Englishin SixWeeks: An Investigation on theIntensiveEnglish Program atSUNY-AB KazuoNagahara Sadatosh呈Tomizawa Based on areportentitled

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An I nves t i gat i on on t heI nt ens i veEngl i s h Pr ogr am atSUNY‑AB

Kaz uoNagahar a Sadat os h呈Tomi z awa Ba s e d on ar e por te nt i t l e d Ope nDo o r s ( 1 9 8 6 ) Publ i s he d by t he I ns t i t ut eofI nt e r na t i ona lEduc a t i on,t he r ea r e 4 1 1i nt e ns i vel angua ge pr o gr a ms ,e a c ho f f e r i ngami ni mum o ff i f t e e nhour so fc l a s swor kpe r we e k. Ac c or di ngt ot her e por t ,whi c hc ont a i nsas ur ve yof 3 3 7 s uc h pr o gr a ms ,t he r ewe r e 2 3 , 9 5 6 s t ude nt se nr ol l e di nt he s epr ogr amsi nt he Uni t e dSt a t e sdur i ngt heye a r 1 9 8 5/8 6 . Thec ount r ywhi c hs e ntt he l a r ge s tnumbe ro fs t ude nt st ot he m wa sJ a pa n ( 1 4 . 1 % or 3 , 0 8 6 ) ,f ol ‑ l owe dbyt heRe publ i cofKor e a ( 8 . 2 % or 1 , 9 5 8 ) ,SaudiAr a bi a ( 6 . 2 % or 1 , 4 7 7 ) ,t hePe opl e ' sRe publ i cofChi na ( 4 . 9 % or 1 , 1 6 5 ) ,a ndMe xi c o ( 4 . 5 % or 1 , 0 8 臥 Al mos thal foft hes t ude nt s ( 4 5 . 2 %) we r ef r om Sout ha nd Ea s tAs i a. I n ge ne r a l ,i nt e ns i veEngl i s h pr o gr a msa f f i l i a t e d wi t h a c ol l e georuni ve r s i t ya r eo fbe t t e rqua l i t yi nc ur r i c ul um a ndt e a c hi ng s t a f f . Wi t h an e nr ol l me ntofa va r i e t y o fs t ude nt swi t h.di f f e r e nt c ul t ur a lande duc at i onalba c kgr ounds ,i nt e ns i veEngl i s hpr ogr amsar e an i nt e r e s t i ng s ubj e c to fc ompa r a t i ve s t udy ofEngl i s h i ns t r uc t i on.

Howe ve r ,hi t he r t onoe xha us t i ves t udyha sbe e ndonei nt hi sf i e l d.

Thi s pape ri sa r e por ton r e s e a r c h i n t he i nt e ns i ve Engl i s h pr ogr am i nSumme rSe s s i onI Iof f e r e dbyt heI nt e ns i veEngl i s hLan一 gua geI ns t i t ut e ( I ELI )oft heSt at eUni ve r s i t yo fNe w Yor ka tBuf f al o

〔 1 6 1 〕

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( SUNY‑AB) ,whi c hl a s t e ds i xwe e ks ,f r om J ul y 1 3 t oAugus t2 1 ,1 9 8 7 . Wec onduc t e d " A Que s t i onna i r eaboutLe a r ni ng Engl i s hatt he I E LI , SUNY‑AB"f or 1 3 9 s t ude nt sofSumr r l e rSe s s i on I I ,a ndc ol l e c t e d 1 0 9 ( 7 8 . 4 %) a ns we r s( s e eAPPENDI X 1) . TheI ns t i t ut eki ndl yal l owe dust o us et hes c or e soft heMi c hi gant e s t ,whi c h we r ea dmi ni s t e r e datt he be gi nnl ng and t hee ndoft hes e s s i on,and t hos eoft heTOEFL t e s t gi ve natt hee ndoft hes e s s i on( s e eAPPENDI XES 2 A‑C) .Tomi z awa , Coor di nat oroft heLa ngua geLa bor at or y at I E L I ,ha sbe e n t e a c hi ng Spoke nEngl i s hf orf ourye a r s . Na gaha r aobs e r ve dc l a s s e sa ndi nt e r ‑ vi e we dwi t hi ns t r uc t or st oc ol l e c tf ur t he ri nf or mat i on.

Thi sr e por tc ons i s t so fabr i e fout l i neoft he I E L I ,SUNY‑AB , pr of i l e sbft heSumme rSe s s i on I Is t ude nt s ,t he i rpr e vi ouss t udy of Engl i s h,pr ogr amso fs t udy a tt he I ELIa nd s t ude nt s 'pr ogr e s s ,and c ompar i s on be t we e n t heJ apa ne s ea nd t heot he rs t ude nt s . Weha ve di vi de dourdat ai nt os i xe t hni cgr oups :J apane s e ,Ot he rAs i an,Lat i n Ame r i c a n,Mi ddl eEa s t e r n ,Af r i c a n,a ndEur ope an. Ours ampl es i z ei s t oos ma l lt o bec a l l e d ac ompr e he ns i ves t udy ofEngl i s h e duc a t i on.

Howe ve r ,wet r i e d t o c ompa r et heJ apane s ewi t h ot he rs t ude nt sa s muc ha spo s s i bl e . Al t houghourge ne r al i z a t i onsma ynothol dt r uei n a l lc a s e s ,wehopet ha tours t udy c a n pr ovi des omes ugge s t i onsf or J a pa ne s ee duc a t i ono fEngl i s h.

Weoweagr e a tde a lt ot hes t ude nt soft he 1 9 8 7 Summe rSe s s i on

I Iwho me t i c ul ous l y ma r ke d 8 5 i t e mso ft he" Que s t i onna i r e " . Our

s i nc e r eac knowl e dgme ntgoe st oDr .St e phe n C.Dunne t t , Di r e c t orof

t he I E L I ,SUNY‑ABa ndhi ss t a f fa swe l la st oNa ga har a ' Sc ol l e a gue s

atOt ar u Uni ve r s i t y ofComme r c e ,J a pa n;Wi t houtt he i rs uppor tand

e nc our a ge me ntt hi ss t udywoul dnotbepos s i bl e .

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1. THE I NTENSI VE ENGLI SH LANGAUGE I NSTI TUTE,SUNY‑AB

TheI nt e ns i veEngl i s hLangua gei ns t i t ut eoft heSt at eUni ve r s i t y ofNe w Yo r k a tBuf f a l os t a r t e di t spr ogr am wi t h6 9s t ude nt si nt he s umme ro f1 9 7 1f ort hepur po s eofhe l pi ngnon一 ma t i veEngl i s hs pe a ki ng s t ude nt st opr e par ef ort he i runi ve r s i t ys t udi e si nt heUni t e dSt a t e s . Si nc et he ni tha sde ve l ope dbot hi nquant i t ya ndqua l i t y.Ⅰ na ddi t i on t ot hepr e ‑ a c a de mi cl a ngua gei ns t r uc t i on,pr e s e nt l yt heI ns t i t ut e ,be i ng par toft heFa c ul t y o fEduc a t i onalSt udi e s ,O f f e r sc r e di tc our s e si n Engl i s h a saSe c ond La ngua ge( ESL)f ort hos ewhoar eal r e a dy a d一 mi t t e dt ot heuni ve r s i t y,a ndaMa s t e ro fEduc a t i onDe gr e ePr ogr am i n t heTe a c hi ng o fEngl i s h t o Spe a ke r so fOt he rLangua ge s( TESOL) . Tot a le nr ol l me ntoft he I E LIdur i ngt heye a r1 9 8 5/8 6wa s9 5 1 ,i nc l ud‑

i ng c r e di ts t ude nt s . TheUni ve r s i t y i t s e l fwa sf ounde d i n 1 8 4 6a nd wi t hne a r l y2 9 , 0 0 0 S t ude nt si snow t hel ar ge s ta ndmo s tc ompr e he ns i ve uni ve r s i t yc e nt e roft heSt a t eUni ve r s i t yofNe w Yor ks ys t e m,whi c h ha s 3 7 0 , 0 0 0 s t ude nt s .

I n c l os ec oope r a t i on wi t h t heDe pa r t me nto fLe ar ni ng a ndI n‑

s t r uc t i onoft heFa c ul t yofEduc at i onalSt udi e s ,t he I E LIof f e r si nt e n‑

s i vea nds e mi ‑ i nt e ns i veEngl i s hpr ogr a mst hr ought hea c ade mi cye a r . TheFal ls e me s t e rbe gi nsi ne a r l ySe pt e mbe randt heSpr i ngs e me s t e r be gi nsi nl a t eJ a nua r y.Bot har ea ppr oxi mat e l y1 5we e ksl ong.The r e i sas pe c i a l1 2 ‑ we e ks umme rpr ogr am ( Summe rSe s s i onI )whi c hbe gi ns i ne a r l yJ unea swe l la sas pe c i a ls i x‑ we e ki nt e ns i ves umme rpr ogr am ( Summe rSe s s i on I I )whi c hbe g insi nmi d‑ J ul y.Bo t hs umme rpr ogr a ms e ndi nl a t eAugus t . I na ddi t i on,t he r ei sas pe c i a lt hr e e ‑ We e kAc a de m‑

i cOr i e nt a t i on Pr o gr a m f ors pons or e d f or e l gn S t ude nt sa nd s c hol a r s

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i nt e ndi ngt obe g ina c a de mi cs t udi e si nt heFal ls e ロe s t e r . Thel ns t i ‑ t ut e ,i nc oope r at i onwi t ht heUni ve r s i t y' sSc hoolofMana ge me nt ,of f e r s as pe c i a le i ght ‑ We e kI nt e r na t i ona lExe c ut i vePr ogr am i nMana ge me nt andEngl i s hLa ngua gef orf or e i gns t ude nt si nmanage me nt ,e c onomi c s a ndpubl i cadmi ni s t r at i on,a swe l la spr a c t i c i ngma na ge r s .I ns umme r ( J ul y‑Augus t )t heI ns t i t ut eal s oof f e r sas i x‑ We e kCe r t i f i c at ePr o gr a m i nTe ac hi ngofEngl i s hasaFor e i gnLangua gej oi nt l ywi t ht heDe pa r t ‑ me ntofLi ngui s t i c s . Thi snon‑ de gr e e ,non‑ c r e di tpr ogr a m i sope nt o non‑ nat i ves pe ake r sofEngl i s hwhoa r ec ur r e nt l yt e a c hi ngEngl i s hor pr e par l ngt Ot e a c hove r s e a s .

I na ddi t i ont oo f f e r i ngi nt e ns i veands e mi ‑ i nt e ns i vepr ogr amsi n a

llpha s b so fEngl i s h l a ngua gef orf or e i gn s t ude nt sa nd non‑ nat i ve Engl i s hs pe a ke r s ,t heI ns t i t ut epr ovi de sEngl i s ht r a i ni ngandt e c hni c al a s s i s t a nc es e r vi c e sf ors t ude nt sand f o r e i gn uni ve r s i t i e st hr ough i t s ove r s e a sbr a nc he si nChi naandMal ays i a.

Al t hought he I ELInow pr ovi de sava r i e t yofs e r vi c e s ,i t sobj e c ‑ t i ve sa r eba s i c al l yt hes amea swhe ni twa sf i r s te s t abl i s he d.The ya r e t oi nt r oduc enon‑ na t i veEngl i s hs pe a ki ngs t ude nt st oAme r i c a nc ul t ur e a ndpr ovi dea na c a de mi cor i e nt a t i ont os t udyi naU. S.i ns t i t ut i onof hi ghe re duc a t i on ( TheI ELIAnnualRe po

r

t ‑ 1 9 8 6 /8 7 ,p. 3) .

Thes t ude nt soft he I ELIa r ef r om vi r t ual l y a l love rt hewor l d , a ndmanyoft he m ar es pons or e dbyvar i ousa ge nt ss uc ha sgove r n‑

me nt s ,C ompa ni e s ,orr e s e ar c hi ns t i t ut e s . Sof ar ,1 0 , 0 0 0 s t ude nt sf r om

1 0 1 nat i onsha vea t t e nde dt heI ELI .Al t hought hema j or i t yofs t ude nt s

a r ei nt he i rmi d‑ t we nt i e s ,t heI ns t i t ut ea l s oe nr ol l ss t ude nt sr angl ngl n

a gef r om t hel a t et e e nst hr ought hel at ef i f t i e s . Mos ts t ude nt s ,upon

c ompl e t i onoft hei nt e ns i veEngl i s hpr ogr am,goons t udyatavar i e t y

o fi ns t i t ut i onsofhi ghe re duc a t i oni nNe w Yor kSt at ea ndt hr oughout

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t heUni t e dSt a t e s ,ore nt e rpr of e s s i onsi nt heUni t e dSt at e sora br oa d.

The r ea r et e na dmi ni s t r at i ves t a f fme mbe r sandappr oxi ma t e l y t we nt y‑ f i vet e a c he r sont heSUNY‑ABc a mpus .Thr e eoft he m hol da Ph. D.de gr e eandt her e s thavea tl e a s taMa s t e r ' sde gr e ei ns uc har e a s a sLi ngui s t i c s ,Engl i s h,TESOL/ TEFL,andEduc a t i on. Mos to ft he m a r ebi l i nguala nd ha vee xpe r i e nc et e a c hi ng i n var i ousf or e l gn C Oun‑

t r i e s ,i nc l udi ngt h bI ELIbr anc he si nChi naandMa l a ys l a. TheI ns t i ‑ t ut ei sl oc at e di nne w a ndmode r nf a c i l i t i e sont heAmhe r s tCampusof t heSt a t eUni ve r s i t yo fNe w Yor katBuf f a l o.Ⅰ na ddi t i ont oac ompr e ‑ he ns i vel i br a r yo fEngl i s ha saf or e i gnl ar l gua get e xt books ,mat e r i al s , and a udi oa nd vi de ot a pe s ,t heI ns t i t ut eha se xc e l l e ntl a ngua gea nd vi de ol a bor a t or i e s ,c ons i de r e dt obeoneoft hebe s ti nNe w Yor kSt a t e .

The I ELIi same mbe roft heNat i ona lAs s oc i at i onf orFor e i gn St ude ntAf f a i r s( NAFSA) ,t heCons or t i um ofI nt e ns i veEngl i s h Pr o‑

gr a ms( CI EP)andt hei nt e r na t i onala s s oc i a t i ono fTe a c he r sofEngl i s h t oSpe ake r sofOt he rLangua ge s( TESOL) . I tha sr e c e i ve dnume r ous r e s e a r c h gr ant sa nd t r a i ni ng c ont r a c t sf r om t heUni t e d St a t e sa nd f or e i gngove r nme nt sa ndor gani z at i ons .

2. PROFI LES OFTHESUMMER SESS1 0N l lSTUDENTS I n t hi ss e c t i on wewi l ls how va r i ousa s pe c t soft hes t ude nt s ' ba c kgr oundss uc ha sna t i ona l i t y,l e ngt hofs t a yi nt heU. S. ,e duc at i onal ba c kgr ounds ,f ut ur epl ans ,andEngl i s hpr o f i c i e nc ya s s e s s me nt s .

2. 1 Na t i onal i t y( A 2)

Fort he 1 9 8 7 Summe rSe s s i on I I ,t he I E L I ,SUNY‑AB a c c e pt e d

1 3 9 s t ude nt sf r om 3 4 di f f e r e ntc ount r i e s . Asi st he c a s e i n mos t

i nt e ns i ve Engl i s h l a ngua gepr o gr a msi n t he U. S. ,t hes i ngl el a r ge s t

gr oup ofs t ude nt sat I ELIwa sJ a pa ne s e ( 3 3 . 8 %) ,f ol l owe d by ot he r

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As i a ns( 2 2 . 3 %)s uc h a st ho s ef r om t heRe publ i co fChi na( Ta i wa n) ,

Pe o pl e ' sRe publ i co fChi na ,a ndKor e a ,a ndf r o m La t i nAme r i c ac a me a sma nys t ude nt s( 1 6 . 6 %)a sEur o pe .Thef r a c t i ono fMi ddl eEa s t e r ne r s

T ABL E1

NATl 0NAL L T YOFTHE1 9 8 7SUMME RSE S Sl 0N ⅡS TUDE NT S ATTHEI E L J ,SUNYIAB

J APANES E 4 7 3 3 . 8 % MI DDLEEAS TERN 1 0 7 . 2 % OTHERAS I AN 3 1 2 2. 3 Al g e r i a

l r a n Ko r e a 6 4. 3 J o r d a n l n d i a 3 2 . 2 Pa l e s t i n e l n d o n e s i a 4 2 . 9 S a u d iAr a b i a PRC 2 1 . 4 Tu r k e y ROC 1 4 1 0 . 1

Th a i l a n d 1 0 . 7 AFRI CAN Vi e t n a m 1 0 . 7

CAR LATI NAMERI CAN

Br a z i l Co l u mb i a Co s t aRi c a Ha i t i Ho n d u r a s Me x i c o P u e r t oRi c °

2 3 1 6. 6

5 9 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 1 1 1 1 1

9 4 2 2 2 2 2

Ma d a g a s c a r RS A Ta n z a n i a Z a i r e

EUROP EAN Al b a n i a Fr a n c e Ge r ma n y I t a l y Po l a n d S p a i n Swi t z e r l a n d Yu g o s l a v i a

7 7 4 7 4 2 5 0 0 1 0 1 2 3

1 1 2 1 2 3 5 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 6 7 7 7 2 9 4 7 2 6 0 0 0 7 2 1 0 2 日日 3 1 1 1 0 4 2 1 3 9 ︼ l

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wa s 7 . 2 % ,a ndt ha tofAf r i c ans t ude nt swa st hes mal l e s t ( 3 . 5 %) . The f i gur e ss how t hatmor et ha n ha l fo ft hes t ude nt swe r ef r om Sout h/

Ea s tAs i a ( 5 6 . 1 %) . Thi spr e domi nanc eo fAs i ans t ude nt sa ppl i e st ot he r e gul ars e me s t e r s ,f a l lands pr l ng,a SWe l l .Fori ns t a nc e ,dur i ngt hef a l l s e me s t e r 1 9 8 7 i nt heI E L I ,t he r ewe r e 5 4 J apa ne s es t ude nt s ( 4 8 . 6 %) and 2 5 Ot he rAs i ans t ude nt s ( 2 2 . 5 %) ,maki ngup 7 1 . 1 % oft hee nt i r es t ude nt bo dy. Thede c l i ni ngva l ueoft hedol l a r ,al ongwi t he xpa ndi nge c on‑

omi e s a nd t he a va i l a bi l i t y ofpr ogr amsi n t he U. S. ,i sone o ft he r e a s onsl yi ngbe hi ndt hi sl a r gei nf l uxo fAs i ans t ude nt s .

I n l o oki ng a tt hes t ude ntbody bys e x,Wec ans e et ha tt he r e we r emor ema l es t ude nt s ( 5 6 . 9 %) t hanf e mal es t ude nt s ( 4 3 二 1 %) ,andt hi s t e nde nc yofma l epr e domi nanc ea ppl i e st oe ve r ye t hni cgr oupe xc e pt f ort heJ apane s e ( 4 0 . 5 % . mal evs . 5 9 . 5 % f e ma l e )a ndt heLa t i nAme r i ‑ c a ns ( 4 5 % ma l evs .f e ma l e 5 5 %) . Onepo s s i bl er e a s on f ort hi sma l e pr e domi nanc ei nt heI ELIi st ha tt he r ea r ema nys pons or e ds t ude nt s , a nds pons or ss uc ha sgove r nme nt s ,r e s e ar c hi ns t i t ut e s ,C ompani e s ,e t c . , t e nd t o c hoos e mor e mal e st ha n f e ma l e s . Fori ns t anc e ,al lo ft he Af r i c a n s t ude nt swe r e ma l e a nd s pons or e d,butve r y f e w J a pa ne s e s t ude nt swe r es pons or e d, The r e f or e ,i ti snots ur pr l S l ngt OS e emal e pr e domi nanc ei n t hegr oupsofot he rAs i ans ( 6 5 . 2 % ma l evs . 3 4 . 8 % f e ma l e ) ,Mi ddl e Ea s t e r n ( 7 5 % ma l e vs . 2 5 % f e ma l e )and Eur ope an ( 7 1 . 4 % mal evs . 2 8 . 6 % f e mal e ) .

2. 2 ̲Aver ageLengt hofSt a yi nt heSt a t e s( A 3)

Thea ve r a gel e ngt ho fs t ayi nt heU. S.f oral ls t ude nt swa s 4 . 3

mont hs ,a ndt he r ewe r enoma j ordi f f e r e nc e samongt hegr oupse xc e pt

f ort heMi ddl eEa s t e r ns t ude nt swho s ea ve r a ges t a ywa s 8 . 1mont hs .

The r e a s on why t hi sgr oup' s a ve r a ge wa s r e l at i ve l y hi gh c a n be

e xpl a i ne d by t hr e e f a c t or s . Fi r s t ,mos toft he s t ude nt s f r om t he

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Mi ddl eEa s tpl an t oe nt e ran Ame r i c an uni ve r s i t y,and s e c ondl y,i t t a ke sa tl e a s tt wos e me s t e r s (9 mont hs )f ort he m t opa s st heEngl i s h pr o f i c i e nc yt e s t ,c al l e dTOEFL,f orAme r i c anuni ve r s i t i e s ,be c aus et he i r gr amma rl e ve li s ,i nge ne r al ,Ve r yl ow whe nt he ys t a r tl e a r nl nga tt he I EL I . And t het hi r d f a c t ori st ha tt he y a r eus ual l y s uppor t e d by var i ousa ge nt ss uc hast he i rgove r nme ntorc ompa nyand,t hus ,t he y c an a f f or d t os t a y a t I ELIors omeot he ri nt e ns i veEngl i s h i ns t i t ut e l onge rt hano t he rs t ude nt s .

2. 3 E duc a t i onalBa ck gr oundsandFu t ur ePJ ans( A 4 1A 6)

Mos toft hes t ude nt si nt hes e s s i onwe r ee i t he rc ol l e ges t ude nt s ( 1 8 . 4 %) i nt he i rhomec ount r yorc o l l e gegr a dua t e s ( 7 4 . 4 %) ,wi t h 7 . 3 % o ft hes t l ude nt shol di ngonl yahi g h s c hooldi pl oma . Asama t t e rof f a c t ,onl y oneoutof 3 7 J apa ne s es t ude nt shad onl y a hi gh s c hool de gr e e . Oneoft hema j orr e a s onswhys omanyc ol l e ges t ude nt sor

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c ol l e gegr a duat e swe r ei nt he I ELIpr o gr a m i st ha tt he ywe r ebas i c al l y pr e pa r i ngt oe nt e ra nAme r i c anc ol l e get or e c e i veahi ghe rde gr e eor t os t udyas pe c i f i car e aofi nt e r e s twhi c hma ynotbea va i l abl ei nt he i r homec ount r y. Thus ,s omeoトS t ude nt swe r eobvi ous l yl e a r ni ngEng‑

l i s ha st he i rma j orObj e c t i ve ,whi l eot he r swe r es i mpl yt r yi ngt oge t

us e dt oane w l e a r nl nge nvi r onme nt‑ a n Ame r i c a n c ol l e geandi t s

c ommuni t y. Thi st e nde nc y i sc l e a r l y s hown i n t hedat aofFut ur e

Pl a ns( A5) . Mor et ha n 8 0 % o ft hes t ude nt si nt e nde d t o e nt e ra n

Ame r i c a nuni ve r s i t yorc ol l e gea f t e rt he i rs t udi e satt heI EL I .Ac t ua l 1

1 y,c l os et o 6 0 % o ft hes t ude nt sha dbe e na c c e pt e dby a nAme r i c a n

uni ve r s i t ybe f or et he yc amet ot heI EL I .Onenot ea boutt heJ apa ne s e

s t ude nt si st ha tt he yt e ndt oc omet o I ELIwi t houta c c e pt anc ebyan

Ame r i c anc ol l e ge .I nf a c t ,onl y 1 5 s t ude nt soutof 3 7( 4 0 . 5 %) hadbe e n

a c c e pt e dbya nAme r i c anc ol l e gewhi l et he ywe r el e a r ni ngatt heI EL I .

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Thi sf i gur ei st hel owe s tamong a l le t hni cgr oupsi n t hepr ogr am.

Al s o,wef oundt hatt he r ewe r emanyJ apane s ec ol l e ges t ude nt si nt he pr ogr am ( 1 3 s t ude nt soutof 3 7 ) ,whowe r es t udyi ngatt he I ELIwhi l e t he i runi ve r s i t i e swe r ei ns umme rva c a t i on.

2. 4 EngL i s hPr of i ci en c yAs s e s s men t( A 7‑ A 8 )

Asme nt i one di nt hepr e vi ouss e c t i on,ave r yhi ghpe r c e nt a geof t he s t ude nt s i n t he pr ogr am we r e a l r e a dy a c c e pt e d by Ame r i c an uni ve r s i t i e s ;t he r e f or e ,t he ave r a ge TOEFL s c or e oft hos e s t ude nt s uponc omi ng t ot he I ELIwas 5 3 1 . 8 6 . Thi ss c or ei sc ons i de r e dt obe goode nought os t udyatmo s tAme r i c anuni ve r s i t i e s ,a l t houghSUNY

‑AB r e qui r e satl e a s t 5 5 0 poi nt sf oradmi s s i on. Howe ve r ,t hi ss c or e ( 5 3 1 . 8 6 ) ma y notha ve be e n good e noug h f ors omes t ude nt s ,e i t he r be c aus et he y we r es pons or e dorbe c a us et he y ha d be e n a c c e pt e don t hec ondi t i on t hatt he y a c hi e veahi ghe rs c or ebe f or es t a r t i ng t he i r s t udi e si nt hef a llo f 1 9 8 7 ̲ Oft hc i s ewhoha dt a ke nTOEFL al r e ady , t hegr oupofot he rAs i anss howe dt hehi ghe s tave r a ges c or e ( 5 3 8 . 4 5 ) , f ol l owe dbyt hatf r om J a pa n ( 5 3 7 . 6 3 ) ,andt hel owe s tave r a ges c or ewa s t hatoft heMi ddl eEa s t e r ne r s ( 4 9 9 . 0 0 ) .

Asf ort hes t ude nt s 's e l fdi a gno s i soft he i rpr e s e ntknowl e dgeof Engl i s h,t he r ea r ea f e w poi nt st o be me nt i one d. Fi r s to fa l l ,t he J apane s es t ude nt st e nde dt ounde r e s t i ma t et he i rknowl e dgeofEngl i s h i na l lf ours ki l l s :s pe aki ng,unde r s t a ndi ng( l i s t e ni ng) ,r e adi ng,andwr i ト i ng.Fori ns t anc e ,2 4 s t ude nt soutof 3 7 r at e dt he i rs pe a ki nga bi l i t ya s

" Poor , "a ndonl y 1 0 s t ude nt sr a t e di ta s" Fai r . " Thi st e nde nc yo ft he

J apa ne s es t ude nt si snotonl yi nt e r e s t i ngi nt hes e ns et he yc a nor al l y

c ommuni c at ebe t t e rt hant he ye s t i mat e d,buta l s os e r i ousbe c a us et hi s

l a c k ofc onf i de nc ehi nde r st he i rwi l l i ngne s st opr a c t i c eEngl i s h. On

t heot he rhand,t heoppos i t et e nde nc yc anbes e e ni nt her e s to ft he

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s t ude nt si nt hepr o gr am,e xc e ptf ort hegr oupofo t he rAs i ans ,whos e s e l f ‑ a s s e s s me ntwa sa l mos tf i f t y‑ f i f t y ( 4 8 % r at e dt he ms e l ve s" Fa i r , "a nd 4 4 % r at e dt he ms e l ve sa s" Poor " ) . Fori ns t aゎc e ,noneoft hes t ude nt s f r om t heMi ddl eEa s tr a t e dt he i rs pe aki ngabi l i t ya s" Poor , "1 4 La t i n Ame r i c an s t ude nt s outof 2 0 r at e d t he i ra bi l i t y a s " Fai r , "a nd 9 Eur ope a ns t ude nt soutof 1 4 r at e dt he ms e l ve sa s" Fa i r . " Ba s e donour e xpe r i e nc e ,i n t e r mso fc or r e c t ne s sofpr onunc i at i on,gr ammar ,and voc abul ar y,we c oul d nots e ea ny s l gni f i c a ntdi f f e r e nc eamong t he gr oups . Theonl ydi f f e r e nc ewa s" f l ue nc y. " I nge ne r al ,t hes t ude nt s , ot he rt hant heJ apa ne s e ,ha dbe t t e rf l ue nc yi ns pe a ki ng. The ys poke al otandf a s t .

Thes e l f ‑ r at i ngf orur i de r s t a ndi ngi smuc ht hes a mea st hatf or s pe a ki ng,a l t hought hepe r c e nt a geof" Fai r ' 'r a t i ngsbyt heJ apane s ei s hi ghe r ( 4 8 . 6 %) t han t hato f" Poor " ( 3 5 . 1 %) . Ther e s toft hegr oups mos t l y r a t e d t he ms e l ve sa se i t he r" Good"or" Fa i r , "butnot" Poor , "

e xc e ptf ors omeEur ope an‑ s t ude nt s .Al mos ti de nt i c a lf i gur e sa ppl yt o r e adi ngs ki l l si nt hec a s eoft heJ apane s es t ude nt s . Onet hi ngt obe not e d he r eaboutr e a di ng i st ha tt heAs i a n s t ude nt s ,ot he rt ha n t he J apane s es t ude nt s ,r a t i ng t he i ra bi l i t y on t hi ss ki l la se i t he r" Fai r "

( 4 3 %) ora s" Good" ( 4 7 %) . NoLa t i n Ame r i c ansr at e d t he ms e l ve sa s

" Poor . "

Onepos s i bl er e a s onf ort heJ a pane s es t ude nt s 't e nde nc yt or a t e

t he i rl e ve lofpr of i c i e nc y a s" Poor "on t he s et hr e es ki l l s( s pe a ki ng ,

l i s t e ni ng,andr e a di ng)ma ys t e m f r om t he i rc ons t antr e l i a nc eont r ans ‑

l a t i on and t he i rdi s s at i s f a c t i on t ha tt he y c annotpr oc e s sorpr oduc e

Engl i s ha swe l la st he yc anJ a pa ne s e . I fs o,t hi sphe no ' me nono ft he

J apa ne s es t ude nt sma y bes t r ongl y de e p‑ r oot e d,goi ng ba c k t owhe n

t he y l e a r ne d t he l angua ge a ts c hooli n J a pa n wi t h t he gr amma r ‑

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t r ans l at i onme t hod.Theonl ypos i t i ver at i ngbyt heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt s wa so ft he i rwr i t i ng/ gr amma rs k i l l . Mor et han 7 2 % oft he m r a t e d t he i rabi l i t yonmi ss ki l la s" Fa i r "andonl y 2 4 % oft he m r a t e dt he i r a bi l i t ya s" Poo r . " Ofc our s e ,t hi st e nde nc yi sba s e dont he i rl e a r ni ng e xpe r i e nc ei nJ apa n,a sme nt i one dj us ta bove . Onei nt e r e s t i ngpoi nt he r ei st ha tt heLat i nAme r i c a nsa ndMi ddl eEa s t e r ne r s ,whos egr am一 mar / wr i t i ng knowl e dgei sus ua l l y no be t t e rt han t heJ apane s e ,s t i l l r at e dt hi ss ki l lmos t l ya s" Fa i r . " The s es e l f ‑ r a t i ngswi l lbedi s c us s e d f ur t he ri n Se c t i on 4,e xami ni ng how muc h t hes t ude nt sl e a r ne d or i mpr ove di nt heI E L I ,a sme as ur e dbyt he i rs t a nda r di z e dTOEFLa nd Mi c hi gant e s ts c or e s .

3. PREV1 0US STUDY OF ENGLI SH

I n t hi s s e c t i on we a r e gol ng t O pr e s e ntt he s t ude nt s 'ba c k一 gr oundsofEngl i s h l e a r ni ng i n t he i rhomec ount r i e s . We hopet o c ompa r et hes t at eo fEngl i s he duc a t i oni nva r i ousc ount r i e s ,a l t ho ugh i ti sa l mos ti mi ) o s s i bl et omakeanyc onc r e t ege ne r al i z at i onsbe c a us eo f ours ma l ls a mpl es i z e ,

3. 1 Aver ageYe ar sofPr e vi ousSt udyofEngl i s h( Bl )

Thea ve r a geye a r sofEngl i s hs t udyi nt hi ss ur ve ywe r e 4 . 8 a t

t he s e c onda r y s c ho oland 1 . 7ye ar sa tc ol l e ge . Oft he s i x e t hni c

gr oups ,t hegr oup ofJ apane s es t ude nt shad t hehi ghe s tnumbe ro f

ye ar sa tt heEngl i s hs t udya ts c hool ( 6 ye ar sa tt hes e c ondar ys c hool

and 2 . 6 ye a r satt hec ol l e ge ) .Thes hor tpe r i odoft heAf r i c ans t ude nt s '

s t udyi ng ( 2 . 9 ye ar s a tt he s e c ondar y s c hoola nd 0 . 7 ye a r s att he

c ol l e ge )i s be c aus e i n ma ny Af r i c a n c ount r i e s ,Fr e nc h i s s t i l lt he

domi nantors e c ond/ of f i c i all a ngua ge . Ones ur pr i s i ngf a c ti st ha tt he

a ve r a geye a r sofs t udyi ngEngl i s hf ort heEur ope a ns t ude nt sa r el owe r

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( 4 . 2 ye a r satt hes e c ondar ys c hoola ndonl y 0 . 4ye ar sa tt hec ol l e ge ) t han t heave r a gel e ngt hofs t udy;howe ve r ,wei nt e r pr e tt hi sf a c ti n t hef ol l owi ngwa y:i nEur ope ,Engl i s hi ss i mpl yoneo fma nys e c ond/

f or e l gnl angua ge ss t ude nt sc anorha vet ol e a r nats c hool .Thi sme a ns t hatEur ope a nsha vee xpe r i e nc eofl e ar ni ngt woormor ef or e l gnl a n一 gua ge st hr oughouts c hool ,e s pe c i al l ya tt hec ol l e gel e ve l .

3. 2 En gl i s ha saRe qui r e dSub j ec t( B2)

Theave r a gepe r c e nt a geoft hos ewhot ookEngl i s hc l a s s e sa sa r e qui r e ds ubj e c ta ts e c ondar ys c hoolwa s 8 7 . 2 % andt hatoft hos ea t c ol l e gewa s 6 2 . 4 %. Wec a n s e ehow i mpor t a ntt her ol eofEngl i s h e duc a t i oni si nJ apan.I nours t udy,i twa sonl yi nJ apa nt ha tEngl i s h i sar e qui r e ds ubj e c tatt hes e c ondar ys c hooli n l O O % oft her e s pons e s . Eve natc ol l e get henumbe ri sout s t andi ngl yhi ghe r ( 9 7 . 3 %) t ha nt ha t oft heot he rgr oups ,i nc l udi ngot he rAs i a ns ,whos epe r c e nt a geatt he c ol l e gei sonl y 6 9 . 6 % whi c hi ss t i l lt hes e c ondhi ghe s tbe hi ndJ apa n.

He r ea gai n,i ti ss ur pr i s i ngt of i ndoutt hatonl y 4 2 . 9 % oft heEur ope an s t ude nt sl e a r ne dEngl i s ha tt hes e c onda r ys c hoola sar e qui r 占 ds ubj e c t a ndonl y2 1 . 4 % a tc ol l e ge . The s et wof i gur e sf ort heEur ope ansa r e e xt r e me l yl ow e ve nc ompar e dwi t hal lt heot he rgr oups . Aga i n,t he f a c tt ha tEngl i s hi ss i mpl yoneofmanyot he rf or e i gnl a ngua ge st he y c oul dl e ar nats c hoolmaya c c ountf ort hi s . Howe ve r ,t hi si snott he c a s e i n La t i n Ame r i c a whe r e due t o pol i t i c ala nd e c onomi c alt i e s , Engl i s h i s of t e n l e ar ne d as a r e qui r e d s ubj e c ti n Lat i n Ame r i c a n s e c onda r ys c hool s ( 9 5 . 0 %) .

3. 3 Aver a geCl a s sHour sPerWe ek ( B3)

I fwec ons i de rt hei mpor t a nc eofEngl i s hi nagi ve nc ount r y,i ti s

nots ur pr l S l ngt OS e eS i mi l a rf i gur e si nt hi ss e c t i ont ot ho s ei ns e c t i on

3 . 2 . Na t ur a l l y,t he J apane s e s t ude nt s ha d t he hi ghe s tnumbe ro f

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l e a r ni nghou r s ,5 . 1hour spe rwe e ka tt hes e c onda r ys c hooland 5 . 3 at t hec ol l e ge ,whi l et heEur ope an s t ude nt ss t udi e d onl y 2 . 6 hour spe r we e ka tt hes e c onda r ys c hooland 1 . 7 atc ol l e ge .

Be f o r e gol ng f ur t he r i tmay be i mpor t a ntt o not e t ha tt he J a pa ne s eha d mor ehour sofEngl i s h s t udy e xpe r i e nc ea ts c hooli n J a pa n,c ompar e dwi t ht heot he rgr oups .Fori ns t anc e ,t het ot a lhour s o fana ve r a geJ apa ne s es t ude ntwi t hc ol l e gee xpe r i e nc ewa sa ppr oxi ‑ ma t e l y 1 , 8 0 0 hour s( hour spe rwe e k X numbe rofwe e kspe rye a r X

numbe rofye ar s ) .Thi snumbe ri se xt r e me l yhi ghc ompar e dwi t ht he gr oupofEur ope ans ,whos et ot alnumbe ro fs t udy hour sf orEngl i s h wa sappr oxi ma t e l y 4 0 0 hour s .

3. 4 Aver a geNumbero fSt u dent si nEngl i s hCJ a s s( B4)

I ti sage ne r a l l y a gr e e d upon obs e r va t i on t ha tt hos es t ude nt s

f r om t heMi ddl eEa s ta ndEur opea r emor eout s poke nandf l ue nti n

or alc ommuni c a t i oni nEngl i s h,r e gar dl e s soft hec or r e c t ne s so ft he i r

pr onunc i a t i on and gr ammar ,t ha n t hos ef r om As i a n c ount r i e s . One

f ac t ort o a c c ountf ort hi s i st he way t he y l e ar n i n c l a s s ;t ha ti s ,

t e a c hi ngme t hodsandma t e r i al s .I ts e e mst hatt ho s es t ude nt sf r om t he

Mi ddl e Ea s tand Eur ope ar e us e d t o l e a r nl ng a f or e l gn l angua ge

t hr oughor ali nt e r a c t i on,whi c hi sa ne s s e nt i a lpa r toff or e l gnl angua ge

l e a r nl ng.Wha tmake st hi st ypeofl e s s onpos s i bl ei s ,obvi ous l y,c l a s s

s i z e .I nf a c t ,t hea ve r a gec l a s ss i z ei nEur opeandt heMi ddl eEa s ti s

muc h s mal l e r ( 2 5 . 4s t ude nt spe rc l a s si n Eur opeand 2 8 . 0 i n Mi ddl e

Ea s t )t hant ha ti nJ a pa n ( 4 4 . 5 s t ude nt s ) .Anys e c ond/ f or e i gnl a ngua ge

c l a s swi t h mor et han 4 0 s t ude nt si sc ons i de r e d nott o bes ui t abl e ,

e s pe c i al l y f orl e a r ni ngt heor ala s pe c t soft hel a ngua ge . Ma s t e r yo f

s pe aki ngr e qui r e sal otofi nt e r a c t i onnotonl ybe t we e nt het e ac he rand

t hes t ude nt sbutal s obe t we e nt hes t ude nt si nt hec l a s s .The r e f or e ,t he

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I EL Ia tSUNY‑AB l i mi t si t sc l a s ss i z et o I L 5 s t ude nt s ,t hes amea s mos ti nt e ns i veEngl i s hl angua gepr o gr a msi nt heU. S.

3. 5 Tau gh tEngl i s hb yaNa t i veSp eak er( B5)

The r ea r et woma j orpoi nt st obenot e dhe r e . Onei st ha t ,i n ge ne r al ,Ve r yf e w nat i ves pe a ke r sofEngl i s ht e a c hi ns e c onda r ys c hool s whi l emor ena t i ves pe a ke r st e a c hi nc ol l e ge s .I nf a c t ,onl yoneoutof 3 7 J apane s es t ude nt sha d anat i vet e a c he ra tt hes e c onda r y s c hool , whi l et heot he re t hni cgr oupsha dmor enat i vet e a c he r s .Fore xampl e ,

5 La t i n Ame r i c an s t ude nt soutof 2 3 ha d ana t i vet e a c he rand 6 s t ude nt sf r om t hegr oupofOt he rAs i an( t ot alo f 3 1 s t ude nt s )ha da na t i vet e a c he ratt hes e c onda r y s c hoo l . Howe ve r ,t he s ef i gur e sa r e r e ve r s e dl a tt hec ol l e gel e ve l .Mor et ha n 3 0 % oft heJ a pane s es t ude nt s r e po r t e dt ha tt he yha dana t i ves pe a ki ngt e a c he ra tc ol l e ge ,whi l et he pe r c e nt a geo ft heot he rgr oupswa sl owe r ,e xc e ptf orot he rAs i ansand Eur ope ans ,

Anot he rpoi ntt obeme nt i one dhe r ei st ha tf r om t hi sdat awe c annotdr a w a nyans we rt ot heque s t i onof" I sana t i ves pe a ke rbe t t e r t hananon‑ na t i vet e a c he r ? "be c aus eo fs uc has mal ls ampl es i z e .

3. 6 Audj o‑Vi s ualAi dsUs e( B6)

Ac c or di ngt ot her e s ul t soft hes ur ve y,t heus eo fa udi o‑ vi s ual

a i ds i s ve r y l i t t l e :onl y 1 9 . 3 % o ft he s t ude nt s us e d t he m att he

s e c onda r ys c hoola nd2 7 . 5 % a tt hec ol l e ge .Theonl yhi ghpe r c e nt a ge

o fus i nga udi o‑ vi s ualai dswa s4 0 . 5 % oft heJ apa ne s es t ude nt sa tt he

c ol l e gea nd 5 0 . 0 % o ft heMi ddl eEa s t e r n s t ude nt satt hes e c onda r y

s c hoo l . Thel a c k ofaudi o‑ vi s ualma t e r i al sma y ber e f l e c t e d i n t he

me t hodsus e d; t ha ti s ,ame t hods uc ha sGr ammar ‑ Tr a ns l at i ondoe s

notl e ndi t s e l ft ot heus eofa udi oI Vi s ua lma t e r i al s .Al s o,t het e ac he r s

maynotbewe l l ‑ t r ai ne di nhow t ous es uc hma t e r i a l s .Ther e alva l ue

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ofs uc h ma t e r i a l si snott hemat e r i al st he ms e l ve s ,buthow t he yar e us e d. Mor es pe c i f i c al l y,i ti sve r ys i mpl et oownac a s s e t t et ape ,f or i ns t a nc e ,butac a s s e t t et apedoe snotdoa nyt hi ng.I ti st het e a c he ror s t ude ntwhoma ke si tus e f ulandme a ni ngf u l .

3. 7 TheSk i H sSt r e s s e di nCl a s s( B7)

Exc e ptf ort heEur ope an s t ude nt s ,r e a di ng i sf ound t obet he mo s t s t r e s s e d s ki l l( 8 1 . 7 %) ,f ol l owe d by wr i t i ng/ gr ammar ( 4 1 . 3 %) . Li s t e ni ng ( 1 7 . 4 %) ands pe aki ng ( 2 2 . 0 %) a r enots t r e s s e de xc e ptf ort he Mi ddl eEa s t e r ns t ude nt s .I nt hec a s eoft heJ a pane s es t ude nt s ,r e a di ng i sgr e at l y e mpha s i z e d ( 9 1 . 9 %) f ol l owe d by wr i t i ng/ gr a mmar ( 2 9 . 7 %) , whi l e e mpha s e si n l i s t e ni ng ( 1 6 . 2 %) and s pe aki ng ( 1 8 . 9 %) ar e ve r y l i t t l e .I ns pi t eoft hec l a i m madebyt heJ a pane s eMi ni s t r yofEduc a ‑ t i on t ha tt hepur pos eoft heEngl i s h e duc a t i on i st o t e a c h a l ls ki l l a r e a s ,i t sEngl i s h e duc a t i on i ss e r i ous l y a f f e c t e d by t he uni ve r s i t y e nt r anc ee xa mi na t i on,i n whi c h t hea ur alpa r tofEngl i s h i sal mos t c ompl e t e l yne gl e c t e d.Al s o,i ti ss ur pr l S l ngt ha tnoe mpha s i si sputon l i s t e ni ngs ki l l si nt hec a s eofAf r i c anandEur ope a ns t ude nt s .

3. 8 En gl i s ha sMyFa vor i t eSub j e c t( B 8 )

5 6 . 9 % oft hes t ude nt si n t hepr o gr am s a i d Engl i s h wa st he i r f avor i t es ubj e c t .Ont heot he rhand,i ti si nt e r e s t i ngt os e es uc hahi gh pe r c e nt a geo ft heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt swho l i keEngl i s h s t udy ( 7 0 . 3 %) e ve nt houghma nyo ft he m r a t e dt he i rl e ve lo fma s t e r yofe a c hs ki l la s

" Poor , " a swe me nt i one d e a r l i e r . Anot he ri nt e r e s t i ng t hi ng i st ha t

amongt heEur ope a ns t ude nt sonl y 3 5 . 7 % s a i dt ha tEngl i s hwa st he i r

f avor i t es ubj e c t . A c ur i ousdi f f e r e nc ebe t we e nt heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt s

andt heEur ope ans t ude nt sont hi sma t t e ri st ha tal t houghEur ope ans

c l a i m t hatEngl i s hwa snott he i rf a vor i t es ubj e c t ,t he i rma s t e r yl e ve l s

ar ea tl e as ta sgooda st hos eoft heJ apane s es t ude nt s ,i fnotbe t t e r .

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Onepos s i bl ei nt e r pr e t a t i onoft hi smayl i ei nt hec onnot a t i onaldi f f e r ‑ e nc e si nt hewor d" f a vor i t e "be t we e nt het wogr oupsofs t ude nt s .I t ma y bet hec a s et ha tmanyJ apane s es t ude nt sl e a r nEngl i s hbe c a us e t he yl i ket ol e ar ni t ,butEur ope ansl e ar nt hel a ngua gebe c aus ei ti s ne c e s s a r y f ort he m t o know,e s pe c i al l y i n bus i ne s s . An at t i t udi na l s t udyma ya ns we rt hi sque s t i on;howe ve r ,t hi swa snott hepur pos eof odrs t udy.

4. PROGRAMS OFSTUDY AT THE 陀LI AND STUDENTS′PROGRESS

4. 1 Pr ogr amsofSt udy

l nt e ns i veEngl i s hpr ogr amso ft he I E LIar ede s i gne dt ome e tt he par t i c i pant ' sEngl i s h l a ngua gene e dsand a r eof f e r e d on f i vel e ve l s : be gi nne r ,l ow i nt e r me di at e ,i nt e r me di at e ,hi gh i nt e r me di a t e ,a nd a d‑

vanc e d. Re ga r dl e s sofhi s / he rl e ve l ,e ac h s t ude ntmus tt ake f i ve di f f e r e ntc l a s s e s :s poke nEngl i s h,gr ammar ,wr i t i ng,r e adi ng,a nd l a n一 gua gel abonada i l yba s i s . I na ddi t i on,ac ul t ur alor i e nt a t i ons e s s i on c al l e d " Ame r i c a n St udi e s "whi c h i nc l ude s f i e l d t r i pse a c h we e k i s of f e r e d.Thi sme anse a c hs t ude nt sr e c e i ve sf i vec l a s s e se ve r ydaya nd a f e w hour sofor i e nt a t i on onc eawe e k. Thef ol l owi ng i sa br i e f de s c r i pt i onofe a c hc our s e .

Spok en Eng一 i s h: Spoke n c l a s s e sa r e he l d f i vehour spe rwe e k.

St ude nt sar et aughtEngl i s h pr onunc i at i on,s t r e s s ,pi t c hr e l a t i ons hi ps a nd i nt onat i on. Or als ki l l sar e de ve l ope d t hr ough di al ogue s ,s i t ua‑

t i onali mpr ovi s at i ons ,dr i l l sand gr oup di s c us s i onsde s i gne d t o ha ve

t hes t ude ntputi n t o us es t r uc t ur e sand vo c abul a r y us e d i n ot he r

c l a s s e s .Be g inni ngS t ude nt smakes hor tor alpr e s e nt a t i onsi nc l a s son

a s s i gne dt opi c s . Mor ea dvanc e ds t ude nt sma keor alpr e s e nt at i onson

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t opi c so ft he i rc hoi c e .I nt hea dvanc e dl e ve l s ,aur alc ompr e he ns i oni s de ve l ope dt hr oughs i mul at e dl e c t ur e sandr e l at e de xe r c i s e s . St ude nt s a r ei nt r oduc e dt oi di oma t i cf or msi nEngl i s h,s uc ha st wo‑ Wor dve r bs , s l a ngandc ol l oqui al i s ms .

Gr ammar: Al ls t ude nt sr e c e i vef i vehour sofi ns t r uc t i onpe rwe e k i nGr amma r .Al lgr amma rs e l e c t i onsf ol l ow apr ogr e s s i onwi t hhe avy e mpha s i s pl a c e d on ve r b t e ns e s ,pr e pos i t i onalphr a s e s ,f ami l i e s of wor dsa nd t r ans i t i ons . Be gi nni ng s t ude nt sc onc e nt r a t eon r ul e sof gr a mma rwhi c h a r e t aughtt hr ough pr a c t i c e dr i l l s . Thedr i l l sa r e s uppl e me nt e d bot h by or a la nd wr i t t e n e xe r c i s e si i lC l a s s ,a nd by out s i deas s l gnme r l t S .Thepoi nt sofgr amma ra r er e pe a t e di nc ompos i ‑ t i ons ,di s c us s e di nc l a s sanda s s i gne dt os t ude nt sf r om s e l e c t e dt opi c s . Adva nc e d l e ve l ss t r e s smor ec ompl e x pr obl e mso fEngl i s h gr ammar a ndi di oma t i cEngl i s h.

Wr i t i n g: Wr i t i ngc l a s s e sa r ehe l df ourhour spe rwe e k,Wi t hone addi t i onalhourr e s e r ve df ori ndi vi dua lc onf e r e nc i ng.Theobj e c t i veof t hi sc our s ei st oi mpr ovewr i t i ngs ki l l sf o ra c a de mi ca ndpr of e s s i ona l pur po s e s .Thef oc usi sone xpos i t or ywr i t i ng.Thes t ar t i ngpoi ntf or al ll e ve l si st hema s t e r yofba s i cs e nt e nc epa t t e r n s ,f ol l owe dbyampl i ‑ f i c a t i onal i de xpans i ono ft hepa t t e r nsi nc ont r ol l e dwr i t i ng.Advanc e d s t ude nt swr i t eauni ve r s i t yr e s e ar c hpape r ,wi t hi ns t r uc t i oni nl i br ar y t e c hni que s ,not e t aki ng,doc ume nt a t i ona nds t e p‑ by‑ s t e pgui danc ei nt he f or ma toft hepape r ,r e vi s i ona ndf i naldr a f t .Al ls t ude nt swr i t ee ve r y da y,e i t he ri nj our nalwr i t i ng,as s l gne dc ompos i t i ons ,ori npa t t e r ne d e Xe r C I S e S .

Re a di n g: Al ls t u de nt smus tat t e ndf i vehour so fr e a di ngc l a s spe r

we e k. Thebe gi nni ng l e ve lofRe adi ng l Spr l mar i l y c onc e r ne d wi t h

i nc r e a s l ngC Ompr e he ns i ons ki l l st hr oughr e a di nge xe r c i s e sde s i gne dt o

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i nc r e a s e voc abul ar y and i mpr ove Engl i s h s e nt e nc e s t r uc t ur e . Fr e ‑ que , nt l y us e d voc abul a r y wor dsar et aughte a c h day a nd Ame r i c a n S hor ts t or i e sandpa s s a ge sf r om ma ga z i ne sa nd ne ws pape r sar er e a d anddi s c us s e d.Mor ea dvanc e dl e ve l sus e ds e l e c t e dt e xt swi t he xe r c i s e s t oi nc r e a s es pe e dandc ompr e he ns i on.

LanguageLabor a t or y: Thel angua gel abpr ovi de ss t ude nt swi t h f i vehour sofl i s t e ni ngt os poke nEngl i s hpe rwe e k.A gr e atvar i e t yof ma t e r i a l sa r eus e d,al le mpha s i z i ngt heus eo fEngl i s hi nar e als e t t i ng ornat ur alc ont e xt . Ea c h c l a s sc ons i s t s oft wo di f f e r e ntl i s t e ni ng a c t i vi t i e s . Onea c t i vi t y i sa r e pe t i t i on t ypes uc h a spr onunc i at i on , i nt onat i on,a nds t r e s sdr i l l s ,a ndt heot he ri sl i s t e ni ngc ompr e he ns i on t hr oughdi al ogue s ,s t or i e s ,l e c t ur e s ,s pe e c he s ,e t c .Al ll e ve l shavet he s e a c t i vi t i e swi t ht heonl ydi f f e r e nc ebe i ngt hel e ve lofdi f f i c ul t y. The l angua gel aba l s oha sas upe r vi s e dope nl abi nwhi c ht hes t ude nt sar e f r e et o c omei n a nd c hoo s ef r om t hea ppr oxi ma t e l y 5 , 0 0 0 di f f e r e nt t e xt sa ndma t e r i a l sava i l abl e .

Amer i c anSt udi e s: TheAme r i c anSt udi e sa c t i vi t i e sa r ehe l donc e a we e k and c an bedi vi de d be t we e n l e c t ur e sa nd l oc a ls i ght ‑ s e e l ng t our s . The l e c t ur e s pr e s e ntt he s t ude nt s wi t h var i ousas pe c t sof uni ve r s i t yl i f ea ndAme r i c a n c ul t ur ea nds oc i e t y,a ndpr ovi deoppor ‑ t uni t i e s f or t he s t ude nt s t o be c ome a c qua i nt e d wi t h a va r i e t y of Engl i s h s pe ake r s . Gue s tl e c t ur e r s a r e mos tof t e n pr of e s s or sf r om var i ousde pa r t me nt so ft heuni ve r s i t y. Thet our sar ec onduc t e d t o a c qua i ntt he s t ude nt snotonl y wi t h t he l oc a lar e a ,buta l s o wi t h Ame r i c anc ul t ur ea ndhi s t or y.

Themos ti mpor t antgoalofi ns t r uc t i oni st ot r yt oi nt e gr a t eal l

oft hes ki l l sme nt i one daboves ot ha tas t ude ntc anbewe l トpr e par e d

f orhi s /he rAme r i c an c ol l e ge l i f e . The r e f or e .onc ea we e k a l lt he

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t e a c he r sofe a c hl e ve lme e tanddi s c us swha ti sgol ngOni ne a c hc l a s s and c oor di na t et hos ef i vedi f f e r e ntc l a s s e s . Es pe c i al l y,t hegr ammar andwr i t i ngt e a c he r swor kt oge t he r ,asdot hes poke nandl abt e ac he r s . Re c e nt l y,i nor de rt or e i nf or c et hes t ude nt s 'l e a r nl ng ,I ELIha ss t ar t e d ut i l i z i ng vi de o mat e r i al s ,not onl y f or l e a r nl ng by wat c hi ng■ pr e ‑ r e c or de dpr o gr amsbutal s of orpr a c t i c i ngaur alc ommuni c a t i ons ki l l s byr e c or di ngs t ude nt s 'pr e s e nt at i ons ,s pe e c he s ,a nddi s c us s i ons .

I naddi t i on t ot hea c t i vi t i e sf ore a c hc l a s s ,Onemor eas pe c tof t he I ELIpr ogr am i st hes t r uc t ur eoft hec l a s s e s . I ELIus ual l y ha s s e ve n t ot e n di f f e r e ntc l a s s e s ,de pe ndi ng on t henumbe rofs t ude nt s e nr ol l e d. Cl as sl e ve l sar ede t e r mi ne d by t heMi c hi ga n t e s ts c or e s , whi c h ar e ､ba s e d on bot haur a l( l i s t e ni ng)a nd pr of i c i e nc y ( gr ammar , voc a bul ar y,andr e a di ng)s e c t i ons .The 1 9 8 7 Summe rSe s s i onI Ihada t ot alof 1 3 9 S t ude nt sand c ons i s t e d ofe l e ve n c l a s s e s ,i nc l udi ng one s pe c i alpr ogr am ( SI FP) ,whi c h wa sonl y f orI t a l i an s c hol a r s . Thos e c l a s s e swe r edi vi de di nt ot hr e el e ve l s :i nt e r me di at e ,hi ghi nt e r me di at e , and adva nc e d ( C 1) . The r ewe r eno be gi nni ng orl ow i nt e r me di at e s t ude nt si nt hi ss e s s i on.Oft he 1 3 9 s t ude nt s ,4 7( 3 3 . 8 %) we r eJ a pa ne s e . Si nc e ,l i keany ot he rs e me s t e r ,t heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt swe r epr e domi ‑ nant ,whe nt hes t ude ntbodywa sdi vi de di nt oc l a s s e s ,t hef i r s tt hi ng t obedonewa st odi vi det heJ apa ne s es t ude nt si nt oc l a s s e sf i r s twi t h appr oxi mat e l yt hes amenumbe ri ne a c hc l a s s ,ba s e dont he i rMi c hi gan t e s ts c or e s . Thema j orr e a s onf ordoi ngt hi swa st oavoi dhavi nga c l a s sc ons i s t i ngofmos t l yJ apa ne s es t ude nt s .

Anot he rpoi ntt obeme nt i one di st hati na s s i gni ngc l a s s e s ,e ac h

c l a s si sl i mi t e d t of e we rt ha n f i f t e e n s t ude nt s ,e xc e pti n r ar ec a s e s .

Thel owe s tl e ve li sus ual l yl i mi t e dt ot e nt ot we l ves t ude nt sbe c aus e

t hi sgr oup ne e ds mor e i ndi vi dua lat t e nt i on notonl y be c aus e t he i r

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Engl i s hl e ve li sl ow,butal s obe c a us et hi sgr oupha sawi der a ngeof Engl i s hpr of i c i e nc y.Ac t ua l l y,s omes t ude nt si nt hi sl e ve ls how al mos t z e r oEngl i s habi l i t y.Thus ,i ns um,t hemos ti mpor t antc ons i de r a t i ons i nl e ve lgr oupi ngi st omaket hec l a s ss i z el e s st han 1 5 S t ude nt sandt o makee a c hc l a s sa she t e r o ge ne ousa spo s s i bl e .

4. 2 St uden t s ■pr ogr e s sa tt he l ELI

Theonl y obj e c t i vea nd val i d t oolweus e d i n me a s ur l ng t he pr ogr e s soft hes t ude nt sa tt he I ELIwa st heMi c hi gant e s t ,whi c hwa s a dmi ni s t e r e d bot h a tt hebe gi nnl ng a nd t hee ndoft hes e s s i on. Of c our s e ,t wo di f f e r e ntf or msoft het e s twe r egl Ve n. Aspr e vi ous l y me nt i one d,t heMi c hi gant e s tc ons i s t so fanaur als e c t i ont ome a s ur e t hes t ude nt s 'l i s t e ni ngabi l i t yandapr of i c i e nc ys e c t i ont ome a s ur et he s t ude nt s 'knowl e dgeofvoc a bul a r ya ndgr ammar ,a swe l la st he i rs ki l l i nr e a di ng. Anot he rme a s ur e me ntwewi l lus e ,al t houghi ti snotf or pr o gr e s s me a s ur e me nt ,butf or c ompa r i s on oft he t hr e e gr oupsof s t ude nt s ,J apane s e ,non‑ J apa ne s e ,a nd t hee nt i r es t ude ntbody,i st he TOEFL t e s ta dmi ni s t e r e da tt hee ndoft hes e s s i on.

Le t ' sbe gi nwi t ht hel e ve lofpr ogr e s sa sme a s ur e dbyt heMi c h‑

1 gant e s t .Theave r a gei nc r e a s eoft hee nt i r es t ude ntbody' SMi c hi ga n

pr of i c i e nc y s c or e swa s + 5 . 2 3 ( f r om 6 7 . 4 5 t o 7 2 . 6 8 ) ,andt hatoft he i r

Mi c hi ga naur als c or e swa s + 3 . 7 0 ( f r om 7 6 . 3 7 t o 8 0 . 0 7 ) ,wi t ht hema xi 一

mum pos s i bl epoi nt sofe ac h s e c t i on be i ng 1 0 0 . Al t hough t heaur al

i nc r e a s ei sl e s st ha n t hatofpr of i c i e nc y,ac ar e f uli nt e r pr e t a t i on o f

t he s es c or e si sne c e s s ar y.Fi r s to fa l l ,t hea ve r a ges c or e ( 7 2 . 6 8 ) o ft he

f i nalMi c hi ga n pr of i c i e nc yt e s ti snotc ons i de r e dt obehi gh,s i nc ei n

or de rt obea c c e pt e dt oana ve r a geAme r i c anuni ve r s i t yas t ude ntha s

t oa c hi e vea tl e a s t 8 0 poi nt s .Howe ve r ,t heave r a geaur a ls c or e ( 8 0 . 0 7 )

i sc ons i de r e dt obehi gh. I fonel ooksa tt hebe gi nni ngs c or e soft he

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s t ude nt s ,onec ans e et hatpr of i c i e nc y ( 6 7 , 4 5 ) ha dal otmor er oom f or i mpr ove me ntt hanaur alabi l i t y ( 7 6 . 3 7 ) .

Whe n wec ompar et hepr ogr e s sbe t we e nt heJ apa ne s es t ude nt s a ndt heot he rs t ude nt s ,t hef ol l owi ngs houl dbenot e d. TheJ apane s e s t ude nt s 'ave r a gepr o gr e s si n pr of i c i e nc y ( + 5 . 3 8 ) i shi ghe rt han t he ot he r s ' ( + 3 . 8 8 ) ,whi l eaur alpr ogr e s si si n t her e ve r s e :t heJ apane s e gai ne d 2 . 7 5 ,whi l et heot he rgai ne d 4 . 7 9 . Anda tt hef i nals t a get he ot he r sbe a tt heJ apa ne s es t ude nt si nbot hpr of i c i e nc y( ot he r s 7 2 . 8 0 t o J apane s e 7 1 . 2 3 ) andaur al ( 8 0 . 7 8 t o 7 8 . 9 1 )i mpr ove me n t .

Se c ondl y,Wewantt os e et hepr ogr e s sac r os st hec l a s sl e ve l s . As i s o f t e n t he c a s e i n e a c h s e me s t e r ,t he l owe s tl e ve ls t ude nt s ' pr o gr e s si t st hehi g h e s t ,whi l et hehi g h e s tl e ve ls t ude nt s 'pr ogr e s si st he l owe s tors ome t i me se ve nne ga t i ve .Ac t ual l y,t heave r a gepr ogr e s si n pr of i c i e nc y f orl e ve l 3 A,whi c h wa st hel owe s tl e ve l ,wa s + l l . 1 4 , whi l et hatofl e ve l s 5 F and 5 G,t het wohi ghe s tl e ve l s ,wa s‑ 1 . 4 2 a nd ‑ 3 . 2 0 r e s pe c t i ve l y.Asf oraur alpr ogr e s s ,as i mi l art hi ngc anbe s e e n.Thati s ,t heave r a gepr ogr e s sofl e ve l 3 A wa s + 9 . 4 0 ,whi l et ha t ofl e ve l s 5 Fand 5 G we r e + 1 . 0 7 and ‑1 . 1 0 r e s pe c t i ve l y.Howe ve r ,i t i sunde r s t a nda bl et ha ts i xwe e ksi snotl onge noughf ort hos ewhoar e i nahi ghl e ve lc l a s st oa c hi e ves i gni f i c a nti mpr ove me ntbe c a us et he y haver e a c he dac e r t ai n" pl at e au"i nt he i rEngl i s hl e a r nl ng. Theave r ‑ a gede c r e a s e soft heJ a pane s es t ude nt s 'poi nt si nl e ve l 5 G ar es i gni f i ‑ c ant :pr of i c i e nc ywa s‑ 3 . 5 5 anda ur a lwa s‑ 4 . 5 5 , whi l et hei nc r e a s e d s c or e soft heJ apane s ei n l e ve l 3 A we r eal s os i gni f i c ant :pr of i c i e nc y wa s + 1 7 . 0 0 andaur alwa s + 1 5 . 6 7 . Thi sme anst hatt hel owe rt he l e ve l ,t he hi ghe r t he i nc r e a s e i n s c or e ,e xc e pti n t he c a s e oft he non‑ J a pa ne s es t ude nt s 'pr o gr e s si nl e ve l 3 A,whos eave r a gepr of i c i e n‑

c ys c or ei nc r e a s ewa sonl y + 2 . 6 5 . Oner e a s onf ort hi si st ha tt he r e

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we r es e ve r alMi ddl eEa s t e r n s t ude nt swho s epr of i c i e nc y di d noti n‑

c r e a s emuc h.

Thus ,ove r al l ,t hef ol l owl ngC anbes ai d.Thati s ,e ve ns i xwe e ks a r ee nough f orl owe rl e ve ls t ude nt st o makegoo d pr ogr e s si n bot h pr of i c i e nc y and a ur als ki l l s ,whi l emi ddl eand hi ghe rc l as ss t ude nt s maye i t he rmakenopr o gr e s sore ve nde c r e a s et he i rs c or e si ns uc ha s hor tpe r i od.Howe ve r , ‑ t hi sdoe snotne c e s s a r i l yme ant hepr ogr am i s notus e f ulf ors uc hs t ude nt ss i nc ene i t he rwr i t i ngnors pe a ki ngabi l i t y i sme a s ur e dbyt heMi c hi ga nt e s t ,andi nc r e a s e dMi c hi gans c or e sar ea ve r yl i mi t e dgoaloft heI ELIpr ogr am,a ss t a t e df r om t hepr ogr am' s obj e c t i ves t at e me n t .

Fi nal l y,Wewantt omakes omec omme nt sont her e s ul t soft he TOEFLe xam,gi ve natt hee ndo ft hes e s s i on.Thea ve r a ges c or eofal l s t ude nt swhot ookt het e s tdur i ngt heSumme r' 8 7wa s5 1 0 . 6 6 ,whi l e t hatoft heJ apane s es t ude nt swa s4 8 5 . 1 7a ndt heot he rs t ude nt s5 2 2 . 4 0 , adi f f e r e nc eofal mos t3 7poi nt s . I nc i de nt a l l y,t he s ef i gur e sar eve r y c l os et ot hos epr e s e nt e dby ETS,t hea ge nc yr e s pons i bl ef ormaki ng a nds c or i ngt heTOEFLt e s t .Ac c or di ngt ot heTOEFLManu a l ( 1 9 8 5 ,p.

2 4 ) ,t heave r a ges c or eo ft heJ apane s epe opl et aki ng t heTOEFL be ‑

t we e n1 9 8 2a nd1 9 8 4wa s4 9 5( bas e don1 3 0 , 9 0 6J a pane s e ) .Thi ss c or ei s

1 4 6 t h outof1 8 2na t i ons ,ve r y ne a rt hebot t om. Asar e f e r e nc e ,we

pr e s e nts omes c or e sofEur ope an c ount r i e sa nd As i a n c ount r i e sbe ‑

c aus e i n t hi sa r t i c l e ,Wehaveme nt i one d s omec ompar i s onsa mong

e t hni cgr oupsi nt hel e ve loft he i rma s t e r yofEngl i s h. Thec ount r i e s

be l ow a r et hos ef r om whi c hmos ts t ude nt sa t I ELIc ome .

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EUROPE:

We s tGe r ma ny Fr anc e

l t al y Spai n Tur ke y MI DDl . E EAST:

6 4 4 7 1 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 5

ASI A:

HongKong Kor e a Vi e t nam Tai wan Chi na

1 3 3 9 1 1 0 0 9 9 5 5 5 4 4

I r an 5 1 1 0man 4 6 4 Sa udiAr abi a 4 4 8

Kuwa i t 4 4 6 ( TOEFLMa n u a l 1 9 8 5 ,p.2 4 )

､ 5. COMPARI SON BETW EEN THEJAPANESE AND THEOTHER STUDENTS

I n t hi ss e c t i on wear egoi ngt oc ompar et heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt s a ndt heot he rs t ude nt si nt e r mso ff i r s t ,t he i re val ua t i onof I ELrsc l a s s or gani z at i on and t e a c hi ng mat e r i al s ,s e c ondl y,t he i rdi f f i c ul t i e sand l i ki ng oft he l e s s ons ,a nd,f i nal l y,t he i rpe r s onaldi f f e r e nc e s . Any ge ne r al i z a t i onswemakea r eba s e donours mal ls ampl e ,andt he r e f or e , ma ynothol dt r uei nal lc a s e s . Howe ve r ,i ti si nt e r e s t i ngandi mpor ‑ t a ntt oat t e mptt odr aw s omeki ndofge ne r al i z a t i onsaboutt hec ha r ac ‑ t e r i s t i c soft hegr oupso fs t ude nt swes ur ve ye d. The r e f or e ,i n t hi s s e ns e ,wede c i de dt oma kes omec omme nt sone a c hr e s e a r c hi nt e r e s t .

5. 1 cl a s sOr gani z a t i onandTe achi ngMa t er i al s( C 2 IC5)

Ther e a s on why t he s et wo a s pe c t sa r ec ons i de r e d t oge t he ri s

t hatt he r ei soner e a c t i onpa t t e r noft heAs i ans t ude nt s ,i nc l udi ngt he

J apa ne s e s t ude nt s whi c h i sdi f f e r e ntf r om t ha toft he r e s to ft he

s t ude nt s . The pa t t e r n i st hatt he As i a n s t ude nt st e nd t o ha ve a

ne ga t i vef e e l i ngaboutt hec l a s sor gani z a t i onandt het e ac hi ngma t e r i ‑

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al s .AsSc humann ( 1 9 8 6 ,p. 3 8 0 )c l a i ms ,i ti squi t eof t e nt hec a s et hat a s e c ond l angua ge l e ar ne r br i ngs hi s / he r own l e a r ni ng s t yl e and e xpe c t a t i onsorpr e f e r abl et e a c hi ngs t yl eandma t e r i al st oane w l e ar n‑

i ng e nvi r onme nt ,and t hi st e ndst o hi nde rhi s /he rl e a r ni ng. Thi s f ac t orbe l ongst ot hec at e gor yofwhatSc humannc a l l spe r s ona lf a c ‑ t or s ,One ofs e ve r alki nds o ff a c t or s i n Sc humann' S t axonomy of f a c t or si nf l ue nc l ngS e c ond‑ l angua gea c qui s i t i on.Fori ns t anc e ,Wequi t e of t e nhe a rf r om As i ans t ude nt st ha tt he ydonotl i kegr oupwor ki n c l a s s . For t he m,l e ar nl ng t a ke s pl ac e whe n t he s t ude nt s r e c e i ve s ome t hi ng f r om t het e ac he r ,notwhe n t he y di s c us ss ome t hi ng i n a gr oup.Howe ve r ,i nAme r i c a ,i nt e r a c t i onbe t we e nt het e a c he rr andt he s t ude nt sl andbe t we e n t hes t ude nt st he ms e l ve si sc ons i de r e d t obea vi t alpa r toft hel e ar nl ngpr oc e s s .Thes amet hi ngc a nbes a i dabout t hemat e r i a l s( t e xt s ) . Si nc ei nt e r a c t i oni si mpor t a nt ,manyt e xt books a r ema def orus e" i nc l a s s , " notf ori ndi vi duall e ar ni ngout s i deofc l a s s . I n ot he rwor ds ,ma ny ESL t e xt sus e d att heI ELIc annotbef ul l y ut i l i z e dbya ni ndi vi dua ls t ude ntout s i deofc l a s s .Ani nt e r e s t i ngpoi nt i st hatal mos tal le t hni cgr oupsf e e lt ha tI ELr st e xt swe r edi f f e r e nt f r om wha tt he ywe r eus e dt oi nt he i rc ount r i e s ,butt hee t hni cgr oups ot he rt ha nAs i anshadmor epos i t i vef e e l i ngsa boutt hema t e r i al s .

Anot he ri nt e r e s t i ng po i ntc a n bema dea boutt hedi f f i c ul t y of

mat e r i al s . Tha ti s ,t he J a pane s e s t ude nt st e nde d t o f e e lt hatt he

mat e r i a l swe r edi f f i c u l t( 4 0 . 5 %) ,mor et ha n ot he rgr oupsdi d ( 1 2 . 4 %) .

Onepo s s i bl er e a s on f ort hedi f f e r e nc e ,i ts e e mst ous ,l i e sa gai n i n

l e a r ni ngs t yl e .Tha ti s ,f ort heJ apane s eandot he rAs i ans ,voc abul a r y

l e ar nl ngl SS uc habi gpa r tofEngl i s hl e a r ni ng;t he r e f or e ,i ft hemat e ‑

r i a l s us e a l otofdi f f i c ul tvoc abul ar y ( a si st he c a s e o ft heI ELI

ma t e r i al s ) ,t he yc ons i de rt he m t obedi f f i c ul t . Howe ve r ,ot he re t hni c

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gr oupsdonotc ons i de rt he m di f f i c ul te ve nwi t hs i mi l a rdi f f i c ul t ywi t h voc abul a r y.

AI s o,t hi spo i ntc anbea r gue df r om a not he ri mpor t antl e a r ni ng va r i abl e i n t he f i e l d ofs e c ond/ f or e i gn l angua gee duc at i on;na me l y , t ol e r anc ef orambi gui t y,whi c hSc huma nnput sunde rPe r s ona lFac t or s ( p.3 8 0 ) . I ts e e mst o ust hatAs i an s t ude nt s ,i n ge ne r al ,ha vel i t t l e t ol e r a nc ef orambi gui t y;t he r e f or ei ft he yf i ndmuc hdi f f i c ul tvoc a bu‑

l a r y,t he yf e e lt hema t e r i ali st oodi f f i c u l t ,butt hi si snott hec a s ef or ot he re t hni cgr oups . Fur t he r mor e ,t hi si nt ol e r anc ef orambi gui t y i s e vi de nc e dbyt heAs i ans t ude nt s 'pr e oc c upat i onwi t hl ooki ngupe ve r y ne w wor d i n adi c t i ona r y i nor de rt obeabl et ot r ans l at ei t ,r at he r t hanl e a r ni ngne w wor dsf r om c ont e xt ,orf r om gue s s i ng.

5. 2 D汁f i cul t yandLi k i ngoft h eLe s s on s ( C 6 ‑C 7)

I ti si nt e r e s t i ng t os e et hata r e a sofdi f f i c ul t y va r y f r om one gr oupt oa not he r .Fori ns t a nc e ,s pe aki ng/di s c us s i oni st hemos tdi f f i ‑ c ul tf ort heJ apa ne s es t ude nt s( 4 3 . 2%) ,whi l egr a mmar / wr i t i nga r et he mos tdi f f i c ul tf orbot hLa t i nAme r i c a ns( 5 0 . 0 %)a ndMi ddl eEa s t e r ne r s ( 7 5 . 0%) . Onei nt e r e s t i ngf i ndi ngi st hatt heJ apa ne s es t ude nt sdonot f e e lt hatpr onunc i at i on ( 5 . 4 %) orl i s t e ni ng ( 2 4 . 3%)i sdi f f i c u l t ,whi l e Eur ope a ns t ude nt s ,whoa r ec ons i de r e dgooda taur alc ommuni c a t i on , i nge ne r al ,f e e lt he s et wol e s s onsa r et hemos tdi f f i c ul t( l i s t e ni ng5 7 . 1 % a ndpr onunc i a t i on5 0 . 0%) . TheAf r i c a ns t ude nt ss a i das i mi l a rt hi ng , wi t h4 2 . 9% r anki ngpr onunc i at i onandl 享 s t e ni nga st hemos tdi f f i c ul t .

Ther e ve r s ei st r uewhe ni tc om甲 t OWhi c hl e s s onst hes t ude nt s

l i ke dt hemos t . Thec l e ar e s te xampl ei st ha toft heMi ddl eEa s t e r n

s t ude nt s . The y f e e l ､wr i t i ng/ gr amma ri sdi f f i c ul t( 7 5 . 0 %) ; t hus ,onl y

1 2 . 5 % c hos et hi sa st he i rf avor i t el e s s on. Addi t i ona l l y,onl y2 5 . 0 % of

t he m r a nke d s pe a ki ng/ di s c us s i on asdi f f i c ul t ,and s o 7 5 . 0 % o ft he m

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l i ke dt hi sl e s s on.I nt hec as eoft heJ a pa ne s e ,t wopoi nt sc anbemade . Onei st hats i nc et he yf e e ls pe aki ng/di s c us s i on s e s s i onsa r edi f f i c ul t ( 4 3 . 2 %) ,onl y 2 9 . 7 % oft he m s e l e c t e dt hi spa r to ft hel e s s onsa st he i r f avor i t e . Thi sf i gur ei st hel owe s tamong al lgr oups ,e ve n t hough pr obabl y mos tJ a pane s es t ude nt swantt o l e ar n t hi ss ki l lt hemos t . Anot he rpoi nti st hatt heJ apane s es t ude nt se nj oy wr i t i ng/ gr ammar s e s s i ont hemos t ( 4 0 . 5 %) ,pr oba bl ybe c a us et he yf e e lmor eknowl e dge ‑ abl eandc Pnf i de nti nt hi sc l a s st handot heot he rgr oups . Fr om t hi s poi nt ,i tmay bes a i d t hatt he r edoe xi s ts omec ompe t i t i vef e e l i ngs a mongt hedi f f e r e nte t hni cgr oupsi ne ac hl e ve l .

Fi nal l y,i ti sc l e art hatpr onunc i a t i oni snott hef avor i t epar tof t hel e s s o l nf oranygr oup( 6 . 4 %) . Ther e a s o n maybee i t he rt ha tt he pr onunc i a t i ons e s s i oni ss ome c hani c ala ndbor i ngf ort hes t ude nt s ,Or t hatpr onunc i a t i on ma y beahope l e s sa s pe c toft het ar ge tl a ngua ge . Si mi l a r l y,l i s t e ni ngs e s s i onwa snots e l e c t e dast hef a vor i t el e s s onby ve r ymanys t ude nt s ( 1 4 . 7 %) ,e s pe c i al l yt heJ apane s es t ude nt s ( 8 . 1 %) .

5. 3 Per s onal i t yDi f f er enc e s( C 8‑ C 1 2 )

Ac c or di ngt oSc humann' St a xonomyoff a c t or sa f f e c t i ngs e c ond

l angua gel e a r ni ng,pe r s onal i t yi sama j orf a c t or ,a ndhec l as s i f i e st he

var i abl eofI nt r ove r s i on/ Ext r ove r s i onunde rt hi sc a t e gor y. Hec l ai ms

t hatan e xt r ove r t e d s t ude ntha sa n a dvant a gei n ac qul r l ng S poke n

abi l i t y ove r an i nt r ove r t e d s t ude n t . I nt r ove r s i on/ e xt r ove r s i on ha s

be e nwe l Ldoc ume nt e da saf f e c t i ngl e ar nl ng,e s pe c i al l ybyEys e nc kand

Eys e nc k ( 1 9 6 3 ) ,a ndi ti se ve nus e df orTESOLPh. D.di s s e r t a t i onss uc h

a st hatofMi t c he l l ( 1 9 7 8 ) . Ge ne r al l ys pe a ki ng,As i a ns t ude nt sa r emor e

i nt r ove r t e d t han e xt r ove r t e d,a nd t hi swa st hec a s ei n ourr e s e a r c h ,

t oo. Fori ns t anc e ,7 3 . 0 % oft he J a pa ne s e s t ude nt st hi nk t he y ar e

i nt r ove r t e d,andmor et hanhal foft heot he rAs i a ns ( 5 2 . 2 %) s a yt he y

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a r ei nt r ove r t e d. Ther e s toft hee t hni cgr oupsa r emor ee xt r ove r t e d.

Fori ns t anc e ,no Mi ddl eEa s t e r ne r sr a t e d t he ms e l ve sasi nt r ove r t e d , andmor et ha n 8 0 % oft heAf r i c a nandEur ope a ns t ude nt sc l ai mst he y we r ee xt r ove r t e d.Asamat t e roff a c t ,i ti st he s ee xt r ove r t e ds t ude nt s whot a ket hei ni t i at i vei nc l a s s e swhe r eal oto fi nt e r a c t i oni se s s e nt i a l , s uc ha si ns poke nc l a s s . As i ans t ude nt sar eus ual l y" qui e t "i nc l a s s .

I ti snots ur pr l S l ngt ha tmor et ha n hal foft heAs i a ns t ude nt s , J apa ne s e ( 7 0 , 3 %) a nd ot he rAs i ans ( 5 6 . 5 %) ,f e e lune a s y whe n t he y s pe a ki nEngl i s h.Howe ve r ,t hi sf e e l i ngofune as i ne s soft heJ apa ne s e s t ude nt si ns pe aki ngEngl i s h ma y bedueno tonl yt ot he i ri nt r ove r ‑ s i on,butal s ot os omeot he rf a c t or ss uc ha se go‑ pe r me abi l i t y( Gui or ae t a 1 . ,1 9 7 9 ) ∴Thi sr e f e r st of e a rofl os i ngone ' ss e l f ‑ i de nt i t ybyt al ki ngi n as e c ond l a nguage ,orl ac k ofc onf i de nc ei nus i ngEngl i s hi n publ i c , whi c h,a c c or di ng t o Kr a s he n ( 1 9 8 2 ,p. 3 1 ) ,i s one oft he a f f e c t i ve va r i a bl e sa f f e c t i ngs e c ond/ f or e i gnl angua gel e a r ni ng.

Howe ve r ,t he r ea r et wo c ur i ouspoi nt st o bemadeaboutt he s t ude nt s 'f e e l i ngst owa r dmaki ngmi s t ake si ns pe e c h.Onei st hatt he pe r c e nt a geofJ a pane s ewhoc ar eaboutmi s t ake si smuc hl owe r ( 5 4 . 1 %) t han t ha toft hos e who r anke d t he ms e l ve s a s i nt r ove r t e d ( 7 3 . 0 %) . Howe ve r ,a hi gh pe r c e nt a ge oft hee xt r ove r t e d gr oupsofs t ude nt s i ndi c a t e d c onc e r n f orma ki ng mi s t a ke si n s pe aki ng. Fori ns t a nc e , 8 5 . 7 % oft he Eur ope ansc l a i m t ha tt he y ar e e xt r ove r t e d,butonl y 2 8 . 6 % cl a i m t hatt he ydonotc ar eaboutma ki ngmi s t ake si ns pe a ki ng.

The r e f or e ,i tmay bes ai d t hatt he r ei sno c or r e l at i on be t we e n t he

de gr e eofi nt r ove r s i on/ e xt r ove r s i onandt ha tofc a r i nga boutmaki ng

mi s t ake si ns pe aki ng.Conc e r naboutma ki ngmi s t a ke sma ybebe t t e r

di s c us s e d unde r a not he r a f f e c t i ve var i a bl e ;name l y,a nxi e t y. Thi s

va r iabl ei sal s o we l l ‑ r e s e ar c he d i n t hea r e ao fge nb r a le duc a t i on by

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Tobi a s ( 1 9 7 9 ) a ndal s oi nTESOLdi s s e r t a t i onss uc ha sWong' S ( 1 9 7 9 ) .

Att hel e a s t ,Wec ans ayt ha tt heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt s 'i nt r ove r s i on hi nde r st he i rwi l l i ngne s st obeve r ba l l y a c t i vei n c l a s s ,pa r t i a l l y be ‑ c a us eo ft he i rc onc e r n f ormaki ng mi s t a ke sorf e arofl os l ng t he i r s e l f ‑ i de nt i t y,whi c h i n t ur n ma y hi nde rt he i ra c qui s i t i on ofs poke n Engl i s h.

Asf ara st hel e ve loft e ns i oni nl i s t e ni ng,s i mi l arr e s ul t swe r e obt ai ne dt ot hos ef orune as i ne s si ns pe a ki ng. Mor et ha n 7 5 % oft he J a pa ne s ef e l tt e ns ewhe nt he yl i s t e ne dt ot het a r ge tl a ngua ge ;howe ve r , i ti spuz z l i ngt hatonl y 2 4 . 3 % oft he m s a i dt ha tl i s t e ni ngwa sdi f f i c ul t . Anot he rc omme ntt oma kehe r ei st ha tnoneo ft heMi ddl e･ Ea s t e r n s t ude nt sl f e l tt e ns ewhe nt he yl i s t e ne dt oEngl i s h,whi l eabouthal fof a nyoft heot he rgr oupsf e l tt e ns e .

Fi nal l y,Wewi l ldi s c us swha tl angua get hes t ude nt sus e dwi t h

t he i rc ount r yme nonc ampus . He r ei ti sal i t t l ebi ts ur pr l S l ngt OS e e

t ha tnoneo ft heJ apa ne s es t ude nt sc ommuni c at e donl yi nEngl i s hwi t h

ot he rJ apa ne s e ,be c a us eal lt heot he rgr oupse xc e ptf ort heAf r i c a n

gr oup s howe d t ha ta ppr oxi mat e l y 3 0 % oft he m us e d Engl i s h a sa

me ansofc ommuni c at i onwi t ht he i rf r i e ndsf r om t hes amec ount r y.I t

i sunde r s t andabl et hatAf r i c a n s t ude nt sne ve rus e d t he i rnat i vel an一

gua ge be c aus e t he y s pe a k di f f e r e ntl oc a lnat i vel angua ge sa nd a r e

us e d t oc ommuni c at i ng i nas e c ond･ l angua ge ,mos t l yFr e nc h. The y

j us tappl yt hi shabi ti nanEngl i s hs pe aki nge nvi r onme n t .I ti sj us ta s

s ur pr l S l ngt ha tmos toft heMi ddl eEa s t e r ns t ude nt sc ommuni c at e di n

t he i rnat i vel a ngua gewi t he a c hot he r( 8 7 . 5 %) ,a l t hought he yar eve r y

a c t i veus e r sofEngl i s h i n ahe t e r o ge ne ouss pe e c hs i t ua t i on,s uc ha s

c l a s s . Thege ne r a lc onc l us i oni st hate xc e ptf ort hee xt r e mec a s e sof

t he J a pane s e and Af r i c a ns ,i tde pe ndson e a c h i ndi vi dualwhe t he r

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Engl i s h ort henat i vel angua gei st obeus e dwhe n pe opl ef r om t he s a mec ount r y ar et oge t he r . Va r i ousf a c t or ss uc h a se t hnoc e nt r i s m , mot i va t i on,f e a r ,c onf i de nc e ,e t c .maybei nvol ve di nt hi sphe nome non.

Wej us tc a nnotmakeanyge ne r al i z a t i onont hi si s s ues i nc eve r yl i t t l e r e s e a r c hha sbe e ndonei nt hi sar e a.

6. AFTERW ORD

Al mos ta l lt he s t ude nt sf ound I ELIt e a c he r st o beki nd a nd he l pf ul ,andt hepr o gr am t obeus e f ul( C 1 3 ) . The yl i ve dt oge t he ri n t hes amedor mi t or yonc ampus ,e nJ qye dt he ms e l ve s ,anda c qui r e ds ome knowl e dgeaboutAme r i c a nc ul t ur ea ndi t swayofl i f e .Af t e rc ompl e ‑ t i onoft hes i x‑ we e kpr ogr am atBuf f al o,t hema j or i t yofs t ude nt swe nt t ot he i rc ol l e georuni ve r s i t yi nt heSt a t e st opur s ues t udyi nas pe c i f i c ar e aofi nt e r e s t ,a ndha l foft her e ma i ni ngs t ude nt sde c i de dt oc ont i nue t he i rl a ngua ges t udye i t he ra tt heI E ^L I ,SUNY‑ABorot he ri ns t i t ut e s ^, a ndt heot he rhal fwe ntbac kt ot he i rhomec ount r i e st or e s umet he i r wor kors t udi e s .

Now af e w wor dss houl dbea dde da boutJ a pa ne s ee duc a t i ono f

Engl i s h. Ac c or di ng t oours ur ve y wec annotf i nd a ny c ons pi c uous

di f f e r e nc ei ne duc a t i onals ys t e msbe t we e nJ a pa nandot he rc ount r i e s .

Gr amma r ‑ Tr ans l a t i oni t s e l fi snotwr ong.Noonec a nma s t e raf or e l gn

l a ngua gewi t houts t udyi ngi t sgr ammar . J a pane s emus twor kha r de r

t ol e ar nvo c a bul a r yt hanEur ope ans t ude nt s . TheJ apa ne s ef e e lmor e

knowl e dge abl ea ndc onf i de nti ns uc ha s pe c t sofEngl i s hpr of i c i e nc ya s

gr ammar ,vo c abul a r ya ndr e adi ng. The r e f or e ,e ve ni fmuc hs t r e s sbe

puti nde ve l opl ngt he s es ki l l sf ur t he r ,t he ys houl dnotbes l i ght e di n

c l a L S S .I tha sbe e ns a idt hatane xt r ove r t e ds t ude ntha sa na dva nt a ge

i na c qui r i ngs poke na bi l i t yove rani nt r ove r t e ds t ude nt . I ft heJ apa ‑

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ne s ear ei nt r ove r t e dpe opl e ,t he i rpe r s onal i t yc annotbec hange de a s i l y ,

ands houl dnotbec hange dj us tt os pe a kEngl i s h.Sowha tc anbea nd

s houl dbec hange di snotamat t e rbutamanne rofe duc a t i on.Att he

s e c ondar ys c hoolt heJ a pa ne s es t ude nt sha veEngl i s hl e s s ons5 . 1hour s

pe rwe e kf ors i xye ar s ,whi c hi st hel onge s tc ompul s or ye duc at i oni n

t hewor l d. Whynott r yt oi nt e gr a t et he s ec l a s s e s ? I ft hegr amma r

and wr i t i ng t e a c he r swor k t oge t he r ,a sdot hes pe aki ngandr e a di ng

t e a c he r s ,a ndr e pe atandpr a c t i c er ul e sofgr ammara ndwor dsi ne a c h

c l a s s ,t he yma yge tmor ee f f e c t i ver e s ul t s . Thi sc a nbedonet omoト

r ow.Anot he rs ugge s t i ont oe duc a t i ona l a dmi ni s t r a t or si st omi ni mi z e

c l a s ss i z e . I ft he yc oul dr e duc et hes i z eofc l a s sf r om 4 4 . 5 t oatl e a s t

3 5 s t ude nt s ,a ndi nt r oduc et hedynami cme t hodo fe duc at i ons uc ha s

t he i nt e r a c t i on be t we e n t he t e ac he rand t he s t ude nt s notonl y i n

Engl i s hbuta l s oi not he rs ubj e c t s ,t hes t ude nt swi l le ve nt ua l l yope n

t he i rmout hsa ndt al ki nEngl i s h.

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APPENDI X 1

RESULTS OF THE QUESTl 0NNAI RE ABOUT LEARNI NG ENGLI SH AT THE I E L LSUNY BUFFALO

August 5.1 9 8 7

A･OBJECT:The 1 9 8 7 SummerSessi on H ( si x Weeks,Jul y 1 3 t hr ough August 2 1 )st udent s.

AL COLLECT1 0N:Outoft he 1 3 9 st udent s ofSummerSessi on l L1 0 9 ( 7 8 . 4 %) st udent sanswer ed t he quest i onnai r e.

A 2. NAT1 0NAしけY AND SEX OF THE STUDENTS:

NATI ONALI TY J a pa n e s e Ot he rAs i a n La t i nAme r i c a n Mi d dl eEa s t e r n Af r i c a n Eur o p e a n

%9 1 4 4 4 8 3 1 00 7 6 2 3 2 1 1 7 3 0 00 7 4 3 2 lリJ 1

MALE FEMALE 1 5 4 0. 5 % 1 3. 8 %' 2 2 5 9. 5 % 2 0. 2 %

甘 n OJ 叫< 1

6 5. 2 1 3. 8 8 3 4. 9 7. 3 4 5. 0 8. 3 1 1 5 5. 0 7 5. 0 5. 5 2 2 5. 0

日日堅廿日日日

71 0 0. 0 6. 4 0 0. 0 0. 0 9. 2 4 2 8. 6 3. 7 To t a l 1 0 91 0 0. 0 6 2 5 6. 9 4 7 4 3. 1

A 3. AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY I N THE STATES:

J a pa n e s e Ot he rAs i a n La t i nAme r i c a n Mi d dl eEa s t e r n Af r i c a n Eur o p e a n

To t a l

2 9 3 1 6 5 4 5 2 8 2 3

4. 3

( mo n t hs )

*Whe n t wo pe r c e nt age f i gur e s ar e s hown on t he l i s t ,t he f i r s t i s t he

pe r c e nt ageamongt hes t ude nt soft her e s pe c t i venat i onal i t ygr oup,andt he

s e c ondi st hatoft hes t ude nt sasawhol e .

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A 4. EDUCATl 0NAL BACKGROUND:

HI GH SCHOOL UNI VERSI TY UNI VERSI TY TOTAL GRADUATE STUDENT GRADUATE

J apane s e Ot he rAs i an Lat i nAme r i c an Mi ddl eEas t e r n Af r i c an Eur ope an

1 2 . 7 % 0 . 9 % 1 4. 4 0 . 9 2 1 0. 0 1 . 8 1 1 2. 5 0. 9 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 3 2 1. 4 2. 8

1 3 3 5 . 1 % l l . 9 % 3 1 3. 0 2. 8 1 5. 0 0. 9 2 2 5 . 0 1 . 8 1 1 4. 3 0 . 9 0 0. 0 0. 0

2 3 6 2. 1 % 1 9 8 2 . 6 1 7 8 5 . 0 5 6 2. 5 6 8 5. 7 l l 7 8 . 6

2 1. 1 %

37

1 7 . 4

23

1 5 . 6

20

4. 6

8

里 ∵ 里

7

1 0. 1

14

Tot al 8 7 . 3 2 0 1 8. 4 8 1 7 4 . 4

^{10 9}

A 5. FUTUREPLAN:

RETURN TO RETURNTO STAY I N AT TE NDAUS . OTHER WORK STUDY I ELI C OL L E GEO RUNI V.

J apane s e Ot he rAs i an Lat i nAme r i c an Mi ddl eEa s t e r n Af r i c an Eur ope an

3 2. 8 % 2 1 . 8 1 0 . 9 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 3 2 . 8

6 5 . 5 % 2 1 . 8 % 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0. 9 0 0. 0 1 0 . 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 0. 9

2 1 1 9. 3 % 5 4. 6 % 2 0 1 8. 4 1 0 . 9 1 7 1 5 . 6 1 0 . 9 7 6. 4 0 0 . 0 7 6. 4 0 0. 0 9 8 . 3 1 0 . 9 Tot al 9 8 . 3 6 5. 5 5 4 . 6 8 1 7 4. 3 8 7 . 3

A 6. A U. S.COLLEGEOR UNI VERSI TY:

APPLI ED ACCEPTED J apane s e

Ot he rAs i an Lat i nAme r i c an Mi ddl eEas t e r n Af r i c an Eur ope an

1 2 , 7 % 0 . 9 % 1 4. 4 0. 9 1 5 . 0 0. 9 3 3 7 . 5 2. 8 2 2 8 . 6 1 . 8 1 7 . 1 0 . 9

1 5 4 0 . 5 % 1 3 . 8 %

1 8 7 8. 5 1 6. 5

1 5 7 5 . 0 1 3. 8

4 5 0 . 0 3 . 7

4 5 7 . 1 3. 7

8 5 7 . 1 7 . 3

Tot a1 9 8. 2 6 4 5 8. 7

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A 7. THE TEST OF ENGLI SH AS A FOREI GN LANGUAGE ( TOEFL):

NOT TAKEN TAKEN AVERAGESCORE J a pa ne s e 1 8 4 8 . 6 % 1 6. 5 % 1 9 5 1 . 4 % 1 7 . 4 % 5 3 7 . 6 3 Ot he rAs i an 3 1 3 . 0 2. 8 2 0 8 6 . 7 1 8 . 4 5 3 8. 4 5 Lat i nAme r i c a n 7 3 5. 0 6. 4 1 3 6 5 . 0 1 1 . 9 5 3 6. 3 1 Mi ddl eEa s t e r n 5 6 2 . 5 4. 6 3 3 7. 5 2 . 8 4 9 9 . 0 0 Af r i c a n 5 7 1 . 4 4. 6 2 2 8. 6 1 . 8 5 1 1 . 5 0 Eur ope a n 7 5 0. 0 6. 4 7 5 0 , 0 6. 4 5 0 9 . 0 0 Tot al 4 5 4 1 . 3 6 4 5 8. 7 5 3 1 . 8 6

A 8. SELF‑DI AGNOSI S OF PRESENT KNOW LEDGE OF ENGLI SH SPEAKI NG: ‑

J apa ne s e Ot he rAs i a n La t i nAme r i c a n Mi ddl eEa s t e r n Af r i c a n Eur ope an

GOOD FAI R POOR NONE NO ANSWER 1 0 . 9 % 1 0 9 . 2 % 2 4 2 2 . 0 %

2 1 . 8 1 1 1 0. 1 1 0 9 . 2 3 2. 8 1 4 1 2. 8 3 2. 8 1 D . 9 7 6. 4 0 0. 0 3 2 . 8 3 2. 8 1 0. 9 2 1 , 8 9 8. 3 3 2. 8

1 0 . 9 % 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0

1 0 . 9 % 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 Tot al

UNDERS TANDI NG J a pa ne s e Ot he rAs i a n La t i nAme r i c a n Mi ddl eEa s t e r n Af r i c a n Eur o pe a n

1 2 l l . 0 5 4 4 9. 5. 4 1 3 7 . 6 1 0. 9 1 0 . 9

GOOD FAI R POOR NONE NO ANSWER 4 3. 7 %

8 7 . 3 1 0 9. 2 5 4. 6 2 1 . 8 4 3. 7

1 8 1 6. 5 % 1 3 1 1 . 9

9 8. 3 3 2. 8 4 3. 7 5 4. 6

1 3 l l . 9 % 2 1 . 8 1 0 . 9 0 0 . 0 1 0. 9 5 4. 6

1 0. 9 % 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 . 0

1 0 . 9 %

0 0 . 0

0 X ∵ X

0 0 . 0

To t al 3 3 3 0. 3 5 2 4 7 . 7 2 2 2 0. 2 1 0. 9 1 0. 9