Ẹඪᨻᶒୗ࡛ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ
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ᵽཱྀ┤ே* እᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽࢆࡵࡄࡿ᪥ᮏⓗ≉Ṧᛶ̿̿ၥ㢟ࡢᡤᅾ 2009 ᖺࡢᨻᶒ௦ᚋࠊἲไࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀᛴ㏿㧗ࡲࡾࠊᛴ㏿ࡋࡰࢇ ࡛࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢ 1 ࡘࡋ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᬑኳ㛫ᇶᆅࡢ ⛣㌿ၥ㢟ࡸ ᬮᑐ⟇ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᨻᶒ௦ᚋᛴᾋୖࡋࡓࢺࣆࢵࢡ࡛ࡣ ࡞ࡃࠊἲୖ⛬ࡢᐇ⦼ࡸඪෆ࡛ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ✚ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⮬බ㐃❧௦ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊබ᫂ඪࡀἲࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚ࡣ⮬Ẹඪࡢᐇୖࡢᑐࡼࡾ⥅⥆ ᑂ㆟࡞ࡾࠊ⤖ᒁᗫࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ Ẹඪࡢᨻ⟇ INDEX ࢆࡳࡿࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺᭩ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕẸඪ ࡣ⤖ඪࡢࠗᇶᮏᨻ⟇࠘ࠗᐃఫእᅜேࡢᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒ࡞ࢆ᪩ᮇᐇ⌧ ࡍࡿ࠘ᥖࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ᪉㔪ࡣᚋࡶᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡍࠖ1ࠋ 2008 ᖺࡣඪෆ࡛ࠕỌఫእᅜேἲⓗᆅྥୖ᥎㐍㆟ဨ㐃┕ࠖࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࠊ ࡑࡢ⟅⏦ࡀẸඪࡢ᪉㔪࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ᡭ⥆ࡁࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧㤳┦ࡢ 㔝⏣ెᙪࢆ㝖ࡃ࡞ᖿ㒊ࡣဨࡀཧᨻᶒ㈶ᡂ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㬀ᒣෆ㛶ࡣせ ࡞ᨻ⟇┠ᶆࡢ 1 ࡘእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᨻᶒ௦ࡼࡗ࡚ἲไࡣᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡋࠊᚋࡶᐇ⌧ࡢ ぢ㏻ࡋࡣࢇ࡞࠸ࠋ⮬ẸඪᨻᶒࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊẸඪᨻᶒ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀᐇ⌧ࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࠕᐇ⦼ࠖࡼࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣእᅜேཧᨻ ᶒࡀࡰᐇ⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࡶࡳ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊእᅜேཧᨻ ᶒࡢせồయࡗ࡚ࡣᨻᶒ௦௨๓ࡼࡾ࠼ࡗ࡚≧ἣࡀᝏࡋࡓ࠸ ࠼ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ែࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢࠋࡢከࡃࡢࢩ࣮ࣗྠᵝࠊ Ẹඪᨻᶒࡢ㏞㉮ࡀ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㬀ᒣෆ㛶࡛እᅜேཧ * ᚨᓥᏛ⥲ྜ⛉Ꮫ㒊㸦ࠛ770-8502 ᚨᓥᕷ༡ᖖ୕ᓥ⏫ 1-1ࠊhiguchinaoto@yahoo.co.jp㸧ࠋᨻᶒἲࢆᥦฟࡍࡽ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᅜẸ᪂ඪࡢᑐࠊࠕᨻ࢝ࢿࠖ ࡸࠕᬑኳ㛫⛣タࠖၥ㢟࡛㏞㉮ࡋࡓࡇࡶཎᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᥦ ฟࢆ㞴ࡋࡃࡋࡓ᭱ࡢせᅉࡣࠊཧᨻᶒᑐὴࡀࡇࡢἲࡢၥ㢟ᡂຌ ࡋࠊᐜ᫆ᥦฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣࢆసࡾฟࡋࡓࡇࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ≧ἣࢆࡳ ࡚࠸ࡿࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀၥ㢟ࡍࡿࡢࡣᙜ↛ࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡔࡀࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆἲไࡋࡓࡢᅜࡢࢆࡳࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡁ࡞ᨻၥ 㢟࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢁࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࢀࢆูࡢゝⴥ࡛ゝ࠸࠼ࡿࠊཧᨻᶒ㈶ᡂὴ࡛࠶ࡿබ᫂ඪࡢᅜ㆟ ဨᑐࡍࡿ௨ୗࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࢆ࠺ホ౯ࡍࡿ㛵ࢃࡿࠋ ཧᨻᶒ࠸࠺ࡢࡣ᰿ᖿ㛵ࢃࡿ㒊ศ࡞ࢇ࡛ࠊࡇࡇࡣࡸࡣࡾྛඪࡢྜ ព࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ51 ᑐ 49 ࡢ㈶ᡂ㐣༙ᩘ࡛ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ ࡲࡎ࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋࡸࡗࡥࡾ࣭࣭ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍⮴୪ࡳࡢࢥࣥ ࢭࣥࢧࢫࡀ࡞࠸࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡞ࠋ㸦2011 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 28 ᪥ᐇ 㸧 ࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ᰿ᖿࠖࡣࠊᅜẸᶒࡢ᰿ᖿ࠸࠺ព࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊἲ ゎ㔘ࡣࡶࡃᨻⓗࡳ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀࠕᅜẸᶒࡢ᰿ᖿࠖ㛵ࢃ ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ≉Ṧ᪥ᮏⓗᩥ⬦࡛ࡋ㏻⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀཎ⌮ ⓗᅜẸᶒゐࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣྛᅜ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋἲᚊⓗࡶࠊ1995 ᖺࡢ᭱㧗ุỴ࡛᠇ἲゎ㔘ୖࡢၥ㢟ࡣࡢࡇࢁ ࢡࣜࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡁࡃၥ㢟どࡍࡿ᰿ᣐஈࡋ࠸ࠋࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ ࡞ࡐእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ᨻⓗࡁ࡞தⅬ࡞ࡾࠊẸඪᨻ ᶒ࠾࠸࡚ἲไ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࠋᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠 ືࡢᡓ␎ᨻ⟇᥎㐍ࡢㄽ⌮╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࡢၥ࠸⟅࠼ࡿࡇ ࠶ࡿ2ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᮍ㛤ᣅ㏆ࡗࡓ᪥ᮏࡢࠕእᅜேၥ㢟ࡢᨻ♫ Ꮫࠖࢆࠊ➹⪅࡞ࡾᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊẸඪ ᨻᶒᡂ❧ᚋࡢཧᨻᶒၥ㢟ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊἲᚊၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ㄒࡽࢀ
࡚ࡁࡓእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆᨻၥ㢟ࡋ᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ࠸4ࠋ ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ࣭ᡓᚋ⿵ൾ࣭᪥㡑㛵ಀ̿̿ཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ ࡘࡢ ㄽ⌮ 2.1 ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣࠊᅜ⡠ᕷẸᶒࢆษࡾ㞳ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᕷẸᶒㄽࡢ ୍㒊ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࣋࢝ࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢ㆟ ㄽࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚ࡼࡃཧ↷ࡉࢀࠊእᅜேࡢᨻⓗᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢᇶ♏ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Brubaker 1989; Hammar 1990㸧5ࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊすḢ࡛ᐃ ఫࡍࡿእᅜேࡢቑຍ࠸࠺⌧ᐇࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᒃఫᮇ㛫ࡸᅾ␃㈨᱁ᛂࡌࡓᶒ ࡀࡉࢀࡿࡁ࠸࠺๓ᥦࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓእᅜேࡢᕷẸᶒㄽࡢ࠺ ࡕ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡢㄽ⌮ࢆࠊ㆟ㄽඛ❧ࡗ᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
እᅜே㸦foreigner㸧ᅜẸ㸦citizen㸧ࡢศἲ௦࠼࡚ࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥ㸦denizen㸧 ࠸ ࠺ ⏝ ㄒ ࢆ ⛣ Ẹ ◊ ✲ ᣢ ࡕ ㎸ ࢇ ࡔ ࣁ ࣥ ࣐ ࣮ ࡣ ࠊ ࢹ ࢽ ࢬ ࣥ ࡢ ᶒ ᅗ 1 ࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢ 3 ࡘࡢࢤ࣮ࢺㄽ ฟ㸸Hammar (1990: 17) ࢤ࣮ࢺ 1 ୍ᅾእᅜே ࢤ࣮ࢺ 2 ࢹࢽࢬࣥ ࢤ࣮ࢺ 3 ᙜヱᅜᕷẸ
㸦denizenship㸧ࡘ࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࢹࢽࢬࣥࡣࠊ 15㹼20 ᖺ௨ୖࡢᒃఫᬺࡀ࠶ࡾࠊぶࡸᏊࡶࡀᙜヱᅜẸ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ᐙ᪘ⓗ ⤎ࡣᙉᅛ࡛ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡸⱁ⾡ᐙࠊࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ࣐ࣥ࡞ྡ࠶ࡿᆅࢆ༨ࡵ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊᒃఫᅜࡢᅜ⡠ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡀᒃఫࡢᆅࢆ☜❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Hammar 1990: 13㸧ࠋࢹࢽࢬࣥࡣࠊࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢ࠸࠺ᅗ 1 ࡢ 3 ࡘࡢࢤ࣮ࢺ㸦ධᅜ⟶⌮ ᅾ␃㈨᱁ࡼࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡢᇶ‽㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࢤ࣮ࢺ㸯ࢆ㏻㐣ࡋࡓ ୍ᅾእᅜேࠊᒃఫᅜࡢᅜ⡠ࢆᣢࡘᕷẸࡢ㛫⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡲ࡛እⓗᏑᅾࡔࡗࡓࢹࢽࢬࣥࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊすḢ࡛ࡢ⛣Ẹࡢ ᒃఫ㛗ᮇࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⛣Ẹࡢᖐẚ⋡ࡢపࡉࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Hammar 1990: 19㸧ࠋࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡀᙉㄪࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢹࢽࢬࣥࡢቑຍࡣ௦⾲ไ Ẹ⩏ཧຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ఫẸࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣᖐࢆᣑ ࡉࡏࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣゎỴ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦Hammar 1990: 24-5㸧ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽࡶ㍺ධࡉ ࢀ᭷ຊ࡞ㄽᣐࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿḢㅖ ᅜ࡛እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ලయⓗ࡞ືࡁࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋḢࢆ୰ᚰࡍࡿḢᕞࡢࡣࠊእᅜேࡢཧᨻᶒ ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ᖖཧ↷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ Ẹඪࡣࠊ༢⤖ඪࡽඪࡋ࡚㈶ᡂࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ౫ᣐࡋࡓㄽ⌮ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᒸ⏣ඞஓࡀ㛗࡞ࡗࡓ ࠕỌఫእᅜேἲⓗᆅྥୖ᥎㐍㆟ဨ㐃┕ࠖࡀ 2008 ᖺ 5 ᭶Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࠕỌ ఫእᅜேࡢᆅ᪉㑅ᣲᶒ㛵ࡍࡿᥦゝ࡛ࠖࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧≧ㄆ ㆑ࡀᢨ㟢ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕ≉ูỌఫ⪅ࡣࠊᡓᚋ 60 ᖺࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᨻⓗཧ⏬ࡢ㐨ࡀ㛢ࡊࡉࢀ ࡓࡲࡲࠊ㧗㱋ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠖࠋ ࠕඛ㐍ᅜ㸦OECD ຍ┕ 30 ࢝ᅜ㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⾑⤫⩏ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊ㔜ᅜ ⡠ࢆㄆࡵࡎࠊࡘእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜ͐ࡀ᪥ᮏࡔࡅ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࡣࠊ␃ពࡍࡁࠖࠋ
ࡇࡢ㆟㐃ࡣࠊᙜࡢᑠἑ୍㑻௦⾲ࡢ౫㢗࡛ᒸ⏣ࡀ㛗࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡔ ࡀࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡣᒸ⏣ⰍࡀⰍ⃰ࡃᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ẹඪ࡛እᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡁ࡞ᨻ⟇ㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊⓑ┾࣭ ᕝୖ⩏༤ཧ㝔㆟ဨࡔࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥ࠸࠺ᒓᛶཧᨻᶒࢆ⤖ࡧ ࡘࡅࡿࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊಖᏲࡢ୰࡛ࡢཧᨻᶒㄽࡶ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࡀࠊ㆟㐃࡛ࡣពᅗⓗṔྐⓗ⤒⦋ࢆ⪃៖ࡢእ⨨࠸࡚㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡓ ࠸࠺6ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪉㔪ࡣᒸ⏣Ⰽࡀᙉࡃᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣእⓗ ࡞ㄆ㆑ࡔ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋእᅜேࡢᨻⓗᶒ࠸࠺ከࡃࡢ⛣Ẹཷධᅜࡀ ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᨻ࡛ࡣእⓗ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻࡣࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵ ࣉㄽ࡛ࡣ⾲ᒙⓗࡋㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸㒊ศࡀከ࠸ࠋࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡣ⛣ Ẹࡢᨻⓗ⤫ྜࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᮏࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻࡣ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ព㆑ࡀᕼ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡿࠋ⛣Ẹࡀ㛗ᮇ㛫ࢃࡓࡾᨻⓗᶒࢆ⾜ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࡢẸ⩏ⓗṇ⤫ᛶࡢḞዴࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤᘓ๓ࡋ࡚ࡣᥦ♧ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⌧ᐇࡢᨻ㐣⛬࡛ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓㄆ㆑ࡀᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣢࡘࡇࡣ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ༢࡞ࡿࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᨻⓗ⤫ྜࠖ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚እᅜ ேཧᨻᶒࡀᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᨻⓗࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ㍕ࡿࡇ⮬యࡀᅔ㞴 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏⓗᩥ⬦࠾ࡅࡿࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡢᅔ㞴ࡣࡇࡇ࠶ࡿࠋ 2.2 ᡓᚋ⿵ൾ ᪥ᮏ࡛ᙜึ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࠕᖇᅜࠖࡽ᳜Ẹᆅࡀ⊂❧ࡍࡿࡇక࠸ ⏕ࡌࡓ▩┪ࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊࠕ᳜Ẹᆅᩚ⌮ᆺࠖ㸦ᮤ 1993㸧ࡢཧᨻᶒ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊཧᨻᶒせồࡢ➃⥴࡞ࡾ࠶ࡿᮇࡲ࡛✺ฟࡋࡓཎ ⌮࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᡓᚋ⿵ൾࡢㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡶࡑࡶࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢせồయࡣᅾ᪥㡑ᅜே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ᥎㐍 ὴࡶᇶᮏⓗࡣᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࢆᶒࡢாཷయ⪃࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋᨻ㐣⛬ ࡢ࡞࡛ᮅ㩭⡠ࡢ㝖ࡀ᪤ᐃ㊰⥺࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ෭ᡓ࠸
࠺せᅉࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ≉ูỌఫ⪅ࡣูࠖ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣ࡛ࡶ᰿ᙉ࠸ࠋ ࠕ㐣ཤࡢᅜẸࠖᑐࡍࡿ≉ู࡞㓄៖ؐؐᡓᚋ⿵ൾؐؐࡢᚲせᛶࡣࠊಖ Ᏺᨻඪࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠾ࡾඪㄪᩚࡋ࡚ࡶᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ࠗᮅ᪥᪂⪺࠘ 2000 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 28 ᪥㸧ࠋᡓ๓ࡣࠊᪧ᳜Ẹᆅฟ㌟⪅ࡣ᪥ᮏΏࢀࡤ㑅ᣲᶒࡶ ⿕㑅ᣲᶒࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢁࡀࠊᡓᚋ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃཧᨻᶒࢆዣ㸦ᙜࡢゝⴥ ࡛ࡣࠕṆࠖ㸧ࡉࢀ7ࠊᅜ⡠႙ኻࡼࡗ࡚ᪧ᳜Ẹᆅฟ㌟⪅ࡣཧᨻᶒࢆ ኻࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠾࠸࡚ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿᐃఫእᅜேࡋ࡚ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿᮇࡣࠕ᪥ᮏᅜẸࠖࡔࡗࡓࠕ㐣ཤࡢᅜẸࠖࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ ࡉࢀࡿ8ࠋࡉࡽࠊᡓ๓᪥ᮏᒃఫࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᪧ᳜Ẹᆅฟ㌟⪅ࡢሙྜࠊᅜ⡠ 㑅ᢥᶒࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡎࠊ୍᪉ⓗ᪥ᮏᅜ⡠ࢆዣࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢ⿵ൾࡋ࡚ ཧᨻᶒࡀ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ 2.3 እ㛵ಀ ᡓᚋ⿵ൾᐦ᥋㛵ࢃࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ␗࡞ࡿ㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿせ⣲ࡋ࡚ࠊᮾ ࢪࡢ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕ᳜Ẹᆅᩚ⌮ࠖᆺࡢཧᨻᶒࡣࠊᅜෆ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸࡢᆅࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡶ⪃៖ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡀࠊ᳜ẸᆅΎ⟬ࢆࡵࡄࡿ እㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡶྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢሙྜࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ ࢆㄒࡿ㝿ࠊࡲࡎࠕ᪥㡑ࠖ࠸࠺せ⣲ࡀཧᨻᶒࢆಁ㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ᭱ ࡢせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᶒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࢀࡤᤞ ࡚⨨ࢀࡿၥ㢟࡛ࡶࠊࠕ᪥㡑㛵ಀࠖ࡞ࢀࡤᨻⓗ࡞㔜せᛶࡀ᱁ẁቑࡍ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡔࡀࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆእၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢᖐ⤖ࡣ୧⩏ⓗ ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ ࡢᮾࢪㅖᅜࢆࡵࡄࡿᆅᨻᏛࡢᚑᒓኚᩘࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḢᕞ࡛෭ᡓࡀ⤊↉ࡋࡓࡢࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊᮾࢪ࡛ ࡣ෭ᡓࡀ⤊ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᮾすࣈࣟࢵࢡࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡁ࡞ᑐ❧ᵓ㐀ࡼࡿ ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮾࢪࡢ෭ᡓࡣࢯ㐃㑥ࡢᔂቯࡼࡾኚᐜࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ ᮾࢪ࡛ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶ୰ࢯᑐ❧ࡸ୰ᅜࡢᨵ㠉㛤ᨺᨻ⟇࠸ࡗࡓせᅉࡀ࠶
ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㝕Ⴀࡢᑐᓖࡼࡾࡣࡿ」㞧࡞ᐖ㛵ಀࡀ㘒⥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᮾす෭ᡓࡢ⤊ᚋ⮳ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᑐ❧ᵓ㐀ࡣኚࡋࡓࡣ࠸࠼ᮾࢪ ࠾ࡅࡿ෭ᡓࡣ⤊ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᢼ⮴ၥ㢟ࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡢၥ㢟 ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ゎỴࡢぢ㏻ࡋࢆࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡑࢀຍ࠼࡚ࠊᮾࢪࡣ᳜Ẹᆅᖇᅜ᳜Ẹᆅࡉࢀࡓᅜࡀ୧᪉Ꮡ ᅾࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡼࡿ᳜Ẹᆅᨭ㓄ࡸᡓத㈐௵ࡀ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢᠱ࡞ࡾ⥆ࡅ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ2000 ᖺ௨㝆┠❧ࡗࡓࢩ࣮ࣗࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㡿ᅵࠊᢼ⮴ࠊṔྐᩍ ⛉᭩ࠊᚑ㌷៘Ᏻ፬ࠊ㟹ᅜ⚄♫ཧᣏ࠸ࡗࡓ㞴㢟ࡀᒣ✚࡛࠶ࡾࠊゎỴࡢぢ ㏻ࡋࡀ❧ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸9ࠋ ෭ᡓᵓ㐀ࡢ⥅⥆㐣ཤΎ⟬ࡢၥ㢟ࡼࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡶ㏆㞄 ㅖᅜࡢ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࢆ⥅⥆ࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ෭ᡓ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏࡢࡓࡿ௬ᩛᅜ ࡣࢯ㐃࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀ㌷ⓗࡣᮅ㩭୰ᅜ⛣⾜ࡋࡓࢃࡅࡔࡀࠊ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⛣⾜ࡣࠕእᅜேၥ㢟ࠖࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠋࢯ㐃ࡀ௬ᩛ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ௦ᅾ᪥ࢯ㐃ேࡣᑡᩘࡋ࠸࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡸ୰ ᅜேࡣእᅜ⡠ேཱྀ࡛ከᩘࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮅ㩭ࡸ୰ᅜࡢ㛵 ಀࡀᝏࡋࡓࡁࠊ㞄ᅜࡢᩛពࡣᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡸ୰ᅜேᑐࡍࡿᩛព ㌿ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢඛ㥑ࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊᮅ㩭ࡼࡿ࣑ࢧࣝⓎᑕ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ⾲㠃ࡋࡓᢼ⮴ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᢼ⮴ၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮅ㩭⥲⫃ࡢ㛵ࡀྲྀࡾἋửࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊᗘ㔜࡞ࡿᙎ ᅽࡶࢃࡽࡎᐇ⾜≢ࡀ≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶ ࡢࡳ࡞ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅾ᪥ேཱྀࡣఱࡢ㛵ಀࡶ࡞࠸ᮅ㩭㌷ ࡼࡿ 2010 ᖺࡢ㡑ᅜ◙ᧁࡀࠊᮅ㩭Ꮫᰯᑐࡍࡿ㧗ᰯ↓ൾᥐ⨨ࡢṆ⤖ ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓࠋ࿘㎶ㅖᅜࡢ㛵ಀᝏࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ┤᥋㛵ಀࡢ࡞࠸ᅾ᪥እᅜ ேࡢᢚᅽ㌿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ᪥ᮏࡢࢹࢽࢬࣥࡓࡿእᅜேࡣ ᪥ᮏᒃఫࡍࡿ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡋ࡚ࡣࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡎࠊ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢ௦⌮ே ࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡢࢩ࣮࡛ࣗ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢ㛵ಀࡀᝏࡋࡓࠊ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡶࡑࢀᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡿᙧ࡛ᡂ❧ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡿ10ࠋ
2.4 ⪅㛵ಀࣔࢹࣝࡽ୕⪅㛵ಀࣔࢹࣝ̿̿ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢᥦ♧ ᮏ⠇࡛ࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ 3 ࡘࡢㄽ⌮ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ㐣 ⛬ࡢㄝ᫂ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱ᚋࡢⅬࡀࠊᨻᶒ௦ ௨㝆ࡢࠕእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻࠖࡢつᐃせᅉࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ ࠺ぢ᪉ࢆࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿἲᚊㄽࡣࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩ ࢵࣉᡓᚋ⿵ൾࡢㄽ⌮ࢆࡢ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀᘬࡁࡎࡽࢀࡿࡼ ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊᨻᏛⓗ࡞◊✲࡛ࡶ᪥ᮏࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠕᅜෆၥ 㢟ࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Chung 2010㸧ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊẸඪᨻᶒୗ࡛ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻࡼࡗ࡚㟢ぢࡋ ࡓࡢࡣࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀ̿̿ࡦ࠸࡚ࡣᮾࢪ࠸࠺༢̿̿ࡀᖐ㊅ࢆࡁࡃ つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᅗᘧⓗᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠊࠕࢹࢽࢬࣥᅜẸᅜ ᐙࠖ࠸࠺ᅗ 1 ࡢ⪅㛵ಀࣔࢹࣝᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ 2 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞୕⪅㛵ಀࣔࢹ ࣝࡀᚲせ࠸࠺㆟ㄽ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺11ࠋࡇࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡣࠊᅜẸᅜᐙ
㸦nationalizing state㸧ࠊࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㸦national minority㸧ࠊᅜ እ࠶ࡿẸ᪘ࡢᨾᅜ࡛࠶ࡾ㸦external national homeland㸧ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ ⩏ࡉࢀࡿ㸦Brubaker 1996㸧12ࠋ ➨ 1 ࠊᅜẸᅜᐙࡣከᵝ࡞࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸࡽ࡞ࡿࡀࠊᅜẸᅜᐙࡳ ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྡ┠ୖᅜᐙࢆᢸ࠺Ẹ᪘ࡢᨭ㓄ᒙࡀࠊゝㄒࠊᩥࠊேཱྀᏛ ⓗᵓᡂࠊ⤒῭ⓗ⦾ᰤࡸᨻⓗ࣊ࢤࣔࢽ࣮ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ㸦Brubaker 1996: 57㸧ࠋࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࣋࢝ࡀᛕ㢌࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᅜᐙࡀศࡋࡓᮾ ᅜẸᅜᐙ ࢼ ࢩ ࣙ ࢼ ࣝ 㺃 ࣐ࣀࣜࢸ Ẹ᪘ࡢᨾᅜ ᅗ㸰 ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉࣔࢹࣝᑐࡍࡿ୕⪅㛵ಀࣔࢹࣝ
Ḣ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏᅜẸ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡢࡣወ␗࠺ࡘࡿࡶࡋࢀ ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢ᪥ᮏᅜᐙ࡛┳ྲྀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣࠕᅜẸࠖ࠸࠺ᇶ‽ ࡼࡿ⥺ᘬࡁࡢᨻ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㟹ᅜཧᣏࠊᢼ⮴ၥ㢟ࠊࠕ៘Ᏻ፬ࠖࠊṔྐᩍ⛉ ᭩࡞ࡣࡑࡢᆺ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡼ࠺13ࠋ ➨ 2 ࠊࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡣ㟼ែⓗ࡞Ẹ᪘ேཱྀ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊື ⓗ࡞ᨻⓗ❧ሙࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ≉ᚩࡣ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋձே ᩘⓗࠊᨻⓗᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᅜẸࡣ␗࡞ࡿᅜẸᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ ղࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ␗࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࡢᢎㄆࢆᅜᐙồࡵࡿࠋճࡑࡢᛶ㉁ࢆࡶ㞟ྜ ⓗ࡞ᩥⓗᨻⓗᶒࢆᙇࡍࡿ㸦Brubaker 1996: 60㸧ࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ ࡿࡣࠊ2 ㏻ࡾࡢពྜ࠸࡛࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺Ẹᅋࡸ⥲㐃ࡣ㡑ᅜᮅ㩭ࡢᅾእබẸ⤌⧊ࡋ ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡕࠊୖグࡢࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬ᕫつᐃἢ ࡗࡓᙇࡶ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ㏆ᖺࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠕ♽ᅜᚿྥ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃ᪥ ᮏᅜෆࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ☜ᅛࡋࡓᅜᐙᖐᒓࡢ࡞࠸ ࢹࢫ࣏ࣛࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Chapman 2008; ⚟ᒸ 1993; Lie 2008; Oh 2012; Ryang and Lie 2009㸧ࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊ
ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡋ࡚ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࢆつᐃࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶࠊᨾᅜ ࡢᖐᒓࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡞࠸᪉ࡀᐇែ༶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡣ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡋ࡚ࡢ➨ 2 ࡢഃ㠃̿̿㞟ᅋእ㒊 ࡽࡢつᐃ╔┠ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㡑ᅜࡸᮅ㩭ࡢ㛫࡛ ⥭ᙇࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠊᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡣ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢࠕ௦⌮ேࠖࡉࡏࡽࢀࠊ ᩺ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⮬ᕫつᐃࡣ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃࢼࢩࣙࢼࣝ㺃࣐ࣀ ࣜࢸࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊࠕᅜẸࢆ㐍ࡵࡿᅜᐙࠖࠕᅜእ࠶ࡿẸ᪘ࡢᨾᅜࠖ ࡢ㛵ಀࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ➨ 3 ࠊẸ᪘ࡢᨾᅜࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࠶ࡿᅜᐙࡢᨻⓗ ࡞࠸ࡋᩥⓗ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡀࠊእᅜఫࡴྠ⬊ࢆ⮬ᅜẸᐃ⩏ࡋࠊᅜᐙᖐ ᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡋࠊᅜᐙࡀࡑࡢ┈ࢆಖㆤ࣭ಁ㐍ࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡍ ࡿࠊẸ᪘ⓗࢹࢫ࣏ࣛࡗ࡚ࡢᨾᅜ࡞ࡿ㸦Brubaker 1996: 58㸧ࠋ
ࡘࡲࡾࠊ㡑ᅜࡸᮅ㩭ࡣᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࢆᅾእබẸつᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᪉ ࡶᨾᅜࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᅾእබẸᑐࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࡀࠊᅾ᪥ࢥࣜ ࣥᑐࡋ࡚ᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇࢆࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⏝ㄒἲࡣྵពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓసᴗࢆࡶᥦ♧ࡋࡓ࠸௬ㄝࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㡯ࣔ ࢹࣝ㸦ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ㸧ࡶ࡙ࡃእᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽࡣࠊ⃭ࡋ࠸ᑐ ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙉ࠸ᨻⓗ࡞᥎㐍ຊࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡓࡵᐇ⌧ ࡣ⮳ࡾࡃ࠸ࠋ୕㡯ࣔࢹࣝࡶ࡙ࡃእᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽࡣࠊእ㛵 ಀ࠸࠺ᨻⓗ᥎㐍ຊࢆᣢࡘ୍᪉࡛ࠊእ⣮தࡶᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡀ ࡺ࠼ၥ㢟ࡀᨻࡋ࡚ᐇ⌧⮳ࡾࡃ࠸ࠋḟ⠇௨㝆࡛ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨ 㝆ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻࢆ㏣࠸ࡘࡘࠊࡇࡢ௬ㄝࡢጇᙜᛶࢆ᳨ドࡋ ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ᨻᶒ௦๓ྐ̿̿እᅜேཧᨻᶒ᥎㐍ὴࡢືࡁ 3.1 ᙜึࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽ ᅗ 3 ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢၥ㢟ࡣ 1995ࠊ2000ࠊ2010 ᖺ 3 ࡘࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ࠶ࡿ14 ࠋཧᨻᶒせồ⮬యࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ᭱ึࡢࣆ࣮ࢡ ࡽ 20 ᖺࡉࡢࡰࡿ 1975 ᖺࠊᕞࡢ㡑ᅜே∾ᖌࡀᕷ㛗ࡸ┴▱බ㛤 ㉁ၥ≧ࢆฟࡋࡓࡇࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣಶேⓗ࡞⾜ືࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊཧᨻᶒ⮬ యࡢᚲせᛶࡣࡑࡢᚋࡋࡤࡽࡃࡋ࡚ࡽࡢẸᅋ᪥㡑㆟ဨ㐃┕ࡢ᠓ㄯ࡛ ࡶ㆟㢟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᅾ᪥ᮏ㡑Ẹᅜᒃ␃Ẹᅋ୰ኸᮏ㒊 1982㸧ࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆලయⓗồࡵࡿ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ືࡁࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ ༙ࢆࡲࡓࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙜࡢᣦ⣠ᢲᤫ㜚தࢆᑟࡋࡓẸ㜚㐃ࡣࠊ ➹⪅ࡀ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㝈ࡾ࡛ࡣ 1985 ᖺཧᨻᶒࢆලయⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ ୖࡆࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾ㸦Ẹ᪘ᕪู㜚࠺㐃⤡༠㆟ 1985㸧ࠊ1986 ᖺࡣẸᅋ ࡶබᘧ㑅ᣲᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠ື᥎㐍ࢆỴ㆟ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊẸ㜚㐃⦅㞟ࡢ᭩⡠ࡢ ࢱࢺࣝࠗᅾ᪥㡑ᅜ࣭ᮅ㩭ேࡢ⿵ൾ࣭ேᶒἲ࠘㸦Ẹ᪘ᕪู㜚࠺㐃⤡༠㆟ 1989㸧ࠊᅾ᪥㡑ᅜேࡢἲⓗᆅၥ㢟㛵ࡍࡿ༠㆟ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢࡀ 1985 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊᡓᚋ⿵ൾࡢ୍⎔⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡢ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞⾜ືࡢ᭱ࡢ⋓ᚓ≀ࡣࠊࠕ࡞࠾ࠊᆅ᪉⮬య㑅ᣲ ᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㡑Ẹᅜᨻᗓࡼࡾせᮃࡀ⾲᫂ࡉࢀࡓࠖ15࠸࠺୍ᩥ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜࡽࡢせᮃࡣࠊ᪥㡑㆟ဨ㐃┕ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓἲไࠊ᪥㡑㤳⬻ㄯ࡛ ࡢ΅ㄢ㢟࡞ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⾜ᨻ࣭❧ἲ┤᥋ࡢᅇ㊰ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠋẸᅋࡣࠊ ྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴⤌⧊ࢆᣢࡘᅋయࡋ࡚ࠊᆅ᪉㆟ࡢ㝞࣭ㄳ㢪άືࡸᆅ ඖ㑅ฟࡢᅜ㆟ဨࡢせᮃࢆྲྀࡾษࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺❧ἲᗓ┤ ᥋ࡢ᥋ⅬࢆᣢࡘࡢࡣࠊẸ㜚㐃ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐠ືᅋయࡣ࡞࠸ᙉࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅇ㊰ࡢ⏝ࡣୡㄽႏ㉳࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ ព࡛ࠊᙜึࡽ᪥㡑㛵ಀࡢㄢ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࢆ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡑ ࢀࡀ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ⓗࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ᙳ㡪 ຊࢆᣢࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊḟ㡯࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡞ୗࡽࡢ㐠ືࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 3.2 ุ㜚தࡢ㑇⏘㐠ືࡢ Ẹᅋࡢάືࡣᨻⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣢࡕ࠼ࡓࡀࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢἲⓗ࡞ṇ ⤫ᛶࡣẸᅋࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇࢁࡽ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1989 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࠊࢠࣜࢫᅜ⡠ࡢ㜰ᗓẸࡀཧ㆟㝔㑅ᣲ࡛ᢞ⚊࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆ ᭹ࡋ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ㈺ൾࢆㄳồࡍࡿッゴࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆዎᶵࡋ࡚ࠊᅾ ᅗ㻟䚷እᅜேཧᨻᶒ䜢䜑䛠䜛グ௳ᩘ䛾᥎⛣ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 ฟ㸸᪥⤒ࢸࣞࢥࣥࡼࡾぢฟࡋ㸩ᮏᩥ᳨⣴࡛ࣄࢵࢺࡋࡓ௳ᩘࠋ ⏘⤒ ㄞ ẖ᪥ ᮅ᪥ ᪥⤒
᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡼࡿ 4 ௳ࡢุ㜚தࡀ 1990 ᖺࡽ 2000 ᖺࡲ࡛⥆࠸ࡓ16ࠋ ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢ♫㐠ືࡣࠊẸᅋࡼࡿࡶࡢࢆ㝖ࡅࡤࢇࡀ⾜ᨻᶵ 㛵ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊཧᨻᶒࢆồࡵࡿ♫㐠ື࡛ࡣྖἲ㜚தࡀࡶࡗ ࡶຠᯝⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࢀࡣ➨ 1 ࠊッゴ⮬యࡣࡍ࡚ᩋッࡍࡿࡀࠊ1995 ᖺ 2 ᭶ࡢ᭱㧗ุ Ỵ࠾࠸࡚ࠊỌఫ⪅➼ࠕ㑅ᣲᶒࢆࡍࡿᥐ⨨ࢆㅮࡎࡿࡇࡣࠊ᠇ἲ ୖ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀ┦ᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ぢゎࢆ ᘬࡁฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࡑࡢᚋࡢุỴ࡛ࡶ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐠ືࡗ࡚ࡣ ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿ㑇⏘࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣチᐜㄝࡓࡗࡓุỴ࡛࠶ࡾࠊእᅜ ேཧᨻᶒࡢἲไྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓ㛶⤒㦂⪅ࡣࠊࡇࡢุỴࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ ἲᥦฟࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺17ࠋࡇࢀࢆᶵࠊ◊✲⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ ࡶチᐜㄝࡀὶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸦㛗ᑿ 2000㸧ࠋ ุ㜚தࡢ➨ 2 ࡢຠᯝࡣࠊᅗ 3 ࠶ࡽࢃࢀࡿ 90 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ᪂⪺グࡢ ࢇࡀุ㛵㐃ࡔࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࠊၥ㢟ࡢ࿘▱ࢆ㐍ࡵࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࿘ ▱ຠᯝࡣࠊ≉ᅾ᪥ඪࡢ୍㐃ࡢάື࡛ព㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸦ᮤ 1993㸧ࠊุ ㈝⏝ࡉ࠼㈇ᢸ࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊᑡேᩘ࡛᭱ࡢᐉఏຠᯝࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ ุ㜚த࠸࠺ࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡢᡂຌࡣࠊࡑࢀ⥆ࡃຠᯝⓗ࡞ࣞࣃ࣮ࢺࣜ ࣮ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡉ࡞ࡗࡓࠋẸ㜚㐃ࡢᚋ⥅ᅋయ࡛࠶ࡿᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥேᶒ༠ ࡣࠊ1995 ᖺ 118 ேࢆཎ࿌ࡍࡿุࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⾗㐠ື⮳ ࡿዎᶵࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊุ㜚த௨㝆ࡣཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄ ࡗ࡚⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞㐠ືࡣᗈࡀࡽࡎࠊ♫㐠ືࡋ࡚ࡣ 15 ᖺ㛫ࡋࡓ ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸18ࠋ 3.3 ࠕ᪥㡑ࠖࢆ㏻ࡌࡓࣟࣅ࣮άືࡑࡢ㝈⏺ ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢཧᨻᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠ື࡛ࣄࢵࢺస࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊุ 㜚தࡢᆅ᪉㆟ࡢせᮃάືࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣẸᅋࡀ⤌⧊ⓗ㐍ࡵࡓ ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ➃⥴࡞ࡗࡓ 1993 ᖺᓊ⏣ᕷ㆟࡛ࡣ᪥㡑㆟㐃ࡀᙺࢆᯝ ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ19ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ᪥㡑ࡣ㛵ಀ࡞࠸㆟ဨၥ㢟
ࢆࣆ࣮ࣝࡍࡿຠᯝࢆᣢࡕࠊࠕᙜ⪅ࠖࡓࡿ⮬య㆟ࡢពぢ᭩ࡀᗈࡀࡗ ࡓࡇ࡛ṇ⤫ᛶࡶ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡶ࡙ࡃཧ ᨻᶒㄽࡣࠊ୍㒊⮬య࡛ఫẸᢞ⚊ࡢᢞ⚊ᶒࢆỌఫእᅜேࡶྵࡵࡿ ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊࢃࡎ࡞ࡀࡽไᗘࡉࢀࡓ㒊ศࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ㝖ࡅࡤࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉㄽࡣ⌧ᐇࡢᨻ㐣⛬ᙳ㡪ࢆཬ ࡰࡉ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⤖ᒁࠊཧᨻᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠ືࡣࠕ᪥㡑ࠖ࠸࠺ᅇ㊰ࢆᣢࡘẸᅋ ࡢ┠ぢ࠼ࡃ࠸ࣟࣅ࣮άື㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋẸᅋ⮬యࡣᑠ ࡉ࡞⤌⧊࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᨻᐙࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⤌⧊⚊ࢆᣢࡘࢃࡅ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃἲࢆ㏻ࡍࡢᐇຊࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ༙ࡤබⓗ࡞⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊୡㄽࣆ࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆࡿ⤌⧊ᩥࡀࡑࡶࡑࡶ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⤌⧊ࡗ࡚ࠊ᭱ၿࡢᡓ␎ࡣ㡑ᅜᨻᗓാࡁࡅ࡚እົ┬ ࢪᒁࠊእົ⮧ࠊ㤳⬻࠸ࡗࡓỈ‽࡛᪥㡑ࡢ᥋ゐࡀ࠶ࡿࡁ㡑ᅜ ᨻᗓྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜᨻᗓࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢእᅜே ཧᨻᶒࡣ㔜せㄢ㢟ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊᅾእྠ⬊⤌⧊ࡗ࡚ࡢ᭱㔜 せㄢ㢟࡞ࡗࡓ௨ୖࡣ᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡢせᮃ㡯┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋ ᪥㡑㛵ಀࡀእᅜேཧᨻᶒἲไ᭱ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᣢࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ㔠୰ ⤫㡿ࡼࡿാࡁࡅࡔࡗࡓࠋẸᅋࡼࡿࠊ≉㔠୰ࡀཧᨻᶒ⇕ᚰ ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊ1998 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࡢ㤳⬻ㄯᅜ₇ㄝ ୍࡛ᐃࡢ㛫ࢆࡗ࡚ཧᨻᶒゝཬࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ᮶᪥ྜࢃࡏ࡚ࠊẸඪ࣭ ᖹᨵ㠉ࡀཧᨻᶒἲࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ99 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࡢゼ㡑ᑠῲᜨ୕㤳 ┦ࡣ๓ྥࡁ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࢆ⣙᮰ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ⏕ࡌࡓእᅜேཧᨻ ᶒၥ㢟ࡢ➨ 2 ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡣࠊ㐃❧ᨻᶒࡢᡂ❧ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᡓᚋ᭱Ⰻ࠸ࢃࢀ ࡓ᪥㡑㛵ಀࡼࡗ࡚సࡽࢀࡓ㠃ࡀࡁ࠸ࠋ ࠕ᪥㡑ࠖ㛵ࢃࡿࡶ࠺ 1 ࡘࡢᅇ㊰ࡣࠊ᪥㡑㆟ဨ㐃┕ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㛵ᚰ࠶ࡿ ㆟ဨാࡁࡅࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㛫᥋ⓗࡣ㡑ᅜᨻᗓࡢせᮃᑐ ᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪥㡑㆟㐃ࡣᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢၥ㢟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿ ㆟ဨࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊཧᨻᶒࡢ⇕ᚰ࡞᥎㐍ὴ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊබ᫂ ඪࡢᰘ㕲୕ࡸẸ♫ЍẸඪࡢ୰㔝ᐶᡂ࠸ࡗࡓྂࡃࡽᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥ
㛵ࢃࡿ㆟ဨࡔࡗࡓࠋඪෆ࡛ࡇࢀඹ㬆ࡍࡿᐇຊ⪅ࡣ㔝୰ᗈົࡔࡅࡔ ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡀ20ࠊᙼࡢ㈶ᡂㄽࡶ㉢⨥࠸࠺ᡓᚋ⿵ൾࡢㄽ⌮ࡶ࡙࠸࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋ ࡔࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥ⬦࡛እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࡁࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥࡢ ฎ㐝࠸࠺ㄽ⌮ࡣᚋᬒ㏥ࡃࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒἲไࢆ⇕ᚰ᥎㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓᰘࡣࠊᅾ᪥㡑ᅜேࡀࠕᆅᇦ⁐ࡅ㎸ࢇࡔࠖࡇゝཬࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ ࡣᡓᚋ⿵ൾ࠸࠺ᩥ⬦᳜̿̿Ẹᆅ⤒Ⴀࡢࠕ㔜࠸Ṕྐࠖࡸ᪥㡑㛵ಀࡢᨵၿ 㑏ඖࡉࢀࡿ21ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ᪥ᮏⓗ࡞ᩥ⬦࡛እᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆἲไࡍࡿㄽ ᣐࡋ࡚ࡣṇᙜ࡞ࡶࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊ᳜Ẹᆅᨭ㓄ࡢΎ⟬ࡀ๓㠃ฟࡓ ⤖ᯝࠊ⌧ᐇᏑᅾࡍࡿ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᶒࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࡣࠊᙜึࡽᕼ ⷧࡔࡗࡓ22ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊᨻయእ㒊࡛ࡢゝㄽ≧ἣࢆ⪃࠼ࡿወጁ࡞ᵓᅗࡔࡗࡓࠋ2000 ᖺࡲ࡛ඃໃࡔࡗࡓ㈶ᡂㄽࡢከࡃࡣࠊ᳜ẸᆅΎ⟬ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸࡢᶒၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ㄽ㝕ࢆᙇࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺ேᶒᐉゝ ࡑࡢ᰿ᣐࢆồࡵࡿỤᶫ㸦1993㸧ࡣእࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ ᛅᐇᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡓ㏆⸨㸦1996a, 1996b㸧࡞ࡣࠊࠕᑗ᮶ࡢᅜẸࠖࡓࡿỌఫ ⪅୍⯡ࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢㄽ⪅ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡶࠊ ᮤ㸦1993㸧࡞ࡣࠕ㐣ཤࡢᅜẸࠖࡋ࡚ࡢᶒࢆ๓㠃ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ ከࡃࡣᒃఫᛶࢆᇶ♏࠾࠸ࡓᶒㄽ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ὀព῝ࡃᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ 㸦㔠 1994; ᚎ 1992, 1995, 2000㸧ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࠕ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᶒࠖ࠸࠺࢝ࢹ࣑ࢬ࣒ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᨻࡢ ሙ࡛ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗά⏝ࡉࢀࡎࠊ୧⪅ࡀศ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚୪Ꮡࡍࡿ≧ἣࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉ ࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊḟ⠇࡛ࡳࡿᑐὴࡀ㆟ㄽࡢᑟᶒࢆᥱࡿ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ ࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ 3.4. 㐃❧ᨻᶒෆࡢ༴ᶵឤ̿̿2000 ᖺ๓ᚋࡢᑐㄽ እᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐὴࡀྍどⓗ࡞ໃຊࡋ࡚⌧ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ1998 ᖺẸ ࣭ᖹᨵ㠉㸦බ᫂㸧ඹ⏘ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀእᅜேཧᨻᶒἲࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚
ࡽࡔࡗࡓࠋᅗ 3 ࢆࡳࡿࠊ95 ᖺࡢཧᨻᶒุỴࡢⅬ࡛⏘⤒᪂⪺ࡀ༨ࡵࡿ ẚ⋡ࡣపࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㒊ศⓗࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡢィᩘࡢ᪉ἲࡼࡿ ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⏘⤒᪂⪺ࡀ༴ᶵឤࢆᢪ࠸࡚ሗ㐨ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㈶ ᡂࡢពぢࢆᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࡇࡍࡽ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀኚࡋࡓࡢࡀ 1998 ᖺ௨㝆࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊ99 ᖺ 5 ᭶ᑠ⏣ᮧᅄ㑻࣭ᣅṪᏛ⥲㛗㸦ᙜ㸧ദࡢࠕ᪥ᮏࢆᏲ ࡿᅜ㆟ဨࡢዧ㉳ࢆồࡵࡿᅜẸࡢ㞟࠸ࠖࡀ㛤ദࡉࢀࠊᅜ㆟ဨ࡛ࡣすᮧ ┾ᝅࡸ⡿⏣ᘓ୕ࡀฟᖍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ23ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡣಖᏲഐὶ࡛ᴟ ྑࢇ࡛ࡼ࠸㆟ဨࡢཧຍࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ༴ᶵឤࡣ┦ᑐⓗ ⷧࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ㐃❧ඪࡔࡗࡓබ࣭᫂⮬⏤୧ඪࡀ 2000 ᖺ 1 ᭶ཧᨻᶒἲࢆ ᥦฟࡋࠊ⮬Ẹඪෆ㒊࡛ࡢពぢㄪᩚࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚ࡽ≧ἣࡣ୍ኚࡍࡿ24ࠋࡇ ࡢࡁࡣࠊ⮬Ẹ࣭⮬⏤࣭බ᫂ࡢ㐃❧ࡢྜព㡯ࡋ࡚ࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒ ࡢᡂ❧ࡀ┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⮬Ẹඪࡣ㞴Ⰽࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊබ᫂ඪ⮬ ⏤ඪࡀྠㄪࡋ࡚ྜព㐩ࡋࡓ࠸࠺25ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㐃❧ྜពᚋ⮬Ẹඪෆ 㒊࡛ࠕእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢៅ㔜࡞ྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࢆせồࡍࡿᅜ㆟ဨࡢࠖࡀ⤖ᡂ ࡉࢀࠊᑐὴࡢ〈㔝ࡀࡁࡃᗈࡀࡗࡓ26ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣ㆟ဨ᭷ᚿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᐇ㉁ⓗᑐὴࡢᣐⅬ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ ᪥ᮏ㆟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡣࠊඖྕἲไࢆ࡞┠ⓗࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓ ࠕ᪥ᮏࢆᏲࡿᅜẸ㆟ࠖ᐀ᩍྑὴࡢࠕ᪥ᮏࢆᏲࡿࠖࡀ 1997 ᖺྜే ࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᖜᗈࡃྑὴࢆ᮰ࡡࡓࡢࡀ᪥ᮏࢆᏲࡿᅜẸ㆟ࡔࡗࡓ ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⚄♫ᮏᗇ࡞᐀ᩍྑὴࢆධࢀࡓࡇ࡛᪥ᮏ㆟ࡣఏ⤫⩏ⓗ࡞ ᛶ᱁ࢆᙉࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡀᙜึࡢᑐໃຊࢆᢸࡗࡓ ࡇࡣࠊእ⩏ࡼࡾࡶಖᏲ⩏㸦ఏ⤫⩏㸧ࡶ࡙ࡃᑐㄽࡀඃໃ ࡔࡗࡓࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ⌧ࠊ᪥ᮏ㆟ᅜ㆟ဨ᠓ㄯ⥲ࡀ᥇ᢥࡋࡓ ࠕእᅜேᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡢỴ㆟ࠖ㸦2000 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 13 ᪥㸧࡛ ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄽ⌮࡛࠶ࡗࡓ27ࠋ ୍ࠊእᅜேᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒἲࡣࠊ᠇ἲ㐪࡛ࡍࠋ ୍ࠊᅜ⡠ྲྀᚓ᮲௳ࡢ⦆ඛࡎྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡁ࡛ࡍࠋ
୍ࠊྛඪࡢෆ㒊ᑐពぢࡀ࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊᣋ㏿ᑂ㆟ධࡾࡍࡁ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ ࡲࡏࢇࠋ ୍ࠊᮅ㩭༙ᓥฟ㌟⪅ࡢពᛮ⤫୍ࢆᚅࡘࡁ࡛ࡍ28ࠋ ࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊཧᨻᶒᑐὴࡀᨻⓗ࡞ᑐᢠᡭẁࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ≉ู Ọఫ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ⡆᫆ᖐἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᳜Ẹᆅ⩏ࡢΎ⟬ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢᑐ ᛂࡔࡗࡓ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋࡇࢀ๓ᚋࡋ࡚ࠊࠗṇㄽ࠘ࠗㅖྩ࠘ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ ࡓᑐࡢㄽ㝕ࡶᙇࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸦Ḉ 2000; 㧗ᕷ࣭ⓒᆅ 2000; ⏣ஂಖ 2001㸧ࠊ ᗈࡀࡾࡣ㝈ᐃⓗࡔࡗࡓࠋᮅ㩭༙ᓥࡢ◊✲⪅࡛࠶ࡿⲨᮌ༤㸦1997㸧ࡣࠊ ࡇࡢᮇࡽཧᨻᶒᢼ⮴ၥ㢟ࢆ㛵㐃ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢ ࢇࡣᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞Ᏻಖ㞀ㄽࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋẸᅋࡀ᭱ࡢᢠໃຊ ⨨࡙ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏ㆟࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊࡑࡢᶵ㛵ㄅ࡛࠶ࡿࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᜥ྿࡛࠘グ ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓࡢࡣࠊ᠇ἲㄽ㸦99ᖺ11᭶㸧ୖグࡢ⥲グ㸦00ᖺ11 ᭶㸧ࡢ2ᅇࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ⮬Ẹඪࡀඪෆ࡛ᅽಽⓗከᩘࢆᥱࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ௨ୖࠊඪෆ࡛ᑐὴࡀ⤌⧊ ࡉࢀࢀࡤἲᡂ❧ࡣᚅࡗࡓࢆࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠊ㐃❧ྜពࡢ⮬ Ẹඪᖿ㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓ᳃႐ᮁࡀ㤳┦ࡔࡗࡓࡁࡣࠊබ᫂ඪᑐࡍࡿ㓄៖ ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋཧᨻᶒᑐࢆ᫂ゝࡍࡿᑠἨ⣧୍㑻ࡀ 㤳┦࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽࡣࠊ㐃❧ྜពࡣࡓ࡞ࡋࡉࢀ⥆ࡅࡓࠋ Ẹඪᨻᶒୗ࡛ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿᨻ 4.1 ᨻᶒ௦๓ᚋࡢ⤒⦋ ࡲࡎࠊእᅜே+ཧᨻᶒ࡛ࣄࢵࢺࡋࡓ᪂⪺グ௳ᩘࢆ♧ࡋࡓᅗ 4 ࢆࡳ࡚ ࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ㬀ᒣෆ㛶Ⓨ㊊┤ᚋࡢ 2009 ᖺ 9 ᭶௳ᩘࡀⴠࡕ㎸ࡴࡀࠊ㑅ᣲᡓ ࡽ㏻ᖖᅜࡅ࡚㛵ᚰࡣ㧗ࡲࡾࢆぢࡏࠊ2010 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࣆ࣮ࢡ㐩ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽཧ㆟㝔㑅ᣲࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ 7 ᭶ࡲ࡛ࡣ୍ᐃࡢỈ‽ࢆಖࡘࡶࡢࡢࠊ Ẹඪࡢᩋ࡛ࡡࡌࢀᅜ࡞ࡾࠊἲไࡀ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓⅬ࡛ ௳ᩘࡣ⃭ῶࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ௨㝆ࠊ⏘⤒ࡶྵࡵ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐࡍࡿ㛵ᚰࡣ ప࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑐὴࡣࠕᯖࢆ㧗ࡃࡋ࡚ࠖ࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡀ࠺ࡀࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ᨻᶒ௦ᚋẸඪ㤳⬻ࡀእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢἲไྥࡅࡓືࡁࡑࢀ ࡢᑐࠊᑐࢆཷࡅࡓ㌶㐨ಟṇࡣࠊ⾲ 1 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ29ࠋ2009 ᖺࡢ Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊ㤳┦㺃ᖿ㛗ࡀูಶゼ㡑ࡋ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆ⣙᮰ ࡋࠊ㏻ᖖᅜࡲ࡛ࡣἲไࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࣮࣌ࢫ࡛㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᖺ᫂ ࡅࡣ㏻ᖖᅜἲࢆᥦฟࡍࡿࡃලయࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࡀࠊᅜẸ᪂ඪ ⮬Ẹඪࡢᑐࡀᙉࡲࡗ࡚ᥦฟࢆ᩿ᛕࡋࡓࠋᅗ 4 ࡛ࣆ࣮ࢡ࡞ࡗࡓ 1 ᭶ ࡣࠊ⾲ 1 ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺࡞᥎㐍ᑐࡢ㥑ࡅᘬࡁࡀᮏ᱁ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊἲ ᅗࠉᨻᶒ௦๓ᚋࡢእᅜே㸩ཧᨻᶒグ௳ᩘ 0 50 100 150 200 250 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 2010 2011 ฟ㸸᪥⤒ࢸࣞࢥࣥࡼࡾసᡂࠋ ⏘⤒ ㄞ ẖ᪥ ᮅ᪥ ᪥⤒ ᖺ ᭶ Ẹඪࡢືࡁ ᑐὴࡢືࡁ 9 ࣭ᑠἑᖿ㛗ࡀ㏻ᖖᅜ࡛ࡢᥦฟࢆ┠ᣦࡍゝ᫂ ࣭ட㟼㤶࣭ᅜẸ᪂ඪ௦⾲ࡣៅ㔜ጼໃ ࣭ゼ㡑ࡋࡓ㬀ᒣ㤳┦ࡀᮤ᫂༤⤫㡿᳨ウࢆ⾲᫂ ࣭㥔᪥㡑ᅜ๓ྥࡁ࡞᳨ウࢆゝ᫂ ࣭ᨻᗓ࣭ඪࡀ༠㆟╔ᡭ ࣭ᒣᒸᅜᑐጤဨ㛗ࡀἲᥦฟࢆ⾲᫂ ࣭டẶࡣៅ㔜ጼໃ ࣭ᖿ㛗ࡀ᪩ᮇἲไࢆ♧၀ ࣭ཧᨻᶒ࡞ᑐㄳ㢪᭩ᥦฟ ࣭⮫ᅜᥦฟ᩿ᛕ ࣭ᖿ㛗ࠊᨻᗓᥦᮃࡴ ࣭┿ಖᏲ◊✲ࠊἲᑐࢆỴ㆟ ࣭டẶࠕཧᨻᶒἲᑐࠖ ࣭ᐁᡣ㛗ᐁࡀ⥲ົ┦ᨻᗓᥦฟࡢ᳨ウࢆᣦ♧ ࣭⮬Ẹࠕཧᨻᶒᑐ㆟㐃ࠖࡀάື㛤 ࣭ᨻᗓࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒἲࢆ㏻ᖖᅜᥦฟ ࣭ᅜẸ᪂ࠕཧᨻᶒἲཝࡋ࠸ࠖ ࣭ᅜᑐጤဨ㛗ࡀ3᭶௨㝆ࡢᥦฟࢆ⾲᫂ ࣭⮬Ẹࠕཧᨻᶒࠖᑐࠉඪ࡛⾲᫂ ࣭㤳┦ࠕእᅜேཧᨻᶒࠉᅔ㞴ࠖ ࣭டẶࠕ㏫❧ࡕࡋ࡚ࡶἲฟࡏ࡞࠸ࠖ ࣭እᅜேཧᨻᶒ14┴㆟ࠕᑐࠖ ࣭ࠕ㆟ဨ❧ἲࢆ⏝ពࠖẸ࣭ᕝୖཧ㝔㆟ဨ ࣭ᨻᗓᥦฟࡣᅔ㞴ࠉ⥲ົ┦ᐁᡣ㛗ᐁㄆ㆑ ࣭㤳┦ࠊᑠἑẶㄯࠉᅜࡇࡔࢃࡽࡎ ࣭ࠕᅜᥦฟࡣᅔ㞴ࠖᅜᑐጤဨ㛗ࠊ㡑ᅜ 4 ࣭እᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐ㸯ே ⾲1ࠉᨻᶒ௦ᚋࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿືࡁ 2009 10 ࣭ࠕಖᏲໃຊ⤖㞟ࠖ⮬Ẹ㆟ဨࡽỴ㉳㞟 11 12 ࣭ᖿ㛗ࡀゼ㡑ࡋ࡚㏻ᖖᅜ࡛ࡢᥦฟࢆゝ᫂ 2010 1 2 ࣭ཧᨻᶒၥ㢟࡛ᥦゝࠉᅜᐙᇶᮏၥ㢟◊ 3 ࣭டẶࠕᥦฟ࡞ࡽ㐃❧ゎᾘࠖ
ᥦฟࡀᘏࡧࡓࡢࡣᑐㄽࡢᄇฟࡼࡿㄪᩚࢥࢫࢺࡢቑ⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊᅗ 5 ࢆࡳࡿ 2009 ᖺࡢ⾗㝔㑅 2010 ᖺࡢཧ㝔㑅ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᨻ ᶒ௦๓ᚋ࡛እᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐࡍࡿೃ⿵⪅ࡢពぢศᕸࡀࡁࡃኚࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ୧⪅࡛ࡣ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡶ㐪࠺ࡢ࡛ཝᐦ࡞ẚ㍑ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ 2009 ᖺࡢ⮬Ẹඪ࡛㈶ᡂ㹼ࡕࡽࡶ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡀ୍ᐃᩘᏑᅾࡋࡓࡢᑐ ࡋ࡚ࠊ2010 ᖺࡣⓙ↓࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2009 ᖺእᅜேཧᨻᶒ㈶ᡂࡔࡗ ࡓࡀⴠ㑅ࡋࠊ⩣ᖺཧ㝔㑅㠡᭰࠼ࡋࡓ㆟ဨࡶဨࡀᑐ㌿ࡌ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᐇ㉁ⓗඪ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋẸඪࡶࠊ⾗㝔㑅࡛ࡣ㈶ᡂ㹼ࡕ ࡽ࠸࠼ࡤ㈶ᡂࡀ 3 ศࡢ 2 ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ2010 ᖺࡣࡑࢀ ࡀ༙ᩘᙅࡲ࡛ῶᑡࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒ㈶ᡂࡍࡿࢥࢫࢺࡀቑ ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑐὴࡢ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࡀຌࢆዌࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ 4.2 ᮾࢪ࠸࠺᱑ᱹ̿̿ࣈ࣮࣓ࣛࣥຠᯝࡢ㌿ ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊẸඪ⮬యࡣࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ౫ᣐࡋࡓཧᨻᶒࡢ ㄽ⌮ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨻᶒ௦ᚋ㤳┦࡞ࡗࡓ㬀ᒣ⏤⣖ኵࡶࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ ᅗ5ࠉ2009⾗㝔㑅2010ཧ㝔㑅࡛ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝ 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 09⾗㝔 09ཧ㝔 09⾗㝔 10ཧ㝔 Ẹ ⮬Ẹ ㈶ᡂ ࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤ㈶ᡂ ࡕࡽࡶ࠸࠼࡞࠸ ࡕࡽ࠸࠼ࡤᑐ ↓ᅇ⟅ ᑐ ㈨ᩱ㸸⾗㝔㑅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡼࡾࠊཧ㝔㑅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣẖ᪥᪂⪺ࡢೃ⿵⪅ࢹ࣮ ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡼࡾసᡂࠋᮅ᪥ࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㈶ᡂࡽᑐࡲ࡛Ⅼἲࡢᅇ⟅ࠊẖ᪥ࡣ㈶ྰࡔࡅࢆၥ࠺Ⅼἲࡢᅇ ⟅ࠋࡍ࡚ࡢ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚↓ᅇ⟅ࡔࡗࡓೃ⿵⪅ࡣࠊศᯒྵࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
࠺࡞ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉࡢㄽ⌮ࢆࡶࡶࡣ㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᐃ ఫ እ ᅜ ே ᅜ ᨻ ཧ ᨻ ᶒ ࢆ ࠼ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ࡶ ┿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡚ ࡶ ࡼ ࠸ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ᛮ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ⾜ ᨻ ࡸ ᨻ ࡣ ࠊ ࡑ ࡇ ఫ ࡴ ࠶ ࡽ ࡺ ࡿ ே ࠎ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ 㐠 Ⴀ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࡋ ࡿ ࡁ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ30ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢἲไࡀ⌧ᐇࢆᖏࡧࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽࡣࠊ ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃእㄢ㢟ࡢ 1 ࡘࡋ࡚㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋ ᮾࢪඹྠయࡢ࡞࡛ࠊ୰ᅜࡣ୍ᅜࡋ࡚ࡁࢃࡵ࡚ࡁ࠸࡛ࡍ ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠊ᪥ᮏ㡑ᅜࡀ࠸༠ຊࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸ ࠺ࡇࡀ㠀ᖖ㔜せ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠶ࡿព࡛ࡢ㘽ࢆᥱࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡃࡢࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࠊ㡑ᅜࡢ㛫ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ ࡶࠊᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒࡢヰ࠸࠺ࡢࡣ̿̿ࡲ࠶㡑ᅜࡣ᪥ᮏᑐࡋ࡚ࡔࡅ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࡶ̿̿Ọఫእᅜேᑐࡍࡿཧᨻᶒࢆㄆࡵ࡚ࡃ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡽࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࠊࡑࡢព࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊṔྐⓗ࡛ࡍࡡࠊ ᖐࡾࡓࡃ࡚ࡶᖐࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡀࢇࡤࡿࡇ࡛Ỵពࢆᅛ ࡵࡓேࡓࡕᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒࢆࡍࡿࡇࡣ⚾ࡣ⮬↛ࡢὶࢀ ࡔᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡽࠋṔྐࡢ⧎࠸࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊᮾࢪ࠸࠺ࡁ ࡞ὶࢀࡢ୰࡛᪥㡑㛵ಀࡀ⤎̿̿ࡶࡕࢁࢇᙉࡃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸⤎ ࡞ࢇ࡛̿̿ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᙼࡽࡀ୍␒ᕼᮃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡔࡅ ࡛ࡍࡡࠊ࡞࠼࡚ࡸࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸31ࠋ ᨻᶒ௦ᚋࠊཧᨻᶒࡢࢹࣔࣥࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡋ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ Ẹඪᖿ㛗ࡔࡗࡓᑠἑ୍㑻ࢆࢺࢵࣉࡍࡿᅜ㆟ဨᅋࡼࡿ 2009 ᖺ 12 ᭶ࡢゼ㡑࣭ゼ୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2010 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࡢ㏻ᖖᅜ࡛ཧᨻᶒἲࢆᥦฟ ࡍࡿࡇࢆゝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋᨻᶒ௦ᚋࠊ᪩࠸࠺ࡕᅜᥦฟࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ⫼ᬒ
ࡣࠊ2010 ᖺࡀ᪥㡑ేྜ 100 ࿘ᖺࡔࡗࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ32ࠋẸᅋࡢ㑅ᣲᨭ ᑐࡍࡿぢ㏉ࡾࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᨻᶒ௦ᚋࡍࡄἲไࡀࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ ୖࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺33ࠋ᪥㡑㛵ಀୖࡢㄢ㢟ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀඃඛ 㡰ࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡛ࡣእ㛵ಀࡀಁ㐍せᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2009 ᖺࡢᑠἑゼ㡑ᮤ᫂༤⤫㡿ࡢㄯࢆࣞࣥࢪࡋࡓࡢࡣẸᅋ࡛࠶ࡾ 34 ࠊẸᅋࡣ㡑ᅜࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋẸᅋ ࡣࠊ2009 ᖺ⾗㝔㑅࡛ึࡵ࡚⤌⧊ࢆᣲࡆ࡚Ẹඪࢆᨭࡋࡓࡀࠊᅜෆ࡛ ⤖ࡍࡿ┈㞟ᅋࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㡑ᅜᨻᗓࢆ⤒⏤ࡍࡿࠕࣈ࣮࣓ࣛࣥຠᯝࠖ 㸦Keck and Sikkink 1998㸧ࢆ≺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ35ࠋ
ࡋࡋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣẚ㍑࡞ࡽ࡞࠸つᶍࡢᑐㄽࡀ Ẹඪᨻᶒ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽᄇฟࡋࡓࠋࠗṇㄽ࠘ࠗWiLL࠘ࠗ୰ኸබㄽ࠘ࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ྑὴㄽቭㄅࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇ㸦୕ရ 2010; 㛗ᑿ 2010; すᑿ 2010; 㧗ᕷ 2010; 㒯 2010b, 2010c, 2010d㸧ࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒ≉ࡋࡓ᭩⡠ࡸࣈࢵࢡࣞ ࢵࢺࡢห⾜ࡶࣈ࣮࣒ࡢᵝ┦ࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ูᐆᓥ 2010; ୖ 2010; ⓒᆅ 2010; すᮧ 2010; ᒣ㔝 2010㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡶࠊ2000 ᖺ๓ᚋࡢࠗ᪥ᮏ ࡢᜥ྿࡛࠘ࡣእᅜேཧᨻᶒ㛵㐃ࡢグᥖ㍕ࡀ 2 ᅇࡲࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋ ࡚ࠊ2009 ᖺ 12 ᭶௨㝆ࡣ 6 ᅇྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚㡫ᩘࡶ᱁ẁከ࠸36ࠋ2000 ᖺ Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㆟ဨ⥲Ỵ㆟ࡲࡗࡓࡢࡀࠊ2010 ᖺࡣつᶍ࡞㞟ࢆ 2 ᅇ 㛤ദࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊཧᨻᶒ᥎㐍ὴࡼࡿゝㄽᡓࡣᏲໃᅇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ෆᐜⓗࡶ᪂ஈࡋ࠸㸦ྂ㛵 2010; ᚎ 2010; ⏣୰ 2010㸧37ࠋᑐὴ ࡣࠊ10 ᖺࢆ⤒࡚ຍࢃࡗࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ㄽⅬࡼࡗ࡚〈㔝ࢆᗈࡆࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ ࡞ࡗࡓ38ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮾࢪࡢᆅᨻᏛⓗኚྑὴࡢኚࢆ⫼ᬒࡍ ࡿࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞እ⩏ࡶ࡙ࡃᑐὴࡢືဨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣḟࡢ 2 ࡘࡢ ㄽ⌮ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡉࢀࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ➨ 1 ࠊ2000 ᖺࡢⅬ࡛ࡶࠕෆᨻᖸ΅ࠖࢆ᰿ᣐࡋࡓእᅜேཧᨻᶒ ᑐㄽࡣᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝿ᛕ㢌⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࿘㎶ ែἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ᏻಖ㞀୍⯡ࡢၥ㢟ࠊṔྐᩍ⛉᭩ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ
㸦e.g. 㧗ᕷ࣭ⓒᆅ 2000㸧ࠋ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ὶྑὴ㐠ືࡢ↔Ⅼࡣᩍ⛉ ᭩ၥ㢟࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࡔࡀࠊ⌧ᐇࡣࡑࢀእᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆ㛵㐃ࡉࡏࡿື ࡁࡣᙅࡗࡓࠋࡇࢁࡀࠊᨻయࡢỈ‽࡛ࡣᑠἨᨻᶒ௨㝆㟹ᅜཧᣏ࡞ ࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ᑐ୰㡑㛵ಀࡀᝏࡋࠊẸ㛫ࡢỈ‽࡛ࡶࠕ᎘㡑ࠖࡀᅾ᪥ࢥࣜ ࣥࣂࢵࢩࣥࢢ┤⤖ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣐ࠗࣥ࢞᎘㡑ὶ࡛࠘ேබࡢᘬ ࡁ❧࡚ᙺࡀᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢྠ⣭⏕࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ᪥㡑ࡢ㛫࠶ࡿᠱࡀ ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥᢞᙳࡉࢀࠊᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡣ㡑ᅜ㸭ᮅ㩭ࡢ௦⌮ேࡉࡏ ࡽࢀࡿ39ࠋ ➨ 2 ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦⏕ࡌࡓࡢࡣ୰ᅜࡢྎ㢌࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑗ᮶ⓗࡣ⡿ᅜࢆ ࡶ㥙ࡍࡿᅜ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺㊅ໃᑐࡍࡿ୰ᅜ⬣ጾㄽࡀቑᖜࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ ࡣ༢యไࡢ㐪࠸㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊዲⓗࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸㸦ㄆ ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࡁ࡞㞄ᅜ㛗ᮇ⾶㏥㐣⛬࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡁࡢᜍᛧ ឤࡶᇶ࡙ࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᅾ᪥୰ᅜேࡣࠊእᅜேཧᨻᶒせồࡢయࡣ࠸࠼ ࡎࠊࢽ࣮࣐࣮ࣗ࢝ࡢ୍㒊⤌⧊ࡀ㈶ពࢆ♧ࡍࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ୰ᅜ⬣ጾㄽ ཧᨻᶒၥ㢟ࡀ┤⤖ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࡇࡣᑡ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢁࡀࠊᮾ ࢪඹྠయᵓእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺⤖ࡧࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡾࠊ୰ᅜ⬣ጾㄽࡶ࡙ࡃእᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐㄽࡀㄒࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ40ࠋ ᮾࢪඹྠయཧຍࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡢᨭ㓄ୗධࡿ࠸ ࠺ࡇࢆពࡋࡲࡍࠋ͐እᅜேࡢ㑅ᣲᶒࡣࠊẸඪࡢᨻ⟇ ⯡ࡢ㛵ಀ࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋእᅜேࡢ㑅ᣲᶒἲࡣ᪥ ⡿Ᏻಖ᮲⣙ࡢゎᾘࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᮾࢪඹྠయࡢ➨୍Ṍ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㸦㛗ᑿ 2010: 62㸧 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᏛ⾡ⓗ࡞᳨ドࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃሓ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ỉ‽ࡢࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ41ࠊᮾࢪᆅᨻᏛࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ཧᨻᶒᑐࡀㄒࡽࢀࡿⅬࡣὀ┠ ್ࡍࡿࠋᮾࢪ࡛ఱࡽࡢಀதㄢ㢟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡓࡧࠊཧᨻᶒᑐࡢㄽ ᣐࡀ✚ࡳቑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ᵓ㐀ࡺ࠼ࠊᑐㄽࡢࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡣᣑ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡼࡿእᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐࡢㄽᣐࡶࠊ๓ฟࡢ2000ᖺ Ⅼ࡛ࡢ㆟ဨ⥲Ỵ㆟ẚ࡚ࠊ2010ᖺⅬ࡛ࡢࣅࣛࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ᑐእ 㛵ಀࡩࢀࡓㄽᣐࢆࡩࢇࡔࢇ┒ࡾ㎸ࡴࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ42ࠋ ࣭ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣ᠇ἲ㐪ࡢ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ ࣭ ᩍ⫱ࡢෆᨻᖸ΅ࡀᙉࡲࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ ࣭ 㡿ᅵၥ㢟ゎỴࡁ࡞㞀ᐖ࡞ࡾࡲࡍ ࣭ ᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒࡣୡ⏺ࡢ₻ὶ࡞࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ ࣭ ᪥ᮏࡢᨻᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ຊࡀ≺࠸ࠋ ࣭ ୰ᅜᨻᗓࡣ୰ᅜேỌఫ⪅ࢆᨻ⏝ࡍࡿ㸟 ࣭ ༴ࡪࡲࢀࡿᅜቃ࿘㎶ࡢ㞳ᓥࠋ ࣭ ࡇࡢࡲࡲ࡛ࡣ㛫᥋␎ࢆチࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ ၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㠀⌧ᐇⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡀྑὴᅋయࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎᅜ㆟ဨࡶ ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬Ẹඪ௦㆟ኈ࡛࠶ࡿ㧗ᕷ᪩ⱑ㸦2010; 㧗ᕷ࣭ ⓒᆅ 2000㸧ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐㄽࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ 2010 ᖺ࡛ぢ࡞ࡲ࡛ ୖグࡢኚࢆయ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ⮬Ẹඪᨻㄪࡣᅜቃ࠶ࡿ㑣ᅜᓥ ㄪᰝᅋࡲ࡛ὴ㐵ࡋࡓ㸦⮬⏤Ẹඪᨻົㄪᰝ㑣ᅜ⏫ㄪᰝᅋ 2010㸧ࠋ ࡉࡽࠊẸඪࡢ᭷ຊᨻᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ๓ཎㄔྖ࡛ࡍࡽࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ៅ㔜 ㄽࢆ㏙ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࠶ࡿᅜࡀ㔞⮬ᅜẸࢆᖐࡉࡏ࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖேཱྀࡢᑡ࡞࠸ࡇࢁ࡛ ከᩘࢆ༨ࡵ࡚㆟ဨࢆࡘࡃࡿ࠸࠺ពᅗࢆᣢࡗࡓሙྜ࠺ࡍࡿࡢ ࠋ㺃㺃㺃ពᅗⓗᖐࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀ㉳ࡁࡓࡁࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ ៅ㔜࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠊࡣᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡ㸦๓ཎ 2012: 18㸧ࠋ ᪥㡑ేྜ 100 ࿘ᖺྜࢃࡏࡓእୖࡢᡭᅵ⏘ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢᨻ⟇ⓗඃඛ㡰ࡣ᱁ẁୖࡀࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊ㔠୰ᨻᶒ ௦ࡢࡼ࠺᪥㡑㛵ಀࡀ᭱Ⰻ࠸ࢃࢀࡓ௦⏕ࡌࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⤖ᯝࡣ㐪 ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡣ᪥㡑ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ᪥ᮅࠊ᪥
୰࡛ࡶࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㞴㢟ࡀᄇฟࡋࠊᑐᮾࢪእࡢ❧࡚┤ࡋࡢ୍⎔ࡋ ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀᵓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣୗ࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌࡓࡢࡣࠊ 㡿ᅵࡸṔྐၥ㢟ࢆᮏ᮶㛵ಀ࡞࠸እᅜேࡢᶒၥ㢟⤖ࡧࡅࡿᛮ⪃ᵝᘧ ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᑐὴࡀእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡳࡿࡢࡣࠊ᪥ᮏᅜෆࡢ࣐ࣀࣜ ࢸࡋ࡚ࡢእᅜே࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࠶ࡿ࿘㎶ㅖᅜࡢᗁᙳ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆㄽࡌ┤ࡍࡓࡵࡢᥦ̿̿⤖ㄒ௦࠼࡚ ࡞ࡐእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡇࢀၥ㢟ࡋࠊከᩘඪࡢࡶ࡛ࡶἲ ไኻᩋࡍࡿࡢࠋෑ㢌࡛ᣲࡆࡓၥ࠸┤᥋⟅࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ(1)ᅜෆ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡢࡶࡢࡀᮾࢪࡢᑐ❧ᵓ㐀ᕳࡁ㎸ࡲࢀ ࡓࠊ(2)ᑐㄽࡀ┒ࡾୖࡀࡾ᫂☜࡞தⅬ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࡺ࠼⡆༢ἲࢆᥦ ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠊ࡞ࡿࠋ (1)ࡘ࠸࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊࢹࢽࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉࡸᡓᚋ⿵ൾࡢㄽ⌮ࡔࡅ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᅜ 㝿㛵ಀࣜࣥࢡࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞㠀⌧ᐇⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡀཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ పࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ᪥㡑࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ୍ᐃࡢඃඛᗘࢆక࠺ ᨻㄢ㢟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊཧᨻᶒ㐠ືࡣ࠸ࢃࡤࢲࣈࣝ㺃ࣂࣥ ࢻ≧ἣ㝗ࡿࡀࠊᨻㄢ㢟㍕ࡏࡿࡣ᪥㡑㛵ಀ౫ᣐࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋ (2)ࢆᣍ࠸ࡓࡢࡣ(1)ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡃࡤ⬣ጾࢆక࠺ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ㄒ ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒၥ㢟ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛」㞧 ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ௨ୖࡣࠊᮾࢪࡢᆅᨻᏛⓗ᮲௳ࡀᨵၿࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ ᐇⓗࡣᡂ❧ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᪥㡑ࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ࿘㎶ㅖᅜࡢ㛵 ಀࡀⰋዲ࡛ࠊཧᨻᶒ᥎㐍ὴࡀᨻᶒࢆࡿ࠸࠺ࠊ2000 ᖺ 2009 ᖺࡢዲ ᮲௳ࡀ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠊᐇ⌧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀࡳ࠼࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ2009 ᖺࡢ ᨻᶒ௦ࡢ㝿࿘㎶ㅖᅜࡢ㛵ಀࡀⰋዲ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊἲไࡢᨻⓗࢥࢫ ࢺࡀୗࡀࡾࠊᐇ⌧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡀᮏ✏ࡽᚓࡽ ࢀࡿぢ㏻ࡋ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢ㛫ࡶᨻⓗᶒࢆ⾜࡛ࡁࡎᐂྞࡾ≧ែࡢࡲࡲ࠾ࢀ ࡿேࡓࡕࡀ࠸ࡿࡇࡣࠊᛀࢀࡉࡽࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡀఱ ୡ௦ࡶࢃࡓࡗ࡚㑅ᣲཧຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࢆၥ㢟どࡋࡓࡢࡣἲᏛ⪅࡛࠶ ࡾࠊᨻᏛ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᨻᏛࡣࠊࡇࡢⅬ࠶ࡲࡾ↓㛵ᚰ࣭ 㕌ឤ࡛࠶ࡾࡍࡂࡓࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀࡿࡁࠊୡ⏺ⓗࡳࡓࡁ ࡢㄽⅬࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓேࡓࡕࡢᶒㄽ࡞ࡿ43ࠋእᅜேཧᨻᶒㄽࡢࠕṇᖖࠖ ࡢࡓࡵࡣࠊ࣐ࣀࣜࢸၥ㢟ࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࢆ❧࡚┤ࡍࡇࡀ๓ᥦ᮲௳࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ♫Ꮫⓗ࡞ศᯒ࡛⌧ᐇࡢᨻ㐣⛬ࢆゎࡁࡄࡍ ࡇຍ࠼࡚ࠊᨻ⌮ㄽࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᚲせᛶࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ࠝὀࠞ 1 ࠗẸඪᨻ⟇ᥦゝ㞟 INDEX2009࠘ࠋ 2 ᮏ✏ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㦵᱁ࡣࠊᵽཱྀ㸦2011㸧࡛࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊෆᐜⓗࡶ࡞ࡾ㔜 ࡞ࡿ⥆⦅ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋᅜ㆟ဨࡸእ⩏㐠ືᑐࡍࡿ⪺ ࡁྲྀࡾࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏳಖ㞀ࡢ㛵㐃ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣู ㏵㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᵽཱྀ㸦2014㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 3 ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᲚ⏣㸦1996b㸧ࠊ㛗ᑿ㸦2001㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࠺ࡕᲚ⏣ࡣࠊࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢᣲࡆࡿእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢ㜼ᐖせᅉࢆ᪥ᮏᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࡶ ࡢࡔࡀࠊᮾࢪࡢ≧ἣゝཬࡋࡓⅬ࡛ඛ㥑ⓗ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ㛗ᑿࡣࠊἲᚊㄽࡋ࡚እᅜ ேཧᨻᶒࡣ㐪᠇࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᨻⓗ⮬ศࡣᑐ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋἲᚊㄽࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊࡍ࡛ㄽⅬࡀฟᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿឤࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ᭱᪂ࡢᩚ⌮ࡢヨࡳࡋ࡚బ⸨㸦2008㸧 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 4 እᅜேཧᨻᶒၥ㢟ࢆᨻၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣࠊ➹⪅ࡢ▱ࡿ㝈ࡾἙཎ࣭᳜ᮧ 㸦2006㸧ᵽཱྀ㸦2001㸧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ➹⪅ࡣࠊᙜึࡑࢀࢆᨻⓗゝㄝ㸦ᕷẸᶒㄽ㸧ࡢ 㘒ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊᑐ❧ࡍࡿゝㄝࡢᛮ⪃Ṇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿබศẕࡋ࡚ࠊᆅ᪉ᕷẸᶒ࠸ ࠺ᴫᛕࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ἲᏛ⪅ࡢ㏆⸨ᩔ㸦2006㸧ࡣࠊࠕᆅ᪉ᕷẸᶒ࡞ࡿἲᚊᴫ ᛕࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࡋ࡚➹⪅ࢆ㛗ࠎᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣἲᚊᨻⓗゝㄝࡢ┦ 㐪ࢆ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࡺ࠼ࡢࠕㄗ⇿࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ㈶ᡂὴࡢ㏆⸨ࡶᑐὴࡢ㛗ᑿ୍⣫㸦2010㸧 ࡶࠊἲᏛ⪅ࡣᨻၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡢ⌮ゎࡣ↓⬟ࡪࡾࢆࡉࡽࡍࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࡀ࢝ࢹ࣑ࢵࢡ࡞ㄽதࢆΰ㏞ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 5 ᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿ⤂ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊఀ⸨㸦1991㸧ࠊᲚ⏣㸦1996a㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 6 ㆟㐃ົᒁᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 2 ᪥ࠋ 7 ࡇࢀࡣ 1952 ᖺࡢᅜ⡠㞳⬺ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᡓᚋ┤ᚋࡢⅬ࡛ᮅ㩭༙ᓥฟ㌟⪅ࡢ ᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆ㝖ࡍࡿࡃཧᨻᶒࡀṆࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Ỉ㔝 1996, 1997㸧ࠋ 8 ᮔᫀ᠇ࠊ ࠕᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒࡣࠗᅾ᪥࠘ࡢᇶᮏⓗேᶒࠖㄽቭࠗᮅ᪥᪂⪺࠘1995 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 23 ᪥ࠋ 9 㡿ᅵၥ㢟ࡣࠊ㡑ᅜࡸ୰ᅜࠊྎ‴ࡢഃ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏࡢ㐣ཤࡢ␎ࡢ⤖ᯝࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ
ࢀࡣ㛵ಀ࡞࠸࠸࠺᪥ᮏࡢ❧ሙ࡛ࡣㄒࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ 10 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᵓᅗࡣࠊ9.11 ᚋࡢḢ⡿࠾ࡅࡿ࣒ࢫ࣒ࣜ⛣Ẹࡀ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࠶ࡿ⛬ ᗘ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⤫ྜࡢኻᩋࠖࡋ࡚ࢮࣀࣇ࢛ࣅࡢᶆⓗ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ ࡓ࣒ࢫ࣒ࣜ⛣Ẹࡣࠊ9.11 ௨㝆ࠕࢸࣟࣜࢫࢺணഛ㌷ࠖࡋ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞᩺ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᮾࢪࡢ෭ᡓࡣ᪥ᮏ㏆㞄ㅖᅜࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᰿ᗏࡽつᐃࡍࡿせᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡞࠾ࡘ୰㡑ࡢ⤒῭ⓗྎ㢌ࡀ┦ಗࡗ࡚ᜏᖖⓗ࡞ᜍᛧឤࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊ ᮾࢪࡢᆅᨻᏛⓗせᅉእᅜேཧᨻᶒၥ㢟ࡢ㐃㛵ࡣᙉࡃࠊゎỴࡀࡼࡾᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 11 ࡇࢀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘඹ㏻ࡍࡿᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ Söderberg㸦2011a㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢཧᨻᶒᑐࡍࡿゝཬ࡛ࡣ㡯ࣔࢹࣝ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Söderberg 2011b㸧ࠋ 12 ࣈ࣮࣮ࣝ࣋࢝ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣᮾḢࡢẸ᪘ၥ㢟ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ࢚ ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࣭ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒◊✲㛵ࢃࡿ⏝ㄒࡀ࡞ࡾὀព῝ࡃࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡋ࡚⣽ࡃศ㢮ࡋ࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡀ↹⍢࡞ࡿࡔࡅ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ⡆␎ࡋ࡚ ♧ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿࠋ 13 ࡇࢀࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ௦࡞ࡗ࡚බⓗࡶࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠕከᩥඹ⏕ࠖᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ ぢ࠼࡞࠸ഃ㠃࡛࠶ࡾࠊᅜᐙ࠸࠺ኚᩘࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡲ࡞࠸ࡇࡢᴫᛕࡢḞ㝗ࡀ㟢࿊ࡍࡿࡇ ࢁ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ 14 ཧᨻᶒ࡛࡞ࡃࠕ㑅ᣲᶒࠖ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡽᢞ᭩ࡸẸᅋᨭ㒊ࡢせᮃࢆྲྀࡾୖ ࡆࡓグࡀ࠸ࡃࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ 15 ᪥㡑ἲⓗᆅ༠ᐃᇶ࡙ࡃ༠㆟ࡢ⤖ᯝ㛵ࡍࡿぬ᭩ࠊ1991 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 10 ᪥ࠋ 16 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓุࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚎ㸦1992, 1995㸧࡛ᙜ⪅ࡢᐤ✏ࢆྵࡵ࡚ヲࡋࡃ⤂ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 17 ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࠊ2010 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 22 ᪥ࠋ 18 ᣦ⣠ᢲᤫᑐ㐠ືࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᢲᤫᣄྰ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛せồࢆࣆ࣮ࣝࡍࡿሙࡣཧᨻᶒ ⋓ᚓ㐠ືࡣ☜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡢ᪥ᖖどⅬࢆ㔜どࡍࡿࠗࡿࡶ ࢇᩥ࠘ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒ≉㞟ࢱࢺࣝࡣࠊࠕᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡀ㑅ᣲ⾜ࡃ᪥ࠖࡔࡗࡓ㸦ࠗ ࡿࡶࢇᩥ࠘⦅㞟ጤဨ 1992㸧ࠋཧᨻᶒࡣᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊಶࠎேࡀᐃᮇⓗ ⾜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࢆࡇࡢࢱࢺࣝࡣ♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠕ㑅ᣲ⾜ࡅ࡞࠸ࠖṇ⩏ࢆ ᆅ᪉㑅ᣲࡢᶵࢆᤊ࠼࡚ッ࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊᣦ⣠ᢲᤫྠᵝྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓࠋᅾ᪥ඪࡢືࡁ ࡀࡑࢀᙜࡓࡿࡋࠊ1995 ᖺࡣḷᡭࡢᕝすᮥࡀཧ㝔㑅ࡢ❧ೃ⿵ࢆཷ⌮ࡉࢀࡎᗙࡾ㎸ ࡳ࡛ᢠ㆟ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ࠗᮅ᪥᪂⪺࠘1995 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 7 ᪥㸧ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࠕ᪥㡑ࠖ ࠸࠺ᯟࢆ㉸࠼ࡓཧᨻᶒࡢࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ⌧ᐇࡣ㞟ᐉゝᩥ᥇ᢥࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍ௨ୖࡢ⾜ືࡣⓎ⏕ࡏࡎࠊ୍⯡ࡢᅾ᪥ࢥࣜࣥࡸ ᕷẸ㐠ືࡽࡢࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡢ㍯ࡣᗈࡀࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ⮬Ẹඪෆࡢᑐㄽࡀ 2000 ᖺᗈࡀࡗࡓࡁࡶࠊẸᅋᕷẸ㐠ືࡀᆅᇦࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㐃ᦠࡋ࡚ᅜ࣮ࣜࣞ㞟ࢆ 㛤ദࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓヨࡳࡋ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ♫㐠ື࡛࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ༠ຊ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ♫Ẹඪ⣔ࡢᖹࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊࡢ⛣Ẹཷධᅜ࡛ ࡶཧᨻᶒࢆồࡵࡿᙉຊ࡞㐠ືࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊཧᨻᶒࡢࡣᨻุ᩿ࡶ ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊ᪥ᮏࡢཧᨻᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠ືࡣᅜ㝿ⓗࡳࢀࡤάⓎࡔ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡔ ࡀࠋ 19 ᓊ⏣ᕷ㆟ᑐࡋ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒࢆồࡵࡿㄳ㢪ࢆᥦฟࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊẸᅋࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ࡀẸᅋ㛵ࢃࡿᅾ᪥㡑ᅜே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ࡽᓊ⏣ᕷ㆟࡛ࡣ 1992 ᖺ᪥㡑ዲぶၿ㆟ဨ㐃┕ࢆ⤖ᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢯ࢘ࣝẶࡢỌⓏᾆ༊㆟ࡢὶ࡛㡑ᅜ ഃࡽാࡁࡅࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺㸦ࠕ㜰ᗓᓊ⏣ᕷࠊᅜ࡛ึࡵ࡚ࠗᐃఫእᅜேᑐࡍ
ࡿཧᨻᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿ࠘Ỵ㆟ࠖࠗᏘห Sai࠘9: 18-19ࠊ1993㸧ࠋ 20 ᰘ㚩୕Ặᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2010 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 22 ᪥ࠋ 21 ᰘࡣࡇࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࢆఱᗘࡶᅜ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚࠾ࡾࠊẖᅇࡰྠࡌㄽ⌮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ➨ 142 ᅇ⾗㝔ண⟬ጤဨ㆟㘓 15 ྕࠊ1998 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 27 ᪥ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 22 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᵓᅗࡣࠊወጁ࡞⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᳜Ẹᆅ⩏ࡢΎ⟬ၥ㢟ࡀᏑᅾ ࡍࡿࡇࢆྰᐃࡋࡉ࠼ࡍࢀࡤࠊཧᨻᶒࡣせ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࣁ࣐࣮ࣥࡢ࠸࠺ࠕᖐ ࣔࢹࣝࠖࠕཧᨻᶒࣔࢹࣝࠖ༶ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊ๓⪅౫ᣐࡋࡓಟṇ⩏ࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿࠋ እᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣࠊᅜ⡠ࢹࣥࢸࢸࠊᅜẸẸ᪘ࡡࡌࢀࢆ⏕ࡴࡓࡵᑐ࠸ ࠺㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦℧ᕝ 2002; 㒯 2010a, 2010b㸧ࡇࢀࡣࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ➽ࡀ㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ ࡳ࠼ࡿࡀࠊ௨ୗࡢ 2 Ⅼ࡛㐺ษ࡞ฎ᪉⟢ࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋ➨ 1 ࠊࠕࡡࡌࢀࠖ⮬యࡀ᳜Ẹ ᆅΎ⟬ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺๓ᥦࢆ㍍どࡍࡿࡀࡺ࠼ࠊࡇࡢㄽࡣ⌧ᐇⓗࡣ◚⥢ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋᪧ᳜Ẹᆅฟ㌟⪅ᑐࡍࡿ᪥ᮏᨻᗓࡢฎ㐝ࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ูỌఫ⪅ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕࡡࡌࢀࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓṔྐⓗ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ᐇ༶ ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ➨ 2 ࠊࠕཧᨻᶒࣔࢹࣝࠖࡀⓏሙࡋࡓࡢࡣࠕᖐࣔࢹࣝࠖࡀᶵ⬟ ࡋ࡞࠸⌧ᐇࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆࢁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖐ࡛ࠕࡡࡌࢀࠖࢆ⡆༢ゎᾘ࡛ࡁ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࠕཧᨻᶒࣔࢹࣝࠖࡣᚲせ࡞࠸ࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᖐࡏࡎᨻ ⓗᶒࢆ⾜ࡋ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ୍⏕ࢆ⤊࠼ࡿேࡀ࠸ࡿ⌧≧ࢆࠊㄆࡋṇᙜࡍࡿࡔࡅ⤊ ࢃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࠕཧᨻᶒࡀḧࡋࡅࢀࡤᖐࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺⮬Ẹඪࡢㄽ⌮㝃 ྜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉ⓗᖐࢆ㏕ࡿࡢࡣࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡡࡌࢀࠖࡢゎᾘ࠸ ࠺Ⅼ࡛ㄽ⌮ⓗ୍㈏ᛶࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊᅜ⡠ἲ⏕ᆅ⩏ࡢせ⣲ࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿᥦゝࢭ ࢵࢺ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ 23 ࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᜥ྿࠘140 ྕࠊ1999 ᖺ 7 ᭶ࠊ17 㡫ࠋ 24 ࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡢᑐㄽࡑࢀࡢㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏆⸨㸦2000㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 25 㛶⤒㦂⪅ᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2010 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 22 ᪥ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ⮬⏤ඪ௦⾲ࡔࡗࡓᑠἑ ୍㑻ࡀᮅ㩭⡠ࢆྵࡵࡿἲࡀ㏻㐣ࡋ࡞࠸㞴Ⰽࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᮅ㩭⡠ࢆ㝖ࡋࡓἲ ࡋ࡚ᥦฟࡋ┤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 26 ࡇࢀ⮬యࡣࠊᇳ⾜㒊ᑐࡍࡿ≌ไ࠸࠺⛬ᗘࡢ㆟㐃࡛࠶ࡾࠊᑐࡢពᛮ⾲᫂ࢆࡍࡿ ௨ୖࡢࡇࡣࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᖹἑᰤẶᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2011 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 13 ᪥㸧ࠋ タ❧⥲ฟᖍࡋࡓᅜ㆟ဨࡣࠊᒾᒇẎࠊ⮻᪥ฟ⏨ࠊዟ㔝ㄔுࠊᑠṈᮌඵ㑻ࠊᲚᒣ ᘯᚿࠊᑠᓥᩄ⏨ࠊ㜰ୖၿ⚽ࠊబ⸨๛⏨ࠊ◁⏣ᆂభࠊ㧗ᕷ᪩ⱑࠊ୰ᮏኴ⾨ࠊⲶ㔝ᾈᇶࠊ ⴥಙ⾜ࠊᯘ┬அࠊཎ⏣⩏ࠊᖹἑᰤࠊᯇ㔝༤୍ࠊᮧୖㄔ୍㑻ࠊ᳃ⱥࠊ᳃ᒸṇ ᏹࠊྜྷ⏣භᕥ࢚㛛ࠊ⡿⏣ᘓ୕㸦௨ୖ⾗㝔㸧ࠊ▼ΏΎඖࠊᒾᇛගⱥࠊ⊁㔝Ᏻࠊட㑳ኵࠊ ᮌᮧோࠊ⏣ᐶஅࠊ୰ᕝ⩏㞝ࠊಖᆏ୕ⶶࠊ᳃⏣ḟኵࠊᒣෆಇኵࠊ౫⏣ᬛ㸦௨ୖཧ㝔ࠊ ࠗRAIK ㏻ಙ࠘65 ྕࠊ2000 ᖺ 11 ᭶㸧ࠋ 27 ࠕእᅜேཧᨻᶒ␗㆟࠶ࡾʊʊᗈࡀࡿᑐࠊៅ㔜ㄽ㹼᪥ᮏ㆟ᅜ㆟ဨ᠓ㄯ⥲ ࡛ࡢᥦゝࡼࡾࠖࠗ᪥ᮏࡢᜥ྿࠘156 ྕࠊ2000 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 28 ᢼ⮴ၥ㢟௨㝆ࠊᮅ㩭⥲㐃ࡣᑐእⓗ࡞Ⓨಙࡀᐇ㉁ⓗྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛ࡇࡑ⾲ ฟ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⥲㐃⮬యࡣᮏᅜࡢᣦ♧ࢆཷࡅ࡚እᅜேཧᨻᶒᑐࡔࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅾ ᪥ෆ㒊࡛ࡢពぢࡢศࢆ៧៖ࡍࡿኌࡣࠊᅾ᪥▱㆑ேࡢ㛫ࡶᏑᅾࡋࡓ㸦e.g. ጧ 1994㸧ࠋ ࡑࢀࢆ㏫ᡭࡗࡓ㆟ㄽ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 29 ࡇࡢ⾲ࡢసᡂ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡶࡗࡶᡭཌࡃሗ㐨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⏘⤒᪂⪺ᮅ᪥᪂⪺ࢆཧ⪃ ࡋࡓࠋ 30 ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪࠕࢃࡀࣜ࣋ࣛࣝឡ㠉ࠖࡽᘬ⏝
㸦http://www.hatoyama.gr.jp/speech/ot02_2.html㸧ࠋ 31 2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࠊ㬀ᒣẶᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠋ 32 Ẹᅋᑐࡋ࡚ᑠἑࡣࡑ࠺ゝ᫂ࡋࡓ࠸࠺㸦Ẹᅋᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2010 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 10 ᪥㸧ࠋ 33 ᙜࡣࠊᨻᑟࡸᅜᐙᡓ␎ᒁࡢタ⨨ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ពᛮỴᐃࡢ⤌ࡳ࡙ࡃࡾࡀ᭱ඃඛㄢ 㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏻࡛࠶ࢀࡤእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡣႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦㬀ᒣẶ ᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 21 ᪥㸧ࠋ 34 Ẹᅋᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2010 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 10 ᪥ࠋ 35 ᨻᶒ௦௨㝆ࠊẸᅋࡢάືࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣟࣅ࣮ࣥࢢ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊୡㄽࡢᨭᣢ ࢆッ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ືࡁࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋἲࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡓẁ㝵࡛⾤㢌₇ㄝ࡞ࢆࡍࡿணᐃࡔ ࡗࡓࡀࠊᅜࡢືࡁࢆࡦࡓࡍࡽᚅࡘࡔࡅࡢཷືⓗ࡞≧ἣࡔࡗࡓ࠸࠺㸦㡑ᅜ㟷ᖺ ᑐࡍࡿ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾࠊ2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 20 ᪥㸧ࠋ 36 ࠗ᫂᪥ࡢ㑅ᢥ࠘ࠗ♽ᅜ㟷ᖺ࠘࠸ࡗࡓྑ⩼㞧ㄅ࡛ࡶࠊྠᵝእᅜேཧᨻᶒࡀྲྀ ࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࠕ୰ᅜேၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢእᅜேཧᨻᶒၥ㢟 ṇ࣭⥆ࠖࠗ᫂᪥ ࡢ㑅ᢥ࠘287-288: 32-36, 26-29ࠋ 37 㞧ㄅグࡢỈ‽࡛ࡶࠊ௨ୗࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕእᅜேཧᨻᶒእ⩏ࠖࠗ㐌 ห㔠᭙᪥࠘2010 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 12 ྕࠋࠕࠗᑐ㤿ࡀ༴࡞࠸!!࣮࠘࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࡢ࠾⢒ᮎࠖࠗ㐌ห㔠᭙ ᪥࠘2009 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 13 ᪥ྕࠋࠕእᅜேࡢᆅ᪉ཧᨻᶒࡢࠗᑐㄽ࠘ᑐࡍࡿࠖࠗࢥࣜ
NGO ࢭࣥࢱ࣮News Letter࠘Vol.22, 2010ࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊཧᨻᶒᑐㄽࡶ㐌หㄅࡀ࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ ࣮ࣥࢆ⤌ࡴࡣ㛵ᚰࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ୍⯡ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡃࡁ࡞தⅬ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸ ࠺ࡼࡾࡣྑὴࡢ༴ᶵឤࢆႏ㉳ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡓ࠺ࡀࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 38 Ẹᅋ࡛ཧᨻᶒ⋓ᚓ㐠ືࡢ㈐௵⪅ࢆ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ࡘࡵ࡚ࡁࡓᚎඖႀ㸦2010㸧ࡣࠊᑐㄽ ᑐࡋ࡚ᑀㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡀᗈࡲࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 39 ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ᆺⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᅾ᪥≉ᶒࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ࡢ㛗࡛࠶ࡿᱜㄔࡢ ⴭసࢆཧ↷㸦ᱜ 2006, 2010㸧ࠋ 40 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣᣲࡆࢀࡤࡁࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡓ࠼ࡤ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࠋࠕᅾ᪥እᅜேᆅ᪉ཧ ᨻᶒࡀᅾ᪥୰ᅜேࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊ㔞ࡢᅾ᪥୰ᅜேࡀఫẸ⚊ࢆ㑣ᅜᓥ⛣ࡋࠊ ぶ୰ὴ㸦⮬⾨㝲㸧ࡢ⏫㛗ࡀㄌ⏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡍࡽ࠶ࡿࠖ㸦℈ཱྀ 2010: 61㸧ࠋࠕ୰ᅜࡢᡓ ␎ࡽぢࢀࡤ͐୰ᅜேỌఫ⪅ࡀᆅ᪉㑅ᣲ㛵ࡋࠊྜἲⓗ᪥⡿㞳㛫ࠊ⮬⾨㝲㓄ഛࢆ 㜼Ṇࡍࡿᢞ⚊ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡇࡣࠊࡲࡇ㢪ࡗ࡚ࡶ࡞࠸ᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦ᖹᯇ 2010: 47㸧ࠋ 41 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ◊✲⪅ࡋ࡚ࡲࡶㄽࡍࡿ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿࡣ฿ᗏᛮ࠼ࡎࠊ ṇ㠃ࡽ᳨ドࡍࡿពḧࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ࢚ࢵࢭ࡛ࡑࡢⲨ၈↓✍ࡪࡾࢆᣦࡍࡿ ࡵ࡚࠾ࡃ㸦ᵽཱྀ 2011b㸧ࠋ 42 ┤᥋⏝࠸ࡓࡢࡣ᪥ᮏ㆟ࡢࣅ࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿࡀ 㸦http://www.nipponkaigi.org/opinion/archives/961#more-961㸧ࠊᑐㄽ࡛ࡰඹ㏻ࡢࣇ࢛ ࣮࣐ࢵࢺࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 43 ᪤ฟࡢᨻᏛⓗ࡞◊✲ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᨻ⌮ㄽࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡋ࡚ࡓ࠼ࡤ
ᩥ⊩
Ⲩᮌ༤㸪1997㸪ࠗᅾ᪥㡑ᅜ࣭ᮅ㩭ேࡢཧᨻᶒせồࢆ⣓ࡍ࠘ள⣖᭩ᡣ㸬
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