• 検索結果がありません。

InvitedTalk@FTC2011ja 最近の更新履歴 Hideo Fujiwara InvitedTalk@FTC2011

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2018

シェア "InvitedTalk@FTC2011ja 最近の更新履歴 Hideo Fujiwara InvitedTalk@FTC2011"

Copied!
42
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)

第64回 FTC 研究会(2011年1月20日 22日)

テスト生成アルゴリズムとベンチマークの歴史

半世紀の歩み

藤原 秀雄

奈良先端科学技術大学院大学 情報科学研究科 〒630-0192 生駒市高山町 8916-5

E-mail: [email protected]

あ ら ま し R.D.Eldred がテスト生成に関する世界で最初の論文を 1959 年の Journal

of ACM に発表してからちょうど半世紀が過ぎました。 その間、数多くの優れたテスト

生成アルゴリズムが研究開発され、 今日の半導体産業を支える多くの優れた ATPG ツー

ルに至っています。 本講演では、テスト生成アルゴリズムの歴史を振り返り、個性豊

かなアルゴリズムが次々と研究開発されて来た半世紀の歩みを紹介します。 また、そ

れらの活発な研究の起爆剤となった ISCAS85, ISCAS89, ITC99 のベンチマークがどのよ

うに作られ、多くの研究者に役立って来たか、その歴史についても紹介します。

History of Test Generation Algorithms and Benchmarks

– Half a Century of the Progress –

Hideo FUJIWARA

Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology

8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Half a century has passed since R. D. Eldred published the first paper on test

generation in Journal of ACM in 1959. Until now, many excellent algorithms for test generation

have been reported and they have come to many excellent ATPG tools supporting today’s

semiconductor industries. In this talk, looking back on the long history of test generation

algorithms, we introduce those excellent and unique ATPG algorithms that appeared and

contributed in the progress of half a century. We also introduce the history of benchmarks of

ISCAS85, ISCAS89, and ITC99 that became the trigger of those active and animated research

and development.

(2)

生成 ンチ 史

〜 半世紀 歩 〜

良先端科学技術大学院大学

情報科学研究科

藤原 雄

2011 1 20-22

第 回FTC研究会

話 内容

履 書

生成 史

余談 (FAN, 非 キャン )

ンチ 史

(3)

話 内容

履 書

生成 史

余談 (FAN, 非 キャン )

ンチ 史

1974 4

阪大 大学院 工学研究科 博士課程了

1985 4

阪大 工学部 電子工学科

1993 4

良先端大 情報科学研究科

明治大 理工学部 情報科学科

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

(4)

1974 4

1985 4

阪大

1993 4

良先端大

明治大

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

TC: Trans. on Computers

TCAD: Trans. on Computer-

Aided-Design

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

H. Fujiwara, et al., "Easily testable sequential machines

with extra inputs," IEEE Trans. on Computers,1975.

キャン設計 理論的研究

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

(5)

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

H. Fujiwara, et al., "A design of programmable logic arrays

with universal tests," IEEE Trans. on Computers, 1981.

Edward McCluskey 教授 論文

そ 後 Stanford PLA DFT 研究 行わ

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

H. Fujiwara, et al., "The complexity of fault detection problems

for combinational circuits," IEEE Trans. on Computers, 1982.

当時最高速 FAN 発明 元 理論的論文

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

(6)

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

H. Fujiwara, et al., "On the acceleration of test generation

algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Computers, 1983.

FAN , 当時世界最高速 国内外 企業 採用

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

Hideo Fujiwara, “Logic Testing and Design for Testability,”

The MIT Press, 1985

海外 大学 キ 使わ

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

(7)

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

H. Fujiwara, "A new class of sequential circuits with

combinational test generation complexity,"

IEEE Trans. on Computers, 2000.

い概念( 等価性) 入, 高度 DFT 応用

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

Emil Gizdarski, Hideo Fujiwara, "SPIRIT: A Highly

Robust Combinational Test Generation Algorithm,"

IEEE Trans. on Computer Aided Design, 2002.

当時世界最高速 ATPG

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

(8)

1974 4

1985 4

1993 4

2011 3

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

阪大

良先端大

明治大

IEEE TCAD (ATPG)

Hideo Fujiwara, et al.,

"A Non-Scan Design-for-Testability for Register-Transfer Level

Circuits to Guarantee Linear-Depth Time Expansion Models,"

IEEE Trans. on Computer-Aided Design, 2008.

い非 キャン方式 キャン設計方式 効

自分 気 入 い

研究成果

1974 4

1985 4

阪大

1993 4

良先端大

明治大

2011 3

単独 研究

五 十 代 四 十 代 十 代

研究 教育

国内学会

研究

国 学会

IEEE TC (DFT)

1975

IEEE TC (DFT)

1981

IEEE TC (Complexity)

1982

IEEE TC (ATPG)

1983

MIT Press

IEEE TC (Complexity+DFT)

2000

IEEE TC (ATPG)

2001

IEEE TCAD (DFT)

2008

(9)

話 内容

履 書

生成 史

余談 (FAN, 非 キャン )

ンチ 史

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

ベンチマークについては、後ほど、

詳しく紹介いたします。

(10)

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1966 D (Roth, IBM)

与え 故 冗長 あ 否 を 定 冗長 い故 あ そ を

検出す タ ンを常 求 完全

D 最初

年 発表 後 IBM 使わ ,日本 各 ン ュ タ カ 採

用 .比較的効率 い あ 年以 わ

D 役目を果 大規

模化 伴い 高速 必要

1959 R.E. Eldred, Datamatic

組合せ回路 生成を扱 最初 論文

真空管 ン ュ タ Datamatic-1000 診断 適用

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

D 発想 桁高速

を考案

1983 FAN (Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大

PODEM 効率 良いい 発見的手法

を考案 大型計算機 ン 実 使わ 大規模 回路を

使 実験を行い PODEM 数倍 一桁以 効率 良い を示

そ 後 FAN を 自動 生成 日本 複

数 企業 開発 使わ う

(11)

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1988 SOCRATES (Schulz & Auth,

ュン ン工科大

ISCAS85 ンチ 年後

チ す 対 % 故 検出効率を達

成す 初 成功

1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita

1992 Recursive Learning

(Kunz, U. Hannover)

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1992 SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

SAT 最初

年 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

ITC99 ンチ 以前 ISCAS85, ISCAS89

チ 回路す 対 当時 生成

%故 検出効率を達成 い ITC99 大規模 ンチ

出現 市販 生成 え % 故

検出効率を達成 い回路 現 そ 後 年

E.Gizdarski 筆者 発表 SPIRIT ITC9 ンチ

対 % 故 検出効率を達成す 成功 い

2008 SAT (Drechsler , Univ. of Bremen)

強力 SAT solver 出現 注目

(12)

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1968 年 拡張 D (Kubo, NEC)

NEC H.Kubo D を順序

回路用 拡張 拡張 D 発表

い 興味深い , D 発明

J.P.Roth 同様 拡張 D

を 年遅 発表 い 点 あ

生成 け 日本 研究

非常 高 を示す良い事例

1976 値法 (Muth, Univ. of Karlsruhe)

拡張 D 系列 存在す 故 対

常 そ 系列を生成 限 い そ 意味

組合せ回路 対 完全 D 順序回路

対 完全 い を解消

1978 P. Muth 発表 値法

値法 そ 発生確率 拡張 D

い 特長 あ

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

1988 CONTEST (

組合せ回路 対 多 成功事例 あ

対 ,順序回路 対 そ 非

常 少 い そ 中 知

研究所 開発 CONTEST

1991 HITEC (

ノ 大学 J.H.Patel 開発

HITEC HITEC Sunrise

TestGen 採用 現在 Synopsys

TetraMAX 発展

1992 Real-value Simulation

(Hatayama, et al. 日立 )

(13)

生成 史

組合せ回路 順序回路

D (Roth, IBM)

1981 PODEM (Goel, IBM)

1983 FAN

(Fujiwara & Shimono, 阪大) 1985 ISCAS85 benchmarks 1987 CONT (Takamatsu & Kinoshita) 1988 SOCRATES

(Schulz & Auth, Munich Inst.)

1992 Recursive Learning (Kunz, U.Hannover) SAT (Larrabee, Stanford)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

2001 SPIRIT (Gizdarski & Fujiwara, NAIST)

1968 拡張D (Kubo, NEC)

1984 HITEST (Bending, Cirrus)

1989 ISCAS89 benchmarks 1986 (Marlett, HHB)

1988 CONTEST (Agrawal, Bell Lab.)

1991 HITEC (Sunrise TestGen) (Niermann & Patel, Illinois)

1999 ITC99 benchmarks

1995 遺伝

(Rudnick & Patel, Illinois)

1971 拡張D (Putzolu & Roth, IBM) 1978 値法(Muth)

1992 Real-value Simulation (Hatayama, et al. 日立) 19 R. D. Eldred

1966 次元経路活性化法(Armstrong)

2008 SAT-based ATPG (Drechsler, et al. Univ. of Bremen )

2001 Functional RTL ATPG (Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通)

2001 Functional RTL ATPG

(Ghosh & Fujita, 富士通 )

設計 流 生成 特

機能記述RTL 自動 生成

話 内容

履 書

生成 史

余談 (FAN, 非 キャン )

ンチ 史

(14)

The basis is necessary for development

発展 基礎 必要

•  For a tree to grow larger, its root must grow bigger and deeper

into the ground.

 

Similarly, for test technologies (leaves) to develop, substantial

results of the fundamental research (root) are necessary.

 

The more enriched the fundamental research results become,

the more enriched the practical research results become.

Fundamental problems of testing

基本

What are the fundamentals of testing?

Fundamentals of testing ???

I had the opportunity to ask myself

the same question 28 years ago

when I was requested to write a book

from MIT Press.

(15)

Test Generation

Design for Testability

Fundamental problems of testing

基本

So, I decided to write a book with the following title.

Hideo Fujiwara, Logic Testing and Design for Testability,

The MIT Press, 1985

Fundamental problems of testing

基本

So, I decided to write a book with the following title.

Hideo Fujiwara, Logic Testing and Design for Testability,

The MIT Press, 1985

(16)

経験

理論的 基礎的研究 実用的研究 貢献す

Polynomial Time Class ???

テスト生成複雑度解析

FAN algorithm

高速のテスト生成アルゴリズム

生成 い 代 @ 阪大 )

容易化設計 い (@ 良先端大 )

順序回路の分類 最適なテスト容易化設計 Acyclic

testability???

Non-scan DFT

経験

理論的 基礎的研究 実用的研究 貢献す

Polynomial Time Class ???

テスト生成複雑度解析

FAN algorithm

高速のテスト生成アルゴリズム

順序回路の分類 最適なテスト容易化設計 Acyclic

testability???

Non-scan DFT

生成 い 代 @ 阪大 )

容易化設計 い (@ 良先端大 )

(17)

•  Fault detection (FD): Is a given single stuck-at fault detectable?

kM-FD: Fault detection problem for k-level monotone circuits

kU-FD: Fault detection problem for k-level unate circuits

 

Theorem 1 :

3M-FD is NP-complete.

Hence,

3U-FD and FD are NP-complete.

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

•  A combinational circuit C is said to be k-bounded if there exists a partition

Π={B

1

, B

2

, …, B

t

} such that

(1) the number of inputs of each block Bi is at most k, and

(2) graph G

Π

has no cycle.

B

1

B

4

B

2

B

5

B

3

G

Π

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

(18)

Theorem : Let C be a k-bounded circuit. Then there is an algorithm

of time complexity O ( 16

k

m ) to find a test for a single stuck-at fault in C,

where m is the number of lines in C.

3-bounded circuit 6-bounded circuit

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

•  k-FL-FD: Fault detection problem for k-fanout-limited circuits

•  k-FPB-FD: Fault detection problem for k-fanout-point-bounded

circuits

k-fanout-limited k-fanout-point-bounded

 

Theorem 3 :

k-FL-FD is NP-complete if k>2.

k-FPB-FD is solvable in O(4

k

m) where m is the number of lines in C.

この定理の証明で、分岐点(fanout-

point) に0,1,D, D’の4値を割り当てる

テスト生成アルゴリズムを示した。

このアルゴリズムが、後のFANアルゴ

リズムの元になった。

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

(19)

•  Observation:

k-FL-FD is NP-complete even if k is a constant.

k-FPB-FD is solvable in O(m) if k is a constant.

k-fanout-limited k-fanout-point-bounded

 

The complexity of test generation is affected

not by the number of fanout branches from a fanout point

but by the number of fanout points.

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

定理の証明で示したアルゴリズムが,FANアルゴリズム

の元になった。

Polynomial Time Class ???

テスト生成複雑度解析

FAN algorithm

高速のテスト生成アルゴリズム

Complexity of test generation

生成複雑度 [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp, 1982]

(20)

•  Strategy 1: In each step of the algorithm, determine as many signal values as

possible that can be uniquely implied.

Heuristics of the FAN algorithm

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp., 1983]

38

•  Strategy 1: In each step of the algorithm, determine as many signal values as

possible that can be uniquely implied.

 

Strategy 2: Assign a fault signal D or D’ that is uniquely determined or implied by the

fault in question.

 

Strategy 3: When the D-frontier consists of a single gate, apply a unique

sensitization.

D-frontier becomes empty and backtrack occurs later

Heuristics of the FAN algorithm

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp., 1983]

Unique assignment can reduce backtracks

(21)

39

•  Strategy 1: In each step of the algorithm, determine as many signal values as

possible that can be uniquely implied.

 

Strategy 2: Assign a fault signal D or D’ that is uniquely determined or implied by the

fault in question.

 

Strategy 3: When the D-frontier consists of a single gate, apply a unique

sensitization.

 

Strategy 4: Stop the backtrace at a head line, and postpone the line justification for

the head line to later.

This can reduce backtracks

Heuristics of the FAN algorithm

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp., 1983]

•  Strategy 1: In each step of the algorithm, determine as many signal values as

possible that can be uniquely implied.

 

Strategy 2: Assign a fault signal D or D’ that is uniquely determined or implied by the

fault in question.

 

Strategy 3: When the D-frontier consists of a single gate, apply a unique

sensitization.

 

Strategy 4: Stop the backtrace at a head line, and postpone the line justification for

the head line to later.

 

Strategy 5: Multiple backtracing (concurrent backtracing of more than one path) is

more efficient than backtracing along a single path.

Heuristics of the FAN algorithm

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp., 1983]

This can reduce computation of backtrace as well as backtracks

(22)

•  Strategy 1: In each step of the algorithm, determine as many signal values as

possible that can be uniquely implied.

 

Strategy 2: Assign a fault signal D or D’ that is uniquely determined or implied by the

fault in question.

 

Strategy 3: When the D-frontier consists of a single gate, apply a unique

sensitization.

 

Strategy 4: Stop the backtrace at a head line, and postpone the line justification for

the head line to later.

 

Strategy 5: Multiple backtracing (concurrent backtracing of more than one path) is

more efficient than backtracing along a single path.

 

Strategy 6: In the multiple backtrace, if an objective at a fanout point p has a

contradictory requirement, stop the backtrace so as to assign a binary value to the

fanout point.

PODEM assigns a binary value only to primary inputs. So, backtracks occur at primary inputs.

FAN assigns a binary value only to head lines and fanout points. So, backtracks occur at headlines and fanout points.

This is effective to reduce the number of backtracks.

Heuristics of the FAN algorithm

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. Comp., 1983]

経験

理論的 基礎的研究 実用的研究 貢献す

Polynomial Time Class ???

テスト生成複雑度解析

FAN algorithm

高速のテスト生成アルゴリズム

順序回路の分類 最適なテスト容易化設計

Acyclic testability???

Non-scan DFT

生成 い 代 @ 阪大 )

容易化設計 い (@ 良先端大 )

(23)

Theoretically,

CTG is NP-hard.

Empirically,

CTG = Combinational Test

Generation Problem

T ime (u s)

Circuit size, n

Classification of sequential circuits

Combinational test generation complexity

CTG seems to be solved in time O(n

r

)

for some constant r.

[ Goel 1980], [Prasad 1999]

•  Introduced τ

k

notation to clarify the time complexity for the

test generation problem."

•  Classified sequential circuits based on τ

k

notation .

τ k -equivalent τ k -bounded

Classification of sequential circuits

τ k notation [Fujiwara, IEEE Trans. Comp., 2000]

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

(24)

•  Let

–  P

C

: combinational test generation problem.

–  P

S

: sequential test generation problem.

–  P

α

: class α test generation problem.

 

Let T

C

(n), T

S

(n) and T

α

(n) be the time complexity of P

C

, P

S

and

P

α

respectively.

 

We assume that T

C

(n) = Θ(n

r

) for some constant r larger than 2.

 

Combinational test generation complexity: τ(n) = T

C

(n)

Classification of sequential circuits

Test generation complexity   [Fujiwara, IEEE TCAD, 2008]

 

A class α is τ

k

-equivalent if T

α

(n)= Θ ( τ

k

(n))

and τ

k

–bounded if T

α

(n)=O( τ

k

(n))

where k is a positive integer.

 

A class of circuits with combinational test generation complexity

is τ-equivalent

Classification of sequential circuits

τ k -equivalent and τ k -bounded [Fujiwara, IEEE TCAD, 2008]

(25)

Classification of sequential circuits

Class of acyclic test generation complexity

Acyclically-testable sequential circuits

[Ooi & Fujiwara, 2006]

Acyclic sequential circuits

[Ooi & Fujiwara, 2004]

Internally balanced sequential circuits

[Fujiwara, 2000]

Balanced sequential circuits

[Gupta et al., 1990]

τ -equivalent

τ -equivalent

τ

2

-bounded

τ

2

-bounded

Cyclic sequential circuits

Classification of sequential circuits

Design for acyclic testability

 

Introduced two classes of acyclically-testable circuits

 

Proposed Non-Scan type DFT for acyclic testability

 

Thru-testable circuits (at gate level)

[C.Y.Ooi, H.Fujiwara, ICCD 2006]

 

Linear-depth time-bounded circuits (at RTL)

[H.Iwata, T.Yoneda, H.Fujiwara, DAC 2007]

 

Non-scan

 

At-speed test

 

100% fault efficiency

 

Hardware overhead is lower than Full Scan

 

Test application time is much shorter than Full Scan

(26)

Design for acyclic testability

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

Circuit Characteristics

# of gates # of flip-flops

•  Linear-depth time-bounded RTL circuits

Hardware Overhead

[%]

•  Linear-depth time-bounded RTL circuits

Average overhead is

24.0%

Average overhead is

5.9%

Design for acyclic testability

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

(27)

•  Linear-depth time-bounded RTL circuits

51

Fault Efficiency

[%] For large original circuits,

high fault efficiency

cannot be obtained

Design for acyclic testability

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

Full scan & Proposed Non-Scan

can achieve

almost 100% fault efficiency

•  Linear-depth time-bounded RTL circuits

GCD Circuits

LWF JWF Paulin RISC MPEG

Test Generation Time [sec] Original Full Scan

3,070.07 85.45 2,873.34 4,290.51 156,808.67 195,260.82

1.72 1.01 5.91 8.07 166.88 1,208.90 0.27 0.17 0.88 0.53 98,870.71 55.72

Proposed Non Scan

Test Gneration Time [sec]

For original circuits,

test generation is

very time-consuming,

even for

low fault efficiency For full scan & proposed non-scan,

test generation is very fast

Design for acyclic testability

[Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

(28)

•  Linear-depth time-bounded RTL circuits

GCD Circuits

LWF JWF Paulin RISC MPEG

Original

Test Application Time [clock] Full Scan 421 392 412 201 6,928 148

588 108 675 798 4,345 8,515 4,232 2,904 20,975 6,147 1,233,859 462,942

Proposed Non Scan

Test Application Time [clock]

1000000

Design for acyclic testability

Test application time [Fujiwara, et al, IEEE Trans. CAD, 2008]

is very long

for full scan

Test application time

for full scan is

284 times longer than

proposed non-scan

for RISC,

and 54 times longer

for MPEG

Polynomial Time Class ???

テスト生成複雑度解析

FAN algorithm

高速のテスト生成アルゴリズム

生成 い

容易化設計 い

順序回路の分類 最適なテスト容易化設計 Acyclic

testability???

Non-scan DFT

経験

理論的 基礎的研究 実用的研究 貢献す

実例を紹

(29)

話 内容

履 書

生成 史

余談 (FAN, 非 キャン )

ンチ 史

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

(30)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

ンチ け

FAN 発表

13

th

International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing

June 28-30, 1983 Palazzo Ex-Stelline, Milano, Italy

FTCS−

● H.Fujiwara, T. Shimono (Osaka Univ.)

● E. Fujiwara (NTT)

● T. Nanya, Y. Thoma (TIT)

● K. Yoshihara, Y.Koga, T. Ishihara (NDA)

● K.Furuya, Y. Akita, Y. Thoma (TIT)

(31)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

McGill 大学 在外研究中 Franc Brglez 当時 Bell Northern Research,

在 North Carolina State University 教授 会う

当時 新 い 生成 を提案 ,性能を比較す 標準

的 ンチ 自分 回路 けを使 性能を評価す

客観的 性能評価 .そ Franc

Brglez 年京都 開催 会議 ISCAS’ 85 組合せ回

路を対象 生成 ンチ 特 ョンを企画

在外研究 年 (1984 年 Montreal ISCAS’84 開催 翌年 (1985 京都

ISCAS’85 開催予定, いう ョンを提案

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

Franc Brglez 年京都 開催 会議 ISCAS’85

組合せ回路を対象 生成 ンチ 特 ョン

を企画 日米 企業 大学 協力を得 個 組合せ回路用 ンチ を

発表 そ ンチ を使 協力い い 企業 大学 保 す

生成 性能評価を行 . ISCAS85 ンチ 起爆剤

そ 後次々 新 い 基 性能 い 生成

発表 続け

(32)

1985 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

June 5-7, 1985 Kyoto Hotel, Kyoto, Japan

ISCAS’85

Franc Brglez

ンチ け

FAN 発表

1985 International Symposium on

Circuits and Systems

June 5-7, 1985 Kyoto Hotel, Kyoto, Japan

ISCAS’85

(33)

1985 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

June 5-7, 1985 Kyoto Hotel, Kyoto, Japan

ISCAS’85

Co-Chairs: F. Brglez, H. Fujiwara

M. Kawai, et al. NEC Corp.

H. Fujiwara, Meiji Univ.

Y. Takamatsu, Saga Univ.,

K. Kinoshita, Hiroshima Univ.

M. Murakami, Oki Electric

1985 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

June 5-7, 1985 Kyoto Hotel, Kyoto, Japan

ISCAS’85

(34)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

ISCAS85 ンチ 発表 年後 ,順序回路用 ンチ

必要性 問わ

ITC’88@WashingtonDC

Franc Brglez (MCNC, Microelectronics Center of North Carolina)

Vishwani Agrawal (AT&T Bell Labs)

Balaji Krishnamurthy (Tektronix Labs)

Hideo Fujiwara (Meiji Univ.)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

再度 国 会議 ISCAS’89 い 順序回路を対象 生成

ンチ 特 ョンを企画

ISCAS89 ンチ

回 Balaji Krishnamurthy (Tektronix Labs) 中心

Organizer/Chair Balalji

(35)

ンチ 提供協力者

1989 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

1989 Portland, Oregon

ISCAS’89

Chairs: B. Krishnamurthy, H. Fujiwara

T. Hayashi, Hitachi Research Laboratory

(36)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

生成 用 ンチ ISCAS85 ンチ

を第 世代 考え ISCAS89 ンチ 第 世代

考え そ 後, 生成 対象 回路規模

増大 一歩を 大規模 現実的 新 い ンチ

必要性を問う H. Fujiwara ”Needed, Third-generation

ATPG benchmarks”, The Last Byte, IEEE Design & Test of

Computers, p.96, 1998.

(37)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

The Last Byte 編集者 Scott Davidson

を書 う 依頼

記事 掲載 後

年 Scott Davidson 会議 ITC’99 (International

Test Conference 1999) 世代 ンチ

特 ョン 企画 ITC99 ンチ

(38)

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

1983 (37 ) FAN FTCS-13@Milano

ンチ 史

1984 (38 ) 在外研究 McGill Univ.@Montreal

1985 (39 ) ISCAS’85 ンチ ISCAS’85@ 京都

1988 (42 ) Lunch Meeting ITC’88@Washington D.C.

1989 (43 ) ISCAS’89 ンチ ISCAS’89@Portland,Oregon

1998 (52 ) The Last Byte H.Fujiwara@IEEE_Design&Test

1999 (53 )

2010 (64 ) The Last Byte R.Aitken@IEEE_Design&Test

ITC’99 ンチ ITC’99@Atlantic City, NJ

ISCAS’85 ンチ 発表

四半世紀 年 経過 昨年 IEEE

Design&Test The Last Byte

面白い記事 掲載

(39)

On a June day 25 years ago, Franc Brglez and

Hideo Fujiwara forever changed the world of

design and test of computers. ……

……. The ISCAS85 benchmarks

Yet, despite their astounding and undeniable success,

as we approach the benchmarks’ silver anniversary,

I would like to suggest that it is time for them to retire.

How many students in 1985 would have wanted

a set of benchmark circuits from 1960?

(40)

So, I’m asking you to join me in a toast.

To the ISCAS85 benchmarks,

a wonderfully successful set of circuits:

may they pass quietly into history.

“Time to retire our benchmarks”

-- Rob Aitken, 2010

(41)

“Time to retire our benchmarks”

-- Rob Aitken, 2010

“Time to retire Fujiwara”

-- Hideo Fujiwara, 2011

最後

余談 FAN, 非 キャン

経験談を 話 う

実用研究 理論的 チ す わ

理論を実用 応用す 研究 タ

自由 理論研究を楽

そ 成果を 世 中 役 立 実用研究 応用

世 中 貢献す

大学 そ 研究 タ

(42)

清聴

あ う い

参照

関連したドキュメント

In Section 3 the extended Rapcs´ ak system with curvature condition is considered in the n-dimensional generic case, when the eigenvalues of the Jacobi curvature tensor Φ are

This article concerns the behaviour of solutions to a coupled sys- tem of Schr¨ odinger equations that has applications in many physical problems, especially in nonlinear optics..

The damped eigen- functions are either whispering modes (see Figure 6(a)) or they are oriented towards the damping region as in Figure 6(c), whereas the undamped eigenfunctions

– Classical solutions to a multidimensional free boundary problem arising in combustion theory, Commun.. – Mathematics contribute to the progress of combustion science, in

Then it follows immediately from a suitable version of “Hensel’s Lemma” [cf., e.g., the argument of [4], Lemma 2.1] that S may be obtained, as the notation suggests, as the m A

The layout produced by the VDCB algorithm is more evenly distributed according to the CP model, and is more similar to the original layout according to the similarity measures

Maremonti [5] first showed the existence and uniqueness of time-periodic strong solutions, under the assumptions that the body force is the form of curlΨ and the initial data are

0.1. Additive Galois modules and especially the ring of integers of local fields are considered from different viewpoints. Leopoldt [L] the ring of integers is studied as a module