S c i R e p . Kanazawa U 現 i v . , Vo 1 . 1 5 N o . 2 , p p 2 1 ‑ 3 6 J u n e 1 9 7 0
The Determination of Plutonium in the Fall‑out Samples at Kanazava
Y o s h i k a z u 1NOUE
1 n s t i t u t e o f R a d i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e , Anagawa , Chiba 2 8 0
and Masanobu SAKANOUE
Radiochemical Laboratory , Department o f Chemistry , F a α l l t y o f S c i e n c e , Kanazawa U n i v e r s i t y ,
Kanaza wa 9 2 0
Abstract‑The t r a c e r s t u d i e s o f t h e r a d i o c h e m i c a l p r o ・
c e d u r e f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n a n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m i n t h e f a l l o u t s a m p l e w e r e made b y u s i n g t h e m e t h o d s o f i o n e x c h a n g e , e l e c t r o ‑ d e p o s i t i o n a n d a l p h a ‑ s p e c t r o m e t r y .
The d e v e ) o p e d p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m i s o t o p e s w a s a p p l i e d t o t h e f a l l o u t s a m p ) e s a t K a n a z a w a d u e t o t h e t h i r d a n d t h e f i f t h n u c l e a r t e s t e x p ) o s i o n o f C h i n a . The c o n t e n t s o f u r a n i u m a n d n e p t u n i u m i s o t o p e s w e r e a l s o d e t e r m i n e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e x a m i n a t i o n s o f r d e c a y c u r v e s a n d s p e c t r a f o r t h e s e s a m p l e s . And , b a s e d o n t h e s e d a t a , s o m e d i s c u s s i o n s w e r e made a s t o t h e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l o f t h e n u c l e a r b o m b u s e d i n t h e C h i n e s e f i f t h . t e s t e x p l o s i o n .
1 . In 仕 oduction
The o b s e r v a t i o n o f f a l l ‑ o u t r a d i o n u c 1 i d e s a t Kanazawa from 1 9 6 3 t o 1 9 6 5 were r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r t h e f o u r c a s e s o f t h e nu c 1 e a r t e s t e x p l o s i o n 1 > . E s p e c i a l l y , f o r t h e f a l l ‑ o u t from t h e f i r s t Chinese nu c 1 e a r t e s t e x p l o s i o n , t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f uranium i s o t o p e s ( 2 8 4 U , 2 8 5 U , 2 8 8 U and 2 8 7 U ) were c a r r i e d o u t and t h e e x i s t e n c e o f 2 8 9 P U was s u g g e s t e d i n t h e a l p h a s p e c t r u m . But i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n c o u l d n o t be made d e f i n i t e l y , b e c a u s e t h e a n a l y t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n method was n o t s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r p l u t o n i u m . 1 n 1 9 6 6 , t h e t h i r d and t h e f i f t h nu c 1 e a r t e s t e x p l o s i o n o f China were done and t h e i r f a l l ‑ o u t samples were c o l l e c t e d a t Kanazawa. 1 n t h e s e c a s e s ,
‑ 2 1 ー
2 2 Y o s h i k 呂 z ulNOUE 2 n d I v l a s a n o b u SAKANOUs
o f plutonium from o t h e r r a d i o a c t i v e n u c l i d e s was made and i t s ammmt 呂
c o u l c l b e d e t e r r r J . I n e d . And some d i s c u s s i o n s were made a s t o t h e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l o f t h 日 S 色 n u c l e a rbomb , Furthermore , i n t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s r e p o r t , t h e
o f t h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i s shown ,
2 .
1 ) E l e c t r i c centrifl認と l\11od百1~FT9S, Kubota S e i s a k u s h u Co , ・ Lt d .
2) G … 釦 ω 加 1 0 1 1d e t e c t o r w e l l t y p e 附 1 十十一→→→川て;( a
3) G 五 M 在む o u n t ε r E n ι d
幅w I l 加 ndow νtyp 抑 色 G l V 在 ' [ t u b 告 with5 0 m m
ムd i a m e t ε E 二 Aloka , M o c l e l t h i c k n ε s s 2.4 ,~2.6 (RG.) 3 0 cpm.
4 ) s d n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r ZnS c r y s t a l with 2 n diamete r . s c a l e r Model TDC‑1 , Nihon l V l u s e n Co 吋Lt c L
5) Double i o n i z a t i o n chamber Osaka Dempa Lt d .
f o r P t ト 2 3 8 . (RG.): 0 . 0 1 5 '
叫0 . 0 2 5 I 五日 7
f o r 4 ‑ l E MeV R e g i o n . e f f i c i e n c y ) : 4 9 . 3 士1. 5 ; 弘 e s t i m a t e d an o f t h e s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n o f Pu~239 0 . . 1 332μCi Radiochemical C e n t e r ,
6) 1 0 0 c h a n n e I Model 1 1 ‑ 1 ' ふ 1 0 0 , Kobe C o . , L t ふ
3 . ChemIcaIs
A l l c h e m i c a l s a r e t h e guranteed r ε a g e n t exc 色 p t f o r t h e o r g a n i c r e a g e n t Di
口i s o ‑ k e t o n
Acid : H t < ! 0 3 ' 8 a l t s o t u t i o n 2 M
HF~
s o l u t i o n i n S 1 ¥ ; 1 HCL
and t h e i r m i x t u r e s .
F 巴3+ c a r r i e r S O I U t i O l l , and
f , l ' e a g e n t 5 ' 011 ノ 3 妥 協 c : c t r a c t i o n DIBK p r e ‑ e q u i i i b r a t e d with 8 M HC l . R a d i o a c t i 1 J c trace?~s P l u t o n i u 1 1 1 ‑ 2 B 8 2) and uraniUIT1~2328) u s e d i n t h i s work were
i n our laboratory.ω237 was o b t a i n e d from RCC i n E n g l a n d . Uramm い 2 3 7 剖 l d n 色 p t u n i u m . . 2 B 9 V I!白色
from n e u t r o n i r r a d i a t e d usmg amon i E う S l n and e x t r a c t i o n
I o n 附 r e s i n Dowex‑lX8 The r e s i n o b t a i n e d comm 色 r c i a l l y was washed with HCl 呂 nd d i s t i l l ε d ¥ ; v a t e r , r 巴 A f t e r washing v l ! I t h s u f f i c i e n t r ε s i n was s t o r e d i n 1 M HCL I o n e x c h a n 仰 c o l u r J ま n The i o n exchange column ShOW l 1 i n F i g . 1 was made o f
p o l y e t h y l 邑 net u b e i n o r d ε r t o a v o i d c o r r o s i v e ~effect o f
f l u o r i c a c i d on t h e g l a s s column
曲I nany c a s e , How r a t e was n o t but i t had c o n s t a n t r a t e 明 。 1‑ ' 0 . 4
f l o w .
The D e i e r m i n a t i o n o f . P l u f o n i u m 叫 i h eFa! ム o u tSamtlcs a t Ka 持 ( { z a ωa 2 3
Resin
i 斗 N7mm
F i g . L 1 0 1 1 e x c h a l l g e c o l u m n
4 . Tracer 日 土 ud . i : e s0 [ : a n a J y s i s f o r
4
圃L S 乱 mpled e c o m p o s i t i o n and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f plutonium with hydroxide o f i r o n by c o p r e c l p l t a t lO 1 1 •
T ' h e s a m p l ε , 5‑10 g o f s o i l o r o t h ( う rm a t ε r i a l ,
¥N 乳詰 f i r s t I : r ε a t c d with c o n c . 1 到 、 t o decompose o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s and t h e n d i g e s t e d on a h o t p I a t 告 v v ' i t h c o n c . HCI0 4 and c o n c . HF i n a P t d i s b r 記 p e . a t e d l yt i l l t h e r e s i d u e t u r n e d t o s c r n i 四 1 : . r a n 5
司p a r ε n t s i l i c a geL Although t h e f a l l o u t s a m p l e s may b e decomposed a 1 1 1 1 0 s t i n t h i s s t e p , remaining r e s i d u e was t r 日 a t 一 色 d f n r t h e r m o r e by f u s i o n ¥ v i t h : f l ux o f sodium and pottasium c a r b o n a t e 乱 nd t 1 1 色
c a k e was t a k e u up with c o n c . HCl , a n c l t h e n a 1 訊 r g eamount o f h o t d i s t i l l e d wat 日 r . Fτom t h e sampl 邑 s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e c l by t h e above method o f d 巴 c o m p o s i t i o n , plutonium was c o l l 己 c t e dby t h e c o p r e c i p i t a t i o n with f e r r i c h y d r o x i d e .
4 ‑ 2 . Tr ・ a c e rs t u d i e s f o r t h e c h e m i c a l 田 p a r a t i o no f p l u t o n i u m . 4 ‑ 2 ‑ 1 . The m e t h o c l C A ) .
The a n a l y t i c a l m 日 t h o d f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f plutonium f r o r n o t h e r e l e m ε n t s c o p r e c i p i t a t e d with f e r r i c hydroxide , e s p e c i a l l y from uranium , was examined employing uranium
畑2 3 2( c o n t a i n i n g s m a l l amount o f i t s daughter , thorium
語εmd plutonium
伺2 3 8 a s t r a c e r 呂 町 Three d i f f e r e n t sample s o l u t i o n s , one c o n t a i n i n g o n l y plutonium
帽2 8 8( s a m p l e A) , t h 忠 s e c o n d o n l y uranium
悶2 3 2( s a m p l ε B) , and t h 日 t h i r d b o t h p l u t o n i u m ‑ 2 0 3 8 and UI
司anium
倒2 3 2(sample C) , were p r e p a r e c l .
On 邑 t e n t h mi l J i t e r s o f 0 . 2 M F 己 0 ' , TH 2 SO j) was added t o t h 巴 sample s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n l n g h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d i n o r d ε r t o a d j u s t thεvalency s t a t e o f plutonium t o PU ( I I I ) . A . f t e r wanning , t h e sample s o l u t i o n was made t o 3 M H C l ‑0.5M HF s o l u t i o l 1
and p a s s e d through t h e Dowex‑lX 3 a n i o n 日 xch 旦 ng 巴 r e s i n colunm ( r e s i n v o l u 自 己 , 3
m 1 ) . 1 n t h i s p r o c e s s uranium and i r o n were r e t a i n e d on t h e column and Ra , A . c , 1 ' h ,
Pa , Np Pu , a l k a l i a n c l a l k a l i n e
嗣e a r t h met 昌 1 s p a s s e d through t h e column 町。 A f t e r
washing t h e column ¥ v i t h 6 ~ ' 7 t i r n e s column volumes o f 3M HCJ‑0.5M HF , uranium
w 出 色 l u t e d by p a s s i n g 1 0 t i m e s columu volumes o f 6 M HC ト 0.1M HCI0 4 , i r o n
remained on t h e column even a f t e r t h i s e l u t i o n p r o c e s s . To t h e e f f l u 己 n to f 8 M
HCl
圃0.5MHF , 2 M AICl g s o l u t i o n was a d d e d enough t o mask f l u o r i d e i o n , then t h i s
s o l u t i o n was p a s s e d through t h e Dowex‑l:< 8 r e s i n p r e c o n d i t i o n e d by 5.5M HCl and t h e
column was washed 5.5M HC l . 1 n t h i s p r o c e s s , P u ( I I I ) was s e p a r a t e d i n t o 5.5M HCl
e f f l u e n t from neptunium which would b e r e t a i n e d on t h e r e s i n . The e f f l u e n t o f 5 . 5M
HCl was e v a p o r a t e d and i t s r e s i d u e was t a k e n up by 8 1 V 1 HC l . 1 n o r d e r t o o x i d i z e
P u ( I I I ) t o Pu(IV) , 0 . 3 1 1 1 1 o f 3 M NaNO z s o l u t i o n was added t o t h i s s o l u t i o n . By
p a s s i n g t h i s s o l u t i o n through t h e Dowex~lX 8 r e s i n p r e c o n d i t i o n e d with 8 M HCl ,
2 4 YoshH 国 Z l 1 INOUE a n d M a s a n o b u SAKANOUE
A f t e r t h e column v 1 i t h 8 ¥ 在 I
V / U S r 邑 t a i n e dand o t h e r s e v e r a l 記 l e r u e n t s
was e l u t e d with [ M HCL ) The c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s 色
i o n ÇA"~HO.H,~巴 were
b a s e d on our
r e s u l t s s h o v v n i n 2 , ' w h i c h V i a s o b t a i n e d t h e t r a c e r s o I u t i o n and PU This shows t h e
c u r v e o f on t h e Dowex
桐1 x 8 r e s i n . The t r a c e r s o I u t i o n was c o n s i s t e d ofabout 8 否。 fP u ( I I I ) and 四 o fPU b e c a u s e 1 1 0 a d s o r p t i o 1 1 o f
0 1 1 t h e Dowεx~lX 8 had
ぬ
U 1 4 1 φ b u g s p u f i a s s ' B f L f d a u
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5 4 . 4
been confirmed i n anv c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f HCL
The uranium f r a c t i o n i n anion exchange r n e t h o d was t o n e a r l y
and thεresidue was t a k e n up with 2 ml o f 2 M under Then , 2 ml o f HCOONH. and 1 0 ml o f d i s t i H ed w 乱 t e r werεadded t o make up t h e e l e c t r o l y t i c
c e l l and uranium was
s o l u t i o n 6) . The s o l u t i o n v ¥ " a s t r a n s f e r ε d i n t o an
I o r about 2 h o u r s a t a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t 0 1 1 a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
0 . 5 A.
The f r a c t i o n 1 ; v a s e v a p o γ a t e d t o and t a k e n up with ml o f O . l J M HCl undεr h 回 t i n g . ' T h e n , 5 1 江 1 1o f 4 f v l 1 ml o f O.5M
. 7 5 ml o f 2.M and d i s t i l J e d water ' V v e r 告 added 切 make up t h e t o t a l volume 1 0 . 0 ml o f t h e s o l u t i o n . From t h i s s o l u t i o n , p l u . tonium was electro~
a s t a i n l e e s s t e e l f o r a b o u t 2 h o u r s a t a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t 0 . 5 ] ¥ 川
Th 色 o v e r a l l scheme i s shown i n F i g . 3 . The a l p h a s p e c t r o m e t r i c r e s u l t s
c o u l d be
4) o f t h e s e
4
岨2‑2 . The o t h e r method
show t h a t uranium and t h e p r o c e d u r e mentioned above 。
Another s e p a r a t i o n method was examined f o r
m e t h o d i j ) o f a n l o n exchange r e s I r L
and plutonium ,
A s o l u t i o n 0 1 U
回2 3 2 , a l 1 d Pu‑239 was n e a r l y d r i e d up t o g e t h e r with c o n c .
HNO a on a h o t p l a t e s 己 v e r a lt i m e s . The r ε s i d u e was t r e a t e d with 2 0 ml o f d i l . HCl and
1 0 mg o f F ♂十 wasadded and then NH g gas was p a s s e d through t h e s o l u t i o n un t i l . i t s
pH became t o a b o u t 8 . F e r r i c formed was and
washed with h o t d l 1 . NH 4 0H , and d i s s o l v e d i n O o , i f M H 2 C 2 0 4 s o l u t i o n o f smaH
The Detenni 持 afum01 P l t d o 持 ium 的 t h e FaU
固・Ql . t8 a 1 1 1 ρ l e s a t Kanazawa 2 5
SAMPLE
~ add T r a c e r s : P u ‑ 2 3 8 and U
回2 3 2 (十 T h ‑ 2 2 8 )
~ decomp. with HNO" , H 2 SO ゎ H C l O . " HF
e v a p o
一一一上一
〆 一 一 「 一 一 一 一一ー一一一一¥
2M HCIO , 2ml
2M HC0 2 N H . , 2ml 2M HC0 2 NH , O . 7 5 m ! O.5M (C0 21 , ¥ H . ')2 1m!
一「一一 O.lMNaCl
¥ NH., O旦二二二一!~! 3 ' 3 ̲ J t . l e c t I
印1 ピ POSit lOl1
e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n
ψ 斗 ,
a spcctrome . t r y ' ¥ : α s p e c t r o m e t r y
不*by Double gridded ionization Chamber
Fig. 3 . The analytical scheme for plutoniurn nsed in tracers study
Added R , 世 covered
A 瓦 o c p m 〈 ご 0 . 5 c p m
2 3 . 5 c p m 5 . 7 ' 1 c p r n
B I 局 ~~~: 司 . 2 3 8 3 7 O . S
匁c c f J p m m 曜 く 1 0 0 . . 5 c 5 c p p m m
t I ~-2~~_ I 3 : . ゲ 仰 1 2 . 5 c ρ 官
Pu‑238 I 2 3 . 5 c p m 3 宮 3 c p m
ぉ C o r r o c t e r f1 0 r T h ‑ 2 2 8
C o u n t s by ZnS 5 c i n t i l l a t i o n C o u n t " r
( B . G . C o . む , 5 c p m )
P U
叫U‑232 5/ , 9 MeV 5 . 3 2 M e V
5 . 2 6 M e V
G ハ
¥¥1'1 ¥
" " 1
D < ‑ Spect rometry '¥
」一一→~ 162 m i n
; p C 2 8 6 3 m i n
l i l ‑ ‑
置と丞間当d明~,...予、
4 . 5
1 ヘーー
5 . 0 5 . 5 Fig. 4 . The results of tracers s . t udy
[ ) m l
1 4 0 0
︒ 向 ︒
C3
同 仇
門
U
内吋W
。
。
。
。
、 与 ヰ ユ ム 1 ‑ 1 )
2 6 Y o s h i k a z u I N O U E a n d M a s a n o b u SAKANOUE
q u a n t i t y a s p o s s i b l e . Then t h i s s o l u t i o n was p a s s e d through an o x a l a t e form Dowex ・
1 x8 r e s i n ( r e s i n volume 2 . 5 m l ) . I n t h i s p r o c e s s , uranium , thorium , p r o t a c t i n i u m and i r o n were r e t a i n e d on t h e column , b u t a l k a l i and a l k a l i n e e a r t h m e t a l s p a s s e d t h r o u g h . A f t e r washing t h e column with s e v e r a l column volumes o f 0.5M H 2 C 2 0. , t h e e l u a n t s were changed s t e p w i s e l y i n t h e o r d e r o f 8M. HCl , 8M HCl ・ O.lMHF , 6M HCl‑2M HCI0 4 and f i n a l d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .
The e l u t i o n diagram o f uranium , neptunium , plutonium and i r o n i s shown i n F i g .
ぢ ︽
〉、
4 回 ,
五 ﹄
O
4 , 同
ι
〉
D 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 . 0
E f f l u e n t V o l u m e , m . l
D o w e x 1x8(200~400 m e s h ) ( o x a l a t e f o r r r i C o l u m n や : 0 . 8 c m , L:5cm , F l o w rate~0.4mL/mín.cm:
F i g . 5 . E l u t i o n c u r v e o f Pu , Np , U a n d F e f r o m a n i o n e x c h a n g e r e s i n
5 . The r e s u l t shows t h a t plutonium i s e l u t e d i n 8M HCl e f f l u e n t a l o n g with thorium , neptunium e l u t e d i n 8M HCI‑0.1M HF a l o n g with p r o t a c t i n i u m , and uranium e l u t e d i n 6M HC ト 2MHCI0 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
This method i s u s e f u l f o r t h e f a l l o u t sample , c o n t a i n i n g l i t t 1 e amount o f thorium and p r o t a c t i n i u m i s o t o p e s which w i 1 1 i n t e r f e r t h e a l p h a s p e c t r a o f Pu‑238 and PU ・ 2 3 9 and Np ・ 2 3 7( a y i e l d t r a c e r f o r Np ・ 2 3 9 d e t e r m i n a t i o n ) . A r e s i d u a l p a r t o f PU ・ 2 3 9 a p p e a r e d i n t h e 8M HCI‑0.1M HF f r a c t i o n , b e c a u s e t h e f o r e g o i n g e l u t i o n with 8M HCl might n o t b e s u f f i c i e n t . Another c a u s e o f low r e c o v e r y o f Pu‑239 from 8M HCl f r a c t i o n may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n c o m p l e t e q u a n t i t a t i v e e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f p l u t o n i ‑ um. Recovery o f neptunium i n 8M HCI‑0.1M HF f r a c t i o n e x c e e d e d o v e r 90% , b u t a p a r t o f i t ( s e v e r a l p e r c e n t ) was e l u t e d i n 8M HCl f r a c t i o n , owing t o t h e f a c t some s p e c i e s o f neptunium was n o t a d s o r b e d on t h e r e s i n .
4 ・ 3 The e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f plutonium
I n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y mentioned above , t h e e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f plutonium was
made under t h e s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s a s had b e e n u s e d f o r t h e e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f
2 7 t h o r ・ iumo r n 色 p t u l 1 i u m . Optimum c o n c i i t i o n s f o r plutoniumwas i n v e s t i g a t e d from t h e s t a n c l p o i n t s o f t h e i n i t i a l pH , t h e c o n c e n t r
眉a t i o l 1 o f ammonium I O I ・ mate , sodium c h l o r i d e , and o x a l i c a c i c l a n c l e l e c t r 叫 y t i ct i m e . Other f a c t o r s such a s v o l t a g e , c u r r e n t , t e m p a r a t u r e , volume o f e l e c t r o l y t e a n c l a r e 旦 o I c a t h o d e p l a t e which would have influencεon t h e y i e l d were k e p t n 在日 c o n s t a n t .
The c o n c l i t i o n s o f each e l e c t r o l y t l c exp 巴 rimenti s shown i n
The D e f e r m i l w t i o n o f Plutonium よ り t h e F a l l 開 制 tSamtles a t Ka 持 azawa
Table 1 , r ε s p 日 c t i v e l y .
一 e
︑ ) ノ
了 ぷ
一
/ L
MUGf
一 一 川
A m
‑ ‑
仏
. m
ハ 山 一 ( 政 ( 一 む
円 山
︺
r
一 誠
一品
qは一
‑ h u
一 Y
喝 ︑
E 一 c u r d r F h u 民 υ
一 円 一 四 一 比 一
1 一
I N
‑ 5
ぷ
0 0 0
一 小 川
o n
一 J . m J J J
↑
2
m v h
よ
O M 0 0 0
r L
一
v一 日 一
下一
一 一 一
1 ム ハ U n u
i J
‑ :
一 a 一
g A A A
鼻
At44
M H
一 凶 ん
一 日
p 一
Z 2 S 1 3
一
7 i
‑
可 つ
JUQd つ U
一 ω 一
p日 印 汚
一 c
n ‑ M
一弘・口町 一 N
卵 ︑ ︑
一 瓦
日
The t r a c e r e x p e r i m e n t s o f t h e e l 巴む t r o d e p o s i t i o no f p l u t o n i u m T a b l e 1 .
つ 2 2 つ
v a r r i e d
司
i ハ L n
︐
O A 住 に
υ
To t h e s o l u t i o n i n Table 1 , d i L F I C l o r c l i l . NaOH was add 日 dt o a d j u s t pH and t h e t o t a l volume was mad 巴 t o1 0 ml with d i s t i l l e c l water¥Thεelectrolysis was c l o n e a t a c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t c 1 色 n s i t yo f a b o u t '7 0~80 mA/cm 2 with an a p p l i e d voltaぶ~ o I about 5 V f o r each c e l l , e x c e p t f o 1 ' t h e exp 邑 rimentNo. 3 s e r i e s i n which an a p p l i e d v o l t a g e was changed a c c o r d i n g t o t h e amount o f 4 M NaCl s o l u t i o n i n o r d e r t o maintain t h 巴
c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t .
As shown i n F i g . 6 , t h e anode was s p i r
唱a 1platinum w i r e and t h e c 3 o t h o d 色、lI a s a s t a i n l e s s steelε(3.4 cm diamet 邑 r ) . A c e l l was a p o l y e t h y l e n e t u b e with 5 cm h e i g h t 3 0 n d 2 . 8 cm o f I n n e I ・ c 1 i a m e t e r . The y i e l c l o t e l e c t r o c l e p o s i t i o n wasεstimated from t h e r a t i o o f t h e r e c o v e r e d a l p h a a c t i v i t y o f plutonium t h e c a t h o d e p l a t 色 t o t h a t on t h 行 g o l d c o a t e d c o p p e r p l a t e 011 which t h e same amount o f plutonium a s t h a t u s e c l f o r t h e e l e c t r o l y s i s was mounted 司 nd e v a p o r a t e d c a r e f u l l γ t o d r y n e s s . Great carεhad t o b 在
t a k e n t o s p r e a d t h e m a t e r i a l on t h e d i s h
e v e n l y and t h i n l y , t o r e d u c e t h e s e l f ‑ a l コ s o r p t i o no f 3 0 1 p h 3 o p a r t i c l e s t o a minimum. As t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y mounting c o u l d n o t be s e c u r ε d by s u c c e s i v e l y a d d i t i o n and e v a p o r a
四t i o n o f d i l . HCl s o l u t i o n o f plutonium , some e r r o r s may b e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e
出 t i r n a t i o no f a b s o l u t e y i e l d owing t o t h e f a c t t h a t sma I l q u a n t i t y o f s a l t r e s i d u e remamεd on t h 色 g o l dc o a t e d p l a t e and s 巴 l f
同a b s o r p t i o no f a l p h a ray m 3 0 y o c c u r . But t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d seem t o be c o r r e c t r e l a t i v e l y .
P α c k i n g ( P o l y e t h y l e n e ) [ H o l d e r I B r a s s )
E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n c 巴 I I
し=抵雌滋監=二ご盃謹彊'"
。 2 3 4 cm
F i g . 6 . a
011
2 8 Yo 品 h i k a z u XNOUE a n d M : a s 品目 o b u SAKANOUE
R 倒 u l 加 。
1 ) . A s shown i n F i g . 7 , t h e y i 記 l do f plutonium d i d n o t depend upon t h e i n i t i a l o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e o Even above i n i t i a l v a l u e below 3 , t h e y i e l d exc 巴己 ded , 0 γ e r about
。 。 。
毛》
。 。 。 。
込
モ 。
詰 5 叩 o 昆
4 1 ' 4 NσC I m!
0 . 5 1 レ i H ; z C : : O
,"ml :
2
' 1 4 HCOOt‑ 判 0 . 75 ml 角
u Llー斗ー」ーム‑Lーーム‑LJー‑‑L‑! d
‑ 2
四10 . j 2 3 " 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 I n i t i a l pH
F i g . 7 . E f f 官 c to f i n i t i a l 上 10 1 1 E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n (PU)
2M HCOONH 4 , ml F i g . E f f e c t o f HCOONH 4 0 1 " 1
e l 色 c t r o d 母 p o s i t i o no f PU 2 ) On t h e o t h e r t h e depend 配 d s 巴 0 1 1 t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
ammonium f o r m a t e . As shown i n F i g . 8 , t h e a d d i t i o n o f O . 7?~O. 7 5 ml o f 2 M
日
s o l u t i o nt o 1 0 ml o f 1 S most The o f
E t I I l 1 1 1 0 n i u 1 l 1 f o r . 1 Y . l a t 色 r i s e dt h e pH o f i n c r 巴 a s e st h e o f t h e
3 ) O x a l i c a c i d seems t o a r o l e o f some meta l I i c element such a s i r o n B l an c 1 o f t h e 巴 v o l u t i o no f hydrogen a t t h e c a t h o d e . As s l i g h t d e c r 悶 s e i n t h e was o b s ε r v 邑 dwhen more than 1 . 5 ml o f O.5M was added and i 1 1 t h 己 a b s e n c eo f o x a l i c a c i d . i 1 . 8 s e 巴 nfrom Fig
ゅt h e a d d i t i o n o f 0 . 5 ml o f Oo5M H.C"Oλsolution w i 1 l be f a b o r 討 ) l e 。
次 10C十つ~一一一吋叫時~一 プ 1‑‑‑
一 目 白 骨 軍 羽 田 回 開 問 。苦 I 刑 2 1 1 は !
日 l n日 a l 3 . 2 ‑ ' : 3 。 ア i
ロ 5 0 ト I ; M N I 1 C I 5.0ml
喜 2MH 側 側 0 .' 1 州 i
s i ぬ lume o f E 1 e c l r o ! y r e 10.0ml
'
"
占 08 す 。 は み 1!041115; い
O . 5 l Y f H 2 C 2 0 4 , ml F i g . 9 . 1 1 ) E f f e c t o f H 2 C 2 0 , ! on
邑 l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n (PU) b ) 芯 f f e c to f NaC! 0 孜 副 担 c t r o d 邑 p o s i t i o n (PU)
The D e t e r m i n a t i ω J 0 1 P l u t , 側 i 御 霊 的 t h eF a l l ‑ o u t S a m p l e s a t Kanazawa 2 9
4 ) The amount o f sodium c h l o r i d e d i d s c a r e c e l y i n f l u e n c e on t h e y i e l d a s shown i n F i g . 9 ( b ) but p l a y a r o l e o f r e d u c i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e . I n p r a c t i c e , 3 ' " 5 ml o f 4 M NaCl s o l u t i o n was f a b o r a b l e .
5 ) As f o r t h e e l e c t r o l y t i c t i m e , t h e y i e l d began t o r i s e a b r u p t l y a f t e r a b o u t 2 0 minutes and r e a c h e d a t t h e p l a t e a u i n a b o u t 5 0 minutes and t h e n c o n t i n u e d t o r i s e s l o w l y . This phenomenon was p a r a l l e l with t h e pH change o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e . The e l e c t r o l y s i s o f 2 h o u r s was n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m .
From t h e s e r e s u l t s , t h e b e s t ∞ n d i t i o n s were a s f o l l o w s . The e l e c t r o l y t e i s t h e
mixture o f t h e weak a c i d i c s o l u t i o n o f sample , 0 . 7 5 ml o f 2 M HCOONH む 0 . 5ml o f 0.5M H 2 C 2 0 4 and 5 ml o f 4 M NaCl s o l u t i o n and t h e pH i s a d j u s t e d ' 3
" ,4 with d i l . NaOH o r d i l . HCl and i s made up t o t a l volume t o 1 0 ml with H 2 0 .
5 . F a l l o u t sampl 倒 andt h e i r a n a l y s i s
5 ‑ 1 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f plutonium i n t h e f a l l o u t s a m p l e s due t o t h e t h i r d nu c 1 e a r e x p l o s i o n o f C h i n a .
The t h i r d nu c 1 e a r e x p l o s i o n o f China was done on May 9 , 1 9 6 6 . By s u r v e y i n g with a r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r , a l l o f t h e sample c o n t a i n i n g h o t p a r t i c 1 e s , d u s t and s o i l was c o l l e c t e d on t h e r o o f o f t h e f a c u l t y b u i l d i n g o f t h e Kanazawa U n i v e r s i t y on 1 1 , May. T h e i r r d e c a y c u r v e s and s p e c t r a were shown i n F i g . 1 0 .
H: 0 . 5 r n 2 D . : 0 . 0 7 7 n u 防:札 1 1
111 0
VL ー ← ー. . . . . . . . . . . . . ・
咽 1 ∞
( 紬 ‑ ‑・司・‑ 一 ‑ ‑ 一 一 ‑ 一 ‑ ‑ 一 … 開 一 ‑ 5 . 7 2 9 d 6 6 智S . , 5 , 9 , 〓 ∞
一一一 ‑ 8 ・ .
E n u ‑
‑
1 05
E
E
量
2
5 , . .̲4
向 J ・ 1 寸 3 2 . Zr-~.
ー ( N b ‑ B 7 J ,
( b ) ‑ I ・ 1 3 2 , Z r ・ 9 伊 Z r ・ 9 5 .
( N 凶(地・ 9 5 ) ,
1 0 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 0 ∞ t 旭 四 0 . 1
F i g . 1 0 . The r s p e c t r a a n d d e c a y c u r v e o f t h e f a l 1 0 u t
f r o m t h e t h i r d n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n o f C h i n a
m Y o s h i k a z u INOUE a n d i v l a s a n o b u SA 瓦 ANOUE
The sand (L 5 c o n t a i n i n g t h ε f a l l o u t d u s t ケ wasa n a i y s e d t h e scheme shov , n i n 3 巴 t h o d. A 目 立 吟 n t i o n 色 dabove i n 4 ~ 2
凶1 n
⑮1 1 , t h e amount o f PU
凶2 3 9 , U
回2 3 4and U
司2 3 8i n t h e sample R" was shown with t h e r 記 : c o v e r e dt r a c e r s o f PU
司2 3 8and U‑232 , r 部 p e c t i v e l y .
l , . O
5
但2 .S e p a r a t i o n o f
l c 5 5 . 0
F i g . 1 1 0 The a n a i y t i c a l r e s u l t s o f f a l l o u t s a r n p l e f r o r I l t h e t h i r d n u c l 世 a rt e s t ( ) f C h i n a
5 . 5 MeV
and o t h e r s i n t h ξ f a l l o u t samples due t o t h e f i f t h n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n o f C h i n a .
The f i f t h n u c l e a r o f China was done on Dεcember 2 8 , 1 9 6 6 . The s n o v v a s wat 巴 r o f 1 2 明 T a s on t h e r o o f t o p o f t h e o f S c i e n c e o f 1 五 anazawaU n i v e r s i t y on January 1 , 1 9 6 7 . Other samples were a l s o c o l l ε c t e d f o r m 開 s u r i n gt h e r decay and t h e r s p e c t r a ( F i g . This f a l l o u t samples were t r 明 t e d by t h e o x a l i c a c i d c o n v e r s i o n method which was a l r 開 mentioned above i n t h e t r a c ε r study (4
喝2
圃2 , Method B) , f o l l o w 邑 d t h e s t 邑 po f r a d i o c h e m i c a l s 邑 p a r a t i o n
可 v i t h r c o u n t i n g and r s p e c t r a o
The D e t e r m i 仰 t i o no f P l u t , 仰 : i u mi n t h e F a l l ・ o u tSam ρ l e s a t Kanazawa : n
1 0
S
内Hu w
f
一 一 一 一 1 . J a n . ' 6 . 7
一一一 1 0 . J a n .
削 減 メ xx 6 . M a r .
H