✁✂✄
☎✆
✝✞
✟
✠✡
☛
S m a r t C it y
☞✌
✍✎
✏✑
✒✓
✔✕✖✗
(
✘✙
✚✛
✜✢
✣✤✥✦
)
A I
✧★✩
✪ ✫
✬
✭✮
✯✰✱✲
✳✴
✫
✵
✶✷
✸✺✹
✻✼✽
✾✮
✿❀✩✪
❁❂❃✮
❄
❅❆
❇✽❈
❉❊❋
●
✩❍
❁■■
❏✫❑
▲▼❄❆
❇✽
◆ ❖P◗❘
✻❙
❚✹
❯❈
❱❲◗
❳ ❨❩✽❙✻
✼❬❭
❏✫✵
✬✭❪❅❫✲
❴❵✩
❳
▲❛✮❜✹
❝❇
◗
❞❡
❵✩
❢❣❤
✫✐
◗❑
❥❦✮
✬✭
✯✰✱
✮
❧✮♥♠
■
◗❍♦♣✵
qr❭❈
s t✩✉✈✫
▲✇
❙
①②
✷
③④
❇
❫✲⑤
⑥◗❳⑦
▲⑧⑨
⑩
❶❷⑩
❸
❹⑩
❺
✯
✶✷
✇
❻
✾✲
❼❣
❵✩
❽❾❤
✫
❿❇
➀➁
✮
➂➃✩
■
➄
❨
➅➆
✫✵
O v e r v ie w o f “ S m a r t C it y H a k o d a te ” P r o je c t B a se d o n In te ll ig e n t T r a n sp o r ta ti o n S y st e m
H id e y u k i N a k a s h im a F u t u r e U n iv e r s it y H a k o d a t e
1 .
➇➈➉➊➋ ➌➍➎➏➐
➑➒➓➔ →➣
↔↕
➙
➛
➜➝
➞➟➠
➡➣➢
➤➥➦➙
➣
2 ), 3 )
➧
➨➥
➏
➩➥
➫
➭
➯
➲➝
➳➵ ➸
➺➻
➼➽
➾➚
➪➶ ➹➏↕➘
➴➫➷→➙
➬
➮→
➱✃➔
❐➣➐➢➔➬
❒➭ ❮❰
➏➺
ÏÐ
Ñ→
➘Ò
Ó➸
ÔÕ
Ö
×Ø↕➦➙
➣
➧
ÙÚ
➐➢➠
➛
➜ÛÜ
ÝÞ
➔
ßà➦➺
á➣➺
â➏
➡➣
➧ã➼
➪➚
äåæ➔
çè➣
é➼
êã➼Û
ë
åì
í➯
➲➝
î ïð
ñ➝
ò
ó→ô➺
➑
➨➘
ß↕
Ñ→
➙
➠
➭➐
ÑÐ➺
❮❰➡ÒÓÛÜ
ÝÞ
Ö
é➼
êã➼
õ↕
Ó➔
öáÒ➦➙
➣
➧
ß
Ò➢
➭ ÷↔ø
➘ù
úûø➔
ü→
➣→
ý
þÿ
Ö
➤➥
Ó➙
ÖÒ➦➙
➣➧ ✁ ✂Ö
➨➔➢
Ñ➫
➭✄☎
✆→
ô➝
✝
✞➝
é➼ê
ã➼
✟✠➺✡
☛→
➣
é➼ê
ã➼
õ
☞➝
✌✞➔
✍❐➣➠
➭✎✏
✑✒✓✔→ô➝
➍➎Ö
✕Ò
➦✄
☎✆ ✖↕➔
ú✗✘✓➠
✙❰➣ÛÜ
ÝÞ
Ö
✚Ñ➫
úûø➔
ü→
➣
✛ ✜Õ➠
ÏÐ
Ñ➣
✢➡➣➙
➺✝
✞Ö
✟✠↕
Ó❒ ✣
✤➔
✥
Ó❒❐➣
✦✧
➘Ð
★✩✪Ñ➣
✫➧
Ù✬➔
✭✮✯í
✰✥ß
✱➣
➘Ð
✲✮
✯➔ß
✳✴❐➣➧
ú✵➏
➺
✶✷ÛÜ
ÝÞ
Ö
✸✹
➔
➤➥
➣➧Ø
✺➝
✻ ✼✶✷ÛÜ
ÝÞ
➺
✽✾
✰✥➢
✿❀❁
✁Ö❂❃
❄❅➢
↕➦
➱✃❆
❁ ❇✪Ñ➦➙
➣➧
➑➝
❈❉
➨➠
❊❋
➸➢
●❍➏➡➣
➧■
Ü
❏❑
ß
Ù▲➝
✤ ▼➏
➱✃✪Ñ➦➙
➣➠
➭◆❖
P➢
◗❘❐
➣➢
❙
➑➝
❚
❯àÓ❒➝
✰✥❱➺
❲
✪➙
➧
×❳➭✽❨ð❩➏ß
●❍➬❒
❲ ❬❒➝
❭❪ÛÜ
ÝÞ
➢
↕➦
❁❇✪Ñ➦➙
➣↕
➭✗
❫
✱❴➝
❵↕
➙
❛
✤ ❨ð➏➺
❲❬❒➝
❭❪
✛ ✜Õ➝
✤➠
✽❙❪→
❒ùù
➡➣➧Ø
✺➝
➋
➌❆
✷❜➍➎Ö
◆
❝➢
↕➦
➤➥
➣➢❙➔
➭ß➮
❴↕
❞➮
➱✃➠
➏❙➣➺
â➏➡➣➧➪ ❡
Û➚
➢
●
❍➝
✸❢ ❣Ö❤ ✐➣ÛÜ
ÝÞ
➢➙
➮◆❝➏
❥➱✃↕➦ÿÓ➙
➧
áÓ
➭❦
❧➝
✗❫
✱❴➭♠♥õÖ
➤➥
➣➢❙➔
↔↕
➙
ê
ã♦
Ü
➪
ã♣
Ö
q➥
➣
✶✷➸
r➢
➙
➮st✉
è➏
➭✈➝
❨ðã➼♦ê
íÛ
ë
å➽
➼✇
í①
②
③➚
➢➙
ÒÓ④
⑤r⑥⑦➚
⑧
Ü➢➝
⑥⑨ß
➤➥
➣
⑩❶➠
➡➣
➧❷❸➺
❹❺➠
❻❪➭➺➐❼➦
❽❰✽
➠Ø
✺✁Ò➦➙
➣
❹❺➢➝
❾Ù❿➀ß
➡➣
✢➁
P➝
➂
ñ➔ÓÒÓ
➋➌❝➃ÛÜ
ÝÞ
➝➄ ➅
ã➼
1 )
✫➐
➢➘
Ð
➭ ➆➇➏➺
➈
➉ ❆
➊
➋➢
✶
✷➝
⑥⑨Ö
✸✹➢↕➦
➌
➍↕Ó➙
➧
➐➝
➍➎➺
↔↕
➙
❨ð④⑤
▲ï
Ö
➎✙❐➣➢➢
ß➔
➭Ø
✺➝
❨ð
➏❅
➝
❻❪Ö
★ ➐❐
➣
➑❫
ß❝➃❐➣
➧❨ð✶
✷➝
❭ ➒õ➔
➬❒
➭➓
ú➠
➔→❐➣↔↕
➙ ➛➛
➜➠
×Ø➏
❙
➣↕
➭
✻➜
➝➞
❆
✬❢❭➒➝
➟
✽→ô
➭
➑➝
➠➡➺
❻✽➏
➡➣➧
2 .
➢➤
✶
✷Û
Ü
ÝÞ
Ö➻
➼➽
➾➚
➪➔➬❒
➥✸ ➦➧
⋆1
❐
➣➐
➢➔➬❒
➭✪á ➨á→
ñ ➩➏
✶
✷➫
Ö
➯➭õ➏❙➣➧
➯➫
➝✏
②Ü
Ý➲❡Ü➠
➑➝
➳
➨➏➡➣➧
➵P
➺➆
◆Û➸➾①➚
Ûë➼Ö
✕ÒÓ
↔↕
➙
➺⑧
➻➚
Ûë➼
í■
Ü
❁
✁Û
Ü
ÝÞ
Ö
❝➼↕Ó
4 ), 5 ), 8 )
➧➆
➇➏➑
Ñ
ÐÖ
➽
➊↕
➭➍➎
ø➾
➚➢
❐➣➧
2 .1
➪➶➹
➘
➴➷➬➮
➱✃
❐❖
❒❮➝
❰➚
➺⑧
➺
V IC S
✢
V ih cl e In fo rm a tio n C o m m u n ic a tio n S y st em )
➔➬➣✶✷ ÏÐ➋➌Ö
✕Ò➦
➭ ÏÐÖ
Ñè➣♣➚
Ý
➲➼✇Ö
❐➣
➧➐
Ñ➺➳
Ò✜
✛→
➝❼➠
✬
❢Ó
Ñ➝
➡➣
➋ ➌➔
➬➣♦
➲➚
Ô■
å❡♣➚
ì➏
➡❒
➭↕➘
ßÕÖ➠
Ù
✬➔➐➝
➋ ➌Ö
✛×↕➦➙
➣➐➢➔
➬❒➫✾➝
Ø
Ô➠
Ù❙➣
➧Û
➸➾①➚
Û
ë➼➔
➬❒
➭ÚÛ➒
2 0 %
Ü
Ý➝➢
❙➠
➯ß
❭➒
➠
Þ❪
➭Õ
ÖÚ
Û➝
ñß
➔
➺Ï
Ð
ÖÕ
❪
➤à
↕→➙
ñß
➬❒ßÕ
➓
⋆1
áâãäåæçèé
êë
ìë
íîïðñ
òó
ôõ
è ö÷
øù
úûüýõ
þïÿ✁✂✄☎
øõ
✆✝ùñ
ÿ
➠
❪→➣➐➢➠
✁➘Ò➦➙
➣
6 )
➧
✂✄
➝Û➸➾
①➚
Ûë➼➏ß
➡➣
❍❏➠
☎✆
➏➙
➣➢
➮
➙➐
➢
➠✩
✥✪
ÑÓ
✝❢➔
V IC S
❰➚
➺⑧
✞✟➝Õ➦➝
Ö➠
➑➝
♣➚
æÖ
Ñè➣➬
➮
➔♣
➚
æÖ✠➥
➭áÓ❋➙
➦➙
➣➢
➙
➮
➋➌
➠
ÏÐ
ÑÓ
ñß
➔
➺➐
➝
✡➠
Ù➐
❒✶
✷➠
➥✸❐
➣➢
➙
➮➐➢➠
☛Ò➦➙
➣
8 )
➧
Õ➦➝
Ö➠
❰➚
➺⑧
ÖÚ
Û↕
➭✕Ò➦➙
➣➢
☞
✿↕
➭➐➝
ñß
➔➯
➭→
✌✍Ö
➤➥
➣➧
✎
Ö➺
G P S
➔➬➣Ø✺st➢
Ôê
ã■
➚
➠
✏❱↕Ó
➔ø❛Ö
✑Ò➦➙
➣
➧❨
ð✒➝
Õ➦
Ö➔
r↕
➦➐
ÑÐ➝
➋ ➌Ö
✑➦➫
➭❽❰➝
✶
✷➫
➠Û
➸➾①➚
æ➏❙➣➧ù
á❒Ø
✬
✓➝
☎
✦✔✕➏➺ →❪
➭à
✖Ö➠
✷➣➏➡✗➮♣➚
æ❃➝
➭✷✘✬✓
➏➝
☎
✦✔✕➠
✙
➘
➣➧
❽❰✚✛Ö➾➔♣➚
æÖ
✜✿❐Ñ➫
➭
V IC S
➝ñß➝
➬➮→
ØÔ➠
Ù➐
Ð→➙
➧áÓ
➭
➥✸➦➧➔➬
❒➭Õ
Ö➠➳
✢➔♣➚
æ
✠✣↕→➙
➬➮→
✢
➨➥
➫
✤
✁➝
Ö❼èÖ
☎✦✚
☞
❏➘Ð
✥❬
✪➷
➣→ô➝
✫❾ ✦øä✧
Û★➚
Ûë➼ß
➒➓➢→➣➧
✥❬Ö❼è➠
✩✛
➔→➣➬➮→
ñß➔➺
✪➝
✜
✪➾
✫Ö
✛×❐Ñ➫
Þ➙
➧
➨➥
➫
E T C
➢⑥
Ô↕
Ó
➒✠✬
✭
➶
Ö×
➙
➣➐➢➔➬
❒➭✮➙
➏➙
➣Ôê
ã■➚
➺
♠✯➏ß
✰Û➠
✱
➙♣
➚
æÖ
✜✲
➐
➢➠➏❙➣➧
2 .2
✳✴✵✶✷
✸✹
➮
♦♣
➄✺
➼
Ô■
Ü➢➺
✻ã ✼í❏❑
ÖÕ
❪✽
✿➷
â
➭ ✾
✿➝
❶
❀➔
❁Ú
➦
❂❃
❄❅
❆
❇❈
❉
❊
❋●
❍■
❏❊❑▲
▼
◆❖
P◗
❘❙
❚❯
❱❲
❳
❨❬❩
❭
❳❪
❫
❴❅
❵✽❛❜❝❪
❞❈
❡❢
❡
❂❃
❄❅
❖
❁❣
❡
❤✐
❥❪❘❙
❦ ❧❱
♠♥
♦
♣❲
❳q
r
st
❙✉❱▲
❇❙✈
✇ ①
② ③④❩
❱
⑤⑥
⑦q
⑧⑨
❉
⑩❆
❶❢
●
✉❅
❷t
❢
❸ ❹❺❖
❁❣
❡
❨
❻❼
r② ③④❩
❽
❾
❍
⑤⑥
❲
❳❑
▲
⑧⑨
❙❿q❆
▲➀❙
➁✈
❲❳❱
➂❩
➃r
➄➅
➆➇
⑩➈❪
➉✐
❵
❂❃
❄❅
➊❖
➋ ➌➍❅
❵♠
➎❲
➎❩
❪
➏➐
❡
➑
➒t
❲❳❆➓
➔③
→
➔➣
❖
↔●
↕❿q
❖t❙✈❲❳❱
➂❩
➃
➌
➍❖
r
➙ ➛➜❩
➝❭q
➞
➟❱
⑩➈❆
➠❑❅❢
✈
➡➢
❲❳
➤➥▲rt➦
❵ ➧➨➩❱
➫❡❱
➭❱
➯➲q
■❏❊❆
➳●
❈
❡❢
❙
⑩❆
➵✐
➸❾❱
➺❢
➂❩
➻
➼♦➽❆
➾➚qt❙
❸➪
➊❋▲r
➶➪
➹➘●
✉❅❷t
❆
➁✈
➴➷
❆➛
➬❅❉
2 0 0 2
➮❱
➊❋▲ ➱➂
♠♥
♦♣❲❳
❆
P◗✃
❷
❡❢
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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
ave. score
demand frequency Changes of Ave. Score by Demand Frequency
fixed path full demand
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 10 100 1000
ave. score
# of bus (in log scale) Changes of Ave. Score by # of Bus and Demand Frequency
fixed path full demand (freq. = 1 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 2 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 3 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 4 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 5 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 8 * #bus) full demand (freq. = 16 * #bus)
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❻♦➃
➁q
■❏❊❸
❇❙
❢
r➓
➔③
→
➔➣
✍
❻♦➃
➁❪
✖✗
❘✏❆
❇❙
❆
❵
G P S
❪➀
ÿî
ï▲
✓ ✘❖❿t
❘❿q❆
➥✄➵↕
✈á
â✙
♥❩
➫
➔➃
❱➵↕❖
❵✚
❧
❏❖
◗➦
ð▲r
ÿ❖✛
✜➦
❡Û➥ü
❶❢
➦
❵
✧✝
❊tØr❊
❚❇❙❢
r
✢✣➛➚q❱
➠✌▲
✓ ✘❖
✤✥▲➀❙➵
↕❖➦❡Û
➥ü
❶❢
✈
✇▼q➦❡r
■❏❊❸
❇❙
❢
r
Ù✦➁
❪❐
❍þ
❷ü
❵❲
❳❱
⑩●
❍➓
➔③
→
➔➣
✍
❻
♦
➃q
➊➨❪✤
✥➦❡
➦❷❙❱❆
✧
✍▲
❇✘↕✈❢
✚❷❖➦❡
✉
❵➛ ★óô❆
✩
✍t
ò
▲
✉✪❖é⑨❙➵↕❖➦❡
Û●
t
➥❷
üt
❍t❢
✈
❲
❳❱
✄●
❍r
❵äå➦
❉✇▼❆
➶
❈❖
✇
➭➦
❉❿q
❪P◗❘❙
✍❂
❆
❘✏▲
❇❙✈
IC
❪➀
ÿ
❪●
✫❘q❢
↕
⑩✬✉
➉❷➵↕✈❇❙❢
r✭❆
IC
➜❩♣❪
❊➢
❵❿
❷▲
✑ò◗
❪❘❙
⑩➈
✉
⑧⑨
❍❷❙✈❿
❷❍
rá
â❱
✮★✯✙❳❩
✸❩
❱
✍❻♦
➃➜❩
♣q❱
✰
Ù✉
➾➚❖
❘❙
❱❆
❶❢
✈
➑➩❖
❵
❘✏
t
øù✏✑q
➛★❪❑q
➐❡Û➦✈
•
➯➲➌☎➛➚❪➀
æç
(
✞❩✟
Ù
)
✈➠ÿ❨❩
❭❳❱
❴✥✉
◗↕✈
•
❲❳❱➯➲❦ ✂q➂❩
➻
➼♦➽
ñ✱✲➲
(
➛➚q➦❡r
❦✱✲➲❪➀➜❩
➝❭
▲
❶❢
r
✚
)
✈•
❲❳➄➅
➆➇
④❳
➻✆
(
➶➊✞➑➒➂❩
➻
➼♦➽
➛➚❪
➏▲
)
✈•
❨❩❭❳
➠ÿ❱❉➐❱
✳❦✑ò◗Ö➛➚
(
➣◆❻❲
④❩
✁ ✂✴ ✵❆➠❑➦❢
)
✈4 .
✶✷✸✹ ✺
➱➂
♠♥
♦
♣❲
❳r
❵④✪✫✬❩
④
✭♦
ßà❆
✥❘➵↕❖
➫✻
❏❖
✴✐
✻✠
▲
✼➐❡
✚à
❱
➥❙
✉❱▲
❇❙
✈
✽❲❙❲❪
❞
❍þ
❙q
❇❑✐
❶❢
ßà❖t
❍t❢
✈➦●➦t❆
❍
❵➶
❈❖
❲
❳
✓✒tØ❆
Ü❱
➵↕t
➫
✻▲❱õ
✾➶
▼❖
✿❰
❀❙
❉➐❖r
✌✪
❱
➎❳ ③❆
❁↕✈❿❱
÷t
❂❪
⑧⑨
❙
❘✏❆
❇❙
✈
➧➨❍
❦●
❍
❵ ❃❍●❱
❄❅
➦❉❨❆④❳➻✆❪
❀✐
➥➦
❵Ü❱
❇➳▲❱
PÙ❪
◗↕
❿q●
❍❈➐❙q❢
↕❱❆
❉õ
❱
❥●
✉➦
❷t
❢
✈❢
✚❷❖➦❡
✉❊
❋●
❍▲
✽ ■❏❱
➶Ö➶
×❆
❘✏qt
✘↕✈Ü❱
❉➐❖r▼❑▲▼❙❢
r◆❱
✼❖P
❘✏
▲▼
❙✈❍■▲
ráâq❱
➠
ÿ❖
✌◗
❘➱
➂
♠♥
♦
♣❲
❳
P◗❪➌
❙➦
❡❢
❙✈
➣↕❱
➵↕❖
❵❲
❳
✓
✒
q➦
❡r❿❱
❇➳r
❊
❋❖
t❙r✚❚▼❙✈➦
❯➦
❵❱
❲➠ÿr
✒✓❳é❨❚✉▼❩
❘➐
❵❬
❭tØ
❪➵❩
❫✳❴
✼❖✉
❵❛❳❪t❜
❸÷
❝❞
❡➶Ö➶×❴
✞❪
✌❷ü
➁❢
✪Ú✃❷➵↕✈
❝❘
❡➪
❣❴
❍❤✐
❥❦
❧ ♠
♥♣♦
qr
s
t
✉ ✈❪
✇①②③④❞
❡⑤⑥❴
⑦⑧❳⑨⑩
❶
t
❷❸
❹❺
❻❼
❽❾
❿
❤❦
➀➁
❜➂③➃
⑨➃
➄r
s❦
➅➆q
➇➈➉t➊
❜➋
➌➁
➍➎
➏
⑨➎➂➐⑨➑⑨➃
②
➒❧♠♥♦
➓
➔ →❦
➣↔
↕➙
②➋
➀➁
➑➂③➃
⑨➃
➄✐
❥➛➜t
➝
➞②③➓
➟
➠➡
➢
➤➥
➊➦➧➄
➨ ➩
➒➫
➫➥
➭➯
➩
➲➳➵
➸s
➺ ➻❽➵
❼♦
➼
➽➺⑨ ➾q➓
➚➪➶
↔➙
➹
➘➴➷❽❹
➻q➓
➬➮
⑨
➱ ✃➡
❐❒
➑
➂❮
q
❰➧➄
Ï Ð➓
Ñ ÒÓÔ➥
➊❮
➄
5 . S m a r t C it y
ÕÖ×Ð➙ØÙtÚ Ûq
②➩
➘➴➓
ÜÝ
Þt
ß②③
④à➩➃
➄
ØÙ❦á➓
â
ã➘➴q
ä
➬å
æçè
éêëì➙➊❮➄➨ ➩ê
íî
➵
ïð î➹ñ ò➥
➊
❮➄➫
➂➑➓
óÔ➓
ôõ öq
②③÷
ø
↕➙
❦
ç➓
ù
ú➙
û❮
çè
ü
ýt
❐❒
❮➄➨➩
➒➘
➴
➓þ
❽ÿ
♠➺ît✁
➒✂
✄➢
➤➷❽❹
➻➓
☎
✆➙
✝⑦②➩
✞ ✟
✠✡
t☛❒û➧q
☞
❮➄
②➋
②
⑨➡
➑
➒û✌û✌
❐❒
③✍❮
qþ
❽ÿ
♠➺
➘➴î❦
☎✆â
✎➓
çè
éêt
ý
✏
☞❮
➹➓
➥➊✁
➒×✑
↕➙
❦÷
✒➓
✓➘➴✔
➓
çè
✝⑦t
✕☞➫
q➙
á⑨➑⑨➃
➄
✖ ✗✘✙➙û❮
✚➓
✛ ✜ãì➡
➊❮❦
✢➥
➊❮➄
✣
⑥❦
✤
çè➡
é❮
✥✟✍✦
☞✌⑨
❮
➘➴✧
⋆1
t
★✩②➩➃
➄
✖ ✗➓
❷❸
✓✎⑩q
✪ù➓
❷❸
✫➉⑩t
✬➃
✇➎➒⑤⑥➓
✭
✮t
✄➋②➩
✯✰
✌
✁t
❐❒
❮➄
çè
éê➙û
✁þ
s➺
✱➙
⑨❮➓❦
❿✲➵
➻
➷❹➻
➷❽
✳✴✵➵
✶
✷✸✹⑨➾
✺➓
✻✼
➥
➊❮
➄➫
➂➑t
✽✾
✂
✄➢✿❀✳➛➙
❁ ❂
✺❃
â❄
â❅t
❆❇q
☞❮
➢
➤➡
➊❮
➄❈
❉➓➫q❊➡
➒➫
➂➙
❃❋
●❺
❍♦
➓
â❄
â❅t
✽■
➥
➃❮
➄➘➴❏❑▲❿✲ ▼➙
◆②
③❃
❖P➥
➭➯
➩❹❺
❻❼
❽
❾r
st
◗❖q
☞❮
➄
❘
❙t
❚➁
q
☞❮
✟
❯❱
♦
❲
s
➹❳
➤➥
➊❮
➄ ❨❩➓
❬
❭ ❪❷✦➲ ❫❴❵➙
◆②③❃
⋆1
❛❜❝ ❞❡ ❢❣❤✐❥❦❧♠♥♦♣q❧
r st✉✈✇①♦ ②③④⑤
⑥⑦
♥♦❣⑧⑨
⑩❶❷❦⑤❛
❸❹②
⑤✐
✇❹❺♦
⑥⑦❻❹
♥❼
✁
/
æ✂❘
❙➡
◗
❖q⑨➦
➧➄✲➳➡
➢➤⑨
✄→➙❃
s❼
♦
➺r
s➥
☎➓
✆t
✝✻
☞❮
➄
✞✟⑥➓
✆➹
ä➬➓
✠ ✡➥
✈
☛➥
à❮
➄
ØÙ➓
✄→
➒ ☞✌✍✔
➓❱
♦
❲s
✝✻➹❳➤⑨
➤✎q
⑨❮
➄➫
➂➹☞✌s
✏➽➺
➒➸
s
➺➻❽
➒✑
✒❺⑨ ➾
t
s❼
♦
➺r
s➥
✓ ✔
↕➙
✕✖➫
q➙
û✁☞✌✗✘q
⑨❮
➄☞✌
✍➡
✬➧
➪✙
ø ✚
t➾
➧☞❮➋
✳ ✛②
➏☞➋
➒✜
❹
➺✢✣
✤ ✥✢
❽✦
♦
❾❊➎➥
✧
➨★
❮➋
⑨➾
✺❃
ÏÐ➓
ÓÔ➥➊❮➄
✂
✄➢
✿❀
➓
â❄â
❅t
❆❇✩
☞❮
➘➴✳✯✺➓
⑧t
✱✏
✓✪
✫✬▼✩
✖ ✗➷❽❹
➻
✳❈
✭➒➷❽
✮✰✯
●➽➺✱✲
✳②③④
➃③
✴➃
✺➡
✕✖
➄
✵✶➒ ✷✸
➒✹
✺
⑨➾
➓❋
❽
✮
✒➷✻❽➺➓
✻✼➒✼✽➒✁❴❙➒✾
✿❱
✯
❲❀
⑨➾❃
✖✗✲❁➙
❂❮
➫
✩➙⑨❮➄
ç
❃å
➟❄
➓
❅❆➡
➢
❇➥
➊❮➄
✱✏
✓✪
✫✬▼➙➹❹❺
❻❼
❽
❾❈
❀✩
ä➌
❉❊➡
❋ ●
↕➙
✬❒
❮➋➹②➂⑨➃
✳➤❍■✺➄
➫➫➋➑❏❃
❑▲✼⑨➾➓
á✇▼✩
➚➪②
➒ ◆➡❖➨②
➃✂
✄⑨➓➋✱
✉➑➋➙②③
✾✌
➢
➤➡
➊❮
➄☎➓
P➙
å◗➓
✘✙✱
❘
✝✩
②➩❙✯
❚❃
❈③
➙➥à⑨
➃➩
➁
❯ ❱➡
➢
➤➥
➊❮
➄➨➩
➒❲Ý
↕➙
❃
❳ ❨
✸❄
✦❩ ❬⑨➾➓
✗✘✳✂❄✩
ù✲
➓⑤
✭✺➹
❐❒
③
✾à➩➃
➄
A c k n o w le d g m e n ts
➙
❆➃➩❹❺
❻❼
❽
❾❈
❀❭❪❫➸✯
❭
❴❽
✕❵❃❄❛Ñ➓
▼❜ ❝❞❡➙û❮➹➓
➊❮➄
S m a rt C it y
➓❢❣❃❨
❖
IB M
➓❤ ✐❥
❦➑✩➓
❧
♠➙
û❮
♥ ♦➥➊❮➄
IB M
➓S m a et er P la n et
♣✦
q✣
r➺➡
✷s✩
⑨t③
➃❮
➄
S m a rt C it y
ØÙ
♣✦
q✣
r➺
✉✾
➙
❈➩
t③❃
ä
❑✩
➱✵✈
✳➥
➊❮➄
✇①②③
1 )
④
⑤⑥
,
⑦❜⑧⑨
,
⑩❶ ❷❸
,
✱ ❹❺❻
.
✤M el lo n et
✧❘❙✖✗❭❀
✒❼
➓
✝❽✩
❾
❿➀
-
❘❙å
✄➙
④➎
❮
➁⑥✱
⑦➂✩②➩
✖✗✠✡❉➃
2 -.
❻ ➄➷
❽✼
ÑÒ
/
➅
5 5
➆
Ñ Ò➇➈✓▲ ➉➤✝
, p p . 1 4 4 – 1 4 5 , 2 0 0 8 . 2 )
⑦➊➋➌
,
➍ ➎❺ ÷
,
➏
➐❨
➏➑
.
➒❲
➓✮❀
✖✗
➔→
➙û❮
❑▲✗✘
.
✖✗
➔→
, V o l.4 5 , N o .9 , p p . 9 0 7 – 9 1 1 , 2 0 0 4 . 3 )
⑦➊➋➌
,
➣❜
❺ ÷
,
↔ ↕➙
. IT
✩❑▲✱
➛➜
➀➝➞✼
.
➀➝➞✼
, V o l.1 4 , N o .1 , p p . 3 1 – 3 8 , 2 0 0 7 . 4 )
▼❜❝
❞❡
,
➟❜ ➠
➡
,
➢❜
➤ ➥
,
➦❜
➧ ÷
➨
,
⑦➊➋➌
.
❻❼
❽
❾❈
❀❃➩
➷
☞❮
➋
?
✖✗
➔→
✼▲Ñ Ò✗➫
2 0 0 3 -I C S -1 3 1 , p p . 3 1 – 3 6 , 1
➭
2 0 0 3 . 5 ) It su k i N o d a , M a sa y u k i O h ta , Y o ic h ir o K u m a d a , K o su k e S h in o d a , a n d H id ey u k i N a ka sh im a . U sa b ili ty o f d ia l-a -r id e sy st em s. In P ro c . A A M A S 2 0 0 5 , p p . 1 2 8 1 – 1 2 8 2 , 2 0 0 5 . 6 )
➯➣ ➲
,
➳➵
➸➺
,
❶✄⑩➻í
,
➼➽í
,
➾
❜❳
➚
,
➾❖➪➶
.
➸✎❿✲ù❭❪❫
➸✯
✮
n et st re a m . R & D R e v ie w o f T o y o ta C R D L , V o l.3 7 , , 2 0 0 2 . 7 )
➹❏➤➟
,
✓❥➘➡
,
➴ã❥⑨
.
➷❽
❻❼
❽
❾❈
❀❭❀✒❼➓
➟■➟
➠➙û❮
❾❿
.
➬✫✿öÑÒ
