Chapter 2 Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by adding crown
4.2 Future perspectives
61
62
ion interference. And also they could be used at incubation temperature for setting the operation temperature of capillary column. Another in perspective of packed capillary column is use of the other type of silica that has more hydrophobicity, because choice of the correct packing materials, typically functionalized silica beads, is extremely important to achieve the best performance in capillary ion chromatography [74].
The Monolithic Column A long and thin block
With many large or tiny holes.
Compounds jump in as a crowd, exit alone Telling me what my sample is.
The following definition of monolith columns offered in a recent Americano-Japanese poem that we serendipitously found seems to characterize these objects and to offer an appropriate illustration of their goals, can be explained as the above sentence [75]. That is why perspective on organic monolith column is still wide. In polymerization condition can use the other monomer and cross linker and also porogen solvent with other functional groups will be giving the more selectivity and sensitivity [76]. The critical properties of the synthesis and characterization monomer will have different performance in liquid chromatography [77].
63
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List of figures
Chapter 1
Fig.1-1 SEM photograph of peaking material (C30) for packed column
Chapter 2
Fig. 2-1 Capillary LC system
Fig. 2-2 Separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on the C30 column with/without the addition of 18C6E (A) and separation of complex Cr(III)-EDTA and Cr(VI) under optimum condition (B)
Fig. 2-3 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI) with various cation in the eluent of each concentration 10 mM.
Fig. 2-4 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI) with various anion in the eluent of each concentration 10 mM
Fig. 2-5 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI) with various 18C6E as the 10 mM KCl eluent
Fig. 2-6 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI) with various KCl concentration in the 10 mM 18C6E eluent
Fig. 2-7 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI) with various pH of the eluent containing 10 mM KCl and 10 mM 18C6E Fig. 2-8 Fig.2-8 Separation of 0.1 mM Cr(III)-EDTA and 0.1 mM Cr(VI)
with various acetonitrile in the eluent containing 10 mM KCl and 10 mM 18C6E
69
Fig. 2-9 Calibration curve standard of Cr(III)-EDTA and Cr(VI)
Fig. 2-10 SEM photograph of material (C30) with potassium ion trapped in the inside
Fig. 2-11 Chromatograms of Cr(III)-EDTA and Cr(VI) in rivers water samples under the optimal conditions described in Fig.2-2
Chapter 3
Fig. 3-1 Schematic diagram of the expected reaction for preparation of poly(GMA-EDMA)-arginine monolith column
Fig. 3-2 The SEM images of poly(GMA-EDMA) modified with arginine in organic solvent under acidic condition
Fig. 3-3 Chromatograms for various organic and acid solvent (A. without acid and organic solvent, B. 10 % 0.1 mol/L of HCl, C, 45 % of DFA) for separation of anions (1.0 mM each of IO3-, BrO3-, Br-, NO3-, I-), with eluent 50 mM NaCl. Experimental conditions : poly(GMA-EDMA)-arginine monolith column (100 x 0.32 mm i.d);
UV detector at 210 nm; flow rate : 3 μL/min
Fig. 3-4 Separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2. BrO3-, 3. Br-, 4.
NO3-, 5. I-), using 50 mM NaCl as the eluent for different methanol concentration. Column: as in Table 3-2
Fig. 3-5 Chromatograms for separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2.
BrO3-, 3. Br-, 4. NO3-, 5. I-), using 5 mM NaCl with or without 0.1 mol/ L HCl as the eluent
70
Fig. 3-6 Chromatograms for separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2.
BrO3-, 3. NO2-, 4. NO3-,) at 3 different polymerization temperatures.
Operation condition; using 200 mM NaCl as the eluent at poly(GMA-EDMA)-arginine monolith column (100 x 0.32 mm i.d);
UV detector at 210 nm; flow rate : 3 μL/min
Fig. 3-7 Effect of eluent cation on the retention of anions (1.0 mM each of IO3-, BrO3-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-,), using 200 mM each salt solution as the eluent
Fig. 3-8 Effect of NaCl concentration on separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2. BrO3-, 3. NO2-, 4. Br-, 5. NO3-,)
Fig. 3-9 Chromatograms for separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2.
BrO3-, 3. Br-, 4. NO3-, 5. I-), using 200 mM NaCl eluent with acetonitrile and HCl effect
Fig. 3-10 Chromatograms for separation of anions (1.0 mM each of 1. IO3-, 2.
BrO3-, 3. Br-, 4. NO3-, 5. I-), using 200 mM NaCl eluent with or without 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer
Fig. 3-11 Relationship between flow rate and inlet pressure using 50 % methanol as eluent
Fig. 3-12 SEM images of poly(GMA-EDMA)-arginine monolithic column prepared with organic solvent under acidic condition with the optimum condition polymerization
Fig. 3-13 Calibration curve of anions for optimum condition reaction using 200 mM NaCl eluent
Fig. 3-14 Separation of anions contained in river water samples
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List of tables
Chapter 1
Table 1-1 The Classification of chromatography Table 1-2 Typical of detectors for LC
Chapter 2
Table 2-1 Radii of cations and association constants for 1:1 complexation between 18 crown 6 ether with metal ion
Table 2-2 RSD of Cr(III)-EDTA and Cr(VI) standards
Chapter 3
Table 3-1 Constitute of reaction mixtures
Table 3-2 The composition of polymerization of poly(GMA-EDMA)-arginine with various organic solvent
Table 3-3 Relative standard deviation of retention time, peak area and peak height
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List of publications
1. O. Venriza, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi
“Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with crown ether as eluent additive in capillary ion chromatography”
Int. J. Chem, 5(1) (2016) 11-18
2. O. Venriza, L.W. Lim and T. Takeuchi
“Separation of Anions with Ion Exchange Chromatography Method Using Polymethacrylate Base Monolithic Capillary Columns Modified with Arginine”
Global Res. J. Chem. (1) (2017)
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List of presentations
1. O. Venriza, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi
“Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with crown ether as eluent additive in capillary ion chromatography” , Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan, Takayama forum, 2012 (Poster Presentation)
2. O. Venriza, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi
“Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with crown ether as eluent additive in capillary ion chromatography” , the 6th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Ion Analysis, Padang, Indonesia, September 26-28th 2012 (Poster Presentation)
3. O. Venriza, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi
“Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with crown ether as eluent additive in capillary ion chromatography” , the 2nd International Conference of the Indonesian Chemical Society, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, October 22-23th 2013 (Oral Presentation)