Plant J 4: 215-223.
Dougherty KM, Brandriss MC, Valle D (1992) Cloning human pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase cDNA by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 267:
871-875.
Graeve K,von Schaewen A, Scheibe R (1994) Purification, characterization and cDNA sequence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plant J 5:353-361.
Greenway H, Winter K, Luttege U (1978) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during development of Crassulacean acid metabolism and during a diurnal cycle in
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. J Exp Bot 29: 547-559.
Handa S, Bressan RA, Handa AK, Carpita NC, Hasegawa PM (1983) Solutes contributing to osmotic adjustment in cultured plant cells adapted to water stress. Planl Physiol 73: 834-843.
Hanson AD, Rivoal J, Paquet L, Gage DA (1994) Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. Evidence that methylmethionine is an intermediate. Plant Physiol 105: 103-110.
Hofuer R, Vazquez-Moreno L, Winter K, Bohnert HJ, Scimitt JM (1987) lnduction of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum by high salinity:
Mass increase and de novo synthesis of PEP-carboxylase. Plant Physiol 83: 915-919.
Holtum JAM, Winter K (1982) Activity of enzymes of carbon metabolism during the induction of Crassulaceqn acid metabolism in Messembryanthemum crystallinL"n L.
Planta 155: 8-16.
Hu C-AA, Delauney AJ, Verma DPS (1992) A bifunctional enzyme carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9354-9358.
Kiyosue T, Yoshiba Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, SHinozaki K (1996) A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline
metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8: 1323-1335.
Krueger R, Jager H-J, Hintz M, Pahlich E (1986) Purification to homogeneity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase ofbarley. Plant Physiol 80: 142-144.
Laliberte G, Hellebust JA (1989) Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in Chlorella
autotrophica and Chlorella saccharophila in relation to osmoregulation. Plant Physiol 91: 917e923.
LaRosa PC, Rhodes D, Rhodes JC, Bressan RA, Csonka LN (1991) Elevated aocumulation of proline in NaCl-adapted tobacco cells is not due to altered pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Plant Physiol 96: 245-250.
Le Rudulier D, Strom AR, Dandekar AM, Smith LT, Valentine RC (1984) Molecular biology of osmoregulation. Science 224: 1064-1068.
Lutstorf U, Megnet R (1968) Multiple forms of alcohol dehydrogenase in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1.Physiological control of ADH-2 and properties of ADH-2
41
and ADH-4. Arch Biochem Biophys 126: 933-944.
Matsuzawa T, Ishiguro I (1980) Ai-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from baker's yeast. Further purification by activity chromatography with 5' AMP-sepharose 4B.
Biochim Biophys Acta 616: 381-383.
McCue KF, Hanson AD (1990) Drought and salt tolerance: Toward understanding and application. TrendsBiotech8:358-362.
Meni11 MJ, Yeh GC, Phang JM (1989) Purified human erythrocyte carboxylate reductase. Preferential oxidation of NADPH. J Biol Chem 264:
9358.
Mezl VA, Knox WE (1976) Properties and analysis of a stable derivative of carboxylic acid for use in metabolic studies. Anal Biochem 74: 430-440.
Miler PM, Stewart CR (1976) Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid reductase from soybean leaves. Phytochemistry 15: 1855-1857.
Nakatani HY, Barber J (1977) An improved method for isolating chloroplasts retaining their outer membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 461: 510-512.
Noguchi M, Koiwai A, Tamaki E (1966) Studies on nitrogen metabolism in tobacco plants. VII. Ai-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from tobacco leaves. Agr Biol
Chem 30: 452-456.
Ostrem JA, Vemon DM, Olson SW, Bohnert HJ (1987) Proline accumulation is an early response to salt stress in M. crystallinum. Plant Physiol S83: 280.
Paul MJ, Cockburn W (1989) Pinitol, a compatible solute in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.? J Exp Bot 40: 1093-1098.
Rayapati PJ, Stewart CR, Hack E (1989) Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase is in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 91: 581-586.
Rena AB, Splittstoesser WE (1974) Ai-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate: the product of proline dehydrogenase from Cucurbita moschata cotyledons. Phytochemistry 13: 2081-2084.
Rena AB, Splittstoesser WE (1975) Proline dehydrogenase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from pumpkin cotyledons. Phytochemistry 14: 657-661.
Rhodes D, Handa S, Bressan RA (1986) Metabolic changes associated with adaptation of plant cells to water stress. Plant Physiol 82: 890-903.
Rossi JJ, Vender J, Berg CM, Coleman WH (1977) Partial purification and some properties of Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 129: 108-114.
Sanada Y, Ueda H, Kuribayashi K, Andoh T, Hayashi F, Tamai N, Wada K (1995) Novel light-dark change of proline levels in halophyte (Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum L.) and glycophytes (Hordeimi vulgare L. and Triticum aestivum L.) leaves and roots under salt stress. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 965-970.
Schwacke R, Grallath S, Breitkreuz K E, Stransky E, Stransky H, Frommer W B, Rentsch D (1999) LeProTl, a transporter for proline, glycine betaine, and y-amino butyric acid in tomato pollen. Plant Cell 11: 377-391.
Shiono T, Kador PF, Kinoshita JJ (1986) Purification and characterization of rat rens
13
pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 881: 72-78.
Smirnoff N, Cumbes QJ (1989) Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry 28: 1057-1060.
Splittstoesser SA, Splittstoesser WE (1973) Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from Cucurbita cotyledons. Phytochemistry 12: 1565-1568.
Stewart GR, Lee JA (1974) The role of proline accumulation in halophytes. Planta 120:
279-289.
Szoke A, Miao G-H, Hong Z, Verma DPS (1992) Subcellular location of carboxylate reductase in root/nodule and leaf of soybean. Plant Physiol 99:
1649.
Tarczynski MC, Jensen RG, Bohnert HJ (1993) Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of the osmolyte mannitol. Science 259: 508-510.
Tolbert NE, Oeser A, Yamazaki RK, Hageman RH, Kisaki T (1969) A survey of plants for leaf peroxisomes. Plant Physiol 44: 135-147.
Treichel S (1986) 'Ihe influence of NaCl on Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in
proline-accumulating cell suspension cultures ofMesembryanthemum nodiflorum and other halophytes. Physiol Plant 67: 173-181.
Venekamp JH, Lampe JEM, Koot JTM (1989) Organic acids as sources of induced proline synthesis in field bean plants, Vicia faba L. J PIant Physiol 133: 659.
Verbruggen N, Villarroel R, Van Montagu M (1993) Osmoregulation of a caboxylate reductase gene inArabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 103: 771-781.
Wakasugi T, Nagai T, Kapoor M, Sugita M, Ito M, Ito S, Tsudzuki J, Nakashima K, Tsudzuki T, Suzuki Y, Hamada A, Ohta T, inamura A, Yoshinaga K, Sugiura M (1997) Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from the green alga Chlorella vulgaris: The existence of genes possibly involved in chloroplast division.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 5967-5972.
Williamson CL, Slocum RD (1992) Molecular cloning and evidence for osmoregulation of the A'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (pro C) gene in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Plant Physiol 100: 1464-1470.
Yoshiba Y, Kiyosue T, Katagiri T, Ueda H, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Wada K, Harada Y, Shinozaki K (1995) Correlation between the induction of a gene for Ai-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and the accumulation of proline in
Arabidopsis thaZiana under osmotic stress. Plant J 7: 751-760,
Yura T, Vogel HJ (1959) Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase of Neurospora crassa: partial purification and some properties. J Biol Chem 234: 335-342.
h-..--. A -'!r
Table 1 PurificationofP5CreductaseisoenzyTnefromspinachieaves
The results presented here are for a typical purification starting from 6.5 kg of spinach leaves
Purification step Volume Activity Protein
(ml) (unit) (mg)
Specific activity
(U/rng protein) Enrichment Yield (-fold) (o/.)
Crude extract 40-600/o A.S.
Blue Cellulofine
P5CRI