̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅɴȲȿʳܩάອቈᏬູയ
Პǵยǵᶁǵࡎ*
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh
Takahashi Asako*Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh is a new environmental problem. Arsenic has recently been detected in high concentration in many delta regions in Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh the first patient suffering from arsenic poisoning was discovered in 1993. A subsequent investigation revealed that contamination is high in 268 of 465 Upozila in all. It is estimated that 3,500,000 persons are exposed to the potential of health hazard. The geological background is one of the causes of groundwater contamination, but the detailed mechanism has not been elucidated.
Here, I tried to define pollution damage and its causes in rural areas of Bangladesh. There are two gaps in our knowledge about arsenic damage: the area involved and the economic aspect. The change of groundwater use for irrigation and drinking has influenced the pollution problem. This indicates arsenic contamination is a complex process involving not only natural mechanisms but also human activity.
1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵܩάອɹᕶးᅓഀɴʭʳቈᏬູയȵృɛɲᄩޅکᰍɭɌɩγᅠᇕɴᇿɇʶɩχɌȦ⏏ɲȴ ɫʢ˓Ͳ̝ី̾Ͳˤ̫͡Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻɗɹៀฐɹ߂ȷɇɭཉխɇȴʰȋγᅠ߂ੲɹ ቈᏬູയȍɭȦʼʶɩȦʳKhan et al. 1997ȵ⏋ູയล෯ɹភᮊɇɭࢪፑɹᮑɌɇȴʰȦʚ ɞੈχᇕɲࢪፑࡸేɹʠɰȵጓɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ ǵ˓Ͳ̝̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹሂˁȩȿɩˏ˻ˏɹᦏ᭰ᡉܕȵᕶܕԒɫᠭീˁɌɛᐄഗ⏋ᦏॷ ʹ˙̜̠͌⏋͊͑Ͳ͇ͻ⏋̦̮ͻ͡⏋̮˥˽̊ͲɫʢܩάອɹቈᏬູയȵᇍឿɇʶɛ⏏Ᏻɲ ᠭീɻᦽμɫȡʳȵ⏋ˏ˻ˏɹ̯͇͓͞ˁ྇༑ɭɐʳ߂ໜाɹά༑ݖɹ̊̚͡ܩय़ɫᲞ ɹቈᏬȵදՏɇʶʳӃكȵȡʳAAN 2003⏏ ǵᦅɫɹອᣂ྇ɭϺɹᬠʼʱˁ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ϺɹᇿȴʰʛɛቈᏬູയˁሾʳɄɭɻ⏋Ё * ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, KyotoUniversity
ɹࢪፑˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫઝᒶȵȡʳʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅᨆɹቈᏬູ യɴȲȿʳູയࢀɭɗɹ܍ˁჿɌ⏋ቈᏬູയȵᕶးɹ̺ͦ́˽ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗʶˁௌɐ ʳϺᬚɹүɹИȵȴʰʚɤɛភغᇕɲ̺ͦ́˽ɫȡʳɄɭ⏋ဌྰᅎϥକɴʭʳܩάອɹໄΫ Ɂɭ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹಔؖɭȦȩອգᅎɹȵ⏋ູയکᰍɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȷɛɄɭˁ ᦚʏʳ⏏
2ȅ౷ئକ៱ளஅ͈ٽါ
2.1ȁ౷ئକ៱ளஅ͉͂ ǵȼɹᅊ႒ɴɭɤɩਖӯᏬɹ 1 ɦɫʢȡʳቈᏬ⏃ӯᏬ៨ش As⏆ɻܩჽΫɴঃȼಔᇕɴ ࡔܧɐʳӯᏬɫȡʱ⏋ܩᝠᦏȼɫɻຩሂ⏋༰ሂ⏋ܔሂɹࡔܧ০ˁɭʳ⏏߂ȷɲᄩɴȲȦɩ ɻ⏋ܩຐɴᅓഀɐʳቈᏬȵတ༎֪ɴʭɤɩܩᝠЊᦏɴʢɛʰɇʶ⏋ᰟʦၖອؙਝˁᐁɩཧ ʦໜाɴྒȿՏɌ⏋ᏺᇕɴɻ༠ɴȽ⏏ɗɹዐɫቈᏬˁيʞܩࣝˁᦲɌɛܩάອʍɹ ቈᏬɹྒៗʦ⏋ᅊкμʍɹᄩБᡚȵʛʰʶʳཱི 1998⏏ ǵቈᏬɹʢɦȦນਸȴʰ⏋ϺᬚɻɗʶˁإȼʭʱຏᛚջʦᦅᚫɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȷɛرˁʢ ɠ⏋ᏤɌɛቈᏬˁୈՏɌᕶးᅠɴఔՏɐʳɄɭˁᑵʱᦐɌɩȷɛ⏏ቈᏬູയɭɌɩʰʶʳ ɹɻ⏋ᄩޅμɴࡔܧɐʳቈᏬȵᑘɇʶɛݭغɹɄɭˁɇɌ⏋ਃഀɻςɴတʦ᩿ᔭ⏋ʚɛɻ ᩿༎֪ʦूɲɰɹϺဤᇕɲ܍ɫ০ଁɇʶ⏋࣌ଘᇕɫȴɦΥਸɹʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛΥ ࡴᩄГΫɹᲞɹቈᏬˁϺᬚȵௌɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ҫঔ᭭ࢀɲɰȵᇍᅊɌȋູയکᰍȍɭɲɤ ɩȷɛ⏏γᅠɴȲȿʳቈᏬμນɹرɻ⏋1900 ॷɹͦͲ̝ͲɫȲȷɛ̲ͻ͡ʍɹཌྷԂɴʭʳ ᮃቈᏬμນɴɻɍʚʱ⏋ГഀϺᬚɻ⏋တʦܩᣒᣱ྇ʦϺဤᇕ܍ɴʭʳቈᏬμນࢀˁధ ȼᐁᱻɌɩȷɛݞᅒ 1995; 1997⏏ ǵ1980 ॷБʭʱˏ˻ˏعܩɫʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛܩάອቈᏬູയɻ⏋ɄʶʰတʦϺဤᇕ ᅓഀɴʭʳʢɹɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ჿᅓɻέተȴɫȡʳȵܩάອμɴࡔܧɐʳᲞɹቈᏬɴʭʳʢ ɹɫ⏋ܩᣒᇕᔘಕˁʢɦᕶးᅓഀɹູയɭʛɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ 2.2ȁ࠲ࢫવٺ͂֩ဥܖ ǵቈᏬɹௌɴʭʳϺкʍɹ৯ᯱɴɻਸ਼ਸμນɭિਸμນȵȡʳ⏏ܩάອቈᏬູയɹʭȩɲᬏ ೝᬚɴʼɛʳቈᏬௌɴʭɤɩৄȷᣱɄɇʶʳᆓᆖɻિਸቈᏬμນɭʭɽʶ⏋ᇿᶧڸፈɹ Ꮃᕖမᆗɴɻɍʚʱ⏋ፉᔀɹ⏋ᇤᕕɹᖬᏬໍመ⏋ᖬᏬᔵ߉⏋៓ɭȦɤɛ႕ਐᇕɲᆗႥˁ ᐁɩ⏋ᏺᇕɴɻᇤᕕʦԒᕬɹᆽɴȦɛʳԒᚹ 1991⏏ ǵቈᏬɹᰰᅎݜྈɴᬠɌ⏋γᅠѳҫล෯ (WHO) ɻ 1993 ॷɴ 0.05 mg/㕶ȴʰ 0.01 mg/㕶ʍɭ ˤ˓̝͞˓ͲˁఒࡴɌ⏋ɄʶɴȡʼɓɩೣɲɰӴᦽعܕɻອ᧑ອᣒݜྈˁ 0.01 mg/㕶ɴఒ Ɍɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ˁɻɍʠȼɹΫܕɫɻౙഀɹ 0.05 mg/㕶ˁჼܧʢᰰᅎݜྈ ɭɌɩȦʳ⏃ᝠ 1 ⏆⏏2.3ȁΨϋΈρΟΏν͈౷ئକ៱ளஅ͈ࠐ ǵ1983 ॷɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹី̾Ͳˤ͡िɫ՟ɹቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȵᇍឿɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹ⏋੮ᓔȵᰰ ᅎɴьᅎɌɩȦɛ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡⏃ଝɄȹি፬ϥକ⏆ɹອμȴʰᲞɹቈᏬȵදՏɇʶ⏋ ܩάອɗɹʢɹȵܩᣒᅓഀɹቈᏬɴʭʱູയɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶɛChatterjee et al. 1994⏏Ʉɹکᰍɴዩෑᇕɴʱᏼ˃ɫȷɛ˓Ͳ̝˱͡ˡ̊ɹ˻̺͑̋ͻ͡߂ɹ̍͑˪ ̘̓͞ˑఠஐʰɹᠭീɴʭʱ⏋˓Ͳ̝үɫተ᠗ɇʶɛቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɻ 1987 ॷɴ 1,214 Ϻ⏋ 1994 ॷɴɻ 17 Ψ 5 ןϺ⏋ᓂ 1995 ॷɴɻ 20 ΨϺˁᣳȭʳɭȦȩཉխɲࢀႥȵ౩ʰȴɴ ɇʶɛBadal et al. 1996⏏ʚɛី̾Ͳˤ͡िɭܕޅˁஞɐʳ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫʢ 5 ןΨϺȵ ູയɇʶɛອˁᰰ˃ɫȦɩ⏋ؾɹቈᏬູയࢀȵᣱɄʳɫȡʸȩɭᡰٚɌɛRatan et al. 1997⏏ ǵʚɛ 1993 ॷɴ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌลᬠɫȡʳԇᝓᅊू࣌ (DPHE: Department of Public Health and Engineering) ȵី̾Ͳˤ͡िɭɹܕޅЊᦏɫϥକອɹቈᏬˁදീɌɛᐄ ഗ⏋4 ೣɹϥକɹອȴʰቈᏬȵᇍឿɇʶɛKhan et al. 1997⏏ᓂ 1994 ॷ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ ѳҫࢃክኔህɹϜᬿЦכድଘ (NIPSOM) ȵؾܩךɫ 8 ϺɹቈᏬμນ੮ᓔˁተ᠗Ɍɛ⏏ 1995 ॷɴɻ̍͑˪̘̓͞ˑລȵμਕɭɲʱ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹ˱͡ˡ̊ɫᬖҼɇʶɛȋܩάອɹቈᏬ ɴᬠɐʳܕ᭬ЦᡴȍɴȲȦɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ី̾Ͳˤ͡िɭ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܩάອቈᏬູയɹᇍឿ ȵݬٚɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶɴʭɤɩ⏋ᕶးᅓഀɴʭʳܩάອቈᏬູയȵγᅠɴঃȼሾʰʶʳɄɭɭɲ ʱ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖కঌʦ WHO ɲɰɹܕ᭬ลᬠ⏋Ӵᦽܕɹஹ֖ลᬠ⏋ܕԒɹ NGO ɲɰ ȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܩάອቈᏬູയɹࡸᠭീɴʱᏼʛɻɍʠɛ⏏ ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ԇᝓᅊू࣌ɻ WHO ɹתɹʢɭ⏋ჼܩɫᎎɴቈᏬˁཀྵʳɄɭ ȵɫȷʳᎎ౫ቈᏬՕഓខᒞˁᅎȦɩ⏋ԃܕɹ 5 Ψ 1 ןೣɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹອˁՕഓɌɛ⏏ ʚɛ˓˧͠˽ܕ᭬ᬖᇍህ (DFID: Department for International Development) ȵԃܕɫᏝ 3,500 ೣɹϥକɹቈᏬˁཀྵࡴɌɛ⏏ɗʶʰˁ̴͇̒Ͳ˫Ɍɛᐄഗ⏋ԃܕɹ 64 ላɹȩɠ 61 ላɫ⏋ 465 ᨃɹȩɠ 268 ᨃɫູയȵተ᠗ɇʶ⏋ςɴˤͲ˻̀ाɭ̸͇̺̜͞͞ाɹغ༑ဣȴʰά༑ ɹ̊̚͡ܩय़ɴ⏋ቈᏬȵݜྈɹ 0.05 mg/㕶ˁᣳȭʳϥକɹւغȵᲞȦܩݖȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ Ʉɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏃ܒ 1 ⏆⏏ཉȵ 150 m ʭʱ༓Ȧ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɫɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ ɹᰰᅎݜྈ 0.05 mg/㕶ˁᣳȭʳʢɹȵ 27⎾⏋WHO ɹˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳ 0.01 mg/㕶ˁᣳȭʳʢɹ ɻ 46⎾ȡʱ⏋ԃ˵Ͳ̺͡ɹॶܯғɻ 0.055 mg/㕶ɫȡɤɛDepartment of Public Health and
ນ 1 ȁ៱ள (As) ͈֩ဥକৗܖ͈ڛȪ2003 ා࡛हȫ
WHO ˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳݜྈ 0.01 mg/㕶
ೣɹອ᧑ອᣒݜྈ 0.01 mg/㕶
Engineering 1999⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɴȲȿʳ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹೣధɻ⏋ኽɫ 800 Ψೣ⏋క ঌଘɴʭʳʢɹɫ 120 ΨೣɭȦʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɄʶʰɭູയܩݖɹՕ॒ȴʰ⏋ູയܩךɴ зʛ࿃ܧᇕɲቈᏬɹ᭝ɴɇʰɇʶɩȦʳܕɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹݜྈғ 0.05 mg/㕶ɹݭغ 280⑯350 ΨϺ⏃ԃܕɹ 22⑯28⎾⏆⏋WHO ɹˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳݜྈғɫɻ 460⑯570 ΨϺ⏃ԃ ܕɹ 37⑯46⎾⏆ɭཀྵɇʶɩȦʳDFID 1999⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹԇিɹቈᏬμນ੮ᓔధ ɻ 10,554 Ϻɫȡʳȵ⏋కঌɴʭʳቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɹԃܕᇕɲᠭീɻȦʚɞʼʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ቈ ᏬູയܩךɹᯆዩɭቈᏬູയɴʭʳҫঔࢀɹᦽˁᓒૅɐʶɽ⏋ЁʢቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɻɇʰ ɴވ֓ɐʳɭϜཀྵɇʶʳ⏏ 1 ȁΨϋΈρΟΏν͈౷ئକ៱ளஅ
DPHE/UNICEF National Field Kit Analysis 1999; BGS/DFID/DPHE National Survey 2000; DPHE/UNICEF 5 Upozila Action Research Project 2000ؒ၇⏏
3ȅఆ̤̫ͥͅ៱ளஅ͈ٺ
3.1ȁ៱ளஅ͈ື ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ആᨆɴеᒞɐʳ˻͚̅ͻ͡ላɻ⏋ԃܕቈᏬູയܒɴʭʳɭμዐ⏃ູയ რ 20⑯40⎾⏆ɹູയܩݖɫȡʳȵ⏋࣌ଘᇕɴູയȵɌȦܩݖȵࡔܧɌɩȦʳ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ᠭീ ܩɫȡʳ͇ͩ͡ɻ⏋˻͚̅ͻ͡ላ͚̍˗ˤ̍͑ᨃ˻͚ˤ̚ˑ˽̺ͻ̢͘͡ˠͲɴࣚɌ⏋˻͚ ̅ͻ॑͡ԒɹីᏝ 30 km ɴеᒞɐʳ⏏ɹɻౙໜ᧑ɫȡʳжܩȵʛʰʶ⏋̫˓̸͞ा ȵ༑ʶɩȲʱ⏋ᮃᘺɻɗɹᨆɴᐚȼᲞɇ 2⑯3 m ɹᔘྂܩΫɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɴɻ 626 γय़⏋2,651 Ϻȵ࣎зɌ⏋ጓܩɻ߂ȷȼആɭីɹ 2 ɦɹᮃᘺɴՕȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ᮄȦ֝ӈᓔʢ يʠɹ 70⎾ГΫɹγय़ȵᦅɴਃϟɌɩȲʱ⏋ॶܯܤܩଘᯆዩɻ 2.7 ̲ˤ⏃0.36 ha⏆ɫ ȡʱ⏋ȩɠᦅܩˁʢɛɲȦɹɻ 197 γय़ɫԃкɹ 31⎾ˁװʠʳ⏏ ǵ͇ͩ͡ɫɻܩӯ NGO ɹᎎ౫ᠭീɴʭɤɩཉխɲቈᏬູയȵՠ౩Ɍ⏋˻͚̅ͻ͡ላɫቈᏬ ࢪፑఌஹˁɤɩȦʳ NGO ˏ˻ˏቈᏬ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪⏃Asia Arsenic Network⏋ೣɹ NPO Ϻ⏆ɴఌஹɹћᰉȵȡɤɛ⏏ɭɹ᠌غȦɹೢ⏋͇ͩ͡ɻ 2001 ॷ 12 ೢȴʰˏ˻ˏቈ Ꮼ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ˁμਕɭɌɛ⏋ೣɭ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹድᓔɫ෯ଁɇʶʳᠭീɹ̮˓ ̜ͦ̒ɴࡴʠʰʶ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲՕᩃɹድᠭീȵᬖࠃɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ፆᓔɻɄɹ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ ɹΥڊɭɌɩ 2002 ॷ 1 ɹܩᣒܩάອᠭീ⏋2002 ॷ 2 ɹЦᠭീ⏋2003 ॷ 3 ɹᦅ ᠭീɴؒ֓Ɍɛ⏏ ǵ2002 ॷ 1 ɴࡾऊ߂ूᨆᠭീჷɭɭʢɴ͇ͩ͡ɴɩᰰషᅎ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹቈᏬ 2 ȁऔ౷պ౾ˁཀྵࡴɌɛ⏏ተ᠗ɇʶɛ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɻԃᨆɫ 277 ೣɫ⏋ី̮͞μ߈ɹ̫˸ͻ͡ɴ ȡʳకঌɭቈᏬࢪፑˁȩ NGO ȵᒞɌɛཉϥକ 2 ೣˁ᭑Ȧɩɻ⏋ɐʏɩ҅Ϻଘɫȡɤ ɛ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻ̫͠ɭʭɽʶʳ࣒ఫܩɴ៊ࢃȵధγय़з࣎ˁ෯ȭಬʰɌɩȲʱ⏋ ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɻعγय़ȡʳȦɻع̫͠ɫ 1 ݜГΫɻਖɑଘɌɩȦʳႥɴȡʳ⏏͖̍ͻ ̸˗˙͡ 1 ೣȡɛʱॶܯɫз 9⑯10 ϺȵգᅎɌɩȲʱ⏋ᲞȦಔؖრɭȦȭʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1 ⏆⏏ ǵອμቈᏬɹཀྵࡴɻধμি̶ˑͻ̝͡˥̜̒ˁᅎȦ⏋ჼܩɴɩອሁɠɴཀྵࡴɌɛ⏏ؾ ಁɴϥକᡉӯɹ̯ˏ͠Ͳ˫ʢɤɛ⏏ܒ 3 ɴ͇ͩ͡ɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹອμቈᏬՕ॒ ˁ⏋ᝠ 2 ɴ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹቈᏬູയˁኍɐ⏏ ǵᝠ 2 ȴʰ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᰰᅎݜྈɫȡʳ 0.05 mg/㕶ˁᣳȭʳɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɻԃ 3 ȁζσχఆΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈କಎ៱ளෛഽື ৢ૯ 1 ȁ֩ၳဥΙνȜή;ͿσȪζσχఆ̀ͅຊ৪ज़גȫ
кɹ 67⎾ɫȡʱ⏋WHO ˤ˓̝͞˓Ͳݜྈˁᣳȭʳɹɻ 87⎾ɫȡɤɛ⏏ܒ 3 ˁʛʳɭ⏋ቈᏬ ɹՕ॒ɴɻҥʱȵȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹᰰᅎݜྈɫȡʳ 0.05 mg/㕶ˁྃɛ ɐ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɻആ̮͞⏃ᮃᘺ⏆ɫ 74⎾⏋ី̮͞⏃ᮃᘺ⏆ɫɻ 18⎾ɭ⏋ី̮͞ɫູയȵ Პȼ႕ɴី̮͞ɹμ߈ᨆȴʰᨆɴȴȿɩɻᲞູയܩݖȵࡔܧɌɩȦʳɄɭȵՕȴʳ⏏ද ՏɇʶɛቈᏬɹ߂ғɻ 0.95 mg/㕶ɭ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ݜྈғɹ 95 ҆ɫȡɤɛ⏏ី̮͞ɹ μ߈ȴʰᨆɹзɴɭɤɩɻᲞȦ᭝ɴɇʰɇʶɛཉխɲႥɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ 3.2ȁ࠲ࢫવٺ ǵ2002 ॷ 2 ɴɻϑिᖿूዀ߂ɹᠭീჷɭɭʢɴзɹቈᏬμນᆗႥɴɦȦɩ៎࢘ɭ៨ ᪼ˁɤɛ⏏כढ़ɴʭʳࢭᬐɹ៵ుɫɻɲȦɛʠ⏋Гάɹᇿែɫɫȷʳᎎɲ៎࢘ɹʛɴɭɰ ʠɛ⏏Ԏ݀ᇕɲቈᏬμນɹ՟ೝᆗႥɻ⏋̨͍͞ͻ˹˽⏃ᶌᇐవ⏆ɭȦȩଝɹʁʰʦᕊ⏋ᔘμɹ ᇤᕕɴʛʰʶʳᖬᏬໍመʦᔵ߉ɭ⏋˭̜͞ͻ˹˽⏃៓ᆗ⏆ɭȦȩଝɹʁʰʦɹȴȴɭȵݠ ȼɲʳᆗႥɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2 ⏆⏏ ǵɄʶʰቈᏬμນᆗႥˁʢɦ੮ᓔɹՕ॒ˁܒ 4 ɴኍɐ⏏Ʉɹᐄഗ⏋̨͍͞ͻ˹˽ɹʛ 67 Ϻ⏋ ˭̜͞ͻ˹˽ɹʛ 15 Ϻ⏋θɭʢȵ 38 Ϻ⏋ 120 ϺɹзɴᆗႥȵ៎࢘ɇʶ⏋ɐʏɩី̮ ນ 2 ȁζσχఆΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈៱ளஅഽ ອμቈᏬ (mg/㕶) ϥକೣధ ⎾ 0.005 ƙ As ⏫ 0.01 35 12.6 0.01 ƙ As ⏫ 0.05 57 20.6 0.05 ƙ As ⏫ 0.1 39 14.1 0.1 ƙ As ⏫ 0.3 104 37.5 0.3 ƙ As ⏫ 0.5 34 12.3 0.5 ƙ As ⏫ 1 8 2.9 Total 277 ৢ૯ 2 ȁ៱ளಎඉછેȪৢ૯ރȇͺΐͺ៱ளΥΛΠχȜ·ȫ ̨͍͞ͻ˹˽ ˭̜͞ͻ˹˽
͞ɹзɫȡɤɛ⏏ቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɹՕ॒ɻ⏋͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹᲞቈᏬູയݖɴࢪਝɌ ȼʛʰʶʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ᇍᆗɹಁೝɴɦȦɩɻ⏋̨͍͞ͻ˹˽ɻᇤᕕɹవႥᡫաɫȡʱ⏋ᆟ ʛˁЫʼɲȦɛʠɻɤȷʱɌɲȦݭغȵȦȵ⏋˭̜͞ͻ˹˽ɻᆟʛˁЫȩݭغʢȡʱ⏋ᇍᆗ ȴʰ 2⑯5 ॷɭፐȭʳϺȵȴɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰʭʱ⏋ቈᏬμນᆗႥȵᰒᘿɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1998⑯ 2002 ॷɫȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ ǵី̮͞ɹആᨆɫɻ⏋1981 ॷȴʰ̨͍͞ͻ˹˽ȵȡʰʼʶ⏋1999 ॷɴɻزଝɹʁʰɴᇤᕕ ᆽȵᇍᆗɌ⏋2000 ॷɴᇤᕕᆽɹՖ᭑ଝˁ؝ȿ⏋ᚫ୭ɭࢸ୭ɭଝɹʁʰɹץՕˁ߉ɤɛߨਸ ȵз˃ɫȦʳ⏏৳ߨȵȦɦʢьᅎɌɩȦɛɴȡʳ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹቈᏬɻ⏋0.7 mg/㕶 ɫȡɤɛ⏏ჼܧɻᰰᅎɴգᅎɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ 3.3ȁٺ͈ڒओ͂෩ ǵ͇ͩ͡ɭؾ⏋ܩάອቈᏬູയȵཉխɲ˻͚̅ͻ͡ላ˹͑͌̊⏃ܒ 2⏆ɫɻ⏋ູയɹ ᲞȦܩݖɫؾɍቈᏬɹᲞȦອˁᰰ˃ɫȦɩʢҫঔ᭭ࢀɹᇍᅊɹغȵ᧓ȩɭȦȩჼᢒȵ ʛʰʶɛ⏏γय़ؚԂɭቈᏬࢀɭɹᬠᦹˁᠭീɌɛᐄഗ⏋ቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȵȦʳγय़ɹμɫγ य़ؚԂȵࢹɲȦʓɰγय़Ԓ੮ᓔᇍᅊధȵȼɲʳӃكȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᰩ႒ௌᩄɭɹ ᬠѥɫɻᔀʦɲɰɹ̊Ͳ̮˪ᣒௌᩄȵࢹɲȦʓɰγय़Ԓ੮ᓔధȵᲞȦӃكȵʛʰʶɛᢆ 2000⏏ ǵɄʶʰቈᏬࢀɻ⏋ᲞɹቈᏬȵيʚʶʳ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ȵࡔܧɐʳɭȦȩᕶးᇕɲჿᅓ ɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɗʶˁௌɐʳϺᬚүɹИɴʭɤɩʢᅵɲʳɭȦȩភغᇕɲ̺ͦ́˽ɫȡʳɄ ɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ 4 ȁ៱ளಎඉۛ৪͈ື ⏃ధࡓɻ⏋γय़ȡɛʱɹቈᏬμນᆗႥˁʢɦϺధ⏆
ǵγय़ؚԂȵᲞȦγय़ɫɻᩃᘛʦᔀ⏋ɲɰˁᣘԂɐʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋̫͞Ͳ˽ɹɭʶɛᰩᅊ༎ ȴʰቈᏬʍɹୄȵᲞȦкˁᐣ୫ɫȷ⏋ؾɍቈᏬɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹອˁᰰ˃ɞɭɌ ɩʢᇍᆗɻᥐȼɲʳተრȵᲞȼɲʳ⏏ʚɛᆹᢹˁଡȩɄɭɫ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫμນᆗႥɹᑃ ٮɴ֟ഗˁΫɁɩȦʳ̲̊͊Ͳջʦ̲̊͊Ͳˁȼيʞഗ႒ˁᣘԂɌௌɫȷʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ཉ խɲҫঔࢀˁȼɄɭɻࢹɲȦ⏏ؙࢪɴγय़ؚԂȵжȦɭמՕɲെˁௌʳɄɭȵɫȷɑ⏋ െႥʢੲȼቈᏬɴࢪɐʳୄȵᝢȭᇍᆗრȵᲞʚʱ⏋ȴɦᆗႥȵੲɌ⏋מՕɲᆹʢ ؝ȿʰʶɲȦ⏏ؚԂൔेɭȦȩᐁཕᇕЦᇕکᰍȵࢀൔेˁᅊʛ⏋ቈᏬູയɹɌʼࢊɓɻ⏋ ʭʱЦᇕᓔɫȡʳᢩܐࣝɴɹɌȴȴɤɩȦʳɭȦȭʳ⏏Ʉɹکᰍៗໆɹɛʠɴɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫ ̚͞˹͖ȵୃȭʳᢩܐɭȦȩЦکᰍɴʢکȦȴȿɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ ǵቈᏬμນᆗႥˁᇍᆗɌɛ੮ᓔɴɭɤɩ⏋μນᆓ੮ɭȦȩܐᮑɹȩȭɴ⏋ɇʰɴٞʱȴʰɹҥ ឿʦेաɲɰɹᦗࢀɭȦȩࢀȵʈʱȴȴʳ⏏˹͑͌̊ɫቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɹЦᇕᦗࢀɴɦȦ ɩϺɴᓬʱᠭീˁɤɛᐄഗˁᝠ 3 ɴኍɐ⏏ᠭീܩݖɻ˻͚̅ͻ͡ላីᨆɴȡʳ˹͑͌ ̊ɫ⏋ԒីᨆɹᲞູയܩݖɹ 134 γय़ɹБᝠᓔɴ̯ˏ͠Ͳ˫ˁɤɛ⏏ ǵ˹͑͌̊ɫɻ⏋1990 ॷБɻɍʠȴʰȋߏᆖȍɹ੮ᓔȵȼࡔܧɐʳɄɭȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞ ˹͖ܕԒɫሾʰʶɩȦɛȵ⏋܍ȵՕȴʰɲȦɛʠ⏋ᬏȦᬚܑٞȴʰेաɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ᠭീ ᐄഗɫɻ⏋ȋГմɻЦᇕᦗࢀȵȡɤɛȍɭɐʳ܌ፐȵ 20⏋ȋȴɦɩɻȡɤɛȵЁɻɲȦȍȵ 85⏋غɫ 105 Ϻȵؑɹᦗࢀȵȡɤɛ⏋ɭፐȭɩȦʳ⏏੮ᓔʰɻШയᆖʦઢയᆗ੮ᓔɞɭ ᓒȭʰʶ⏋ಔຍȴʰϺɴ࠶ʼʶɛʱ⏋ࣃᓷʦᐄࠦȵɫȷɲȦɲɰέয়ɲȦˁ؝ȿɩȦɛɄɭ ȵȩȴȵȭʳ⏏ ǵ˹͑͌̊ɫɻ⏋1997 ॷɴɻɍʠɩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ϺɭೣϺɹכढ़ʰɴʭʳᏳɲכᆹ ᠭീȵʼʶ⏋ᅖਸ 173 Ϻ⏋ߨਸ 155 ϺɹቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹɭȷؒ֓Ɍɛכ ढ़ʦ NGO ͍Ͳ̫ͻȵ⏋Ʉɹᆖຩɻ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɴيʚʶʳቈᏬȵ܍ɫȡʱ⏋ໆɌɩШയ ນ 3 ȁΏλθΗఆ̤̫ͥͅ៱ளಎඉۛ৪ͅచ̳ͥ২ٛഎทٺ ੮ᓔɴࢪɐʳЦᇕᦗࢀ ܌ፐϺధ ГմɻቈᏬμນɻઢയᆗȴШയᆖɭਲ਼ʼʶɩȦɛ 15 ГմɻቈᏬμນɻШയɐʳɭਲ਼ɤɩȲʱ⏋ᠨʢ੮ᓔɴໆɌɩɇʼʰɲȴɤɛ 3 ГմɻቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɴҥឿȵȡɤɛ 2 ȴɦɩɻȡɤɛȵЁɻЦᇕᦗࢀɻɲȦ 85 ЈɹϺɻɄɹɹϺɭᐄࠦɌɛȵʰɲȦ 2 ቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɻ࠶ʼʶᐄࠦɫȷɲȦ 1 ቈᏬμນɹɄɭˁሾɤɩȦʶɽ⏋ȲϣȦɴᐄࠦɌɲȴɤɛ 1 ᐄࠦɐʳʚȭɴሂଝȵቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȴɰȩȴՕȴʱɛȴɤɛ 1 ቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɭᐄࠦɌɛȼɲȦ 1
ᆖʦઢയᆗɫɻɲȼ⏋ቈᏬˁيʚɲȦອˁᰰʠɽʳɄɭˁϺɴᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏Ʉʶɴʭʱ⏋ Ϻɹ߂ץȵቈᏬμນȵШയᆖʦઢയᆗɫɻɲȦɄɭˁሾʱ⏋੮ᓔɴࢪɐʳҥឿɻɲȼɲɤɛɹ ɫ⏋ჼܧɻɹμɫɹЦᇕᦗࢀɻɲȦɭ 85 ϺȵፐȭɩȦʳ⏏ ǵɗɹʓȴ⏋੮ᓔȵᐄࠦȵɫȷɲȴɤɛʱ⏃ʚɛɻЈᓔȵ੮ᓔɭᐄࠦɌɛȼɲȦɭਲ਼ȩ⏆⏋Ј ɹϺȵቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȵȦ˹͑͌̊ɹзɭɹᐄࠦˁద᧙Ɍɛʱ⏋ɐɫɴ੮ᓔɭᐄࠦɌɩ ɌʚɤɛɄɭʍɹ੧ɲɰ⏋ቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɭɹᐄࠦɴᬠɐʳेաʦ੧ɹਥȵȡɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰ ɹ܌ፐధɻࢹɲȦȵ⏋ȴɦɩɹቈᏬμນ੮ᓔʍɹЦᇕᦗࢀȵ႕ɴᐄࠦɫɹेաɴɩȴɤɛ ɄɭȵӉɫȷʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ჼܧɫʢϺɹᅊ༎ɴȲȦɩᐄࠦʍɹᬠਕɻᲞȼ⏋Цᇕᦗࢀɫ ɻɲȦȵቈᏬμນ੮ᓔɴࢪɐʳҥឿȵȦʚʢɤɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏ ǵࡸ᭬ɴ⏋ቈᏬμນᆗႥȵੲɐʳɭ੮ᓔɻкȵжάɌɩ๖ፀɴᔀк֝ӈȵܐᮑɴɲʳ⏏੮ ᓔȵγय़ςɹᅖਸɲɰɹݭغɻ⏋ɇʰɴᐁཕᇕ͍̋ͻ˻ɭࢃʦ៊ଇɹሊᆖᓔɹᢦȵވɐ⏏ ܑٞȵ੮ᓔᕶ᤹ɴᠩɐ͇˓̠˽˓͍ͻ˻ɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ ǵ੮ᓔȵЦᇕᦗࢀˁ؝ȿʳɄɭɲȼᅊ༎ˁۊʞɄɭȵɫȷ⏋ԃɲອˁɩ⏋᧟Ֆɲᆹˁ ؝ȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳЦݜᇻɹ০ଁȵਖឹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹፀ 1 ຍ᭥ɭɌɩ⏋ϺʍɹቈᏬູയ ɭቈᏬμນɴࢪɐʳɌȦሾᡫɹಔؖɭჿៗȵິʠʰʶʳ⏏ ǵɄɄɫɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᦅᨆɫɹቈᏬູയɹࢀႥˁʚɭʠɛ⏏͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹູയ ɴɻԒɫʢҥʱȵȡʱ⏋Პܩय़ɫɻ࣌ଘᨆɫȡɤɩʢཉխɲҫঔࢀȵৄȷᣱɄɇʶ ɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛॶᯆᇕɞȿɫɻʛȭɲȦࢀɹЦൔेȵɹμɴࡔܧɌ⏋ᢩܐکᰍȵɗʶˁཉ խȴɦᓃીɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ູയႥʢࢀʢΥɫɲȦቈᏬູയɻ⏋̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܕԃ кɹکᰍɫʢȡʱ⏋1 ɦɹԒɴȲȿʳᯃ।ɴͦͻˡ͡ɲکᰍɫʢȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
4ȅ៱ளஅ͈ࡔ֦
4.1ȁ៱ளஅιΣΒθ ǵˤͲ˻˽̊̚͡ɹܩάອቈᏬູയɻ⏋ӯഀɻܤμɴيʚʶɩȦʳቈᏬȵɲ˃ʰȴɹ৯ᯱɫ ܩάອμɴྒȿՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹឹ܍ʦ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɴɦȦɩɻȼɹድʦᠦȵȡʳ ȵ⏋߂ȷȼɻГάɹ 3 ɦɹᠦɴʚɭʠʰʶʳ⏏ ⏃1⏆ᨧᠦ ǵဌྰɴʭʳܩάອɹ߂ᩄໄΫɁɴʭʱܩάອᯆȵжάɌ⏋͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹүᯆȴʰᨧᏬˁ يʞອȵܩάʍɭ߂ᩄ༑ԂɌɩȼʳ⏏ɄɹᨧсᅎɴʭʱᎳܤᣒݡዩ႒μɹቘ᩿႒ȴʰቈᏬ ȵྒȿՏɌɩȦʳChakraborty et al. 2001⏏Ϻᬚ༎֪ɹᬚஞᇕɲឹ܍ɭɌɩ⏋ဌྰϥକɹ߂ ᩄಔؖɭܩάອգᅎɹވ߂ȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ ⏃2⏆᧰ӯᠦ ǵ̴ͻ̜⏃သࣝ⏆ɲɰɹลݡዩ႒ɹᅊ႒сᅎɴʭɤɩܩάȵ᧰ӯႥɭɲʱ⏋ອᨧ႒ɴُመɌɩȦɛቈᏬȵྒՏɌɩȦʳRavenscroft et al. 2001⏏ູയɹឹ܍ɭɌɩล႒ࣝɹ Օ॒ȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ ⏃3⏆͠Ͳᨧᒞழᠦ ǵ߂ᩄɹဌྰᅎɹܩάອໄΫɁɴʭʱ⏋ܩࣝμɴȲȿʳܽሁكɹອው֪ȵѦᦽɇʶ⏋ອᅒɴ ేᔋɇʶɛɹ͠Ͳᨧᔋషȵਸ਼ᦵɴܩά༡ᦩˁȲɄɌɩȦʳ⏏ܩάɴ༡ᦩɌɛ͠Ͳᨧɻ⏋ᩮ ອᨧ႒ɴُመɌɩȦʳቈᏬɭᒞழɌቈᏬȵອμɴఔՏɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ͠Ͳᨧɻᅊ႒ɹെ྇ ɭɲʱȩʳɛʠᅊ႒ȵ༎ਸɌ⏋ອμɹᨧᏬˁ༥ᢹɐʳɹɫ᧰ӯȵѦᦽɇʶቈᏬȵྒՏɐ ʳ⏃Acharyya et al. 2000 ɲɰ⏆⏏ɄɄɫɹϺᬚ༎֪ɹឹ܍ɭɌɩ⏋ܩάອɹ߂ᩄໄΫɁɭే ᔋȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ ǵɗɹЈɫɻ⏋ࣔ࣋ɲɰᅊ༎கອʦᔋషɹܩά༡ᦩȵቈᏬྒՏˁѦᦽɌɩȦʳɭɹᠦȵȡʳ ऊʰ 2000⏏ɇʚɊʚɲድȵᦽ˃ɫȦʳȵ⏋౩ተɲູയ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɻȦʚɞៗ౩ɇʶɩ ȦɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸɄʶʰȵភᮊɴԂʱϯɍɤɩȦʳɄɭɹȵᓒȭʦɐȦػᣧϥ 2003⏏ Ʉʶʰˁᓒૅɐʳɭ⏋ቈᏬູയɹᔘಕɴɻϺᬚ༎֪ɴȲȿʳГάɹ˥ͻͩͻ̝ȵ༝ȴʃΫȵ ʳ⏏ ǵƦ̊̚͡ܩय़ɹܩᣒᄩޅ ǵƧրɲܩάອգᅎ̆̆ϗ࡚ɹဌྰɭేᔋ̆̆ȋᐶɹᯊ٨ȍɹѦᦽ ǵƨϺؤވ֓ɴʭʳᮃᘺɹࢌ 5 ȁΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈֔૬ഽື
4.2ȁΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈૬ഽ͂ුാ͈ື ǵ̯ˏ͠Ͳ˫ɹᐄഗȴʰ͇ͩ͡ɹᰰషᅎ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹϥକཉˁܒ 5 ɴኍɐ⏏ആ̮͞ ɫɻᨆɹΥᨆˁ᭑ȷ 100 feet Г༓ɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ȵՕ॒ɐʳ⏏ࢪɌɩី̮͞ɻԃкᇕɴ ཉȵཉȼ⏋ആ⑯ᨆɴ 75 feet Г༓ȵՕ॒Ɍ⏋μ߈ȴʰᨆɹᲞູയܩךɴȲȦɩɻ 100 feet ʭʱཉȼɲʳ⏏ ǵ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɻܩᝠάɹᎳܤࣝɹሁάɴȡʳቆࣝ⏃य़ອࣝ⏆ȴʰອɌɩȦʳʢɹȵ ȼ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩᎳܤࣝɹՕ॒ɌɩȦʳཉɴʭɤɩ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹཉȵໆࡴɐʳ⏃ܒ 6 ⏆⏏ ᲞɹቈᏬȵදՏɇʶʳܩݖɫɻΫᨆɹᎳܤࣝɹՕ॒ȵȦӃكȵȡʳ⏏ ǵჼܧʚɫɻϺȵᕶՕɫϥକཉˁໆʠʳɄɭɻᮑɌȴɤɛ⏏ϥକཉɻ⏋ᕶးИɫȡʳ ອخᔨɲय़ອࣝɹՕ॒ɴʭɤɩໆʚʱ⏋ɗʶˁϺȵϟմɴሾʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ʚɛɗɹ य़ອࣝȵቈᏬɴູയɇʶɩȦʳȴɰȩȴˁሾʳɄɭʢɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴϥକཉ ɭቈᏬˁཀྵࡴɌ⏋ჿɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ቈᏬɴູയɇʶɛܩݖʦय़ອࣝཉˁ႕ࡴɐʳ Ʉɭȵɫȷ⏋Ёɹᰰషᅎ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ᒞɴȲȦɩ᭝܌᧫ɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɭɲʳ⏏Ʉʶ ɻȋय़ອ̴͇ࣝ̒Ͳ˫ȍɭʭɽʶ⏋కঌɹቈᏬູയࢪፑɹᩂဣᇿɭɲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ଯᇕک ᰍʢȡʱᦅʚɫಔؖɌɩȦɲȦ⏏ 4.3ȁᚇᚆεϋί͈൵ව ǵဌྰᅎϥକɻᮃᘺɹٞᦇɴՕ॒ɐʳອᅒʦᅣɹμɴеᒞɌ⏋1⑯5 ɹϗ࡚ɴςɴዝсʦᅣ сɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏Јɴ⏋ϗ࡚ɴອᩄȵέɐʳຂᅎɹɴளອɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳȵ⏋ᰰᅎɴ ьᅎɇʶʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ 6 ȁષ໐ුാ͈ືȁȪତলȇුാৗ͈࢚̯ȫ ⏃Ԓ 13 Ͷଘɹ̓ͻ͠Ͳ˫ᠭീɴʭʳܩᣒ៎࢘ᐄഗȴʰсଁ⏆
ǵ͇ͩ͡ɹဌྰᅎϥକɹеᒞܒˁܒ 7 ɴኍɐ⏏̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹဌྰᅎϥକɻཉɴȴȴ ʼʰɑ DTW ⏃̚ˑͻ̺͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡⏆ɭ STW ⏃˹͑ͦ˗͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡⏆ɹ 2 ዛᰖɴՕᰖ ɇʶʳ⏏ɰɠʰʢᰰషᅎɹ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ʭʱཉȦय़ອࣝȴʰອɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3 ⏆⏏ ǵDTW ɻᮚɴɩອμͅͲ̺ˁᅎȦ᥊ɐʳဌྰᅎϥକɫȡʳ⏏͇ͩ͡ɴɻ 6 ɦɹ DTW ȵࡔܧɌ⏋ᮃᘺɹᨆɴ 1Ͷଘ⏋ʱɻүɴ 5ͶଘՕ॒ɐʳ⏏ཉɻ 180⑯385 feet ɫ⏋ჼ ܧɻɐʏɩ҅Ϻଘɫȡʱ⏋ঃݖɲອᅒɴဌອɌ 1 ̲ˤ (0.13 ha) ȡɛʱ 1,000⑯1,100 ̊ˡ 7 ȁζσχఆ͈ᚇᚆဥ͈֔ືȪତল͉֔૬ഽȇέͻȜΠȫ ⏃Ϋᩃ 2003ʭʱѹ֓ፆ⏆ ৢ૯ 3 ȁᚇᚆဥ֔Ȫζσχఆ̀ͅຊ৪ज़גȫ DTW ⏃̚ˑͻ̺͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡⏆ STW ⏃˹͑ͦ˗͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡⏆
ɹБᩆˁອɌɛᦅȴʰਐؚɌɩȦʳ⏏DTW 1 ݜȡɛʱ 110⑯150 ̲ˤɹᐌອݖˁʢɤɩ Ȳʱ⏋DTW ɴʭʳॷؚԂɻ 11 Ψ⑯16.5 Ψ̊ˡɫȡʳ⏏ ǵSTW ɻ̚ˑͻ̄͡˛Ͳ˻ͲˁᅎȦɛሁᐄিɹဌྰᅎϥକɹɄɭɫ⏋͇ͩ͡ɴɻغ 63 ݜȵȡʳ⏏ཉɻ⏋ᮃᘺɹүɫ 65⑯90 feet⏋үɫɻ 130⑯220 feet ɫȡʳ⏏ϗ࡚ɴ DTW ɹᐌອȵמՕɴʰʶɲȦᲞܩɹᎦсᅎɭᅣൕݛᅎɭɌɩಔؖɌ⏋ᕶैգᅎᇿᇕɫȡʳ҅Ϻଘ ɹʢɹȵȦ⏏ᐌອషɻᎦсɫ 1 ̲ˤȡɛʱ 800⑯1,200 ̊ˡ⏋ᅣсɫ 80⑯125 ̊ˡɫȡ ʳ⏏ ǵ͇ͩ͡ɴȲȿʳဌྰᅎϥକɹॷࢷԂధˁܒ 8 ɴኍɐ⏏DTW ɻ 1970 ॷБץɴ 2 ݜ⏋ 1980 ॷБץɴ 3 ݜȵᒞɇʶ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ DTW ɹࢷԂɻ͇ͩٞ͡ᦇɫɹϗ࡚ɹዝсˁخ ᔨɴɌɛ⏏ᐶɹᯊ٨ɹɻɍʚʱɫȡʳ⏏ؾಁɴɗʶɻᦅᬚɹᬠѥਸɹμɴȋອςȍˁᅊɇ ɓ⏋ອˁЂɌɛެᢷȵᇍ᧒ɐʳ⏏DTW ˁଘɌɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ɹμɫʢᲞଘࣝɴࣚɌ⏋ᦅ ɴɻሁஞਃϟɓɑ⏋ܤܩɹᣀᢸʦອɹެᢷ⏋ʚɛɻЈɹ̲˻̦˽ˁɌɩȦʳᓔɫȡʳ⏏ ǵᦅɴɭɤɩອɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹ߃ອɹʭȩɲȋգᅎخᔨɲՕᩄɹʛˁգᅎɐʳȍʢɹɭ⏋ϗ࡚ɹ ᔋషɹʭȩɲȋਖឹɲՕˁᣘԂɐʳȍʢɹɭɴ࡚፲ᇕɴՕȿɩ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦȼ⏏ອςүȴ ʰʛʶɽ⏋DTW ɻହᣂˁᇿᇕɭɐʳϟɭɌɩɹүᯆˁʠɩȦȼ⏏ ǵɗɹ 1990 ॷȴʰ STW ɹࢷԂȵɻɍʚɤɛ⏏ృϥକɹೣధɻॷǾވ֓Ɍ⏋1998 ॷɴɻ Პғɫȡʳॷᬚ 11 ݜȵᒞɇʶɛ⏏ອςȴʰອˁᣘԂɌɩȦɛᦅȵᕶʰ STW ˁଝɴɌ ɻɍʠ⏋ࢸៀฐɲᕶैဌྰˁࡸჼɌɩȦȼ⏏ອςɴɲɤɛᦅɻȡʳዐɹହᣂȵɫȷʶɽܩ άອˁᕶᅓɴգᅎɫȷʳ႕ณˁʢɤɛ⏏STW ɻϟɭɌɩɹѝғɻжȦȵ⏋ʞɌʸࢸៀฐᐁ ۊ݀ᦅʍɹ᥊ழȵᇿᇕɫȡʱ⏋DTW ɹʭȩɲ߂ៀฐ݀ອςɭࢸៀฐ݀ອςɹՕȵᦽɌ ɛ⏏Ϻɴɭɤɩܩάອɻ᳄ᇕɫȴɦգᅎɌʦɐȦʢɹʍɭʼɤɩȦȼ⏏DTW ɭ STW 8 ȁζσχఆ͈ᚇᚆဥ͈֔ා൵වତȪ1 ාྀ͈૧ܰ൵වུତͬা̳ȫ
ɹࢷԂȵɴʢɛʰɌɛʢɹɻ⏋ᐶɹᯊ٨ɴʭʳਜ਼ɭܩάອɹڧڃɹ᠗ᡫɫȡʳɭȦȭʭ ȩ⏏Ʉɹ᠗ᡫɹɭ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖႕ɹЦᏼᑩʦᦅᐁۊ০ɭɹᬠѥਸɴɦȦɩɻЁ ɹᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ1990 ॷБɹ STW ɹၱᇍᇕɲࢷԂˁᐁɩ⏋͇ͩ͡ɫɹဌྰᅎɹܩάອգᅎɹވ߂ȵ̴ͻ ˪ˁᦎȭʳɹɻ 1997 ȴʰ 1999 ॷɫȡʳ⏏͇ͩ͡ɫቈᏬμນ੮ᓔȵధჼʶɻɍʠɛಁೝ ɴȡɛʳ⏏ဌྰᅎɹܩάອໄΫɁɹވ֓ȵቈᏬູയɹ 1 ɦɹឹ܍ɭɐʶɽ⏋͇ͩ͡ɫɻɄ ɹဌྰᅎϥକɹ߂ᩄࢷԂಁɴܩάᄩޅɹȵ֓ᦵɇʶɛɭϜཀྵɇʶʳ⏏1999 ॷГᭇʢॷᬚ ᒞధɻཝʰɌɲȵʰʢ STW ɹృɻᐙᐚɌɩȲʱԃкɹܩάອໄΫɁᩄȵॷǾވ֓ɌɩȦ ʳɭϜཀྵɇʶ⏋ЁʢܩάອɹቈᏬູയȵᦽɌɩȦȼخᔨਸˁዃʠɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᦅ ਃϟᓔȵ 70⎾ГΫˁװʠʳᦅᨆɫɻ⏋ᅊ༎ݜᇻȵဌྰˁᅎȦɛᦅɴఌȭʰʶɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ ဌྰᅎϥକɴʭʳܩάອໄΫɁɭቈᏬྒՏɹ܍ഗᬠѥȵ౩ኍɇʶʳȴوȴˁکʼɑ⏋ɐȽɴဌ ྰᅎɹܩάອգᅎˁըᭉɐʳɄɭɻᮑɌȦ⏏ࢰഀᇕɴɻ⏋ቈᏬˁྒՏɇɓɲȦʭȩɲ༑ݖе ɫɹܩάອգᅎᅙɭ፬ჿˁȩɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᦅɭܩάອգᅎɹȡʱˁᓒȭɩȦȴɲȼ ɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ 4.4ȁΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈ຽݞ͂֩ၳକ࡙͈ഢ۟ ǵቈᏬɹܩάອʍɹྒՏȴʰҫঔ᭭ࢀɭȦȩȋູയکᰍȍɴȦɛʳɴɻ⏋ϺȵܩάອˁອɌ ᰰᅎɐʳɭȦȩ̺ͦ́˽ȵȡʳ⏏ ǵܒ 9 ɴ˹͑͌̊ɫɹᰰᅎອ྇ɹ᧦ˁኍɐ⏏ႶጓɌɛ 1971 ॷˁޅɴ⏋ອɹᰰᅎգᅎɻ ɲȼɲʱ⏋Бʼʱɴ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ȵᲞȦւغˁװʠʳ⏏ ǵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɻ˓˧͠˽ɹඨܩɭɲʳГմȴʰ⏋ςɴाʦɭȦɤɛᝠ༑ອˁᰰᅎ ɴьᅎɌɩȦɛ⏏ອ྇ܩȴʰᮐʶɛᮃᘺԒɲɰɫɻ⏋˪̺ (Kup) ɭʭɽʶʳᝠ༑ອˁᮃʠɛ 9 ȁ֩ဥକ࡙͈་Ȫऔ౷ȈΏλθΗఆȁऔܢۼ 1998 ා 7ȡ8 ȫ ̯ˏ͠Ͳ˫ᠭീɻ JRDS ɴʭʳ⏏
ࢸɇɲ༓ϥକʦ⏃ሁ৹ధמ cm⏋ཉ 1 m մ⏆⏋˓Ͳ̋͞ (Indara) ɭȦȩʱାȷিɹ߂ȷ ɲ༓ϥକ⏃ሁ৹ 1⑯2 m⏋ཉధ⑯מధ m⏆ˁգᅎɌɩȷɛ⏏˓Ͳ̝ȴʰႶጓɌɛ 1948 ॷГ ᭇɹ̮˥˽̊ͲಁБɴ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹձଯȵࢷԂɇʶʳ⏏1971 ॷɹႶጓϝГᭇ⏋ά ᆡʦᣧᆡɹʭȩɲઢയᆗɴʭʳϖӻϭრɹжཝˁᇿ୭Ɍ⏋WHO ʦ UNICEF ɲɰɹܕ᭬ล ᬠ⏋ܕɹ NGO ȵςࢷɌɩ⏋ᅊᇕɫѝɲ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹܕࢃᇕɲಔؖɴʱᏼ˃ɞ⏏ ߨਸɛɠɻᩂ֝ӈɫȡʳອໄʛȴʰៗఔɇʶ⏋գѤਸɭԃ⏃̫˪̘͠ˏɹȦɲȦ⏆ˁҺȭɛ ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹອɻܕɴ߫ʚʶ⏋͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹҺᢹᅎɹжѝൔɭɭʢɴԃܕᇕɴ ঃʚɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ ǵ͇ͩ͡ɴɻȴɦɩధמͶଘɹ˓Ͳ̋͞ȵȡɤɛȵ⏋1971 ॷɹႶጓɴ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ȵ ಔؖɌɻɍʠʳɭ๖ፀɴࠒˁ༥ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ьᅎɌɩȦʳ 1Ͷଘˁ᭑ȷ⏋ჼܧɻʓɭ˃ɰȵݏ ʠʰʶʳȴьᅎɓɑɴɅʛྊʠɲɰɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɹອˁᰰᅎɴьᅎɐʳϺʢʓɭ˃ɰȦ ɲȦ⏏ ǵ͇ͩ͡ɴȲȿʳ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ɹಔؖˁʛʳɭ⏃ܒ 10⏆⏋1980 ॷБɴॷᬚ 5 ೣմсʰ ʶɛ⏏1990 ॷБɴԂʳɭॷᬚɹృೣధɻވ֓ӃكˁኍɌ⏋1997 ॷɴɻᲞɹ 27 ೣȵᒞ ɇʶʳ⏏ԃкɹϥକᐵೣధˁʛʳɭ⏋1991 ॷɴ 85 ೣɞɤɛʢɹȵ 5 ॷɹ 1996 ॷɴɻ Ꮭ 2 ҆ɹ 166 ೣ⏋๖ɹ 5 ॷɴɻ 1.7 ҆ɹ 282 ೣɭɲʳ⏏ɹϺؤވ֓რȵέ౩ɲɛʠಔؖრ ɹɻՕȴʰɲȦȵ⏋1990 ॷБɹވ֓რɻ߂ȷȼ⏋ᒞ̴ͻ˪ˁᦎȭʳ 1997⑯99 ॷɴʓ ʖԃкʍɹᰳٮᇕಔؖˁᏺȭɛɭϜɇʶʳ⏏ቈᏬྒՏឹ܍ɹ 1 ɦɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳဌྰ ᅎϥକɹಔؖȵ֓ᦵɌɛಁೝɴ⏋ɗɹູയɇʶɛܩάອˁອɌᰰᅎɫȷʳᰰషᅎ͖̍ͻ̸ ˗˙͡ȵಔؖɌɛ⏏ ǵቈᏬɹྒՏ͍ˡ̢̀͌ȴʰࢷȴʶʳϺᬚ༎֪ɹ˥ͻͩͻ̝ɹμɫ⏋ܩᣒႥɭȦȩᅊᇕᄩ 10 ȁζσχఆ̤̫ͥ֩ͅၳဥΙνȜή;Ϳσ͈ຽݞ
ޅɭܩάອգᅎɹވ߂ɴɦȦɩ⏋͇ͩ͡ɫɹႥˁʛɩȷɛ⏏ᅒᅣʍɹేᔋʦϺؤވ֓ ɴɦȦɩɹᠭീɻʚɞʼʶɩȲʰɑέ౩ɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ͠Ͳᨧɹܩᝠȴʰܩάᄩޅʍɹր༡ᦩɻ⏋ేᔋɞȿɫɲȼᅊ༎கອɹՃჿʦᅊႥఒڵ ˁᇿᇕɭɌɛ͠Ͳ˫ি̜˓ͤɹᒞʢཉȼᬠʼʳ⏏ᦅɞȿɫɲȼԇᝓᅊɹែဣʢਖឹɭɲ ʳ⏏Ёᇿɐʏȷϟɫȡʳ⏏
5ȅ̤ȁͩȁͤȁͅ
ǵࢀɭᇍᅊឹ܍ɴᬠʼʳϺᬚ༎֪ˁʛʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᕶးᅠɹჼᢒɭɌɩɹቈᏬྒՏȵ⏋ູ യکᰍɭɌɩɻʞɌʸϺᬚЦүɹឹ܍ɹ৯ᯱȵȦɄɭȵኍɇʶɛ⏏ ǵȴɦɩ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɻ༇ອɴឿᖏʼʶɲȵʰʢ̯͇͓͞ˁ྇༑ɭɐʳ߂ໜाȵʉᢌȴ ɲਜ਼ʛɭᅊ༎ᄩޅˁɩȦɛ⏏ɗɄɴಬʰɐϺᬚȵ̊̚͡ɭȦȩᅊᄩޅɴ᧟ਝɌɛᦅɭ ອգᅎˁݛɤɩȷɛȲȴɁɫȡʳ⏏ႶጓГᭇ⏋ອςɹᅊɲɰᦏБȵᦅᨆʚɫେɌࢊɓ⏋ 1980 ॷБɹᐶɹᯊ٨ɹᦽɴʭɤɩ⏋1990 ॷБɴɻܩάອᮛឹȵވ֓ɹΥˁɛɰɤɛ⏏ؾ ಁɴ⏋ᝠ༑ອȴʰ͖̍ͻ̸˗˙͡ʍɹᰰషᅎອ྇ɹ᥊ழȵਸ਼ᦵɴঃʚʳ⏏Ʉɹគɫɻܩάᄩޅ ɹȵᦽɌ⏋ອգᅎɹܩάອʍɹΥӯᇕᮃμȵʓʖଁˁᦎȭɛɭਲ਼ȭʳಁೝɴ⏋ቈᏬູ യکᰍȵᰒܧɌɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ᕶးᇕɴʛɩቈᏬູയȵܩάᄩޅɹఉϕɫȡʳɲʰɽ⏋ቈᏬ ູയکᰍɻϺᬚɴʭʳອգᅎɹఉϕɗɹʢɹɫȡʳȴɹʭȩɞ⏏ ǵቈᏬɴʭʳ՟ɹᡰٚȴʰᏝ 10 ॷȵᐁɌ⏋ჼܧɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ܕԒɫɹɌȦູയႥ ȵʭȩʦȼவɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ܩݖɴʭɤɩɻЁɹԃɲອњᐌɴكȿɛᏼʛʢ ధɻɍʚɤɩȦʳ⏏ܩάອቈᏬູയȵˏ˻ˏɴঃʚʱɦɦȡʳμɫ⏋γᅠ߂ៀฐɭȦʼʶʳ ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹμਕᇕеᒞɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ ǵອȵϺᬚɹᅊ༎ɹݜᇻɫȡʳȴʰɄɗ⏋ອɹູയکᰍɴɻɗɹܩݖɹکᰍȵȼؙɇʶʳ ɭਲ਼ȩ⏏Ёɻ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɴȲȿʳϺɹಬʰɌȵᬠʼʳᨆՕȴʰɹʭʱཉȦቈᏬکᰍɹܩ ݖਸɹᦠິɴʱᏼ˃ɫȦȷɛȦ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵೣዣɹᠭീɻ⏋NPO Ϻˏ˻ˏቈᏬ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ȵ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɫɤɛȋ͇ͩ͡ድ̺ͦ ˻˙˪̜⏃̜̊͜ᢧ֖ଁ⏆ȍɹμɫʼʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ೣዣɻȋፀ 7 ܌ˏ˻ˏܩάອቈᏬູയ̶˝ͻ ͌͞ȍɫද២ɇʶɛ̚ͻ̊ɭᡴᠶˁʢɭɴ⏋҅Ϻᇕᓒ࢘ˁ֓ȭɩʚɭʠʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ჼܩᠭീɫɻ⏋ ˏ˻ˏቈᏬ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪˽̶̊̒⏋ࡾऊ߂ूᨆᠭീჷ⏋ϑिᖿूዀ߂ᠭീჷ⏋ਝᅎܩᣒድЦ̫ Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ᠭീჷ͍Ͳ̫ͻᇖɴȲγ᠌ɴɲɤɛ⏏႕ɴ⏋ˏ˻ˏቈᏬ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪БᝠΫᩃᇎລɭ̫Ͳ ˫̚͞˹͖͞˻̯͑߂ɹ̲͡˥˽̾˫͌ລɴɻჼܩɴȲȦɩઝᒶɲᡴᠶɭ୭ࢷˁ᯳Ȧɛ⏏ϴᨊ߂ ആˏ˻ˏድଘᚹٮᮁລɴɻ⏋ᢵᩂɲ̚ͻ̊ˁரњɌɩ᯳Ȧɛ⏏ቄᅒᏛᨀລɴɻݚፆɴȡɛʱઝ ᒶɲɅ֖ៜˁ᯳Ȧɛ⏏ᠭീɴת᯳ȦɛϺɹᇖɇ˃ɭɭʢɴ⏋ГΫɹǾɴཉȼઢᡚɹઝˁᝠɌʚɐ⏏֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ
AAN (Asia Arcenic Network). 2003⏏NPO Ϻˏ˻ˏቈᏬ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪̮Ͳ̶̜ͤ̒⏏
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ᚹԎልനݜ⏏1997⏏ȋ˓Ͳ̝ី̾Ͳˤ͡िɴᣱȷɛγᅠੲɹቈᏬູയ̯̆̆Ꮼɹҫঔ৯ᯱɭ ី̾Ͳˤ͡िɴȲȿʳܩάອቈᏬູയ̆̆ȍȏᣂ྇ᄩޅࢪፑȑ33⏧113-122.
Badal, K. Mondal, Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Gauta Samanta, K. Basu, Partha P. Chowdhury, Chitta R. Chanda, Dilip Lodh, Nirmal K. Karan, Ratan K. Dhar, Dipak K. Tamili, Dipankar Das, K. C. Saha and D. Chakraborty. 1996. Arsenic in groundwater in seven districts of West Bengal, India: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world, Current Science 70(11).
Chakraborty, D., Basu, G. K., Biswas, B. K., Chowdhory, U. K., Rahman, M. M., Paul, K., Chowdhory, T. R., Chanda, C. R., Lodh, D. and Ray, S. L. 2001. Characterization of arsenic-bearing sediments in the Gangetic Delta of West Bengal, India. In Chappell, W. R., Abernathy, C. O. and Calderon, R. L., eds., Arsenic exposure and health effects IV. 27-52.
Chatterjee, A. D. Das, Samanta, G., Mandal, B., Chowdhury, R. T., Canda, C. R., Basu, G., Lodh, D., Nandi, S., Chakraborty, T., Mandal, S., Bhattacharya, S. M. and Chakraborty, D. 1994. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Six Districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world, Analyst 119: 168-170.
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ݞᅒࡺψ⏏1995⏏ȋആˏ˻ˏɹቈᏬູയȍȏᄩޅɭԇࢀȑ25: 58-62⏏
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Ϋᩃǵᇎ⏏2003⏏ȋ̫Ͳ˫̚͞˹͖ɹܩάອቈᏬູയ͇̆̆͡ˏȴʰɹݬٚ̆̆ȍȏܩჿȑ48(3): 50-58⏏ ػࢼχᣧϥᏤ⏏2003⏏ȋܤޚȲʭʃݡዩ႒μɹ̯Ꮼɹ୲֪ɭܩάອቈᏬູയ̆̆ᐵᠦȍȏܩჽዀȑ
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