87
Chapter 5
88 Fresh produce is important in the development of civilization and economies because it has been the backbone of human health nutrition since the beginning of time. Hunting and fishing supplemented diets with protein‐rich foods but phytochemicals was only predominant in plant foods. Although, nutrients found in plant foods including fresh produce vary among commodities but there is a consensus that plant foods can supply most, if not all, of the essential components for human health maintenance. These components, some of which effect on health and well‐being such as chronic diseases prevention, were discovered gradually by trial and error in human history.
Fresh produce is not only important for local agricultural markets but also plays a major role in international trade. Therefore, extensive research and development to produce higher nutrient produces impact their marketable value.
Until now, producing new variety having longer storability, better yield, appearance and taste, suitability of local climates, disease and pest resistance, and suitability of processing technologies has been concentrated in huge number of research. A new wave of research is addressing the newly developing interest in heath‐based foods. Molecular biologists, biochemists, botanists and medical researchers are linking in the field of plant breeding and postharvest technology to develop recent varieties of fresh produce with phytochemicals consideration.
In this dissertation, efforts for increasing the beneficial oligosaccharides level and developing of objective freshness assessment method of soybean sprouts were conducted. In general, soybean sprouts contain little amounts of oligosaccharides therefore abundant of oligosaccharides in soybean sprouts could enhance phytochemicals composition as well as isoflavones which mean it would provide more healthy effect of soybean sprouts consumption. Moreover, soybean
89 sprouts is highly perishable and fragile on freshness loss. Since freshness reflects the profile of phytochemicals on fresh produce, therefore indication of freshness would also affect to the health effect of it consumption because when consumer could select the sprouts with optimum freshness, it means they can consume the maximum of phytochemicals and get optimum healthy effect. For growers, freshness indication would provide a great useful guidance for keeping the freshness level by application of proper postharvest techniques that could preserve the quality including phytochemicals level of soybean sprouts.
By understanding the role of RFOs during germination process of soybean sprouts, the development of a proper germination method to enhance remaining RFOs level in soybean sprouts was achieved, moreover identification of carbonyl metabolite marker that produced during storage of soybean sprouts was discussed for obtaining an objective freshness evaluation of soybean sprouts. This study would provide a basic data for developing a better quality of sprouts in a view of their nutritional value because there is no soybean sprouts with high amount of RFOs available in the markets. Furthermore, in a view of freshness assessment, obtained freshness marker for soybean sprouts is expected to apply in development of convenient freshness evaluation system of fresh produce that can assess the degree of freshness objectively and can be used in practical by every stakeholder in distribution chain of fresh produce such as non-destructive analytical tool.
In the chapter 2 and 3, the necessity of RFOs that hypothesized as essential for respiration in germinating soybean seed was described to develop a proper germination method for producing soybean sprouts with high amount of RFOs.
Considering the role of RFOs in germinating soybean seeds, inhibition of RFOs
90 breakdown in REP when RFOs is not contribute for respiration could be the ideal action to prevent the RFOs breakdown level in harvested soybean sprouts. Our results indicated that controlling the growing temperature around 20 °C was optimum condition to suppress the RFOs breakdown during REP compared to other general temperatures for soybean sprouts germination in practical use such as 25 °C and 30 °C. Moreover, application of DGJ, which is a synthetic α–
galactosidase inhibitor, is more powerful for preventing RFOs breakdown during REP despite it is very costly in practical use. Further research on discovery of other potential α-galactosidase inhibitors which is inexpensive and natural-derived needs to be conducted.
In chapter 4, an objective freshness indication of soybean sprouts was discussed. Freshness is one of the main attributes of consumer choice of fresh produce including soybean sprouts. However, what the consumer perceives as fresh is not clear. The freshness indication of fresh produce in postharvest management has been referred to several characteristics such as tissue degradation, chilling injury, browning and smelling. However, these references were not universal for all fresh produce, therefore in this study, the degree of freshness of soybean sprouts was reflected by respiratory activity after harvest by indicating the increasing of cumulative CO2 production. Respiration is a basic reaction of all plant material, both in the field and after harvest. It is a continuing process in the growing plant as long as the leaves continue to make carbohydrates, and cannot be stopped without damage to the growing plant or harvested produce.
Fresh produce cannot replace carbohydrates or water after harvest. Respiration uses stored starch or sugar and will stop when reserves of these are exhausted;
ageing follows and the produce dies and decays.
91 In this study, the carbonyl metabolites that accumulated in association with increasing of cumulative CO2 production were identified by using HPLC-MS/MS analysis with metabolomics approach. The emerging technology of metabolomics, which provides comprehensive analysis of metabolites, has attracted increasing attention as an important tool for food quality assessment. Our results indicated that ABA was identified as a metabolite freshness marker that produces significantly with the increasing of senescence. Although the accumulation of ABA in stressed plants relating to drought stress has been already known especially in plant physiology field, the utilization of ABA as a freshness marker in postharvest management has not been considered yet. The use of ABA can be proposed as a freshness marker for various fresh produce since it is ubiquitous in all plants. Further study on the potential of ABA detection in postharvest management should be conducted to reveal the correlation of ABA accumulation and senescence symptoms in various fresh produces.
92 Publications
Syukri, D., Thammawong, M., Naznin, H. A., Nakano, K. 2018. Influence of cultivation temperature on oligosaccharides and isoflavones in soybean sprouts.
Environmental Control in Biology. 56 (2), 59–65.
Syukri, D., Thammawong, M., Naznin, H. A., Nakano, K. 2018. Role of raffinose family oligosaccharides in respiratory metabolism during soybean seed germination. Environmental Control in Biology. (submitted).
Syukri, D., Thammawong, M., Naznin, H. A., Kuroki, S., Tsuta, M., Yoshida M., Nakano, K. 2018. Identification of freshness marker metabolite in stored soybean sprouts by comprehensive mass-spectrometric analysis of carbonyl compounds.
Food Chemistry. 269, 588–594.
93 Acknowledgements
In the name of Allah, the most Merciful, the most Gracious. The most humblest gratitude to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).
I should like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Kohei Nakano, Ph.D., for accepting me as one of his student, for his insights, guidance, encouragement, and invaluable aids in teaching me the various facets of study.
My gratitude to Assistant Professor Manasikan Thammawong, Professor Masayasu Nagata, Professor Masaya Kato for their assistances, useful comments, suggestions and insights throughout the development of this thesis.
My sincere thanks also go to my labmates (Napasawan Liamnimitr, Ph.D, Professor Hushna Ara Naznin), “senpaitachi” (Khandra Fahmy, Ph.D and Chairat Techavuthiporn, Ph.D), the staff of The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, all students in Food Distribution Engineering Laboratory especially Ryodai Ishikawa-san, all colleagues in Gifu University including Indonesian Student Association (PPI-Gifu), all Moslem Communities, all colleagues in Andalas University especially at Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Department of Japanese, Faculty of Humanities, all colleagues in Padang Industrial Technology Academy-Polytechnic (Politeknik-ATI Padang), all colleagues in College of Health Sciences Indonesia, Padang (STIKES Indonesia) especially at Department of Occupational Health and Safety, and Nozaki Sensei (Japanese volunteer teacher), who made my Ph. D study fluently.
I am deeply thanks to my family, especially to my father B. Yalis and my mother Djuswida for the nurture and prayers, my brother Lt. Col of Cavalry Budi
94 Wirman and uni Yanthi, my family-in-law (father-in-law Abu Bakar, mother-in-law Nursyam, brother and sisters-in-mother-in-laws (Andri, Juni, Pitri and their family, and Nova), all big family members (Pak Li, Buk Ti, Buk Mi, Buk Li, Om Pul, Om Ril, Da Mawi, Pak Arih and their family) and all of my friends especially Aulia Azhar and Zeffy Putra Lianton for all the supports and prayers.
I dedicate this thesis to my wife Sismaryeti, AMd. A.K., my children Akbar Syukra Pradisti and Qirata Ayuni Ridisti for the endless love, understanding, encouragement, and support throughout my life.
This doctoral study was financed by Japanese Government within the Monbukagakusho: MEXT Scholarship. I gratefully acknowledge The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. Finally, I also gratefully acknowledge The Head of Department of Agricultural Crop Technology, The Dean of Faculty Agricultural Technology and Rector of Andalas University, and The Indonesian Ministry of Education Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI) for granting permission to pursue this doctoral study.
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