data/bosai/report/2018/20180713/20180713.html (pƒRß 2020/6/17)

–Ä•g NLI6K(2020)ßÁ“×Ñ . URL ß http://www.jmb sc.or.jp/jp/offline/cd0100.html (pƒRß 2020/4/15)

8lJh J `&@‹ J QSD J fl,D Jn c iJ P|j(2 001)ov×чŠ ’3 – ‘ Vol.48, no.5, pp.59-66.

QGIS ?G < (2020)ß QGIS. URLß https://www.qgis.org /en/site/index.html (pƒR ß 2020/6/17)

(a)UJ\W (b)')\W23 (c) 6Y\W

& -1 @"#\W/(

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

4 ›pÔÖ8C5$Š K

33.2.4 ('en;K_oY9:gfp+Cp3PSZP=Ik

UWr('en+gfpu7.V-s

‚x7C;ÞgÇBg§«°2?C:ÛeÇB„YÜ «°‚x¶ÞJ‘cFX¸LH

»

Å֐$ÎÉU¢¶$mQ|¬M$¾œ*eª›p$\Õ|,sgÐ$ÎÉ#%GW˹½V

#),q{¹.-, Ÿf¢*-,£t˜Ä#,ÎÉ˹½V»Ù%Ì´ÖÑ#)+

GW˹½V$oŽ$T/-,±¤¥#¤¡,3>=ÅÖ/µ}*[R#q{

" $' %3>=ÅÖ#(q{GW˹½V€š/‡“, /¨¥#”À/¹, u~ vw%3>=ÅÖ#q{Ôփ–/”À, /¨¥#Í]$ÎÉ$+×$›pGK#

q®$Ôփ–/ÁnÔ֝™ ›p $ÓÌ|$Š /¹ÝÒ³¯ÖÑ/¡È¬ž v$Ì´

Öї½ZN3>=ÅÖ#q,GW˹½V$ƒ–N ",^·|¼*- u~ vw%Ô Ö™$×¥ˆ/¨¥ @C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ$Ï¢|$”À/¹¿’ÖÑ$×¥"uhZ#) +oÔÖ#qj#)+lr¡,ÃÚ/¬Â IbOvw%ekÖу‰$Ï¢|#Ó,”À /¹DÐ$›p#%P¹ÔÖ$yØXa-, ›p†…|`E, /¬Â 1CAC9Þ3>=ÅÖeª›pÎÉ$+×Îɲ GW˹½V

1 t

Å֐$ÎÉU¢¶$mQ|¬M$¾œ*eª›

p$\Õ|,sgÐ$ÎÉ#%GW˹½V

#),q{¹.-, Ÿf¢*-,£t

˜Ä#,ÎÉ˹½V»Ù%Ì´ÖÑ#)+

GW˹½V$oŽ$T/-,±¤¥#¤

¡,3>=ÅÖ/µ}*[R#q{

" $'%3>=ÅÖ#(q{GW ˹½V€š/‡“, /¨¥#”À/¹, u~ vw%GW˹½V

#,3>=ÅÖ#q{Ô Öƒ–/”À,'$i­Æ‹

/z, /¨¥#Í]$ÎÉ

$+×$›pGK#q®$

Ôփ–/ÁnÔ֝™ ›p $ÓÌ|$Š /¹ u~

vw%@C6C0<64¿’

ÖÑ/¢u~ vw!

_•$R’/¹@C6C0<

64¿’ÖÑ$Ï¢|#Ó,”

À/¹ IbOvw%P¹ ÔÖ$yØ/µ},'Ì´

ÖÑ#qekÖу‰$Ï¢|#Ó,”À/¹

2tenYgfpL8mn%!,*/F L8Dmn#,!AP

u~ ß vw#¤¡©ÊdÎ$Œ×›pGK )+Se)&¦e$+פ¡º lnc Beª•

K¨ $ $›pGK# ›p$Ô֝™/R’

GW˹½V$ƒ–”À$i­Æ‹ Š /¹

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

4 ›pÖÑ$Ó CÛ R/R(1)Ø 48/R(1) Ü

4 ›pÖÑ$Ó CÛ 6/RØ R/R(1)Ü f '#›p© †h+$0<648C5/¢

UGK$›p¤¡ M*$ + .‡W

$ÔÖ8C5/RÐ GW˹½V$ƒ–N$F½ µ *-, Ò $³¯

ÖÑGW˹½V¢*-,Ì´ÖÑ)&ekÖ Ñƒ‰/ ªKŠ  4 # $DK/ ¥

L8Dmn%!,*/q

Ÿ$GW˹½V% ‹ ¡È¬ž Úß v § w$

Ì´ÖÑ/i šN oŽ-+i š N%›p

$¤¡ °ÖÌ´ÖÑ$ÓC /µ}Ï g¼©

¹.-, 4 %Ÿ$GW˹½V$ÃÚ /¬Â,'#Š ($, µÅ%›p

Ì´ÖÑ)+W$P¹ÔÖ ÍÖ ÔÖ$Ì´|

/¥ ' Ò³¯ÖÑ 48 /¢ŒÅ%Ÿ$

GW˹½V$†…$^ W /R Õ,'›pÌ´

ÖÑR /¢($-(¡È¬ž Úv$Ì´Ö

Ñ R (1) —½Z, "¢¡È¬ž

Úv$Ì´ÔÖÑR (1)%0<64¬žvÔÖ ¿ª :, 2=;Ûe‘«° ÝÞQœ¬žv ¿ªt Þ )"0 tÜ /¢ ªK‹ŸN, /

µÅ $ 48 / ~¢  ž % U GK$ .‡ Ò$ D

$ÔÖ¤¡,ekÖу‰$ (C #N$¤¡ M#

q U Ò $³¯ÖÑ$ Ò³¯ÖÑ$ (C

#N$¤¡ M $   Ó× ¬B #P¹ÔÖ$yØ /ÁA ,^·| × µ ',

4 #ŒÅ )+ljV #%Ÿ

$Ì´Öњ#),GW˹½V†…, µ * -,›p+ - 9/%¼Ê ›p ", *#

µÅ Ú )+ljV#%³¯ÖÑ e ÅÖ_ $›

pµÅ ŒÅ$Þ $´)+E#,j V#%

Ò 9J #›pÌ´ÖÑ$ #P¹ÔÖ / ¥, *#-( )+r(

$/% jÔÖ _ $›p RÕ $1 #%ÔÖ $ÓÌ| =($( X -, -/¼, ­P

‰%Ì´Öњ#),GW˹½VÁn-,j V#%†…, ›pÛ^1¤´TG Ü, Ž+$ P ‰%GW˹½V%†…"›p Û ^ 1¤´pGÜ+›p$Ì´ÖѽVi š9/

© Ç #P¹ÔÖ+ $yØ/ S,($ÛP¹ ÔÖ _›pÜ l"P¹ÔÖ(" Ì´ÖÑ(½Vi

šˆ™$($Û j ÔÖ_ ›pÜ $q{ y», .,

 #4 % Ð1 ÅÖ _$RÕ /¹ /¨¥#

Š ($ µÅ#¼ ›$Ì´ÖÑ R / R (1)

—½ZNÛ R/R (1) Ü/ ŒÅ #›p¤¡W Ò$

³¯ÖÑ 6 /›pÌ´ÔÖ R #)—½ZN Û6/RÜ/¢, % R/R(1) 6/R ",($/Ð1ÅÖ _ $¨mÛ ^1Y¾] Ü

6/R Ú# Ç($%›p$Ì´ÖÑ$

! Ò9J#Ð1 ¥#ÖÔ,($+

›p$Ì´ÖѽVi šˆ™ ",) " jÔÖ$

jV (Æ¥ÖÑ$e($$DÐÛ ^1Â2]Ü

%Ð1 ÅÖ _ #RÕ- $) "j V $ÔÖ%

^1TE# ¥ )#Ì´ÖÑ( !Ú ${›

"b X/,$£ Ò3˜ÖÑ"!(Ä $ Y/µ}, GW˹½V$T/,

^·%" µ *-,

$,E\L8Dmn/F

u~ vw% WÉ $©ÊdÎ$Se)&¦e$+

כpGK)+»Ò $yØ µ *-,GK/ Î Ô Ö/È[ ¤¡ µ *-,›p ; # 3>=ÅÖ/†…,'$Ôփ–$”À/¨¥

Ò$³¯ÖÑ 6 /¢4 %C #…´ /?

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

~›pÔÖ$4 % C#…´ $d Zv # R

’/¹

4 %C #…´$ ?~% ÔÖ$g `|/}Î,'

ŒÅ #Ì´ÖÑ R / R (1)—½ZNÛR/R (1) Ü µ Å#Ò³¯ÖÑ6 /R (1)—½ZN Û 6/R(1)Ü /¢›p¤¡*$ + Ú ‡Ò$ÔÖ#

¹ 2= )1 R/ R (1) Ú ",«

]¤¡›p% v¬ž$Ì´Öц…

6/R(1) Ú $j V %Ò9J#v¬ž$Ì´ÖÑ 9

E$ÔÖÐ1 ¥#¤¡ /º

; $›p# 4%C #…´/ ?~ ±‰

ÔÖ '5C - % ‹Í Ö _ Ð1ÅÖ_ P¹ÔÖ _ jÔÖ _ $Û' 5C - $I `#R Õ, 9/ - -$4 %C #…´$ x K/ ¥ Í Ö_ ›pÛ ;Ù ;Ü

4 %C #…´$K/4 # ¥ ›p$Ì´ÖÑ

%Ú v¬ž9 E$Ì´ÖÑ R/ R(1) Æ¥l Ð1 Åփ– 6/R(1)/¢jV#ÔÖ ² ´ 1#¡,Ö¤›# ¸ , 6/R(1) Ú "

*"($/ ÍÖ _ÛÌ´ÖÑ _Ü T L Ð1ÅÖ _ ›pÛ ;Ù ; Ü

4 %C #…´$K/ 4 # ¥ ›p$Ì´ÖÑ

%‹ v¬ž$Ì´ÖÑR/R (1) 6/R(1) $Ó C% ‹Ú Þ ÚE ‚ (# Úv¬žÌ´ÖÑ R(1) /à ($/ Ð1 ÅÖ _ TL

P¹ÔÖ _ ›pÛ ;Ù ; Ü

4 %C #…´$K/ 4 # ¥ ›p$ÔÖ$W

# Æ¥ÖÑ$eP¹ÔÖ+ $ w$rÔÖ

#)+¤›¤›$ R/R (1) 6/R(1)% - - ڈ™ "($/P¹ÔÖ _ T L

j ÔÖ_›pÛ ;Ù ; Ü

4 %C #…´$K/4 # ¥ ¤›W$ÔÖ(

4 Í Ö_ ›p$4 %C #…´$K 4 Ð1 ÅÖ _›p$4% C#…´ $K

4 P¹ÔÖ_ ›p$4 %C #…´$K 4 j ÔÖ _›p$4% C#…´ $K

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

4 Ð1 ÅÖ _ ›p$4%C #…´$K 4 Ð1ÅÖ _›p$4% C#…´ $K

Û r1Ü#),Š Ü

!"¤›$ÔÖ(R/R (1)6/R(1) (#Ô t#r($/ j ÔÖ _ TL

ݨ $£ Ò³¯ÖÑ Ì´ÖÑ$q *4 %C

#…´/  ›p$ÔÖ '5C- /R Õ, E ÀÔÖ ' 5C-ß %ÔÖỚp ˹½VqÄ µ *-,

%Ì´ÖÑ_ $ÔÖ' 5C -,'6Z

$”À±‰ / *C4 ›p$†…,($ µ

*-, *# 6 /¢, £ ÒÔÖ3˜Ö Ñ/ @¢²  >V(^· ",($ µ *-,

# % P¹ÔÖ/Xa,ƒ– y», D  %ÔÖ$yØ%r }‘0º’o$ b

‘ “– $yØ ¨#) ¼› µ *-,($

, -# %GW˹½V%" ŽÁ$

³| ² ¨q{ GK µ *-,

Æ $'# 4 $GK# Ò³

¯ÖÑ 3 /¢Š  ±‰ /4 #¥ 3 /

¢j V#(¤›ÔÖ ¤›WÔÖ $ Ì/

, %, µ *-, 6 /¢Š 4

$ ¤›ÔÖ ¤›WÔÖ $Ì/ ƒ¢ #º ,($ µ *- Ð1ÅÖ_ $Ôփ–

Ï,($ z.-,

×ËÎɨ%ÒÖÑ Ø Ì´ÖÑ#),½V

¹.-+ Æ$'#4 ¥ Ð1 ÅÖ _$GK# µÅ# R $ÒÖÑ ß Û³¯Ò

ÖÑ 1Ü/¢2=) /4 #¥ ^ % :#

ÒÖÑ$i šN/ Ú v¬žÌ´ÖÑ R(1)$ E Û¤

›$ÒÖÑ ¨ Ü jV $= !- ÛÓ

¤´ Ü/¥, ÔÖ% Ò J DnÑÔ,.

%" ¾ ˜ÒÒ Ï R # b—+ ³¯Ò ÖÑ 1 (£ Ò$ # bX+ —j +,

$'ÒÖÑ#),½V=!- $ u #)

%½V)&½V¿ Î/ ¶+ ȹ y »¡,^

·|, ÃÚ,

33t),",&" bFnihQ<Hc

$”À%¼›g ÇH $0<648C5/¢

,' ¼›g (-+!-$ $ÔÖ%"Ô Ö' 5C- ›p/ÓÌ 7 ,'$Š /¹($

, GW˹½V%½VO ÒJ #Á·-ÖÑ ¿

#),8 ºgœ$ÖѽV/¹,½VO Ò

$sÍ % 1ß20km § w Í£em#.+

#O ÒÍ Í %8ºgœ$ÖÑ ¿ %OÒQ

>$Ô֝™/… , Ñ ÖÑ¿ /b Á i#¾ ˜ ,,%×¥#ÔÖ/ˆ, š$”

¢ y», w¶$D $ š ˜Ä r)+

¤º-,@C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ$ ËaN$”¢

µ *-,

u~ 30 vw%@C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ/

¢¼ ›$ÔÖ' 5C-R’/¹ (#oÔ ÖÑ $ Æ#),@C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ$Ï¢|

”À/¹ @C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ%

de 4Ë ¡’okBÎÉk ˜Är Qd#Á · ,@C6CÛ Ü&-9Ü 0<64¨$gE$ÖÑ ¿/

¯V. Ô ‘ÑR q /Ú km Y$® ¿’

($,Û u~ 17 v 9W% 2.5km Y

u~ 13 v 3 ‡9 W% 5km Y Ü

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

a mn%!,*01[G

4 ›p © ¾ ˜© $ <·

4 ÇH 0<64$ÔÖ' 5C -

4 ¿’ 30 RÖÑ$ÔÖ '5C-

%'#„vw #oŽÇH0<64Ö Ñ8C5/¢ÔÖ ' 5C -R’# ›p ©

$@C6C0<64¿’ÖÑÛD ¹¦\š 5˜ÄŠN€

f -5C¤¹Ü/¢_•$R’/¹ Æ ”À /¹ @C6C0<64¿’ÖÑ% 30 R

#W 1 Ò$ 1km <% J$uh¥ÖÑ Š  -, *N$ 1/2 / 30 RÖÑÛ 9/¿

’ 30 RÖÑÜ ¢

a #ÇH0<64)&¿’ÖÑ#),ÔÖ' 5C -$T L±‰ /¥ ÇH0<648C5j ÔÖ _ÍÖ _#T L -›p$­P‰¿’ÖÑ8C5

% Ð1ÅÖ_#T L - -% ¼› © ¾ ˜g

œÛ¿’ÖÑ$j V#%< % Ü$ <· ÓC *Ç H0<64% ¼› © l Ñ -,' VÖ`

* F- ¼ ›© $ÔÖl #),($

µ *-, $±‰¼ › ©Ú km <% J#

X -,¿’ÖÑ$ÔÖÑ%Q> ¥#lN "

$D  0<648C5Í Ö_Ð1Å Ö_ #TL-›p¿’ÖÑ8C5%P¹ÔÖ _

#T L-($(+-%Ö ` $™ Y ÔÖ Vw

$R q$yØ#)+¡ ±‰ µ ,

¿’ÖÑ/¢, Ö `$ ™Y ÔÖ Vw$R q$

yØ/µ}½V^· ",($ µ *-, ¿’ÖÑ% Ú km

J$!ÔÖ,j V#% y ÖѤ¡ $< %$uh¥"N ",'gE$ÖÑ ¿ /¢ ½—¹.-,(

$$ oÔÖ $ ¿ª E$ ´Q ,($ µ *-, $'¿’ÖÑ/¢,#%oÔÖ ¿

’ÖÑ $´Q $yØ/¬Â ´Q /Ä Â ¢$

µ /”À, y», ¼ ›GK/(

#oÔÖ ¿’ÖÑ $Æ /¹¿’ÖÑ/¢, $ÃÚ/Š ,

”À š%ÇH 0<648C5% j ÔÖ _

¿’ÖÑ8C5 Ð1ÅÖ_ #R Õ-($$

ÇH0<64)+(Ç © #de4 Ë¡ Á · ,ÖÑ¿ Û @<C5CÜ,© /bK › pÔÖ# _•$Æ /¹ *# @C6C 0<64¿’ÖÑ$Ëa N% 10 R #W 1 Ò$¿’

ÖÑÛ 1km < %= <Ü aA -ekÖу‰$

¿ª %ÒÖÑ/ 1/6 10 RÖÑÛ 9/ ¿’ 10 RÖÑÜ/¢, * @<C5CÖÑ#

%o ˜$ 10 RÖÑÛ 9/¾˜ 10 RÖÑÜ @

<C5 $¾˜N*¿’ 10 RÖÑ _•$ š~

'NÛ 9/e ª 10 RÖÑÜ#),ÔÖ '5C - $

Æ /¹

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

˹½V$oŽ#%Bg¥#¤´TE/½Viš

Û1v¬žÌ´ÖÑÜ jV$Tn

_M/¤´º¥

4 oÖÑ e ª 10 RÖÑ$ Æ

4 UÖÑ8C5#),Ì´ÖÑ$ dZ

&

&

' '

$%

$!%

$ "!##%

$!%

$ "!##%

$ "!##%

$ "!##%

$ "!##%

$ "!##%

x ²© %u~ 22 v#¦e$+×$ºl nc

©›p ©* ÇH0<64$ºÑ­

13km ÇH @<C5C $ºÑ ­ 5km $<·#

,Û 4 Qœ Ü 4 #¥ ) # ÇH 0<64

#),ÔÖ' 5C-% jÔÖ_ ›p#R Õ-

¼› ©$¿’ 30 RÖъ , 4 #¥

) #Ð1 ÅÖ _ ›p#RÕ-($, 4 #UÔÖ8C5#),›p$Ì´ÖÑ/Š

 ($/ ¥ ^17K$ ¿’%¿’ 30 RÖ Ñ/¢($ ¾˜ N%ÖÑ¿ #),¾ ˜ 10 RÖ Ñ/¢($ ÇH @<C5C$¾ ˜N¿’%

eª 10 RÖÑ/¢($, Û ÜJ %j

/ ¥,

$^ *0<64 @<C5C$ (-+!-$

$ÖÑ¿ %ÔÖ¾˜-"j V (¿’ 30 R ÖÑ#),ÔÖ% 1km < % J$!ÔÖ , T-, ÖÑ ÀÊ -,'ÖÑ ¿

¾˜ -oÔÖ)+(n Ò*ÖÑ/À Ê ,$., ¿’ 30 RÖÑ ¾ ˜N/Æ , ÇH @<C5%¿’ÖÑ$  j " Ç H0<64%¾ ˜N$  j "ÔÖ "+

¿’ÖÑ%oÔÖ#qÍl ",j V(- Ír ",j V(, Íl#",j V %mQ G#T- ,Ír ",jV #%›p/¼Ê [-(,

4 1 $ÇH @<C5C#, ¾˜N

#q eª 10 RÖÑ#),¾˜N¿’$ d™/

Æ , ¿ªš$  |*8r ÔÖ j" "+

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

4 1 v¬žN$ ªK $µ 

ÔÖ$( C# Á ",$.,

4 1 v¬ž$Ì´ÖÑ/½Vi š :n ÇH @<C5 $ÔÖ' 5C -Æ/($

/¥ $›pK% @<C5 $¾˜ N½V oŽ-jV (eª10RÖÑ%½V#"*

¾˜ N%½Vw­ R#¤› eª 10 RÖÑ%

20 RÁ -½V "+ $­ Rw#¤› ", "

¼ ›©$ÔÖ% 4 $¿’ÖÑ#),ÔÖ' 5C -*½V + +$ § w$ÔÖÑ ., Í Ö_ $)"ÔÖ$j V#% 10 R §w$

Ò%l" BÚ#"+# £Ò$ Ð1ÅÖ#

q% 10 R$-›p$†…#l yØ,^

·|, "*Ÿ$ Ú©$ÖÑ¿ $ T «]$½VO Ò/² , #( ¢E

$™%_•+¿’ÖÑ/¢×¥#Ô֝™

/ˆ,<> $$ l($ µ ,

4t56ni?@hQ<Hc

ÎÉ$GW˹½V%W É $) #Ì´ÖњoŽ

-,dÎ#,Ì´Öњ% Ò$³

¯ÖÑ 9/#", DÌ$ÔÖ )($

" Úw> $ j #ÔÖ$³¯/¹ , $' > $ W#Æ¥l"P¹ÔÖ ( $yØXa-"'˹½Vi šN#¸

*"›p¤¡,¼ ʛp $q{ÃÚ

", P¹ÔÖ#q%˜Ä)&ª Í RÇ

#£t˜Ä$ ¶`\a ÄÑ ³K $Ð $ƒ–

”¢-,ekÖу‰$ ” ¢µ *-, ekÖу‰%e1 $‘ R™/ }5 -# $ 8?

Z($Ì´ÖÑ$) ">$" Í]$

ÔÖ(X ' $ÔÖ$†¾ )&º× •Kg/

•K $™>o-,($, ˜Är %

˜Ä@C6C#)+¿’ÖÑ/¢o™$ekÖу

‰/ ªK, (# ÒP$ÔÖ3˜/¹ +ÎÉ$GW˹½V#(¿’ÖÑ)&ek Öу‰#rX , l WÉ $Ô Ö' 5C-R’/¹Îɛp$ Se$+×$

P¹ÔÖ _ Ð1ÅÖ_ ÍÖ _ $›p# ek Öу‰/ªK Ì´ÖÑ/¢j V $ Æ /¹ ekÖу‰$Ï¢|# ”À/¹ ”À#%@C6C0<64¿’ÖÑÛ vß vÞD ¹¦\š 5˜ÄŠN€ f -5C¤¹Ü /¢›p¤¡x l $ekÖу‰ÛÜ)

&Ì´ÖÑÛÜ#qÒÖÑÛ Ü ÛÒ³¯Ö

ÑÛ Ü ÝÒ³¯ÖÑÛ Ü/¢4 %C #…´ /? ~ - -$Úv¬žN $Ó C.,)

#Š  $g`$eª›p ¶`\ a#Ó ,# > ?=!-ÛÜ1 º-,©#

% eª›p¶`\ a$ $Ó C.,)

#Š  "U ƒ–N$¬žvN# %Ô Ö¡ ¿#% ԏvš#),¡ ¿r Ò$QÔÖ/q Ä ¿ª, ¬žv$r¤¡Òw#q{

¿ªN "+Ì´Öя —ÒÖÑ$) # DÌ$ÔÖ= < ƒ¬"ƒ–$j V %ԏ vš$ ¿ª

^·, "*DÌ$ÔÖ$n¤ "

ekÖу‰ ¨% D$ÔÖ#S+R, Ñ *Ì´ÖÑ( X' U ƒ–$¬žvN/_

ªK š ,' UvÛ vß vÜ$† l N/¢, vš#), ¬žvN$ ¿ª % Û¹Üdea°-5C‘i¡¿&C >

#)+ ªK  vš%¤¡¬žv$r Û¤¡Ò w$eÜ j Ñ$ÖÑN v¬ž7Ç#Ž Ç ,' v¬žN/Ír#ÁA , ±‰ ",

* Úv¬žN# % v v v¬žN/¢

´vÇ +© ´#)+ ~', Û 4 QœÜ

%P¹ÔÖ _›p Ð1ÅÖ_)& ÍÖ _

›p# P¹ÔÖ$lr#Ó.*Ug `$e ª›p¶`\ a$ ¬Â›pGK$¼ ›xl )& $WÝlÒ$Ô֝™ekÖу‰)&Ì

´ÖÑ#qÒÖÑ)& Ò³¯ÖÑ/¢

4% C#…´ /Š ±‰ / ¥ ÛÚ ÜP¹ÔÖ_ ›pGK

ÚÜGK ÚÛ 4 Ü

x ²© % $+uØȜc0P Ž-$+×

ÇH $¦ wgÛ pG Ü#'  /p ,©,

¼ ›© $TG#`$+ × × "+ ˆ

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

+/ ] n$+ uØ 2= - 90 - CP Ž - x$Ô֝™%¤› ÚlW#kW† l#

Ç Ôt#l"ÔÖ+$ÔÖ$yØ#)+›

p# ¸($ µ *-, $+×% e $Š ‘

¼*-' *$†¾ ‘ #)+g/‘< × ¼›

w$ YmP 2= - 90- CØ Œ #C>- 2#

), }‘q ¹.-, ÚlW$P¹ÔÖ%$

g` $eª›p#Ó, / Ã,($ x

l% ¼›#% ¸*g /‘<$E ‚ #)+k Á$Ȝc 0P gs $E” $ Œ +¡($ µ *-,

¼p™ % Œ YÐR{ÎÐ#'+ ¼ { ÎЉ '§ wÎ È ÎÉ$ ¼p%¡

" x ² ©%u~ v# I~ Ì9Se$j Á

$+×, ¢w kW†l$ÔÖ $ÔÖ

*¼*-,x %P¹ÔÖ$ekÖу‰ ( C# # à w (ÒÖÑ ß § w$Ö²´,#

Û Ü¼ ›© $™ ܤ›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Û ÜÒ³¯ÖÑ#),4% C#…´ 4 ›pGK Ú $Ô֝™

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

(.*­Ú l ekÖу‰l—j ,œ, Ì´ÖÑ £"+ÔÖ ²´

(ÒÖÑ$l#)(ekÖу‰ —j , jV +½V¿Î š$”À$ Ð #•^ œ µ *-,

ÚGKÚÛ 4 Ü

x ²© %¦ w }(uC gÆ¥r½z "$+

×Ì´,$+× JÍ]#(_•$ ¼ ›v _ ±

‰Z $¼ ›L| , ©, Š‘ e *- g/‘< ש$+×<Å ( {<Å 5 E$yØ/S §UZg ` +$' Æ¥j "ÔÖ¼ ›,($

Û Ü¼ ›© $™ Û Ü¤›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Û Ü Ò³¯ÖÑ#),4 % C#…´ 4 ›pGK Ú$Ô֝™

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

µ *-, 4 % C#…´ /¼, Ì´ÖÑ%

!"ekÖу‰% Úv¬ž/Ã+P

¹ÔÖ$yØ#),›p , D Í]$›p

$¼ ›r 0ƒ,ÔÖ L| % xg `$

eª›p$ $ JG#+EÀ $Í]$ ¼›(

$†…%" eª›p$ #qr"ÔÖ

›p¤¡, *$ © $ÔÖ#q

ÏS"^·|(, 5 E$yØ/S ,^·| ¼›»[/ Ä, ˹½V%"

nr ¥"œ”#),$+×$/ Q|$¬Â Š ‘q  )&ÏS"$+×M ·P/¹¨$³| ² q{ G x" © µ *-,

ÛGKÛ Û4 Ü

x ²© %¦ w }(uC gÆ¥r½ zj"$

Û Ü ¼› ©$™ Û Ü¤›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Ûܐҳ¯ÖÑ#),4% C#…´ 4 ›pGKÛ $Ô֝™

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

+×Í]$kW † l$ÔÖ ¼›Ûº lncÜ

©$q P$¨ ¤¡($š¥ Ð$ }‘0º Û}‘ P %P :$ ?3C $ ¼› ©$ÐR#  ‘

¼*-Ö ‘ Ð1C &C ),C($ dJ -Ü#)+qP G Ð#•‘Ð1 ¡r½ z

"-Õ #),($, Úl !W$P¹ÔÖ)&¤

›$ÔÖ( Æ¥ ÔÖ,GK Ú

_•#Í]$ÔÖL| %xg`$eª›p$

$JG #+ EÀ $Í]$¼›( $†…%"

ÏS"^·|(, ¼ ›»[/ Ä , ˹½V%" nr¥"œ”#)+ }‘P$ / Q|$¬Â $+×M·P$«] $ÏS"Án •‘ q

"!$ ³|² q{Æ »"›p, µ *-, ÛÜGK ÛÛ 4 Ü

Û Ü ¼› ©$™ Û Ü¤›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Ûܐҳ¯ÖÑ#),4% C#…´ 4 ›pGK $Ô֝™

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

x ²© %( ( g/‘< × © /Se +Se#)+g /‘ $Š K¡ "+

gs%VÔ Z+Se#)+ , ¡

#Æ ¥ ÔÖ'¡›p dn -,© , ÎÉg º #* Se© $ÎÉ ,¢

W#¤¡›pÆ ¥ x¡( «Se 8r #¡

›p, ¤›$Ô֝™/¼, Ð1ÅÖ_ #š

,($Ì´ÖÑ Ú v¬ž§ wÒÖÑ (Ú v¬ž#%™ "Æ¥l"($

Úl W$P¹ÔÖ(ÔÖ$²´Ò Í Ú v¬ž§ w

$Ì´ÖÑP¹ÔÖ$yØ(>o ekÖу‰

(Æ ¥l"N "%, x ²g `$ $ J G¤¡, Seš× P G% )S

#(ÎÉ, ¢Ì fW$ ¼ ›'ÎÉ4Ë

Û Ü ¼› ©$™ Û Ü¤›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Û ÜÒ³¯ÖÑ#),4% C#…´ 4 ›pGK $Ô֝™

3 XRS^MOd5TL8lL+JL>`jR

$yØ%"Ô֝™#)% ,¢ Ìfw#

¤¡^·|(, $›p/†…,'#

% $¼© y», ( ( g /‘< × gs ©> VÔ Z' ¼› © 9F $«]

%gs½ VPoŽ-+ŽP}Ï q{

"# (”À y »"›p, Se 8r#%{;Ìh #)+ , ¡ Se

w% * %Æ œ¥#œ”/¹Š‘ $™ $+×

$ , $™"!/¬Â, (y » µ *-, ÛÚ ÜÐ1 ÅÖ _ ›pGK

ÚÜGK ÜÛ 4 Ü

x ²© %Í]#_D$+×J #± ‰$¼› L|

+¼ › #q/¹+ ˆq © ›p

¡, …¡ }(۞ el ÜE#D ¯Ô ZªO

Û Ü ¼› ©$™ Û Ü¤›x$Ô֝™

ÛܐÒÖÑ#),4 %C #…´

Û Ü Ò³¯ÖÑ#),4 % C#…´ 4 ›pGKÝ$Ô֝™