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THEI DENTI TY OFTHEAUTHORAS EVI DENCED I N THENARRATI VEOF FREDERI CK DOUGLASS , AN AMERI CAN

SLAVE , WRI TTEN BY HI MSELF

DI ANE CAMMARATA Ihaves e e ndar khour si nmyl i f e ,andlhaves e e nt he dar kne s sgr adual l ydi s appear i ng,andt hel i ghtgr adual l y

i

nc r eas l ng.

Fr e de r i c kDo ugl as s ,7De c e mbe r1 8 9 0 Thel i f eofFr e de r i c kDougl as si spar toft hel e ge ndof Ame r i c a.

J ohnF. Ke nne dy

Thi spape ri snots i mpl yanac c ountoft heodys s e yofas l a veboy who" madegood"byac q ui r i ngl i t e r ac y, s e l f ‑ i de nt i t yandf r e e dom a gai ns t i ndomi t a bl eodds . Ot he rwr i t e r shavee xpl or e dt hi st r i adt he me. The c r i t i calque s t i onf ormec onc e r nst hei de nt i t y oft heman , Fr e de r i c k Dougl as s . WasDougl as sac r eat i onofwhi t ec ul t ur e ? Washear e c r e a‑

t i on oft he a ut hori n hi ss e ve r alaut o bi o gr aphi e s ? Washehi sown pe r s on? Si nc ehi sl i f ewasoneofne gat i onandco nt i nuousr e be l l i o n, was hee ve rt r ul yf r e e ? Whoi st hemanhi di ngbe hi ndt hema s ksofl i t t e r ‑ a t e ur ,s e l f 一 madec i t i z e nandf r e e dman? The s ear et heque s t i onsIhave c ho s e nt oe xpl or e.

Onepopul art he or ypr e s e nt e dbys c hol ar si st hatanunde ni abl e

c ul t ur almi xe xi s t e di nAme r i cadur i ngt hehi s t or i calpe r i odmar ke dby

s l ave r y. Nat i veAf r i cansandt he i rAme r i can‑ bor nof f s pr i ngwe r ea bl e

t or e t ai nc e r t ai nAf r i c ani s ms ,as s ume ds omeAme r i c ani s ms ,puti tal l

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168 8 7 輯

t oge t he randc r e at e danAf r i c an‑ Ame r i c an‑ i s m. I tappear st hatDougl as s bel ongst ot hi st r a di t i on. Eve nt houghheas s ume dt hec har ac t e r i s t i c sof t hewhi t ec ul t ur ef ors ur vi val ,asdi ds omanyot he rs l a ve s ,hee mpl oye d t he s ec har ac t e r i s t i c sf orhi sownll i t e r ar y pur pos e s . I n s o doi ng he c r e a t e danAf r i c anAme r i canl i t e r ar yl e gac y. I ti sge ne r al l yac c e pt e d t hatt henat i onalbi o gr aphe roft heUni t e dSt at e si sBe n j ami nFr ankl i n whoe s t abl i s he di nhi saut o bi ogr aphyt hemos tc ompl e t eandl audat or y t e xtoft het ypi c alAme r i c anl i f es t or y,t hes e l 圭mademan. Howe ve r ,i f Fr ankl i n i s t heAme r i ca n bi o gr a phe r ,t he n Fr e de r i ck Dougl as smus t s i mi l ar l yr e pr e s e ntt hes amei ma gef ort heAf r i can‑ Ame r i c anl i t e r ar y t r adi t i onbe caus eDougl as s 's l a venar r at i vei st hemos tcompl e t e l yr e pr e‑

s e nt at i vei nt hi sge nr e. Whi l ec hr o ni cl i ngt hee f f o r t sofabl a c kma nt o at t ai nhi si de nt i t yi nac ul t ur et ha tr e duc e dhi m t os ubhumanl e ve l ,t he doc ume nti saf oundi ngonei nt heAf r i canAme r i c ant r adi t i on.

Thec omf o r t abl ef i tofDo ugl as s ' t e xtwi t hi nt heFr ankl i ngr i dwor k i se vi de ntf r om t het i t l e , Nar y l at i u e o f t heLz f e o f Fr e de r i c kDo u gl a s s ,

Wr i t t e nb yHz ' ms e l f. Theor i g inalt i t l eofFr ankl i n' sa ut o bi o gr aphywas Me mo i r e sdel av i epr i v e e 'deBe n j ami n Fr ankl i n,e c r i t sparl ui ‑ me me . Af t e rFr ankl i n' sde at ht hi sbookwaspubl i s he di nEng li s hi n1 7 9 3as The Pr i v at e Lt f e o f t he Lat e Be nj ami n Fr ankl i n…Or i gi nal l y Wr i t t e n b y Hi ms e l f andNo u )Tr ans l at e d f r o m t heFr e nc h. Lat e rt hats ameye ar t hi st e xtbe c ameWo r ks o ft heLat eDo c t o rBe n j ami nFmnkl i nCo ns i s t i ng

o f HZ sL i f eWr i t t e nb yHt ' ms e l f To ge t he rwi t hEs s a y s , Humo r o us , Mo r al andLi t e y l a7 y ,Chi e j T yi nt heMa nne r o ft he S pe c t at o r. Ther e c ur r i ngt a g l i nei nt he s et hr e et i t l e si se s s e nt i alt oDougl as s ' t i t l e, j us tasi ti se s s e nt i al

l Se eJ a me sOl ne y , " Aut o bi o g r a p hi c a lTr a di t i o nsBl a c ka ndWhi t e , " i n

Aut o b i o gr a p勿/ :Es s a y sTh e we t i c a la ndCr i t i c al .

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t ot het i t l e sofmanys l a venar r at i ve s . Howe ve r" wr i t t e nbyhi ms e l f "

wasmor eme ani ngf ulwhe nat t ac he dt oDougl as s ' t i t l et hanwhe naf f i xe d t oFr ankl i n' snar r at i ve. Thewor ds" wr i t t e nbyhi ms e l f "i nDo ugl as s ' t i t l ear epr oudt e s t ame ntbyt heaut hort ohi sac hi e vi ngs uc c e s sand powe r . Thi spr i de f ulboas ti se xc us a bl ewhe nonecons i de r showr e s t r i c‑

t i vewe r ec ondi t i onsi n1 8 3 5f oral ear ne df o r me rs l avet owr i t ehi sway t of r e e dom. I twaso bvi oust ot hee i ght e e nt hc e nt ur yAme r i c anr e ade r t ha tFr ankl i n,as i gne roft heDe c l ar at i ono fl nde pe nde nc ea ndmany ot he rf oundi ngdoc ume nt s , wasc apa bl eofwr i t i nghi sownl i f es t or y. But s i nc et hewhi t ec ul t ur ene ve ri nt e nde dt hatas l aves houl dl e ar nt or e ad andwr i t eandt huspos s e s st hepowe rofpe nnl nghi sownnar r at i ve ,l e t al onede cl ar ehi sf r e e do m andi nde pe nde nc e,af or me rs l a vewass us pe c t ast heaut horofhi sownt e xt . None t he l e s sDougl as spr ove dhi ss t or yt o bea ut he nt i c.

Si nc ei t spubl i c at i oni n 1 8 4 5t he Nar y l at i u e o ft heL i f eo fFr e de r i c k Do u gl a s s , a nAme r i c a nSl a v eWr i t t e nb yHt . ms e l fi sunc hal l e nge dast he c l as s i cs l a venar r at i ve . Whi l eBe nj ami n Fr ankl i ni sc r e di t e dwi t he s t ab‑

l i s hi ngt het r adi t i o nalAme r i c anr a gs ‑ t o‑ r i c he ss t or y,Do ugl as s 'nar r at i ve

i smor epr of o und. I tc hr oni c l e st het r ans c e nde nc eofabl ac ks l a vef r o m

s ubhumanl e velt ot hatofs t unni ngor at or ,j our nal i s tandpol i t i calr i ght s

ac t i vi s toft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y. L ikeFr ankl i n' sAut o b i o gr a p勿/t he

nar r at i veofDougl a s si saf oundi ngdoc ume nti nt e nde dt omot i vat e. Ⅰ n

Dougl as s ' cas ei twast ol e ads l ave st owar df r e e do m andt opl ayar ol ei n

maki ng s l ave r y a bhor r e ntt o i t svi c t i ms . Ye ti twe nts t i l lf ur t he r .

Whi l et heNar y l at i v eas s e r t e dt hef r e e do m ofAme r i c ans l ave sast he

De c l ar at i o nofl nde pe nde nc ebadnot ,i te xpos e datt hes a met i met he

ca nni bal i s m o fawhi t ec ul t ur ewhi c hco ns ume dhumanf l e s hf ore c ono mi c

gai n. The Nar r at i v ewasal i t e r ar yac tofa ggr e s s i ona ga ins twhi t es l ave

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17 0 人 文 研 究 第 87 輯

hol de r s . Not hi ngi nFr ankl i n' St e xtmat c he st hi sde s pi t et hef ac tt hati t at t ac ke d whi t eAme r i c an i nde pe nde nc e f r om Eur ope an col oni z at i on.

Dougl as s 't e xtf ur t he re s t a bl i s he dt hel i t e r a r yt r adi t i onofaut o bi o gr aphy amongs out he r nbl ac kwr i t e r sf oc us l ngOnt het r i pl et he me sofl i t e r ac y ,

i de nt i t yandf r e e dom.

I ti spos s i bl et or e t i t l et heNar r at i v e . Fori ns t anc ei tc o ul dbe c al l e dt he Po r t y l a i to fa nAr t i s to nhi sOd y s s e yTo u ) ar dLi t e y wy ,Po l i t i c al a ndPe r s o nalFr e e do m. Ye tt heke ywor dst ot het i t l ebe l ongt oDoug‑

1 as s '" Wr i t t e nbyHi ms e l f . " Thea bi l i t yt ope nt he s ewor dswaswona t gr e atpr i c e. Whe nDougl as sr e ac he dt hee nd ofhi sj our ne y,hehad at t ai ne di nt e l l e c t ual ,pol i t i calandge nde r e dpar i t ywi t ht hewor l doft he whi t emi ddl ec l as s . Asac hi l dhel e ar ne dt hatt heke yt ot hi spar i t ywas l i t e r ac y. Al ongt hewayheconque r e de ne mi e sando bs t acl e sal i keby us i ng s e l f ‑ di s c i pl i neandr e s t r ai n t . Whe n her e ac he d f r e e dom i n t he Nor t h,Dougl as ss oughtf ul lr e l ea s ei nl anguagewhi c ht e s t i f i e dt oman' s a bi l i t yt oac hi e vei nde pe nde nc ede s pi t et her oot sofi l l i t e r ac y. I nhi sl i f e s t or yDougl as sr e c r e at e dhi ms e l fasbepr o gr e s s e df r om s l avet oe xs l ave t of r e e dman. Al wayspr e s e ntwast hei ns i s t e nts ear c hf orvoi c e,andf or c ont r oloft hatvoi c easanout s i de ri nawhi t ewor l ds t r uggl i ngt ocome t ot e r mswi t hwhi t eval ue sandmor e s . Pe c ul i art omebe c aus eofi t s a bs e nc ef r om t hel i f es t or yi sanye xpr e s s i ono ff i l i alat t ac hme nt .

" Thewhi t ec hi l dr e ncoul dt el lt he i ra ge s . Icoul dnot , " Dougl as s wr i t e s ( Nar r at i v e18) . I nas oc i e t ywhe r emos tc hi l dr e nkne wt he i rbi r t h dat e saswe l last hename soft he i rf at he r s , Dougl as swasi gnor ant . Rumorwi t hi nt hes l a vecompoundwast hatt hes l ave mas t e rhi ms e l fha d f at he r e dDougl as s ,butt hi swasne ve rpr o ve n. I fs uc hwe r et hec as e t he i r sco ul dhavebe e nnot hi ngmor et hanamos tunnnat ur alr e l at i ons hi p.

None t hel e s s , wi t houtaf at he rt heboyha d no i de nt i t y. Hi smot he r ,

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Ha r r i e tBai l e y, wasknownt ot heboy. Atl e as t ,hes a whe raf e wt i me s be f or ehe rdeat h. The yhadbe e ns e par at e dbyt hemas t e r / s i r es hor t l y af t e rDougl as s ' bi r t hwhe nHar r i e twashi r e doutbyt hemas t e r / s i r et oa near byf a r me r . Thi sc r ue lpr ac t i c eofs e par a t i ngof f s pr i ngandmot he r s wascommo nl yus e dbywhi t emas t e r st ot hwar tt henat ur albondi ng be t we e n mot he rand c hi l d ( Chr i s t i an 6 9 2 ) . Thef e w oc c a s i onswhe n Har r i e tme the rs onwe r enoc t ur nale ncount e r sbe caus eHar r i e ts l i ppe d a wayf r om t hef ar m af t e rdar kt oa voi dde t e c t i on.( Thepe ne l t yf orbe i ng c aughtwasas e ve r ewhi ppi ng. ) Eac ht i met het wome ti nt hi smanne r t hemot he rwasgonebe f or et hec hi l da wake ne dt obebac ki nt hef i e l ds be f or es unup. Af t e rhe rde at hwhe nyoungDougl as swasabouts e ve n ye ar sol d, hec l ai me dnott ohavef el tt hel os sofape r s onhebar e l ykne w.

Eac hoft hef ourt i me st hemot he ri sme nt i one di nt he Nar r at i v eDougl as s r e gr e t s , nott ha ts hedi e d, butcal l ous l yt ha ts hedi e dwi t ho utr e ve al i nghi s pat r i mony. Cons i de r i ngt hec i r c ums t anc e sofhi sc onc e pt i on, t her a peof s l avemot he rbyt hemas t e r ,i ti sr eas onabl et oas s umet hatt henameof t hef at he rofhe rc hi l d wasabhor r e ntt o Har r i e tBai l ey. Thi swas undoubt e dl yhe rr e as onf orwi t hhol di nghi sf at he r ' si de nt i t yf r om he rs on.

Ac c or di ng t o Bar bar a Chr i s t i an t he bl ack f i e l d s l a ve whos e

mul at t oba byi st ake nf r om he rt ober ai s e di nt hegr e at hous e,aswas

Har r i e t ' syoungDougl as s ,hadmi xe de mot i o ns . " Thebi r t hofs uc ha

c hi l dhe i ght e ne dt hee mot i o nalpai nofbe i ngas l ave . "Onapr a c t i c all e ve l ,

t hebl ac kf i e l ds l avemus tha vewonde r e da boutt hel oyal t yofhe rmul at t o

c hi l d ( 6 9 3 ) . Do ugl as sl a t e rr e pl aye d t hedr ama ofhi sc hi l dhood by

at t e mpt i ngt or e pl ac et hemot he rf i gur ewi t has e r i e sofwome nbe gi nni ng

wi t hSophi eAul dande ndi ngma nyyear sl at e rwi t hhi ss e c ondwi f e, bot h

ofwhom we r ewhi t ewome n. Ⅰ nt hec as eofHar r i e t , t hena t ur almot he r /

S onr el at i ons hi pwasi mpo ve r i s he dandunnat ur a l . Hi smot he r ' sde at h

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17 2 8 7 輯

de pr i ve dDougl a s sofa n i de nt i t y,bi r t hdat e,f ami l y nameandf ami l y s t r uc t ur e. Thel i t t l emul at t obo yo bs e r ve df i r s t ha ndt hec ul t ur eoft he whi t ewor l dasahous es l ave , apr i vi l e gede ni e dt of i e l ds a ve s . Thecode s oft hes o u也e r nc as t es ys t e m c r e at e dt he s es l aver e s t r i c t i o ns . I nappr oxi

mat e l yf i f t e e nyea r showe ve rDougl as spr o ve dhi ms e l fanapto bs e r ve rof whi t emanne r sandc us t omswhe nhebe ca mea nac c ompl i s he ds pe ake r andwr i t e ri nt hes amewor l dhehadonc es e r ve dass l ave. Ye tbe c aus e ofhi sr he t or i calappr oac ht ol anguage ,Do ugl as shasbe e nac c us e dby c r i t i c sofac c e pt i ngt hepe r s pe c t i ve saswe l last hel anguageof 2t hewhi t e oppr e s s o r . Whi l et he r emaybes omet r ut hhe r e,t hi si sno tat ot al l yf ai r ac c us at i on. I nt he1 8 0 0 ' st he r ewe r enobooksore xampl e sofAf r i c an Ame r i cans c hol ar s hi pavai l a bl et oDo ugl as st hatc oul ds ugge s tal t e r na‑

t i ve st owhi t es c hol ar s hi p,t heonl yc ul t ur et owhi c hhehadbe e ne xpos e d ot he rt hant hes l avec ul t ur e. h or de rt os ur vi vei nt heSout hhehadt o l e ar nwhi t er he t or i c. Andbe c a us eDougl as swasane xc e pt i onalmani t wasi ne vi t a bl et hathi sr he t or i cas s umet heac c ul t ur at i onoft hedomi nant s oc i e t yf o rs ur vi valr at he rt hant hatoft heAf r i ca nAme r i c anf r e ec ul t ur e.

Not hi nge xi s t st os ugge s tt hatanot he rs l avec o ul dno tha vedonet he s ame,butDougl as swasal onei nt hi sac compl i s hme nt .

Howe ve rt he r ei sonemome nti nt he Nar r at i v e whe nDo ugl as s de l i be r at e l yc al l e duponane s t a bl i s he dAf r i c anAme r i c anc ul t ur e. Thi s oc c ur r e dwhe nhede s c r i be dt hes ongsoft hef i e l ds l a ve sr e t ur ni ngt ot he gr eat hous ef r o m out l yi ngf ar ms . The i rt o ne swe r ej ubi l antwhe nt he y we r emos toppr e s s e dandmour nf ulwhe nt he ywe r ehappy,anoppos i t i o n

2 Re a dAl be r tE. St o ne ,I de nt i t ya ndA r t ,1 9 7 3 ; Tho ma sCo u s e r , Ame r i c a n Bi o g Y l a Pk y ,1 9 7 9 ; J a me sOl ne y, H IWa sBo r n, ' ' 1 9 8 5 ; a ndJ o hnSe ko r a ,Co mpr e he n‑

di n gSl a v e 7 y ,1 9 8 5 .

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t ot hewhi t ec ul t ur et owhi c ht he N ar y l at i u eot he r wi s eas c r i be s . What Dougl as ss ugge s t e daboutt hes l a ves ongsi st hel i t t l e‑ unde r s t oodc r e doof t heAf r i c an‑ Ame r i canc ul t ur ei nwhi c hs ur vi valde mande dt ha tas l a ve ma s kr at he rt hanpr o j e c thi st r uef e e l i ngs ,whi c hpo s e st hepr o bl e m of r eal i t y. Whatorwhoi sr eali n t hi ski ndofs oc i e t y? Whe ndoe saman know t hathei sbe i ngt r uet ohi ms e l f ? Thene e dt obec ons t ant l yon gua r do ri nas t at eo fr e be l l i o nc r e at e ss ome onewhoi snotr e alhi di ng be hi nd t hemas k. Thi sc r e doac count si n par tf ort hes t e r e ot ypi c al r e a s oni ng o fawhi t ec ul t ur ewhi c h mai nt ai ne dt hatal lbl ac kswe r e de c e i t f ulandhe nc enott obet r us t e d. Dou gl as si l l us t r at e dt hes l a ve' s ambi val e nc et owa r dhone s t yw it hani nc i de nti n t heNar 7 1 at i u ewhe l la s l ave,r e t ur nl ngt Ot hegr ea t ho us eaf t e ras pe l lonanout l yi ngf ar m , e nco unt e r e dhi smas t e r ,Capt ai nLl oyd,who m hef ai l e dt or e c ogni z e.

Que r i e da boutt hei n he r e ntgoodne s sofhi smas t e rt hes l avet ol dt het r ut h a bouthi smas t e r ' sc r ue l t y. Asa" r e war d"f orhi shone s t yhewass ol d downr i ve r ,af at ewhi c hs i gni f i e dt hes l ave' sdoom. Obvi ous l yc e r t ai n vi r t ue sofhone s t yanddi r e c t ne s swe r eno tpe r mi s s i bl eunde rt hecondi ‑ t i onsofs l a ve r ywhe nt obehone s tanddi r e c tmeantde at horwor s e( be i ng s ol ddo wnr i ve r )f ort hes l a ve. Me anwhi l ewhi t es l ave hol de r scont i nue d t omi s unde r s t andt hes l a ves ongs . Uponhe ar i ngt hej oyoust one soft he i r s o ngst he yf e l tj us t f i e di nowne r s hi pbel i e vi ngt he yhadbr o ughthappi ne s s t ot hes oul soft he i runf or t unat evi c t i ms . Sl aves oc i e t ywasas c hi z o‑

phr e ni conea ndc r e at e dpeopl ewhol i ve ddupl i c i t ousl i ve s . Thi swasas t r ueofbl ac ksasofwhi t e s ,ofwome nasofme n.

Eac hi nc i de nti nt he Nar r at i v ewascar e f ul l ys e l e c t e dt omar kt he pas s a geofDougl as st hes l a vet of r e e dom t hr oughl i t e r ac y. Onepar t i c u‑

l are pi s odei nt heNar r at i ver e c ount st hepr e c i s emome ntwhe nyo ung

Dougl as sbe co me sawar eoft hepowe rofl angua ge . Whe nt heboywas

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17 4 8 7 輯

br oughti nt ot hegr e at hous eass l avet ot heyoungma s t e r ,Mr s . Aul d,t he youngma s t e r ' smot he r ,be gant eac hi ngt het woboyst he i rl e t t e r s . Thi s wasDougl as s 'f i r s te nco unt e rwi t h l i t e r ac y,howe ve rbe f or el onghe r hus bandc aut i o ne dt heki ndl ywomant odi s c ont i nuet hi spr ac t i c ebe c aus e ,

" Lea r ni ngwo ul ds poi lt hebe s tni gge ri nt hewor l d … i two ul df or e ve runf i t hi m t obeas l ave. " ( Na r r at i v e4 7 )Aul d' Swor dso ve r hea r dbyt heboymade c l eart he i rme anl ngt Ohi m. Do ugl as st e l l shi sr e ade r :

Fr om t ha tmome ntlunde r s t ood t he pat hway f r om s l a ve r yt of r e e dom…Iwasgl adde ne dbyt hei nval ua bl e i ns t r uc t i onwhi c h,byt heme r e s tac c i de nt ,Ihadgai ne d f r om myma s t e r .( 4 7 )

Ast hee i ght ‑ ye ar ‑ ol dco mpr e he nde dt hes t r uc t ur eofs l a ve r y,hewas i ns t ant l yawar et hathi st i c ke tt of r e e do m wast hel angua geandl i t e r ar y modeoft hewhi t eoppr e s s ora ndhede t e r mi ne dt oac qui r e,howe ve r di f f i c ul t ,hi sf ar ef orpas s a geont hef r e e dom t r ai n. I nt hecour s eofhi s br i e fnar r at i veDougl as sr e l at e st hema j ors t e psofhi sj our ne y. One,t he o f t e n‑ quot e dac countofhi sl i be r at i nge ncount e rwi t hEdwa r dCo ve y,i s mos ts i gni f i cant . AsayoungmanDougl as s , hi ghs pi r i t e dandr e be l l i ous , wass e ntt oCove y' spl ant at i on t obet ame d by t hef amous" ni gge r br eake r "butt her e ve r s ehappe ne d. Atf i r s tDougl as s ' s pi r i twasc r us he d byat or t ur ouswor ks c he dul eandf ea roft hebr ut alCo ve y. Buts ome‑

ho wt heyoungman' ss pi r i twasr e ki ndl e dbyt hes i ghtoft al ls hi pss ai l i ng

f r e e l yi nne ar byChe s ape akeBay. Shor t l yaf t e rt het wome nhada

phys i c alconf r ont at i on. Oft he s e e xpe r i e nc e sDougl as swr i t e s , " You

haves e e nhow amanwasmadeas l a ve;yous hal ls e ehow as l a vewas

madeaman. "( 7 2 )h t hee ns ui ngf i ghtDougl as se me r ge dunbl oo di e d ,

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conf i de ntandvi c t or i ous . Oft hi shes aysi nt heNanl at i u e : :

Inow r e s ol ve dt ha t ,howe ve rl o ngimi ghtr e ma i n a s l avei nf or m,t hedayhadpas s e df or e ve rwhe nlc oul d beas l avei nf ac t .( 8 )

Dougl a s s 'de f i anc eoft hewhi t emas t e rwast het ur ni ngpoi nti nhi sl i f e.

Asheac qui r e dmai ns t r eam c ul t ur eDo ugl as sl e ar ne dt hatwhi t ef r e e dom i spar t i al l yde f i ne dbyc ompe t i t i onwi t hot he rme n. TheCove yi nc i de nt mani f e s t e dt hi swhi t econc e p t . I ti si mpor t antatt hi spoi ntt onot et ha t , i nt he i re ncount e r , t hes l a veDo ugl as sne ve ri nf l i c t e ds e r i ousbodi l yi nj ur y onCove yal t houghhec oul deas i l yhaveki l l e dt heman. Hi sc ombat , t he n andf or e ve r ,Wo ul dbeani nt e l l e c t ualbat t l eofwi l l s ;hi swe apons ,wor ds . Fr om t hi smome nton,whi l eawhi t emas t e rowne dDougl as s ' s l avebody , henol onge rc o nt r ol l e dhi sf r e es pi r i t . Dougl as shadf ul l yas s ume dt he c ul t ur als ur vi vals ki l l sofde c e pt i oni nor de rt ol i vei nawhi t es oc i e t y.

Whi l et hephys i c ale ncount e rwi t hCove ywass l gni f i cant ,wr i t i ng be ca mevi t alt oDoug las s 'i de nt i t y. Hekne w i t ss i gni f i c a nc ei nt wo ways ;notonl ywoul di taf f o r dhi m e s c apei nt ot hewhi t ewor l d,wr i t i ng woul de na bl ehi m l at e rt oc r ea t ehi sownpe r s onhoo d. Thet e l l i ngwor ds i nt het i t l eofhi sf i r s tl i f es t or y" wr i t t e nbyhi ms e l f " ,pr oc l ai m Dougl a s s ' i nde pe nde nc eoft hema j or i t yc ul t ur e . Howe ve r ,l ongbe f or epr oduc i ng t heNar 7 1 at i v eDougl as swr ot eot he rdoc ume nt sbyhi ms e l ft ohe r al dhi s pe r s onali nde pe nde nc e. I nana bor t e de s c apeat t e mpti n1 8 3 5Dougl as s pr e par e dpas s e s . The s ewe r epe r mi s s i ons l i pswr i t t e nbywhi t es l ave owne i r s ,t opr o t e c tt he i rs l a ve so nj our ne ys . Dougl as s 'pas s e swe r ef o r 一 ge dbyhi m t opr ot e c tt hr e es l a ve sandhi ms e l fi nt he i rf l i ghtotf r e e do m.

The yr e ad:

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17 b l 87

Thi si st oc e r t i f yt hatⅠ ,t heunde r s i gne d,ha vegi ve nt he be ar e r ,mys e r va nt ,f ul ll i be r t yt ogot oBal t i mo r eand s pe nd t he Eas t e rhol i days . Wr i t t e n wi t h mi ne own hand,Sc. ,1 8 3 5.

Wi l l i am Hami l t o n,ne arSt . Mi c hae l ' si nTal botCount y , Mar yl and.( 2 4 )

The s ewor dsc l ear l yde mons t r at et heyoungman' si nc r e as i ngs e ns eof l anguagemani pul at i ona ndi ndi cat et hedi s t anc ehet r ave l e ds i nc et hat daywhe nhi sr e adi ngandwr i t i ng l e s s onswe r ehal t e d. I ti sf ur t he r as t o ni s hi ngt or e adi nt he Nar y l at i v et ha tDougl as sandhi scompani ons de s t r oye dt hepas s e sbyeat i ngt he m whe nt hee s c a pepl anwase xpos e d.

The r e f or ewha tDougl as sr e pr oduc e di nhi st e xtye ar sl at e ri sar e col l e c‑

t i onoft hewor di ngo ft hepas s e s . Si nc et he s epas s e swe r eameani ngf ul s t e po nDougl as s 'r oadt of r e e dom,i ti sappar e ntt hatt hi sr e c al lca nnot beaf a br i cat i o n.

I twass hor t l ya f t e rar r i vi ngi nt heNo r t ht hatDo ugl as sf oundhi s

pu bl i cvoi c eandbe ganwr i t i ngands peaki nghi swayt of r e e dom. Thi s

r ol easpubl i cf i gur eor i gi nat e di nNant uc ke t , Mas s ac hus e t t si n1 8 41atan

ant i s l ave r yco nve nt i o nwhe r ehef e l tmo ve d,f ort hef i r s tt i me, t oaddr e s s

a naudi e nc ee xt e mpo r a neous l y. Thi swasoneoft hel as ts t e psonhi s

r oadt owar df r e e dom ands e l mood. Nont he l e s st hepat hwass t i l ll i t t e r e d

wi t ho bs t r uc t i ons . Mos tpr i mi t i venar r at i ve sar ef ul loft hevoi c e sof

t he i rnar r at or sr e cal l i ngt hes ubj e c t s 'or deal s . Mos tar ef ul laswe l lo f

o t he rvoi c e st ha tar ei nt e gr alt ot hena r r at i ve. Someoft he s emaybe

ac t ualc har a c t e r si nt heac countandass uc har ee s s e nt i alt ot hes t or yo f

t hes l a ve ヲ sac hi e ve me nt . Ho we ve rot he rvoi c e sar et he r el e ndi ngs uppor t

a ndaut he nt i ci t yt ot hewr i t e r ' st al e. Ro be r tB. St e pt os ugge s t si n Be hi nd

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t heVe i l t hatal loft he s evoi c e se s t a bl i s hadi al ogwi t ht heaut horoft he t e xtandbe comeani nt e gr alpar toft henar r at i veunt i latl as tal lvoi c e s bl e ndi nc hor usasone. Dougl as swass e ar c hi ngf orhi so wni de nt i t ys o henotonl ydoc ume nt shi ss l avevoi c ebutpr e s e nt shi shi s t or i cals e l fi nt he voi c eofnar r at or . Be yondt hepos eofnar r at o rDougl as sar t i c ul a t e st he voi c e sofpar t i c i panta nd obs e r ve raswe l l . The ma j o rr ol e o ft he nar r a t orr e ve al sDougl as s 'pa r t i c i pat i ona ndar tofs t or yt e l l i ng,al lof whi c hde pe ndf ore f f e c tasmuc huponwhathedoe snotr e countason whathedoe sr e c ount .

Voi c e sot he rt hant ha tofDougl as sappearaswe l l . Fo ri ns t anc e , wi t hi nt hef r ameoft he Nar r at i v e a ppear sapr e f ac ec ompos e dbyWi l l i am Ll oydGar r i s onaswe l lasal e t t e raddr e s s e dt o" MyDe arFr i e nd"f r om We nde l lPhi l l i ps ; bot hoft he s eme nwe r ef e i s t yAbol i t i oni s tl e ade r s . The pr e f ac e,coupl e dwi t ht heuno bt r us i veappe ar a nc eofl Gar r i s oni nt hef i nal page soft he Nar 7 1 at i v e ,mani f e s t sanea tbal anc i ngac tbyDougl as swho f r ame shi sl i f es t o r ywi t ht hewor dsoft heabol i t i oni s t sye tatt hes ame t i mee s t abi i s he shi sown aut hor i t ywi t hi nt het e xt . The r ee xi s t san appar e ntt e ns i onf orc ont r oloft het extbe t we e nnar r at i ve,s uppor t i ng pr e f ac eand l e t t e r . Ho we ve rwha tbi ndst henar r at i vei san e ne r gy be t wee nt e xtands uppor t i ngdoc ume nt s , i not herwor dsbe t we e nt hevoi c e ofDougl as sand t hevoi c eofot he r s . Theor e t i c al l y t hei nt r oduc t or y doc ume nt st oas l avenar r at i veguar ant e e dadi s t r us t f ul ,whi t er eadi ng publ i ct heaut he nt i ci t yoft heaut horasf or me rs l ave, butt he s epar t i c ul ar doc ume nt sofGar r i s onandPbi l l i pswhi c hi nt r oduc eDougl as s 'nar r at i ve and f ur t he rs uppor ti t ,e xt e nd be yond aut he nt i f i c at i o n and ac t ual l y i nt r udeupont het e xt . Gar r i s o ni smor econc e r ne dwi t ha nhi s t or i c al ac c ountoft heNant uc ke tAnt i ・ Sl ave r yConve nt i ont hatl aunc he dDoug‑

1 as sont hel e c t ur ec i r c ui tandhi sownpl ac ei nt hatc onve nt i on,t hanwi t h

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17 8 8 7 輯

Do ugl as s 'aut he nt i c i t y ase xs l a ve . Heal mos tdi s mi s s e sDougl as st o wr i t ehi ms e l fi nt ot heac c oun t . Spe c i f i c al l yhes ays , " Is hal lne ve rf or ge t hi s( Dougl a s s ' )f i r s ts pe e c hatt heConve nt i on. " Al i t t l el at e rhewr i t e s , " I r os eandde c l ar e dt hatPat r i c kHe nr y. ‥ ne ve rmadeas pe e c hmor ee l o‑

que nti nt hecaus eoff r e e dom…" Andagai n, " Ⅰr e mi nde dt heaudi e nc e …, "

and , " Iappe al e dt ot he m. ‥ " ( 4‑9) i ti shi so wngl or yandnotDougl as s 't o whi c h he al l ude s i n t he pr e f ac e . ( A f r i c a n‑ Ame r i c a n Li t e r at ur e 1 8 3 ) He r et hewor ds" wr i t t e nbyhi ms e l f "f r om t het i t l epageconve yano t he r i mpl i c i tandpar adoxi calconnot at i onbe yo nds e l f hood. Al t houghDoug‑

1 as sf l e dnor t ht oe s capet hebonda geofs l ave r y, hedi s co ve r e dt he r eane w ki ndofbonda ge. Theonl yr out et of r e e dom f ort hes l a vewasl i t e r ac y.

Butonc et hes l avebe gant oe xpr e s shi ms e l f ,t hes oc i als t r uc t ur eo ft he whi t ec ul t ur et hats uppor t e dhi m al s odi s t r us t e dhi se xi s t e nc e,whi c h pr e s e nt e dt hepar adoxi c alpr o bl e m oft henat ur eoft hee xs l ave. Fur t he r , Gar r i s o nc onf us e dt hes pons or s hi pofDougl as si nt heAbol i t i oni s tPar t y wi t howne r s hi p,e xpl oi t i nghi m asar e pr e s e nt at i veofhi so wnr ac e. He e ve nat t e mpt e dt oi nf l ue nc et hee xs l avet os pe ak i nt hedi al e c tofa s out he r ns l a ver at he rt han i nhi sownc ul t i vat e dt onguet opr ovet o a udi e nc e st hatDougl as shadi nde e donc ebe e napl ant at i ons l ave. Doug‑

1 as sf i nal l yal i e nat e dhi ms e l ff r om t heGar r i s ongr oupbe c aus eher e f us e d

t oe ns l avehi ms e l fagai nbybe ndi l l gt Ot he i rbas ede mandswhi c hi nc l ude d

anunwi l l i ngne s sf orhi m,abl ac kman,t os pe akhi sownmi nd. Thi s

br eakwi t hhi sGar r i s o ni anme nt or sf ur t he rs e par at e dDougl as sf r om t he

whi t ewor l dwhi c hal r e adydi s t r us t e dhi m be c aus eofhi sf r e e do m, be c aus e

ofhi sl i t e r ac y,andbe caus eofhi smi xe dbl ood. Suc h aman,t he y

r e as one d,C oul donl ybeaf r auds i nc ei twasi mpos s i bl ef oras l avet o

pos s e s sDougl as s 'mas t e r yofl angua geandr e f i ne me n t . Att hes ame

t i mehewa st oowhi t ei ncompl e xi ont obeac c e pt e dasbl ac k. Bl acks

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di s t r us t e dhi m notonl ybe c aus eofhi sl i t e r ac ybutbe caus eofhi sac c e p‑

t anc ebywhi t e s . Co ns e que nt l y,de s pi t eappar e ntf r e e dom,Dou gl as swas nott ot al l yac c ept e di nt heNor t hasaf r e eman. Eve nt ual l yhee s c ape d t hi sbi ndi ng " f r e e dom"byf l e e i ngt oRoc he s t e r , Ne w Yor k whe r ehe wor ke di nde pe nde nt l yandune nc umbe r e dt opr omot et hecaus eofbl ac k s l ave st hr oug h hi sownne ws pape r ,TheNo r t hSt a r( l at e rcal l e d Fr e de r i c k Do u gl a s s'Pa pe r) ,andt hr oug h hi sot he rwr i t i ngs .

Me anwhi l ei nhi spr e f ac et ot he Nar y 7 at i v eGar r i s o ne nde dnotby r e f e r r i ngt oDougl as sort ot heNar y l at i u e , butw it hbur ni ng ve r bi age de s i gne dt oi gni t et hef i r eofane xc i t a bl eant i ‑ s l ave r y c r owd i n t he manne rofar e vi val i s tpr eac he r . Rat he rt hanguar a nt e eDo ugl as s 't e xt asaval i ds l avenar r at i vet hePr e f ac er e e s t a bl i s he dGar r i s on' sr e put at i on asTheAbol i t i o ni s t . None t he l e s sde s pi t et hepas s i onofGar r i s on' sr he t o‑

r i c ,t hes hapea nde ne r gyofDo ugl as s 't e xtr e movedt henar r at i vei t s e l f f r om t hedoc u me nt sofbot hGar r i s onandPhi l l i ps . Thee xs l ave' ss t or y domi nat e sandaut he nt i cat e sr e gar dl e s soft hepr e s e nc eoft heot he rt wo voi c e s . I twast ove r i f yhi sowne xi s t e nc eandt e s t i f yt ohi sl i t e r a r ys ki l l s t hatDoug las swr o t et he N ar r at i v e ,nott os at i s f yt heAbol i t i oni s t s . He nol onge rpe r mi t t e dhi ms el ft obec e ns o r e dordo mi nat e dbyawhi t e c ul t ur e. " Youhaves e e nhowamani smadeas l a ve…けhea s s e r t e di nhi s nar r at i ve . Dougl as sbadwr i t t e nhi ms e l ff r e eofal ls t r i c t ur e s .

Unl i keGar r i s on' spr e f ac e ,Phi l l i ps 'l e t t e r" ToMyDe arFr i e nd"

wasaddr e s s e dt oDougl as s ,ors ooneas s ume s . Pos s i bl yi twasdi r e c t e d t owar dt her eade r . Byt hena t ur eofi t sf or m t hel e t t e rs ugge s t san e qual i t ybe t we e nt hewhi t emanandt hebl ackmano nal e ve lofl i ngui s

t i c sandmor al i t yt hati sunus ual ,he nc et hedoubtast ot headd r e s s e e.

Ne ve r t he l e s sDougl as si de nt i f i e dhi ms e l fast hewr i t e roft henar r at i ve

f ol l owi ngt hel e t t e r ,bys i gni nghi sownnameaf t e rPhi l l i ps 's i gnat ur et o

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1 80 人 文 研 究 第 87 輯

t hel e t t e r . Hef ur t he re s t abl i s he d hi sc apabi l i t y asa l i t t e r at e urby pr oduc i ngave r ymo vi ngmanus c r i ptde s pi t ebe i ngbl ac k a ndde s pi t e be i ngaf or me rs l ave. Whi l et heGar r i s onandPhi l l i ps ' doc ume nt sar ean i nt e gr alpa r toft henar r at i ve ,t he yr e mai nout s i det het e xt . Dougl as s do e snotr e qui r e t he s e t e s t i moni e st o e s t abl i s h hi s l i t e r ar y i de nt i t y be c aus ehei nc or por at e shi sowndoc ume nt si nt ot het e xtwhe r et he y be c ome,l i ket hepas s e s ,hi sde c l ar at i onofi nde pe nde nc ef r om t hedomi ‑ nantc ul t ur e.

Thel as tf e w l i ne sofDougl as s 't al eas s umeadi s t i nc tpur pos e.

Dougl as s r e cal l e d t he ant i ‑ s l ave r y co nve nt i on at Nant uc ke t f i r s t me nt i one di nt hepr e f ac ebyGar r i s on. Hi swor dsbr i ngt her eade rf ul l c i r cl et oGar r i s on' swor ds :

But , whi l eat t e ndi nganant i ‑ s l ave r yc onve nt i onat Nant uc ke tont he l l t hofAugus t ,1 8 41 ,If e l ts t r ongl y move dt os pe ak,andatt hes amet i mewasmuc hur ge d t odos obyMr . Wi l l i am C. Cof f i n,age nt l e manwhohad he ar dmes peaki nt hecol or e dpe opl e' sme e t i ngatNe w Be df or d. I twasas e ve r ec r o s sandIt ooki tupr e l uc‑

t ant l y. Thet r ut hwasIf e l tmys e l fas l ave, andt hei dea

ofs pe aki ngt owhi t epeopl ewe i ghe dmedown. Is poke

butaf e wmo me nt s , whe n‖e l tade gr e eoff r e e dom, and

s ai dwhatIde s i r e dwi t hc ons i de r abl ee as e. Fr om t hat

t i meunt i lnow,Ihavebe e ne ngage di npl ea di ngt he

caus eofmybr e t hr e n‑ wi t hwhats uc c e s s ,andwi t hwhat

de vot i on,Il e avet hos eac quai nt e dwi t hmyl a bor st o

de ci de. ( 1 1 9 ‑1 2 0 )

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Thi si sadel i ght f ulmane uve ri nt hes e ns eofl i ngui s t i cbal anc e ; f ur t he ri ti sac l e ve rr he t or i c als t r at age m be c aus ei tpl ac e sDou gl as swi t h Gar r i s oni nt hes ameaudi e nc er e c al l i nghi sownwor dsatt hec onve nt i on.

Byt husf r a mi ngt heNar r a t i vewi t ht heNant uc ke te pi s odeDo ugl as s r e pl ac e dGar r i s onandbe camehi sownhi s t or i an. I nt hee ndt hes l ave whof oundhi so wnvoi c ehadl e ar ne dt ous el angua geass ki l l f ul l yast he ma j or i t yc ul t ur e. ThePhi l l i psandGar r i s ondoc ume nt sbe c omel i t t l e mor et hanapai rofde c o r at i vebooke nds . Thet e xti sdomi na t e dbyt he s t r i de ntvoi c eoft hewr i t e rwhocont r ol s ,notonl yhi sl i f es t or y,butt he aut he nt i c at i onoft hats t or y.

I nt heAppe ndi xwhi c hconc l ude st he Na r r a t i v eDougl as se c hoe dt he or i gi nalDe c l ar at i onofl nde pe nde nc ei nde c l ar i ngf r e e dom andi nde pe n‑

de nc ef oral lAme r i cans l ave sbyde f i ant l yat t e s t i ngt ot hei mmor al i t yof s l a ve r yi naChr i s t i anwor l d:

Si nc e r e l yande a r ne s t l yhopi ngt hatt hi sl i t t l ebookmay dos ome t hi ngt owar dt hr owi ngl i ghtont heAme r i c a n s l aves ys t e m andhas t e ni ngt hegl addayofde l i ve r anc e t o t he mi l l i onsofmy br e t hr e n i n bonds ‑f ai t hf ul l y r e l yi ngupont hepowe roft r ut h,l ove,andj us t i c e,f or s uc c e s si n my humbl ee f f or t s ‑ and s ol e mnl y pl e dgi ng mys e l fane w t ot hes ac r e dc aus e,‑ Is ubs c r i bemys e l f , Fr e de r i ckDougl as s . ( Sl a v e

yy

a ndLi i e 7 1 a

l

y7 )

J us tasDougl as spl e dge d, s ubs c r i be dands i gne dhi snamet ohi sdoc ume nt ,

Be n j ami nFr ankl i nandot he rf oundi ngf at he r sofAme r i cahadpl e dge d ,

s ubs c r i be d ands i gne dt he ms e l ve st ot hee xcl us i onar y De cl ar at i on of

l nde pe nde nc ewhi c hof f e r e dnof r e e dom t os l a ve s .

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182 8 7 輯

We,t he r e f or e,t heRe pr e s e nt at i ve soft heUni t e dSt at e s ofAme r i ca,i nGe ne r alCongr e s s ,As s e mbl e d,appe al i ng t ot heSupr e meJ udgeoft heWor l df ort heRe c t i t udeof ourl nt e nt i o ns ,do,i nt heName ,andbyt heAut hor i t yof t hegoodPe opl eoft he s eCol oni e s ,S ol e mnl yPubl i s hand De c l ar et hatt he s eUni t e dCol oni e sa r e,andofRi ght oughtt obe,Fr e ea ndl nde pe nde ntSt at e s …Andf ort he s uppo r toft hi sDe c l a r at i on,Wi t haf i r m Re l i anc eont he Pr o t e c t i onofDi vi nePr ovi de nc ewemut ual l ypl e dget o eac h o t he rourLi ve s ,ourFor t une s ,and ours ac r e d Honor .

[ Thel i s tofpe r s onals i gnat ur e sf ol l ows . ] ( 8 )

Thi spos t ur eofDougl as si ni mi t a t i onofAme r i c a' sf oundi ngdoc ume nt wasde l i be r at e l yi nt e nde dt or e s t or et henat i onali de alde ni e dt hebl ack r ac ei npr ac t i c ebyt hef ounde r soft hegove r nme nt " … t hatal lMe nar e c r e at e dEqual …" I ti st hi ss amei de alt hathasi nf us e dt hel i t e r ar yt r adi ‑ t i onofAf r i canAme r i c anwr i t e r ss i nc e.

Noonedoubt st ha tt heNanl at i v ee s t a bl i s he sDougl as s 'f r e e dom f r om humanbo nda ge. St i l l ,att hee ndofhi sj o ur ne yt owar df r e e dom Dougl as sf ound hi ms e l ff e t t e r e d a gai n,bot h pol i t i cal l y and s oc i al l y.

De s pi t ehi spe r s onalde cl a r at i onofi nde pe nde nc e, hewasnott r ul yf r e ei n

t hee manc i pat e dNor t h. Whi l eDougl as s 'r e c ons t r uc t i onofhi sf r e e dom

i nt heNar y l at i v ewasi nt e nde dt ol i be r at ehi m f or e ve r ,hi st e xtf ai l e dt o

ac compl i s ht hi sdr e am. Eme r s ons ugge s t st hatc ompl e t el i be r at i o ni s

f r e e dom f r om al lr e s t r i c t i ons . Dougl as sf o undt ha ts uc hf r e e dom e xi s t s

onl yi nani de als o c i e t y. Whi l eDougl a s spr o ve dhi ms e l fanel oque nt ,

i mpas s i one ds ur vi vorofne gr oc i de,t hepubl i c at i onofhi saut obi o gr aphy

(17)

e ndange r e dt hel i be r t yoft hee xs l a ve. Enc our a ge dbyf r i e ndshef l e dt o Eur opewhe r ehes pe ntt woyear sa br oad of t e n l e c t ur i ng t hr oughout Engl and,I r e l and,Sco t l and a nd Wal e s . I twast wo whi t ewo me n i n i r e l and who e ve nt ual l y pur c has e d Dougl a s s 'i nde nt ur ef r o m Thomas Aul d,f r e ei nghi m t or e t ur nt oAme r i ca.

I nAr he r i c ahecont i nue dhi swo r kasanac t i vi s ti n Bl ackAme r i c an af f ai r sf ors e ve nt e e nyear s . Whi l ef amousf oror at or i c alands pe e c h‑

wr i t i ngs ki l l s ,Dougl as swasaj our nal i s tathe ar t . Ase di t orofhi sown ne ws pape r shegavet hathe ar tt ot heca mpai gnnotonl yagai ns tbl ack s l ave r ybutagai ns tanyf or m ofe ns l a ve me nt ,i ncl udi ngwo me n' sr i ght s whi c hhes aw asi ns e par a bl ef r om t hebr oade ri deal sofhumane qual i t y anduni t yt r ans c e ndi ngobvi o usbi ol ogi c ala ndphys i ol o gi caldi f f e r nc e s be t we e nt hes e xe s . Hevi e we dwome na s" f ul l ye qual[ t oman]i nmor al , me nt alandi nt e l l e c t uale ndowme nt s . " Asar e s ul twomanwas" e nt i t l e d t oane qualpar t i c i panc yi nal lt hede s i gnsandac c ompl i s hme nt sal l ot t e d t omandur i nghi sc ar e e rone ar t h"( Nar r at i ve,2 7 9 )Dougl as svi e we dal l wome nase quali nna t ur alr i ght sanddut i e sr e gar dl e s so fs e xorr ac e.

Thegr e atgoalofuni ve r s ale manci pat i on t he r e f or ene c e s s i t at e d t he l i be r at i onofoppr e s s e dwome naswe l lasoppr e s s e dr ac i alande t hni c mi no r i t i e s .

The Nanl at i u eofFr e de r i ckDougl as si smor et hananac countofa s e l f 一 mademan. I ti sar adi c aldoc ume ntmadebyonewhobe gani n s l ave r ybutbr oket hef e t t e r sando ve r t hr e w hi soppr e s s or s . Asade c l a‑

r at i onofi nde pe nde nc e" wr i t t e nbyhi ms e l f "t het e xte c hoe st hate ar l i e r

nat i o naldoc ume ntwhi c huphol dst her i ghtofAme r i canst or e vol tagai ns t

e ns l a ve me n t . Dougl as swasde l i be r at ei ne c hoi ngt hef i nalwor dsand

pat t e r nsoft henat i onaldoc ume nt . Mor e ove rt henar r at i veofhi spas ‑

s aget of r e e dom i squi t el i ket hei ni t i alac countoft hea bus e sandt r ams ‑

(18)

184 8 7 輯

gr e s s i onsoft heKi ngofEngl and,andt hene e df orAme r i canst obr eak a way f r om Br i t i s h r ul e. Whathadbe e n wr i t t e n i nt o t hi scount r y' s f oundi ngdoc ume ntbuti mme di at e l yde ni e d‑ " t hatal lme nar ec r e at e d e qual , " wasr e wr i t t e nbyFr e de r i c kDo ugl as st oas s e r tt hec onc e ptof

" nat i onMasbot hAme r i c anandasAf r i canAme r i c an.

Thepoi nthasbe e nmadet hatDougl as s 'l i f es t or ye xt e ndsbe yond t hel i mi t sofl i t e r ar yandpol i t i c als t at e me ntofbl ac ki nde pe nde nc e,t ha t i ti spr i nc i pal l yape r s onalde c l ar at i onofi nde pe nde nc e. Thr oughr he t o‑

r i cDougl as so bvi ous l yf r e e dhi ms e l ff r om s out he r ns t r i c t ur e s , f r om t ho s e Abol i t i oni s t swhodoubt e dhi sc r e di bi l i t yasf or me rs l a ve,andf r om t ho s e whos oughtt or e s t r i c thi m wi t hdi c t umsl i kede s i r i nghi m t os pe aki n publ i cwi t has t r ongbl ackdi al e c t . Bywr i t i ngt heNar y l at i v eDougl as s c r eat e dal i f ef orhi ms e l fde s i gne dt oof f e rr e l e as ef r om t hef a t eofbl ac k e xi s t e nc e. Howe ve r ,de s pi t ehi si nde pe nde nt l yc r e at e df r e e dom,Doug‑

1 as swasne ve rt r ul yf r e ebe caus ehewasne ve rf ul l yac c e pt e dbyt he domi nantc ul t ur e.

‑ TheNar r at i v er e veal smor et hant hehor r orandi nhuma ni t yof

s l ave r y. I tr e veal st hes oul sofwhi t epe opl e:t ho s ewhoat t e nde dc hur c h

onSunday, e xpr e s s e dbe l i e fi nt heAme r i canpr i nc i pl e sofde moc r a c y, and

ye te ns l ave dot he r s . Dougl as s 'pur pos ewe ntbe yo nds he ddi ngl i ghton

Ame r i c ans l aver yt ohas t e ni t sde mi s e. I twa smuc hmor eper s ona l . He

wi s he dt oc r eat ef orhi ms e l fani de nt i t yt hathade ve rbe e nwi t hhe l dby

pr i va t eandpubl i cr e s t r i c t i ons . Wi t hi nt heNar 7 1 at i v ehef r e e dhi ms el f

andi ns odoi ngc r e at e damode landl i t e r ar yge nr easwe l lf o rf ut ur e

Af r i c anAme r i cans .

(19)

WORKSCI TED

Chr i s t i an,Bar bar aT. " Ther ac ef orTheor y"i nLi t e 7 1 aY yCr i t i c i s m and The o r y, TheGr e e k st ot hePr e s e nt .

e d.Rober tConDavi sandLaur i eFi n k.

Ne w Yor k :Longman,1 9 8 9,8 42 ‑ 8 5 1.

Chr i s t i an , Bar bar a T. " I magesofBl ack Wome n i n Af r o‑ Ame r i can Li t e r at ur e , "i n Li t e 7 1 ar y Cr i t i c i s m a nd The o 7 7: TheGr e e k s t o t he Pr e s e nt .

e d.Ro be r tConDavi sandLaur i eFi n k.

Ne w Yor k :Longman,1 9 8 9,8 7 8‑ 8 80.

Dougl as s ,Fr e de r i ck. Nar r at i v eo f t heL i f eo f Fr e de r i c kDo u gl a s s , An Ame r i c anSl av e , Wr i t t e n b y H2 ' ms e l f

Re pr i nt . Ne w Yor k,1 96 8.

Fi s he r ,Dext e randRobe r tB. St e pt o,e d. 、 Af r o‑ Ame r i c anLi t e r at ur e . Ne w Yor k :Mode r nLanguageAs s oc i at i onofAme r i c a,1 9 7 9,1 7 ト2 3 2.

Gat e s ,He nr yLoui sJ r . ,e d. Re adi n gBl ac k ,Re adi ngFe mi ni s t . Ne w Yor k:Me r i di an,1 9 9 0.

McDowe l l ,De bor ahE.andAr nol d Ramper s ad,e ds . Sl av e

Py

and t he Li t e r a 7 3 7I ma gi nat i o n.

Bal t i mor e:JohnsHopki nsUni ve r s i t yPr e s s ,1 9 8 9.

Me ye r ,Mi c hae l ,e d. TheNanl at i v eandSe l e c t e d Wr i t i n gs .

Ne w Yor k :Mode r nLi br ar yEdi t i on,1 9 8 4.

(20)

186 87

01 ne y,Jame s . Aut ob i o gr a ph yIEs s a y sThe we t i c ala ndCr i t i c al . Pr i nc e t on:Pr i nce t onUni ve r s i t yPr e s s ,1 9 8 0.

Re ynol ds , Moi r aDavi s on. Unc l eTo m' sCab i n & Mi d‑ ni ne t e e nt hCe n‑

t u7 7 Uni t e dSt at e s . IPe na ndCo ns c i e nc e . Nor t hCar ol i na:Mc Far l and & C0. ,1 9 85.

Rus h,The r e s s aGunne l s ,Car olFai r banksMye r s ,Es t he rSpr i ng. Bl ac k Ame r i c an Wr i t e r sPa s tandPr e s e nt .

Ne w J er s e y:Scar e cr ow Pr e s s ,1 9 7 5.

St e pt o , Ro be r tB. " Di s t r us toft heReade ri n Af r o‑ Ame r i can Nar r a‑

t i ve s , " i nLi t e 7 1 a7 7 Cr i t i c i s m a nd The o y y , TheGr e e k st ot heP7 1 e S e nt . e d.Ro be r tConDavi sandLaur i eFi n k.

Ne w Yor k:Longman,1 9 89,82 7 ‑ 8.

St ept o,Robe r tB. Fr o m Be hi nd t he Ve i l , A St uめ/o f A f r o‑ Ame r i c an Nar y al i v e .

2 nde d.

Ur banaandChi c ago:Uni ve r s i t yofI l l i noi sPr e s s ,1 9 9 1.

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