氏 名 Ou Ratanak
学位（専攻分野の名称） 博 士（農業経済学）
学 位 記 番 号 乙 第 896 号
学 位 授 与 の 日 付 平成 26 年 4 月 20 日
学 位 論 文 題 目 Using Choice Experiments to Estimate the Values of Community Based Natural Resource Management in Cambodia 論 文 審 査 委 員 主査 教 授・博士（農業経済学） 寺 内 光 宏 教 授・博 士（農 学） 菅 沼 圭 輔 教 授・博 士（農 学） 堀 田 和 彦 准 教 授・博 士（農 学） 岩 本 博 幸 教 授・博士（農業経済学） 板 垣 啓四郎 論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 Community Based Natural Resources Management
is a potential development option in order for Cam-bodia to address problems of rural poverty and envi-ronmental conservation. In Cambodia, there has been increasing pressure on natural resources in recent years, with intensifying conflicts over land conversion, and over exploitation of natural resources. Both eco-tourism and non-timber forest products (rattan and bamboo) play a key role in rural poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in Cambodia. The cur-rent Cambodian population is over 15 million people, and 80.5% of whom live in rural area. Ecotourism and non-timber forest products contribute to livelihood development and environmental conservation which accounts about 20 per cent of Cambodia’s Gross Na-tional Product and 72% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture and forestry activities. Bamboo and rat-tan are the most imporrat-tant non-timber forest products in Cambodia. They generate approximately US$ 7 million in Cambodia annually. Bamboo and rattan not only plays a crucial role in national economy but can also contribute to poverty reduction and conserva-tion.
The first survey was carried out of 111 domestic and 105 foreign tourists who visited Senmonorom and Bousra Waterfall in Mondulkiri Province. This study is to establish tourist profiles of Modulkiri Province, to assess ecotourism potential sites in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and to estimate the willingness to
pay of tourists in order to assess ecotourism develop-ment in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary. The second survey was conducted of 216 local communities who are ecotourism income dependence. The main objec-tive of this research is to establish the marginal utility of each attribute for sustainable ecotourism manage-ment. It is also used to estimate the payment of each activity for sustainable dolphin ecotourism manage-ment. The next research was interviewed with 324 families who have forest dependence. The objective of this research is to establish the marginal utility of each attribute for sustainable rattan management and it was also used to estimate the payment of each activity for sustainable management and productions. The final study was interviewed with 287 forest-dependent families. This research is to establish the marginal utility of each attribute for sustainable bam-boo management and to estimate how much people are willing to pay for sustainable management.
These papers present the use of choice modeling as a tool to analyze preferences of characteristic and be-havior of tourist and local community toward liveli-hood development and biodiversity conservation in Cambodia. The conditional logit model as an experi-mental method was used to establish the marginal utility of each attribute for ecotourism development and management and sustainable rattan and bamboo productions. It is also used to estimate the payment of each activity for improving the developing of ecotour-─ 69 ecotour-─
ism development and management and sustainable rattan and bamboo productions. The survey data were analyzed using conditional multinomial logit models using LIMDEP software.
To look at ways of developing ecotourism in Cam-bodia, these studies used a choice experiment aimed at identifying potential activities for new package tours protected areas ; to estimate tourists and local com-munity willingness to pay for entrance fee and income tax for supporting the development of ecotourism in Cambodia and to identify the preferences and behav-iors of local community and all stakeholders toward all activities for dolphin ecotourism management both. Most of tourists appreciated of natural based experi-ence and they were willingness to pay with the total of 88 percent, while 94 percent of local communities were also happy to contribute their income through local community revolving fund for managing ecotourism activities at their communities. Each activity has great potential to draw a variety of tourists apprecia-tive of a nature-based experience. Each attribute was found to be statically significant should be helping policy makers to see the appreciation of local people for using and managing their resources in manner way, thus, the government and other stakeholders can use for better management of ecotourism for the benefit of species conservation and poverty alleviation in Cam-bodia. First, it was observed that for both domestic and international tourist most of activities in the packages were significant determinants of choice and they are WTP high amounts for these activities, in-dicating that this area has high potential for ecotour-ism development. Meanwhile, local community pre-ferred in increasing of wildlife population for attract-ing more tourists.
Next, it was also observed that international tour-ists display the strongest preference for observing large water birds and wild cattle, alongside elephant riding, canoeing and fishing, visit and communication, and dancing. Domestic tourists, meanwhile, want to join safari camps with motorbikes, observe large water birds and wild cattle, visit and communication, and go canoeing and fishing. These activities would act as a suitable foundation for establishing new package tours. At the same time, local communities are keen
in restoring wildlife habitat and extend their habitat in order to increase wildlife population for tourists to see.
Thirdly, the majority of both domestic and interna-tional visitors are under 30 years old : there were not many older visitors. In addition, young tourists seem more interested in visiting remote areas and taking part in the activities listed above than do older visitors. While, local communities in old age were wil-lingness to support ecotourism development, but they want to keep their tradition. Thus, a wide range of affordable basic foodstuffs and other essential daily items, as well as plenty of inexpensive food and ac-commodations, would be required for young tourists. The development of ecotourism should also keep local traditional and culture.
Fourth, as expected, it was observed that, tourists often want to combine several different activities in their packages. This information can be used to es-tablish different package tours for them. The govern-ment can cooperate with tour operators or NGOs to set up priority areas, design activities and promote pack-age tours for small and medium-sized tourist groups, because such activities are not easily undertaken by larger groups.
Fifth, it was observed that most of the international respondents are highly-educated visitors from Euro-pean countries, or from Australia, America and Canada, who appear to spend more time and money than domestic visitors. Thus English- and French-speaking guides would be required for these tourists. In addition, domestic tourists have a high WTP for guides. Therefore, training of professional guides is an important part of establishing sustainable ecotour-ism.
Finally, this study provides policy makers with a range of useful information concerning the rate of entrance fee of tourists in protected areas ; a fee which could be used for maintaining biodiversity conserva-tion of this area. The study also outlines the prefer-ences of typical packages for both domestic and in-ternational tourists.
This information is very important for ecotourism, and the implementation of policy is now urgently re-quired. The implementation should, however, focus ─ 70 ─
審 査 報 告 概 要 カンボジアにおいては，国土面積の約 60% を森林面 積が占めており，森林資源の持続的な保全と活用が重要 視されている。同時に，天然資源の管理・保全を可能と する地域社会の確立が，農村部における貧困問題と環境 保全問題の解決に向けた条件として重要視されている。 本研究においては，農村部における両問題の解決に向け た条件の解明に向け，エコツーリズム推進と非材木林産 物（NTFPs）利用に着目した。分析に際しては，条件 付きロジットモデルによる選択型実験を援用した。分析 結果から，①エコツーリズムの持続的な展開に関して は，観光資源としての自然資源の利用と管理の方向性及 び今後の持続的なエコツーリズムの推進方向が解明され ると共に新たなエコツーリズムパッケージの提示がなさ れ，その潜在的有効性が確認された。②非木材林産物 （NTFPs）の生産管理に関しては，持続可能な森林管理 に向け，その主体である地域住民の生物多様性保全や開 発水準に関する意識・選好が解明されると共に住民意識 に基づくに主体的な生産管理の在り方が解明された。今 後，カンボジアにおいては，エコツーリズム推進と非材 木林産物（NTFPs）利用は，観光業部門・農林業部門 の成長を実現する重要な手段として成長が期待されてい る。その一方で，エコツーリズム推進と非材木林産物 （NTFPs）利用に関しては，住民各層において多様な意 識・選好が存在する。本研究の知見は，農村部における 両産業部門に関連するプロジェクトの計画・実施に際し て，政府機関・民間部門の事業関係者に，効果的な示唆 を提供するものである。 よって，審査員一同は博士（農業経済学）の学位を授 与する価値があると判断した。 ─ 72 ─
