幼稚園での英語活動が母語の意味処理の発達に与える影響
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(2) . . . . . The e#ects of English exposure on the semantic processing of native language in preschool children Masatoshi KD>OJB> Tohoku University. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the e#ects of non-native language (English) exposure on four- to seven-year-old Japanese native children while they listened to semantically congruent and incongruent Japanese sentences. The children were divided into three groups on the basis of their exposure to English in kindergarten: High (a high degree of English exposure in a immersion program), Med (a medium degree of English exposure), and Low (a low degree of English exposure). Results showed that N400 was observed in all preschoolers, but with di#erent latencies in the three groups. Late positive components (LPCs) were only observed in Med and Low groups. These results indicate that the ERP waveforms of semantic processing for native language sentences in preschool children varied depending on the development and degree of exposure to the non-native language. Key words : ERP, N400, LPC, immersion program. 1. . ^_M`a"bcd >!?@L 1 2e; 4. . 9P67f g4 h . !"#$%&'(). ; O
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(6) «v ®¯. 156. 5 29 ¼. 52½. (Holcomb, Co#ey, & Neville,. q,wLM54 x 1 yNO q,P. 1992; Hahne, Eckstein, & Friederici, 2004; Friederici. ,QzI{q, | |/ }!~ . 2005). tq,IJu (Med)v jZ :?Qx 5. ERP
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(9) (Deacon, Hewitt, Yang, & Nagata, 2000). 3 :RXY 4 q,Mu jZM RU. $ , #$ 9 . , 3VG[ Z\ ] . 04 D&'E2
(10). (Brown & Hagoort, 1993) 48 2 F GH (Kutas & Federmeier, 2000; Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008) I( LPC 500ῌ800 ms . 8FjG 1 R 3 QRNO q,wLno lm^ (1) 9 t, _, L v 4RU,`L (1) a. )2J& '4*' 4+. (<. + (<. b cd. b. +2 N400 ,1=- ./. e4 [a\ e_, . N 400 9 0 - 1 2 9 4 (Juot-. 4 fe4 [+\ ¡?+ 44 g Ek. tonen, Revonso, & Lang, 1996)
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(19) j uDB;vw:;5678hi4 ¡. 157. Figure 1. Longitudinal changes in ERP responses to verbs in the Med and Low groups. ERP waveforms (at electrode C4) and t-maps comparing incongruous and congruous words are shown for four-year, five-year, and six-year-old children in the Med and Low groups.. Figure 2. Longitudinal changes in ERP responses to verbs in the High group. ERP waveforms (at electrode C4) and t-maps comparing incongruous and congruous words are shown for five-year, six-year, and seven-year-old children in the High group.. 3
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(32) %&EF 6734 =GHGF ERP IJ5 =>?+, KLMNOPQRST%&U F01& ERP VWXY GFQEF ERP V WXY Z[\]^, _`H?2 abcd& . !"efg&h4. ij8kl&m =no*+&= p`JijD qrstuvg&,. ῏ῒῑῐ Atchley, R. A., Riceb, M. L., Betzb, S. K., Kwasnya, K. M., Serenoc, J. A., & Jongmanc, A. (2006). A comparison of semantic and syntactic event related potentials generated by children and adults. Brain and Language, 99, 236ῌ246. Brown, C. & Hagoort, P. (1993). The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 34ῌ44. Deacon, D., Hewitt, S., Yang, C., & Nagata, M. (2000). Eventrelated potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: Evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process. Cognitive Brain Research, 9, 137ῌ146. Friederici, A. D. (2005). Neurophysiological markers of early language acquisition: from syllables to sentences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 481ῌ488. Friedrich, M., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). N400-like semantic incongruity e#ect in 19-month-olds: processing known words in picture contexts. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1465ῌ1477. Hahne, A., Eckstein, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Brain signatures of syntactic and semantic processes during children’s language development. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1302ῌ1318. Holcomb, P. J., Co#ey, S., & Neville, H. (1992). Visual and auditory sentence processing: a developmental. } 29 ~. }2. analysis using event-related brain potentials. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 203ῌ241. Jasper, H. H. (1958). The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation. Electroencephalograhy and Clinical Neurophysiology, 10, 371ῌ375. Juottonen, K., Revonso, A., & Lang, H. (1996). Dissimilar age influences on two ERP waveforms (LPC and N400) reflecting semantic context e#ect. Cognitive Brain Research, 4, 99ῌ107. Kuperberg, G. R. (2007). Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. Brain Research, 1146, 23ῌ49. Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2000). Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 463ῌ470. Lau, E. F., Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D. (2008). A cortical network for semantics: (de)constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 920ῌ933. Ojima, S., Nakamura, N., Matsuba-Kurita, H., Hoshino, T., & Hagiwara, H. (2011). Neural correlates of foreign-language learning in childhood: A 3-year longitudinal ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 183ῌ199. Rugg, M. D., & Coles, M. G. H. (Eds.) (1995). Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Suzuki, Y., Takahashi, J., Shibata, H., Fukumitsu, Y., Gyoba, J. Hagiwara,H., & Koizumi, M. (submitted). Semantic processing of mother tongue in children enrolled in a foreign-language immersion program: an event-related brain potential study. Takahashi, J., Suzuki, Y., Shibata, H., Fukumitsu, Y., Gyoba, J., Hagiwara, H., & Koizumi, M. (2011). E#ects of non-native language exposure on the semantic processing of native language in preschool children. Neuroscience Research. 69, 246ῌ 251. Takahashi, J., Suzuki, Y., Shibata, H., Fukumitsu, Y., Gyoba, J. Hagiwara, H., & Koizumi, M. (in press). E#ects of development and non-native language exposure on the semantic processing of native language in preschoolers. Tohoku Psychologica Folia. Van Petten, C. & Luka, B. J. (2006) Neural localization of semantic context e#ects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies. Brain and Language, 97, 279ῌ293..
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