Content Content Content
4.1 OBJECTIVE AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH... 4-1 4.2 METHOD AND DATA... 4-2 4.3 ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS ... 4-3 4.3.1 Indices and formulas...4-3 4.3.2 Solid Fuel...4-16 4.3.3 Liquid Fuel...4-22 4.3.4 Gaseous Fuel...4-39 4.3.5 Other Energy...4-45 4.4 SUMMARY... 4-51 4.5 CONCLUSION...4-54 4.6 REFERENCES... 4-55
Figures Figures Figures Figures
Figure 4.1 Total coal consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products to other sectors...4-19 Figure 4.2 Total coal consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-19 Figure 4.3 Total crude oil consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-26 Figure 4.4 Total crude oil consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of Paper
and Paper Products to other sectors... 4-26 Figure 4.5 Total kerosene consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-32 Figure 4.6 Total kerosene consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of Paper
and Paper Products to other sectors... 4-32 Figure 4.7 Total fuel oil consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-38 Figure 4.8 Total fuel oil consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-38 Figure 4.9 Total natural gas consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper
and Paper Products to other sectors... 4-44 Figure 4.10 Total natural gas consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of
Paper and Paper Products to other sectors... 4-44 Figure 4.11 Total heat consumption intensity contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-48 Figure 4.12 Total heat consumption percentage contributions of Manufacture of Paper and
Paper Products to other sectors...4-48 Figure 4.13 Power supply of the energy...。...4-53
Tables Tables Tables Tables
Table 4.1 The energy consumption of machine process and paperboard of China's pulp and paper making industries 2000-2007...4-1 Table 4.2 Coal consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-17 Table 4.3 Total coal consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to Manufacture of
Paper and Paper Products... 4-18 Table 4.4 Coke consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-21 Table 4.5 Total coke consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to Manufacture of
Paper and Paper Products... 4-22 Table 4.6 Crude Oil consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-24 Table 4.7 Total crude oil consumption intensity contributions of other sectors toManufacture of Paper and Paper Products... 4-25 Table 4.8 Gasoline consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007...4-28 Table 4.9 Total gasoline consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products... 4-29 Table 4.10 Kerosene consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007...4-30 Table 4.11 Total kerosene consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products...4-31 Table 4.12 Diesel Oil consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-34 Table 4.13 Total diesel oil consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products...4-35 Table 4.14 Fuel Oil of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-36 Table 4.15 Total fuel oil consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products... 4-37 Table 4.16 LPG consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-40 Table 4.17 Total LPG consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to Manufacture
of Paper and Paper Products... 4-41 Table 4.18 Natural Gas consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007.4-42 Table 4.19 Total natural gas consumption intensity contributions of other sectors to
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products...4-43 Table 4.20 Heat consumption of Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products 2007... 4-46
4.14.14.14.1 OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE ANDANDANDAND PREVIOUSPREVIOUSPREVIOUSPREVIOUS RESEARCHRESEARCHRESEARCHRESEARCH
Besides the severe environmental pollution China's pulp and paper industry made that analyzed in chapter3, the deep energy impact this industry brought to the country also could not be ignored. In China, pulp and paper industry is well known as one of 'Three High Industry' which means the industry that has high pollution, high energy consumption and high emission. China's unit of output energy consumption is much higher than developed countries, is Japan's 5 times, UK's 6.1 times, German's 5.0 times, France 's 4.7 times, and the United States' 3.9 times. The average unit energy consumption paper products is about 50% higher than in developed countries 4-1).Table 4.1 shows the energy consumption of China's pulp and paper industry 4-2). It could see that the energy consumption of pulp and paper industry is comparatively high. The annual coal consumption of China takes above 30% of world's consumption. As the pulp and paper industry consumed 1.31% of national coal consumption in 2007, meaning that China's pulp and paper industry accounted for over 3.93‰ of world's coal consumption. Table 4.2 shows the ecological footprint of China's pulp and paper industry
4-3). Energy footprint from 2001 to 2007 overall is rising and the coal contributed most to the per capita footprint. The percentage of per capita coal footprint to the total per capita energy consumption footprint was rising from 95% of 2000 with 0.0050 Ha/person to 97% of 2007 with 0.00970 ha/person, growth nearly doubled.
Table 4.1 The energy consumption of machine process and paperboard of China's pulp and paper making industries 2000-2007
Year Comprehensive total energy consumption of
pulp and paper industry (E+4ton tce)
The percentage of national total energy consumption
(%)
Coal consumption
(E+4 ton)
The percentage of national total coal consumption
(%)
Electricity consumption
(E+6 kWh)
The percentage of national total electricity consumption
(%)
2000 1826.84 1.40 1715.94 1.38 228.22 1.69
2001 1937.27 1.44 1691.22 1.34 251.35 1.72
2002 2180.54 1.47 1747.30 1.28 284.97 1.74
2003 2371.45 1.39 1835.91 1.12 311.62 1.64
2004 3081.35 1.52 2713.93 1.40 359.33 1.64
2005 3274.13 1.47 3027.87 1.40 406.76 1.63
2006 3443.68 1.40 3332.69 1.39 447.30 1.56
2007 3342.68 1.26 3379.23 1.31 442.35 1.35
Moreover in China 90% percent of SO2emission is created from coal burning for energy supply 4-4), meaning that more than 1.18% of national SO2emission is created by pulp and paper industry because of coal combustion. With the purpose of decreasing energy consumption and pollution, for papermaking industry, the "paper industry development policies "clearly set, by the unit comprehensive energy consumption of products (pulp, paper and cardboard) should down to 1.10 tce compared to the 1.38 tce of 2005, while the advanced international level is 0.9 ~ 1.1 tce 4-2). And national standard of GB/T23331-2009 (Management System for Energy Requirement) was released 4-5), it selected pulp and paper industry as one of the key pilot to develop energy management system certificate.
The Environmental Efficiency Potential Assessment (E2- PA) charaterised as easy use and understand, free from complicated data collection4-6), was widely applied to study the environment performance of various cases. For example, comparing three recycling methods (energy recovery, material recycling and oil-izing recycleing) of PE and PVC 4-7); utility assessment and calculation of the integrated total index of notebook computer 4-8); examine the consideration of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and environmental load assessment of domestic appliances 4-9), small-size home appliances, mobile telephones 4-10); evaluate the television with a different adjustment technology such as CRT, LC and Plasma 4-11); proposed the guideline for the promotion of the using reuse parts and improvement of ELV's recycling
4-12); examine the use of the fuel containing bio-ethanol to improve the performance making the best of original longevity of the car 4-13); evaluate the hazardous intensity of notebook computer, digital camera, printer and fax machine 4-14); develop Environmental Information System, especially pump system by using special IC tag4-15).
The purpose of this chapter is to analysis the energy impact the pulp and paper industry made with hybrid model, thereby revealing the energy flow and intersectoral relationship between pulp and paper industry and other industries.
4
444....2222 METHODMETHODMETHODMETHOD ANDANDANDAND DATADATADATADATA
The novel hybrid assessment model developed in this chapter is the combination of classical input-output method referred in chapter 3 and the E2-PA method. As the IOA model
The energy consumption data of industries were taken from China energy statistical yearbook of 2008 4-16). The energy intensity coefficient was derived from the database of Nagata Lab.
4444....3333 ENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGY CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION ANALYSISANALYSISANALYSISANALYSIS
4.3.1
4.3.14.3.14.3.1 IndicesIndicesIndicesIndices andandandand formulasformulasformulasformulas
A. Coal consumption xj cjd d w
wcj∗ = / (1)
xj cjt t w
wc∗j = / (2)
1
)
-(I A cd
t W
Wc ∗ = ∗ − (3)
d c wcj dcj EI
EI = • (4)
t c wcj tcj EI
EI = • (5)
xj cjd dcj EI /
EI ∗ = (6)
xj tcj tcj EI /
EI ∗ = (7)
Where d∗
wcj , t∗
wcj are the direct and total coal consumption intensity of sector j respectively. d
wcj , t
wcj are the direct and total amount of coal consumed by sector j respectively. t∗
Wc and d∗
Wc are the 1×n matrices of total and direct coal consumption intensities, respectively t∗
Wc = [wtc1∗,wtc2∗,..., t∗
wcn ], d∗
Wc = [wcd1∗,wcd2∗,..., d∗
wcn ]. d EIcjand tcj
EI are the direct and total coal energy intensity of sectorjrespectively. d∗
EIcj and t∗ EIcjare the direct and total monetary coal energy intensity of sector j respectively, representing the direct and total coal energy intensity of one monetary unit output of sector j. EI is thec coefficient of coal energy intensity.
= ∑
=
n d wcj cjd d w pcj
j 1
/ (8)
= ∑
=
n t wcj tcj t w pcj
j 1
/ (9)
d cj t cj w w
qcj= / (10)
The percentage of direct coal consumption of sector j to the gross direct coal consumption cjd
p , the percentage of total coal consumption of sectorj to the gross total coal consumption cjt
p and coal consumption multiplier qcj 3-28), the n×n matrix of total coal consumption intensity 3-29) ∗′ = ˆd∗(I −A)−1
Wc ct
W were introduced to this study.
B. Coke consumption
x j w d w
ckjd ∗ =
ckj/
(11) xj
t wckj t
wckj∗ = / (12)
1