The changes of traditional ecological knowledge

115 mine to break mountain or big exploitation that might cause serious damage to the natural landscape are strictly prohibited. As a result, Lung Hoa B villagers can continue utilizing rock resources in a sustainable and environment-friendly manner. In general, the event in which Dong Van Karst Plateau was entitled a Global Geopark might be considered as a disturbance having a big influence on the community of people at Lung Hoa B village. Fortunately, villagers manage to overcome the disturbance smoothly thanks to the self - adjustment within their community and the flexible management mechanism of local government.

116 and arranging rocks without any agglutinative substance like the traditional method in the past.

Readymade bricks now have replaced raw rocks to be the main material to build fences, houses and even graves. Villagers at Lung Hoa B often buy readymade bricks at some local quarries in the area with the price up to 5000 VND per small brick and 8000 VND per big brick. Some families even hire the grinder and cast bricks by themselves at home in order to guarantee the quality of bricks. A villager said:

"We use the grinder to grind rocks into powder, then mix with water and cement. Normally, we can make 60 bricks with a cement sack (50kg). Some families want bigger and stronger bricks so they can make 50 bricks with a cement sack only."

A Hmong middle-aged man, Lung Hoa B

At present, the type of traditional rammed earth Hmong house surrounded by rocky fence has still existed at Lung Hoa B village, however, there are also more and more solid houses with solid fences made of readymade bricks.For example, the house of my host family was totally made of readymade bricks and in November 2018, they began to build a fence by rocks to cover their house but they did use cement in construction. When I asked my host father why he did not follow the traditional style, he said that:

"We do not have time for carefully selecting and processing rocks into rocks having suitable size and shape then arrange rocks into the fence without any agglutinative substance like the traditional way. I use the cement and big rocks to build the fence. It is much faster, more convenient and more solid."

A Hmong middle-aged man, Lung Hoa B

In 2017, I witnessed a scene of a household at Lung Hoa B village who was breaking the rocky fence and built the new one by bricks. The host explained that:

117

"The rocky fence was arranged very long time ago. Even though it was still usable, there were many empty rooms appeared on the fence where snakes and mice often creeped into and built their nests. Because this situation was worse and worse, I had no choices but broke the rocky fence and made the new one by rock-powder bricks. The new fence will be much more tight and solid. I will utilize small rocks from the old fence to make bricks to build the new one".

A Hmong old man, Lung Hoa B

Figure 5.1. A Hmong family was breaking the old rocky fence (Source: Nguyen Ngoc Minh 2017)

Likewise, the other constructive activities like building water tanks or the grave is also influenced. Many families at Lung Hoa B can build solid water tanks from bricks and cement that all follow the principle 'the bigger, the better'. Some well-to-do families, including my host family even furnished themselves with big inox cisterns aside from brick water tanks for storing much more water. Furthermore, using cement to improve the adhesiveness or use ready-made bricks for building the Hmong grave in place of raw rocks has become more and more popular.

118 Figure 5.2. A new fence made of bricks (Source: Nguyen Ngoc Minh 2018)

In agricultural production, especially cultivating maize as the main crop, the structure of crop plans in recent decades has changed with the popularization of new hybrid maize. Villagers at Lung Hoa B now are mainly cultivating the local maize, furthermore, they are combining to plant some types of new hybrid maize such as CP 898, CP 999, and so on. These new hybrid maize types have many advantages such as: falling resistance, short-term, and especially, much higher productivity than the local maize (80-100 quintals per hectare and 20-25 quintals per hectare respectively), that are not only quite promising to guarantee a stable source of food but they also can bring about an economic benefit for villagers. According to the statistics from the Office of Agriculture of Sa Phin commune, the entire Sa Phin commune has around 115 hectares of hybrid maize, Lung Hoa B village in particular has nearly 16 hectares of hybrid maize. It is the popularization of new types of hybrid maize that has led to the changes in techniques of planting. In fields cultivating hybrid maize, villagers have to plant maize in a much higher density than local maize's. The distance between local maize roots is around 80 cm – 1 m, meanwhile, the one between hybrid maize roots is around 20 cm – 40 cm. This distance is so close that villagers are forced to limit the ability to intercrop hybrid maize with any other vegetables or legumes. It means that, on the one hand, local people have to prepare for the risk

119 of reducing total farming output, on the other hand, the soil quality on fields planting hybrid maize has lost an important source of nitrogen and organic matter that comes from planting soybean. As a result, they need to use much more chemical fertilizers aside from the cattle dung.

A villager at Lung Hoa B said:

"My family use both animal dung and chemical fertilizer to manure the hybrid maize fields. However, at present we use animal dung quite limited (mainly for basal fertilizing) and manure chemical fertilizer mainly to ensure the good growing of maize roots".

A Hmong middle-aged woman, Lung Hoa B

Surprisingly, even though the hybrid maize has a high productivity, the area of planting types of hybrid maize in Lung Hoa B is quite modest. Villagers prefer local maize to hybrid maize and utilize a majority of farmable land to cultivate local maize because of many reasons.

At first, that villagers accept to plant hybrid maize means they have to spend a big amount of money to buy new seeds as well as a big sum of chemical fertilizer every crop. Secondly, the issues of storage ability and the taste preference of hybrid maize also should be concerned as major reasons that local people do not like planting hybrid maize. As a villager explained that:

"After harvesting local maize, my family often brings maize back to store in the upstairs in our house. We utilize the smoke coming from the kitchen to kill bacterium, insects and keep maize in good condition for a long time (probably two years). Meanwhile, hybrid maize usually decays quickly within some months. Hybrid maize cannot resist insects well because the leaves are not long and thick enough to cover the entire the maize cob, so it is always easy for the insects to get in it and to eat.

Furthermore, we especially do not like the taste of hybrid maize. It cannot be used to cook 'men men' – a Hmong traditional dish since the taste is quite bitter. That is the reasons why the majority of households in the village have preferred local maize to hybrid maize."

A Hmong old woman, Lung Hoa B

120 In the rocky plateau, the cow is an animal which plays an important role in agricultural ecological tasks because the cow is utilized as the main traction for cultivating on rocky fields.

Local people also pay much attention to selecting breeding stock, feeding as well as training cows that made cows become a significant property of their households. At present, aside from the local cow being used as the main traction for agricultural cultivation, local people breed hybrid cows as a commodity for sale. According to the statistics from the head of Lung Hoa B village, there are 45 families in village breeding cow. The total number of cows in the village is 102 cows, of which 31 are the hybrid race. They often buy the breeding stocks of the hybrid cow from Chinese sellers at border markets, fatten them, then put on for salethat brings about an important extra income (one mature cow is worth around 40 million VND). Some families do utilize the hybrid cow for cultivating on rocky field, but not so popular, because the hybrid cow becomes fat quickly and cannot serve for being traction for a long time. As we can see that, the purpose of having the breeding cows in Hmong households at Lung Hoa B village now has changed from the self-sufficiency purpose to commodity one.

In addition, we have to mention changes of TEK that are resulted from the influence of tourism development. After 2010 with the designation of UNESCO, the Global Geopark Dong Van Karst Plateau had become a famous touristic destination, where attracted more and more tourists to visit. This event brought about many opportunities to local Hmong people at Lung Hoa B as well as other places by developing tourism which allows them to and earn benefits. At present, many ecological tasks are also utilized and transformed to develop tourism,for example, the planting buckwheat as the most typical one. Buckwheat is a crop plan which is actually an important extra agricultural outputof people in the karst plateau. Local people make cake from grain of buckwheat or use buckwheat to brew wine. The flower of buckwheat is very beautiful and it is even considered as the typical flower of Dong Van Karst Plateau. The term 'flower of rock' is usually used to indicate buckwheat.

121 Figure 5.3. Buckwheat (Source: Nguyen Ngoc Minh 2017)

As a result, watching the buckwheat is a touristic attraction that draw more and more tourist to visit this area. At the same time, the purpose of planting buckwheat has changed from a mere ecological task to a touristic activity. In 2017, villagers at Lung Hoa B planted buckwheat on a very large field which is right next to the main road. They structured beds of buckwheat and if we watch from the top, the whole field had a shape of a very big five-pointed star. As a villager said, this star figure would attract tourists to visit the buckwheat field. Tourists could play there, took as many pictures as they want, then gave a small sum of money to the owner as entrance fee. The transformation of TEK under the influence of tourism is clearly obvious.