SO 2 , NOx, and particulate matter emissions
3.2.2.2 Non-agriculture sector
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rainfed, deep water and dry), fertilizer applications and cropping periods (depending on rice cultivars), respectively.
N2O emissions from soil
The emissions of N2O depend on the amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizers applied in agricultural soils as well as the organic fertilizers. They are emitted through fractions volatized from cultivated soils and from also generation of N2O from leached groundwater. Based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006), N2O emission from the agricultural soils can be calculated as follow:
N2Odirect = (FSN + FAW + FBN + FCR) x EF1 (3-10)
where EF1 = emission factor for direct soil emissions (0.0125 kg N2O -N/kg-Ninput) FSN = synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applied in cultivation (kg-N/year)
FAW = animal manure nitrogen used as fertilizer (kg-N/year) FBN = N fixed by N-fixing crops in country (kg-N/year)
FCR = N in crops residues returned to soil in country (kg-N/year)
Air emission from agricultural burning in the fields
The burning of agricultural residues in the fields take into account in this study. Burning of biomass also releases the CO2 and non- CO2 emissions. However, CO2 emissions from biomass combustion were not excluded in this analysis due to carbon neutral rule, CO2 emitted from combusted biomass comes from CO2 uptake during the plant growth. For non-CO2 emissions (CH4, N2O, NOx, SO2, PM10), estimate based on the amount of agricultural residues in the fields, fraction of combustion area in the fields, and emission factor from the IPCC guidelines 2006 and the EEA guidebook 2013.
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each sector. All data referred to information from the year 2005. This study will evaluated over 180 industrial sectors.
Fossil fuel combustion is the burning of coal, oil, or natural gas used to generate energy.
Coal contains the high carbon content per unit of energy, whereas natural gas contains the least.
Common sources of fossil fuel consumption are various transport, steam generation for industrial processes, heating in residential and commercial buildings, and power generation.
Fossil fuel combustion may also emit unburned hydrocarbons, methane, and carbon monoxide.
The calculation of CO2 as well as non-CO2 emissions can be done based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines and the EEA guidebook 2013.
Fossil fuel use is converted from physical unit to common energy units by using local conversion factors. This study converts the specific unit to tera-joules (TJ). CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion can be estimated as follows:
CO2 emission = i (fuel usei (TJ/year) x emission factori (kg CO2/TJ)) (3-11) where subscript ‘i’ represent the fuel type.
For non-CO2 such as CH4, N2O, etc., the calculation can be applied the equation as follows:
Emission = i (fuel usei (TJ/year) x emission factori (kg gas/TJ)) (3-12)
Biomass burning is the burning of organic materials such as wood and agricultural residues for energy production. Burning of biomass also releases the CO2 and non- CO2 emissions.
However, CO2 emissions from biomass combustion were not excluded in this study due to carbon neutral rule, CO2 emitted from combusted biomass comes from CO2 uptake during the plant growth.
For non-CO2 emissions from combusted biomass, the equation as in case of fossil fuel can be applied.
The emissions factor of each fuel used in the estimation is presented in the appendix (Table A-2).
Fugitive emission from energy production
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Fugitive emissions from various activities of the energy production are not related to fuel combustion for heat production. These emission happen during the solid fuel production process during mining, post-mining, and post-combustion of coal activities. For crude oil and natural gas production, they are generated through leakages in the process of extraction, storage, and transmission to end-users. Consequently, leakage of any gas components that have a low molecular weight, such as CH4 and volatile organic carbon (VOC), are more possibly to arise.
In the lignite-fired and coal-fired power plants, the large amount of coal are pulverized to fine dust and then burned at very high temperatures. It releases the various types of air pollutant, such as CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, lead, arsenic, nickel, cadmium and particulate matter.
Coal mining activities
Based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines provide, the CH4 emissions factor for coal mining activities, CH4 emission can be estimated by using equation (3-13) to (3-14) as follows:
CH4 emissions (1000 tonne/year) = CH4 Emission Factor (m3/tonne) x Surface Coal
Production (tonne/year) x Conversion Factor (3-13)
where, average CH4 emission factor = 1.2 m3/tonne.
Density of CH4 and converted volume of CH4 to the mass of CH4 at 20C and 1 atmosphere pressure is 0.67 x 10-3 tonne/m3.
Post-mining activities
CH4 emissions (1000 tonne/year) = CH4 Emission Factor (m3/tonne) x Surface Coal
Production (tonne/year) x Conversion Factor (3-14)
where, average CH4 emission factor = 0.1 m3/tonne.
Density of CH4 and converted volume of CH4 to the mass of CH4 at 20C and 1 atmosphere pressure is 0.67 x 10-3 tonne/m3.
Oil production
CO2 emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (CO2 Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 heavy oil
production) x Heavy Oil Production (m3 /year)) (3-15)
CH4 emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (CH4 Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 heavy oil
production) x Heavy Oil Production (m3 /year)) (3-16)
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N2O emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (N2O Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 heavy oil
production) x Heavy Oil Production (m3 /year)) (3-17)
where subscript ‘i’ represents the oil production activities such as well drilling, well testing and well servicing.
Table 3-5. Emission factor of the air pollutants from oil production activities.
Activities CO2 CH4 N2O Unit
Well drilling 9.0E-07 3.0E-07 0 1000 tonne/m3
heavy oil production
Well testing 8.0E-05 4.5E-07 5.8E-10
Well servicing 1.7E-08 9.6E-07 0
Total 8.0E-05 1.7E-06 5.8E-10
Source: IPCC (2006) Natural gas production
CO2emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (CO2 Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 gas
production) x Gas Production (m3 /year)) (3-18)
CH4 emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (CH4 Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 gas
production) x Gas Production (m3 /year)) (3-19)
N2O emissions (1000 tonne/year) = i (N2O Emission Factor (1000 tonne/m3 gas
production) x Gas Production (m3 /year)) (3-20)
where subscript ‘i’ represents the oil production activities such as fugitives and gas flaring.
Table 3-6. Emission factor of the air pollutants created from natural gas production activities.
Activities CO2 CH4 N2O Unit
Fugitives 9.7E-11 1.2E-08 0 1000 tonne/m3
gas production
Gas flaring 1.4E-09 8.8E-13 2.5E-14
Total 1.5E-09 1.2E-08 2.5E-14
Source: IPCC (2006)
Estimating the air emissions from industrial processes
Air emissions from industrial processes were generated from non-energy related activities but through the production processes, such as calcination process. Types of air emitted depend on the nature of the manufacturing processes such as chemical reactions, conversion efficiency.
The inventory presented in Table 3-7 explains the emissions from the following industrial
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processes: cement production, lime manufacturing, glass production, iron and steel production, and caprolactam production.
Table 3-7. Emission factor of the air pollutants from industrial process.
Industry Emission factor Unit
Cement production 0.52 tonnes CO2/ tonne clinker
Lime production 0.75 tonnes CO2/ tonne lime produced
Glass production 0.20 tonnes CO2/ tonne glass
Iron and steel production 0.08 tonne CO2/ tonne of steel produced Caprolactam production 9.00 kg N2O /tonne caprolactam
Source: EEA (2013)
Estimating the GHGs emission from wastewater treatment processes
Assessment of CH4 generation potential from industrial wastewater streams is based on the concentration of degradable organic matter in the wastewater, the volume of wastewater, and the propensity of the industrial sector to treat their wastewater in anaerobic systems. Based on these criteria, main industrial wastewater sources with high CH4 generation potential can be identified as the following: pulp and paper production, meat and poultry processing, alcohol and beer production, starch production, dairy products, vegetable oil, fruits and vegetables, etc.
The general equation to estimate CH4 emissions from industrial wastewater is as follows:
CH4 emissions (kg/year) = [(TOW – S) × Bo × MCF – R] (3-21) where TOW = total organic degradable material in wastewater (kg COD/year)
S = organic component removed as sludge (kg COD/year) Bo = maximum CH4 producing capacity (0.25 kg CH4/kg COD) MCF = methane correction factor
R = amount of CH4 recovered to energy source (kg CH4/year)