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(1)Title. Learning Processes and Self-Correction in English as a Foreign La nguage. Author(s). 牧野, 高吉. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 48(1): 17-29. Issue Date. 1997-08. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/2080. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部A) 第48巻 第1号. 平成9年8月. l i i fEduca i Se i lo fHokka i do Un t t t j s on( c onIA)Vo ver ourna yo .I .48 ,No. Au tl997 主犯s. l ish as a Foreign Language* i Lear l 国 i onin Eng ng Processes and Seば - Correct MAK瓜TO. i Taka -Yosh. i Departmento i l i l fEng c sh Lingui st sh(Eng i Hokka i ido Uni ro ty ofBducat on at Kushi vers ido085jAPAN Shi ro royama ,Kushi ,Hokka. AbstraCt Thisstudy attempts to show the degree to whichjapanesejuniorhigh,seniorhigh and college icalerrors and wha l i tkind ofacquisition order ofBng sh ‐correcttheirown gram mat studentscan self , ical morphemesthey havei ish as a Foreign Language‐ nthecourse oflearning Engl gram mat. The. 798subjectssampled were requiredto correcttheirown errorsinthe procedures below‐ Thesub‐ iontasks and were asked to correcttheir own errors with teacher cues:the ject dvencompl et s wereg irstcopy which wasreturned wi th a gramma‐ th a mark (x)in frontofsentence wi ig ina lcopy,thef or. i lerror i lerror t th teacher cues wherethegramma t ( )was made ( ) ca s ca s . ,andthesecond copy wi lows:( The hypothesestested were asfol 1 )the greaterthe detailofthecues to the errors are, f i lu‐ l l thehigherthe ratio ofself‐correction is atanyleve . earnerse ‐ correct on doesnotinf ,and(2)l ical morphemes at any level i ion orderofEng l i t encechangei sh grammat ntheacqui s ‐ l l lsub i fno As a result ject eto correctthe rown errors to some extent s were abl ,a mosta ,eveni cue wasg ばventothe errors‐. lect Thef ional morphemessuch as Possessive indingsshow thattheinf ,. l d P1ura ig ina ltothef irstcopy,and l ‐Sing‐Presjumped remarkably from the or ,an 3rd ,Regu ar Past. i l i thef rsttothesecond copy‐ They show thatthe more deta edteachercuesleadtothehigher ratio lthese gram matical morphemes‐ ltis also clearthatthe ratio ofself‐ ofself‐correctionin al ion increases atan levels oun i l l l correct ) orhigh orhigh andco egel eve s ‐ ,seni Anotherf indingi l i i t sthattheacqui si sh gram matical morphemesi s notchanged 9n order ofEng. fthe sub lp ofteacher cues‐ ltis also notedthatE及 ththehe eveni ject rown errors wi scorrectthei ish grammatical morpheme acqui l ion orderinthe presentstudy correlatedfa i ly highly wi t ththe r si g “nat al de ”(K a h ur or r r s en l977 )as wen.. 1. lnt「oduct ion Morethanthi SLA)beganinthe i i t rty years have passed sincethe research ofsecondlanguage acqui s on( * Th i i止Aidf i f i 1995 sstudy wassupport edin partby a Grant ‐ orSci ent c Research(C)f orthe year of1994 ‐. i i japan) ture( (Pro jectNo rom the Mini st ryofEducat on enceand Cul .06680226)f . ,Sc. 17.

(3) . MAKINO. Taka i ‐Yosh. i f i inguist i lys ishypothesi i iC eldofPsychol cs l ithel96ぴs s onthebasi sofbehavior st ‐ 1 ,thecontrast ve ana. ime lowingact ivi i t estook P1acein the classroom setting:the ol Psychology wasadvocated‐ Atthatt ,thef ion ofsounds t ionand memorization through Pattern practice, serlousconsiderat tat , heencouragementofimi. ’ format i l t ththe deve whi chl edto habi ‐ s opmentof onofthelanguage beinglearned‐ However,inthel970 ,wi ingui i l ledtransformational‐generative grammar,theerror analysis hypothes i a new l st ctheory ca s was advo‐ l 973 cated(Corderl ) . lnthis hypothesis, whichis based on cognitive Psychology,researchers believethatal human be ings do notform habi i l lhavethe tsofthetargetlanguagethrough pattern Pract ce ,butthatthey a innate ab i l i i ty tolearn bothf ththegreatdevelopments rstlanguage(L1)andsecondlanguage(L2) . A1ong wi. inl inモ鶏i i st ctheory,the concepts oferrorsinlan圭犯agelearning havechanged . Research on a ion orders ofEng l i t lysi cqui si sh grammatical morphemes based on error ana s has been the. loped research areainthel ing/t l i ign Lanー犯age/Eng l i mostdeve earn eachingofEFL/ESL(Eng sh as a Fore sh as i lerrors made bylanguagelearners,both L1 and L2,are seen as anindis‐ a SecondLanguage ) ca . Grammat Pensableand naturaI Partofthelearning process‐ Theissue ofcorrectivefeedbackinthelearningof lys EFL/ESL has been one ofthe ma i jortopi csinthe research oferror ana s - vvhenandhow shouldlanguage teachers correctlearnerer rors?. Wr hatkind ofcorrectivef f ive? ect eedbackis mostef. Wrhatkind ofteacher. ioni f ivef cuei ‐correct s mostef nthet ect orstudentself eachingofEFL/ESLintheclassroom? ioned above mak As ment d ingerrors・s a necessary andimportantstepinl 1y lanー犯age earning a1 , ,an error ioni ignlanguagelearners(Chaudronl988:132 correct ) sconsidered asthe main source off eedbackforfore ‐. The Presentstudy seeks toinvest igat l f i fect ivef )are mostef e(1)whatkindofcues(hint s onof orse ‐correct facquisi ionordersofEng ten errorsi l i ical morphemes t writ nthelearningofEFL/ESL and(2)i sh grammat 1977 l lcorrelate highly wi thotherstudies wi )and Makino(1981 ) . The Present ,such asthoseofKrashen( ion thteachercues. ln addi t study uses as dataEFL errorsself‐corrected wi ,the Presentstudy also Proposes i limpl i ionsforthe materials developmentofEFL/ESLteachi some Pedagog cat ng andlearning materialsin ca ing theclassroom sett .. Atthet imeofthecontrastive analysis hypothesis,errors were regarded as negativeevidencef orlan‐ f ioninlan圭犯aget l i t was be s were ect eaching evedthatthereasons forthi guagelearners and as animper - l 1967 L1interference andthelack ofexercisesofthetargetlanguage. However )stat ‐ edtheimport ,Corder( ferrors made bylanguagelearners. ance o. According to him errors arei eforlanguaget eaching ndi spensabl ,. h ive muchinf i andlearning,and g onf ortheimprovementoflan主犯aget eaching ormat ,andt e Processes andthe mechanism oflanguagelearning‐. He descr i ibedthe reasons for making errors asthelearner’s hypothes s‐. format ion oft herules and system ofthelearners’targetlanguage‐. According tot hisconception,language. teachersshou ld urgelanguagelearners to set up hypothesesf orthe Purpose ofcorrecting and analyzinglan‐ guage errors . ion oferrors and acqu Chapt i i ion ordersofEngl i t ‐correct sh gram‐ er2 reviews Previousstudi es on self s. i is jorhypothes mat cal morphemes. Chapter3 ProvidesthestudyP1anand ma er 4 Presentsthe ,and Chapt limpl i ts andd i ionssuggest resul ca cat edbythe scussionofthe presentstudy er5 Providespedagogi . Chapt ion and a he self i ion orders ofgrammatical morphemes. t analysisoft ‐correct cqui s. tudy Presents .. 18. Chapter 6 sum marizest he.

(4) . l i i f i Learn i l t shasaFor e ‐Corr ec oni n Eng gn Language ngPro ce ssesandSe. iew ofthe Li 2. Rev teratu「e The ma jorissuesin errorcorrection are when thecorrection is made,how errors arecorrected,and ivef whatkind ofcorrect eedbackshouldbe given tothelearnersintheteaching ofEFL/ESL‐ Chaudron. icul tto verify such an effect‐ 1988 )stated thatitseems to be very diff (. ln spite ofthis d i f f i ty,learners cul. irerrorsin a targetlanguage and, moreover,teachers wantto makeefforts he i rteachers to correctthe wantt ’ idthe recurence ofthese errors through correctivef to avo eedback ‐ Theseerrors also provide teachers input. i ionsfortheteaching andlearning ofEFL/ESLinthe classroom‐ he i f rimpl cat orconsideringt ingerrorsare ambiguous and notnecessarily 1988 lsosuggest Chaudron( )a edthatthe methodsofcorrect coherent ‐. Thatis language teachers have to considert he nature oferrors and errortypes . ,. Wr henandhow. lyrelatedtothe purpose oflanguaget learnererrorsshouldbecorrectedi eachingandlearning‐ sindirect ly d These are especial i f f i tissuesf ch are focused on com‐ orcommunicative ways oflanguageteaching whi cul ion rathert ingui i han onl municat st cforms.. ora lf em forlanguageteachers,although thesituationin eedbackis,generally speaking,a common probl Japani s peculiar‐. Many learners do noti i l nt endto speak Eng sh eagerlyinand outofthe classroom,because. thelearners’ main goali sto pass entranceexams for higherinstitutions oflearning‐ ltis considered that ly because ofthe di f f hi there aretwo reasons whyt erencesin cultural values,and partly because si sso:part ltests to Engl i inly taughtby grammar-translation methods,andlearners musttake paper‐and‐penci shis ma. 1anl991 i ionsoflearning(AI tut enter hi ) gherinst . Therefore,the presentstudy willfocus on the kinds of Bng l i orhigh and ch are madein written compositions byjapanesejuniorhigh,seni sh grammaticalerrors whi ively. ive and eight years respect lege students who have been s tudyingEFL/ESLf col ortwo,f , , ion oferrorsi ivef l thas been also considered thatself ‐correct orthe s a majorsource ofcorrect eedbackf learners.. Languagelearnerst irown errors as much as possible,eveni flanguage errors endto correctthe. ic f f irowninterlanguage andthetarget hey noticestructuraldi tesystemat are qui erences between the , when t language . ’ Error analysisi f f s one way ofcharacterizing the di erence between learnersinterlanguage and targetlan‐. 971 nthelearning oflanguage(Ri chardsl ) guagei . However,some researchers have expressed the doubtsof l ll983) ince makinglanguage the effectiveness ofdirecterror‐correction(Krashen l982;Krashenand Terre ,s ” ” errorsi ) s a necessary and natural processin languagelearning(Wieczorek l991 . ln t hecourse oflanモ弾agelearning,learners sometimes noticesome oftheir errors by themselves( i n other f h l in other words self ing) i ing tor ‐correct words ) , mon , ,andthey also correctsome o their errors by t emse ves(. forexample,teachers) givesome cues to their errors‐ when other people(. The present writer assumes that. ly activatetheirl inguist i only thoselearners who are ableto correcttheirown errors can ful ccompetence ingui i thatis,l ( st c knowledge) ‐. i leresearchin this area ofsecondlanき罫iage Unfortunately there has been l t t ,. ion‐ t acquisi ish as af Fol 1973)on grammat lowingthe Brown study( i l morpheme acquisition orders of Engl irstla韮 ca. 1973,1974)and Krashen( 1977 lay and Burt( ive lystudi i i lo t )const ruct ed acqui s onordersofthef ol l朴 gt ・age ,Du 1 i i 1 morphemes 1 1 iary i 1 t 1ng nine Eng ca :Progressive sh grammat c e ‐ 主犯1ar past ,P1ura ,Copu1a ,Auxi ,Ar ,lrre ,Reg ular pa st ,and Possessive. ,3rd‐Sing‐Pres Krashen( 1977 )postulated a “naturalorder“(figure below),reviewing over a dozen BSL morpheme l9.

(5) . MAKINO. i Taka ‐Yosh. Progresslve. P1ura l Copula. Auxi l iary Art i l c e. lrregular Pa st. Regular Past 3rd‐Sing ‐Pres Possessive. iona l land grouped BFL/ESL landcross t tudina ‐ sec es ssupportedbythel ongi studi s orderi . Thi ,individua f indings es whi ch focused onJapanese as earners? There have been severalstudi ‐ How aboutJapanese EFL1 ish grammatical 1983)studi i ionordersofEngl 1981 t )and Koike( ed acqui s subjects . Amongthese , Makino( i ld EFL1 morphemes made byjapanese adolescentandch earners .. icantcor 1981 Makino( ‐ )reached a signif. 1977 ion wi l i ) ththe“natural order“ofthese Eng relat sh grammatical morphemesproposedby Krashen( . 1981)conduct ionalstudy wi Makino( th777juniorhighschoolstudents assub ject s ed acrosssect . The isi ion orderin hisstudy correlates highly wi ththe”naturalorder,” proposed by Krashen t morpheme acqu lar ll 1977 earners acquire theirsecondlanguagein asimi ( ) . Makino(1981)suggestedfrom hisstudythatal ’ iabi l i ty, f f i teofthe di way,ln sp ength oflearning,learning environment,task var erenceinlearners age,timel. i i l i f i sh rstlanguage background c encyin Bng . ,and prof ’l ’ d it f h i i i h l lnspi teofthi s ,teacherscorrectlearners errors w enthe earners ngu stc outputs ev a e rom t e targetlanguage‐. ion o Errors areseen as a representat flearners’gram mar,thatis,theirinterlanguage. So. ionoflearners’learning process‐ Giventhi ion ori l lustrat s cat weregarded errors as anindi ,how should ’ teachers treatstudents errors?. ion forteachers: 1983 ozasa( int )po ssuesin error‐correct edouttwoi. 1‐ Teachers’error‐correctioni s notconsistent . ’ ivingthem ther ightanswers 2. Manyteacherst endto correctstudents errors only byg .(p.170). icalf ivec lause lass lat i f MostJapanese teachers o i fEng l i )inonec e c grammat orm( sh focus on aspec gりre . ,. l l tseems reasonable to saythatthey do nothave tata but s . Thati ,i ,inthe nextclass,they do notfocus oni ’ al ogical way oftreatinglearners errors. answerstolearners ‐. iven(Corderl967 ) g ‐. 20. A1thoughi tis qui te easy forresearchersonlyto giveright. ightanswers are A1so they loset hechanceto construct new hypotheses when only r ,.

(6) . i l i i l f SaF。r e t sha Learn i nEng gねLanguage ‐Corr ec oni sandSe sse ngProce. How dolearners self‐correcttheir own errors?. icalerrorsi ion ofgrammat Self sthe resultof ‐correct. 1974) l d Burt( s used tor l inkerl994) inol993 toring(Mak moni ,i ;Gassandse ,accordingto Duay an ‐ The moni fspoken and written language‐ to generatesentences consciously andto correcterrors o ion oferrorS. ‐correct toring a1onecannot always promote the self. However only moni ‐ ,. Not onlylearned knowledge,but also ,. ’f db k ion tothi t s acquired knowl edge can also promote self‐correction oferrors‐ ln addi ,theteachers ee ac can. ion giventolearnerstoimprove 1994 i ormat 1 ion stheinf f ) eedbacki s( correct ‐ promotesel ‐ Accordingto EI ,f ’ theirinterlanguage. Correctivefeedbackis given tolearners bytheirteachers,asfar aslearners inter‐ languagei s grammatically incorrect .. f ivef i f t earners? orl Then,whatkind oferrorcorrec sef ect on( eedback)i. i Manyresearchers(Hendr ckson. )answerimmediat ely,butto ievethati right tis more effective notto give the direct( l978 )bel ; Makinol993 ley t l tthem correcttheirerrors by themselves) thati iveindirecttheanswer( ‐ Hol s g ,togivethem cues o e ’ 1971 )suggestedthatteachersshould use error‐correction as would thelearners parentsin first and King( ion. t language acquisi. l l i 1971)usedinerror‐ ows : ley and King( on wereasfo correct TheapproachesthatHol. ion・ rephrasing,cuing,and sentence generat. ive f ofthese ways,cuingi ect sthe mostef . Bygiving cues to. leto guide them towardthe right(orcorrect)answers withoutgenerating negative students,teachers are ab i t tudes‐ at. fect ivenessofthe 1982)emphasizedtheef ionin written compos t As for errorcorrect ・ lons ,Lalande( ion oflearner errors‐ 工n hisstudy,thesub ject s were dividedintotwo groups:subjects who were correct. ightanswers( controlgroup:CG)andsubjects who weregivenonly hints as teacherfeedback given only r h h fCG. The imenta lgroup:EG ( ) exper . His result wasthatthe EG subjects madeprogress more,t an t ose o ion oferrors, wh ich ‐correct ject edrightanswers passively, while those ofEG conducted self sub sofCG copi. ivi i t required problem‐solving a ct es . f ivef l and ef lpfu h ievethaterror‐correctioni However l orlearners. Semke ect s nothe ,some researc ers be ion‐ The ivenessinerror‐correct 1984 ( )and Robb,Ross andShortreed(1986)statedthatthereisnoeffect ive ion has a negat his arethatteachers focus on students’grammar too much,and error‐correct reasons fort inf luence ont helearners’ mind 1994 )explainedthis phenomenon from a psychological pointof view. ‐ Koike(. f He mentionedthatteacherS correction( eedback)ofgrammaticalerrors made by their students would nega‐ luencet hestudenrs mind set ive lyinf t ‐. i i ldrenlearnthe ly caretakers revise errorsi Basical rf rstlanguage, nthecontentofthe message when chi , ly correcttheirerrors madeinthe message. Some researchersinsistedthaterror‐ butthey do notdirect irstlanguage imel ength oflearning BFLis much shorterthanthef correction was unnecessary,asthet ion‐ t acquisi. 1975)ment ioned iger( iat Therefore,t heabovevi ew seemsnottobeappropr e ‐ Krashenandsel. l ly f ftheclassroom setting 1)t eatures o es and vocabulary ofthetargetlanguageindividua ot eachtherul ,and. 2)t ( ocorrecterrors.. Moreover they suggested thatadul f f ive lythan tslearn the targetlanguage moree ect ,. 1983)ment i ious ly ldren do,because adul tlanguageconsc t onedthat weshould scanl earnthetarge chi ‐ ozasa( l i th gramamticalerrors made by younger adolescentsinthecourseoflearning Eng sh consider how wecope wi ‐ i i t VVhatrelationships are there between self‐correction oferrors and morpheme acqui s onorder?. 199 3 ( )conductedthe cross‐sectionalstudy with62Japanese BFL collegestudentsassubjects.. Makino. ln hi sstudy,. ’cues wereused asf l lows(p i f f ): three d o eachers erentkindsoft .129 ,. 21.

(7) . MAKINO. Taka i ‐Yosh. l-. No cues given tothelearners‐. 2.. Mark( )given atthebeginningofthesentences which have 鱒ammaticalerrors. x. 3. Cu l inedthi ( )given onthe grammaticalerrors( theerrors wereunder ime e s ) st .. The ratio ofcorrect answers ofeach gram matical morphemeincreased wi th each type off eedback. Thati s , the more detai ledtheteacherぎ cues(orhints irown ) torthe ,the morepreciselylearnersareableto moni i ion,the morpheme acquisition orderthroughlearner self‐correcting correlated highly wi errors.lnadd t th Krashen( 1977 1981 1993)suggestedthati )and Makino( fteachersgavelearnersthe ) . Moreover , Makino( i l ta more de i l f ion wi l lbehigher ) edcues( orhint s oofse correct ‐ ,therat .. The reason forthisis thatlearners. ’cues( ivatedt he i ingui i act 1993 rl st ccompetence as a resultoft ) orhint eachers s )con‐ sstudy . ln hi , Makino( ludedthattherei i ion orderregardless oflearner age andl c t s a universalacqui s earningexperience.. 3. Study P1an and Hypotheses 3.I Subjects Thet lnumberofsub ota ject 345junior ssampl edinthe presentstudy were l s( ,063japanese EFL student high,36 3senior highschoolstudents and355col legestudents) ‐ However,the number ofscorable answer. 98outofl,063 sheets was7 ,because some ofthesubjects did not answereven halfofthetask, wrotesome thinginjapanese or drew some kindofpictures orcartoons‐. 3‐2 Grammat i I Morphemes Examined ca ln orderto e l ici tdata ,juniorhighschoolstudents were given 30 minutes to translate 20Japanesesen‐ tencesi ish,and senior highschoolstudents andcol legestudents were also giventhirty minutes to nto Engl translate2 3japanesesentencesinto Engl ish‐ lnthesetasks thegrammat icalsubjectofeach sentenceis. ,. l i intatthebeg inningofeach sentence on the answersheet n Eng shin pr glveni ‐ Thee l i teddatai ion,which focused on learnererrorsinnine Eng t l ish gram matical ci s written composi i i ly commonintheresearch of morpheme acqui morphemes i i i ch arefa t l l iary r s :Art onorder c e , wh ,Auxi ,Copu‐ P la 1 P P i 1 i ingui ty -Sing ‐Pres st cabi ,P1ura , ossessive, rogressive and3rd ,lrregular Past ,Regular ast ・ Learner1. in self‐correction ofthe irown errors waslnvestigated. lnthetask proceduresto el i i tdata,each Engl ci sh ical morpheme tested hasf iveto seven obl iga t g1 rammat ory occasions.. 3‐3 Da i i i ta E1 tat c on The procedures toe l i i l lows tda ta were asf c o :. 1 i ( ) original: Thesubjects were asked to translatejapanesesentencesinto Engl sh ‐ Twophotocopies l i i t 力ersteps ofthestudy are madei tresearch dat n orderto e c af orfur . irstcopyisreturned wi 2 th a mark(x)infrontofsent ica ( ) Thef lerror th agrammat ( ence wi s) . The ind and correctthe i students werer equi red tof rown grammaticalerrors bythemselves‐. 3 th teachercues wherethe grammaticalerrors were made( ( ) Thesecond copyis returned wi ime thi st , l ined) errors are under . Thestudents again mustcorrecttheirown errors:in thiscase,they do not have tof indtheerrors bythemse lves ,butthey mustconsider whatkinds oferrorsthey areinorder. 22.

(8) . i l i i l f Learn i shasaFor e t n Eng gn Language c oni ‐Corr e ngProcesse sandSe. to correctthem.. ing 3‐4 Scor Thesub ject s sampledinthe presentstudy were required to correcttheir own errorsin the Procedures 1 ic i t t ten composition datae edfo- hesub jectsevery other week. vvri above,and these tests were given tot f i i orirre主犯lar past l i he nine Eng ed above st sh grammatical morphemesl cused ont , or n- . The actualcriteriaf. l l stance o ows : s asf ,i. a .My brothereat apples,. o. b ‐My brothereats apples.. o. c ‐ My brothereating apples.. o. d ‐My brother was eat apples.. o. e . My brother dideatapples.. 0‐5. l f ‐ My brother did eated app es.. 0‐5. g ‐My brother ate apples‐. l. i .公江y brother eated apples-. I. ial(0 A characteristic ofthi s are given to the responses such as sthatpart s criteriai ‐5)point. “ ideat. ” s who answeredinthis way have already acquiredthe and”did eated ,because,itis assumed,thesubject. i ion o l fpasttense ofthe Eng not shlanguage.. 3.5 Ma jor Hypotheses lows The hypotheses testedi sstudy are asf ol nthi .. lofthecues totheerrors are,the higherthe ratio ofself‐correctionis at any 1. The greaterthedetai level . luence changei l i 2. Learner self‐correction does notinf sh grammatical mor‐ nthe acquisition orderofEng phemes at any level ‐. i i l ln Hypothes ti eadto a hi edteachercue tothe errorsl s l,i s assumedthatthe more deta gherrate oflearner ion‐ ln mostcases,i f f i tis qui te di tforthelearners to monitortheirerrorsf orcorrection. ‐correct self cul in this case teacher cues given to However t i fthesub hati ject s havesome help ( , , he present wrter assumest. theirerrors ) eto correctthese errors. ln other words,they must activate theirlinguistic ,they may beabl i ind and correctthei tis assumedthat competenceto some extenti n ordertof s 2,i rown errors. ln Hypothes ion orderofEng l l i lnotbe changed‐ the acquisi t sh gram matical morphemes wi. The present wri ter assumes. ion orderi fthelearners correcttheir own errors wi t th some help, theacqui thateveni si s notchanged,be‐ , i i l i irown errors atthesame rate. he ingほ irl ty to correctthe cause they demonstratet st cabi. 23.

(9) . MAKINO. Taka i 一Yosh. 4. Resul ts and Discussion The datacol lass l i f i ig ina l(0) i ect ed were c edintothree groups rstcopy(1) :or ‐ ,f .Scor ,andsecondcopy(2). 98(actual ly,1 63studentsvolunteered assubjectsinthisstudy) ableexam sheets numbered 7 es l to ,0 . Tabl 3show the percentage( %)ofcorrectanswers tothe nine English gram matical morphemesbythesubjects. lst (Tabl lst eli sjuni orhighschoo udent l l s e2i sseni orhighschoo udent s ) e3i sco egestudent s ,Tabl ,and Tabl .. Tabl eI. Percentage(%)ofse l f i l i ‐Correct onofEng sh Gramma i I Morphemes( t Juni ca or HighStudent ) s or ig ina l. Progress ive. 69.5. Ar i l t c e. 62.9 59‐6. P1ura 1 Copula Auxi l iary. lrregularPast. Tabl e2. 80‐2. 70.2 61‐3 62.7. 77.8 67‐2 69.8. 52.8 48.6. 56.7. 63‐6. 58.3. 65.7. 46.9. 52.8 52.4. 57‐9. 57.6. Regular Past 3rd‐Sing ‐Pres. 2nd Copy. 75‐2 67.0. 58‐0. Possess ive. lstCopy. 45‐0. 73.3. 58.9. Percentage(%)ofse i l f i l onofEng ‐Correct sh Grammat i I M h S i H i hS t ca orp emes( enor g ) udent s or ig i l na 66‐2. Progress ive. lstCopy 73.8. 2nd Copy 79.O 74ユ. Art i cl e. 61.9. 66‐6. P1ura 1 Copula. 62.8 58.3. 70.9 63.3. 68.8. Auxi l iary. 54‐9. 58.4. 60.I. Possess ive. 60‐0 49‐7. 61.7 56.6. 64.2. 44.6. 49.8 54.2. 55.1. Regular Past 3rd‐Sing ‐Pres lrregularPast. Tabl e3. 50‐2. 78.8. 63.2 58.O. Percentage(%)ofse l f i l i -Correct onofEng sh Grammat i I Morphemes(Co l l ca ) egeStudent s. Progress ive Art i l c e. or i ina l g 68.9 58.9. P1ura 1. 64‐0. Copula Auxi l iary. 63.4 56.2 57‐1. lstCopy 74.0 62.6 72.0. 2nd Copy 80.2 66.9. 68.4 61.4. 78‐7 73‐6 66.3. Possessi ve Regular Past. 60.2. 65.8. 48‐9. 57.4. 64.9. 3rd‐Sing‐Pres 1rregular Past. 47.7 54‐7. 53.1. 59.3 62.3. 54.7. Thesetabl ical morphemesexami l i es also show せl l ly echangesin errorrates ofthe Eng sh gi ned rammat . Genera 24.

(10) . i f i l i l t Learni ‐Corre c oni nEng shasaFor e ngPr oces se sandSe gnLanguage. fno cue was given l lsub ject speaking,almosta s were ableto correcttheir own errors to someextent ,eveni fortheerror‐. As showni lthe morphemes examined n Tables l to 3,theratio ofself‐correction foral. increased atea i t ject s s wereabl et o moni orandcorrectthe rown chstage(o to l,and l to 2) ‐ Thati ,thesub errorsf orthe morphemes‐. Thef l iona l morphemes such as Progres‐ indingsofthestudy show thattheinf ect. P ivet 1ura l )betweenthe sive,P ot en percent ‐Sing ‐Preshavejumpedremarkably(aboutf ,and 3rd ,Regular ast l l ledteachercuesleadto higherratio ofself stages oto l ‐ ,and l to 2‐ ltis a so c earthatthe more detai ion oferrorsi l lthese grammatical morphemes‐ correct na ivatethe irl inguist iccompetence‐ act. This ver f i i edthatteachercues madethelearners. As can beseenint hetables above,itis clearthattheratio ofsel f ‐. ion increases atan levels oun l ls i i correct ) orhigh orhigh andcol egel eve ore s linthe ‐ Theref ,seni ,Hypothes. tudyi s supported. presents Table4 showstheacqui i f f i ion orders・ofnine Engl t si sh grammatical morphemes from easier to more di ‐ lar l ightdi f f i ion ordersin each group were qui tesimi though there weres t t erences cul . Theacquis ,and al f f l he degreeofdi among groups erence was not great e 4,K and M indi cat ethe acquisition orders of . ln Tab ,t inf lect ional morphemes 1977 1981) ive ly. Learnererrors of non‐ morphemes by Kra )and Makino( shen( ,respect fsome teacher cues are given. i iona l l morphemes to self‐correct i f f i tforlearners thaninf are more d ect cul ,even A mongthesei l l morphemes,some morphemes are rather di iona f f i tf nf ect cul orlearners. ln progressive, k 劣れg t-”g some addedjus βtoyand added‐ . 1nthe ,too gout and added-”g ,addedZand-≠%g,and changedf. f3rd‐Sing case o ofandadded g ‐Pres s oりand added βs . ,orchangedft ,changedyt ,someaddedjustsores Tabl f f i i i i l i t e5shows 値e Spearman rank ordercorrelation coe c entofacqui s on ordersofEng sh grammatical i i ti t morphemes giveni s clear from Tabl e 5thattheacqui n Table 4. l s on orders ofgrammatical morphemes h f h imi tes lar among tasks andthat are qui s a high correlation. ,t ere ore ,t erei. Again the acquisi ion orders o t f ,. Eng l i lar fthesamelength oflearning di f f t two yearsfor esimi sh gram matical morphemes are qui ers( ,eveni ive years for senior high,and seven years for conege students) juni orhigh ef ore s2i s also . Ther ,f ,Hypothesi ion order ofEngl hatis,theacquisi ish gram matical morphemesi t fthesub‐ supported:t s notchanged eveni. Tabl e4. K. M. Comparison o fAcqui i t si on ordersof G i I l i t M Eng h r a u mma c a s orphemes. Juni or High. Senior Hi gh. Conege. o. lst. 2nd. o. lst. 2nd. o. lst. 2nd. pro鱒r ive ess. l. l. l. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. I. Art i l c e. 5 ▼2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. P1ura 1. 2. 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Copula. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 3. Auxi l iary. 4. 6. 5. 4. 4. 6. 6. 7. 6. 5. 5. Possessive. 9. 5. 6. 7. 7. 4. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. Reg ‐ Past. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 8. 7. 6. 8. 8. 7. 3rd‐Sing ‐Pres. 8. 8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 1rreg ‐ Past. 6. 9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 8. 8. 7. 7. 8. 0 = original;1 = lstcopy;2 = 2ndcopy) ( 25.

(11) . . MA周[NO Taka i ‐Yosh. i lpoft l ththehe ti ) iect ‐ eachercues( orhint s rerrors by themselves wi sonot edthatthe mor scorrectthe sa ‐工 ir ly highly wi lorder”(Krashen l977 i ththe“natura ) t cqui si on orders ofthe presentstudy correlatefa pheme a. Tabl e5. Spear i i f iC i t on/ ・ nan Rank orde entofAcqui r Coef s. i I Morphemes l i ordersofEng ca sh Grammat. M 0 ‐750*. K. nV. 0. 2. 1. 1. 2. 0. 1. 2. .642*. .750*. .700*. .800**. .883**. .867**. ‐967**. .883**. ‐916**. .966**. .950**. .916**. ‐933**. .933**. ‐933**. ‐933**. .741*. , .883**. .916**. .883**. .933**. .933**. .983**. ‐850**. .916**. .883**. .850**. .900**. .933**. ‐850**. .916**. .883**. .850**. ‐900**. ‐933**. .966**. .933**. .950**. .916**,. .900**. .983**. ‐966**. ‐950**. ‐966**. ‐933**. .900**. ‐933**. .983**. .966**. l. .ふ. I. っム C. 0. 50** .8. ^V S. C( l l ) o eg e. , .850**. .▲ ^ ア ”. j. .750* .967**. M. S( i ) r en o. i J{ ) un or. ‐983**. I **<.01 *<‐05. l f icant lyei 1the parings correlated signi ther atthe‐〇l or atthe.〇5 as v vel e 5,al . AScan beseenin Tabl 1evel even v i ththe Krashen,s ”naturalorder.“ v ,. icat ions 5. Pedagogica=mpl ing and Thi igatedtheeffectiveness oflearnerscorrectingtheir own errorsintheteach. sstudyinvest learning ofBFLi es have ntheclassroom,andhow teachersshouldtreattheirlearnererrors. Previousstudi f d correctlearnerer rors report ed on how to. ,whatkindsoferrorsshouldbecorrecte ,purposes o errorcorrec‐. ionandthe educationaleffects‐ t AI 1wright( 1975 )points outthat,in mostcases,teachersintend to spoterrors and only givetheright irerrortreatmentdoes not have coherence. Long thoutany explanations,andthatsometimesthe answers wi. 1977 l ( )a o questions whether or notthelack ofcoherencein errorcorrection improveslanguagelearning‐ of s ftheEFL ions becausetherei f i ia lenvironmel imi i tat lto c slack ofcoherenceintheart course,there may bel , ion bylanguagelearnersi ibi fore l i ty ofself ‐correct sfocused uponinthe present classroom‐ There ,theposs study.. i irl ingu i ion g 帆′e understandthatself tuni ty to consider and activatethe c st ‐correct lveslearners an oppor i hatthey can be active part competence,sot sin written compositions ratherthan passive recipients of ci pant i led cuesleadto a higherratio ofseif‐correction as mentioned earlier. feedback‐ l tisclearthat more deta Thistechnique oferrorcorrection hastwo advantages:oneisthatteachercues givelearners achanceto. 26.

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