Conclusions

   This comparative study on outrigger fishing canoes in North Sulawesi is concluded as follows：

a）Apantograph was used to draw hull−1ines

with spring balances of，ユ0−50kg for direct mea一

      パ   へ し 

surement of running resistance of the canoes and is very convenient for taking exact data and for carrying because it is very small in size and light

in weight．

b ） The fishing canoes are dugout， semi−dugout

and planked in construction． The semi−dugout

canoes are dominant with 630／o of the Sulawesi total of 259 canoes． The canoes are the londes，

pelangs， pelang motors and pambuts in local name．

   The canoes generally have pointed tips at both ends and often of 41−68cm in width B and 13

−14 in ratios of Loa／B． While the planked crafts in Malaysia and Jawa have very fair hulls around 4．5 in Loa／B．  These crafts are similar to modern Japanese fishing boats in L／B．

   The londes have a characteristic projection， a

snout． The snout is often elongated forward 220cm long from the base． The pelang motors have a transom cut down their stern ends to

enable motor installation．

c） Hull materials are 70％ of soft wood of 10 species， 250／o of hard wood of 9 species and 50／o of others of 8 species． Among them， rambutan （25％

of the total），a cedrela （90／o）， durian （80／o）， rattan palm （6％） ， a laurel （5％） ， these are all soft wood，

a chaste tree （60／o）， a avicinnia （4％） and lauan

（4％o）， Teak wood was reported as 31％ for 62 Jawa canoes in 19852） as is only 10／o of N orth Sulawesi canoes in this study．

d） Fishing activities of the canoes in this study are taken with various fishing gears， i． e．， hook and lines （580／o of the N orth Sulawesi total，

mainly a vertical line with multiple hooks or long line to catch mackerels and coral fish）．， troll jigs to hook tunas and marlines （140／o）， gill nets to catch mackerels， flying fish， sardines and so on

（12％）， purse seine to catch sardines and mack−

erels （7％） and underwater spears to catch fish and lobsters around coral reefs （3％）． The spear−

ing is mainly done with the londes．

e） Yields per day per canoes are 23kg or 10 US＄

in mean for N orth Sulawesi and range from than 6−17kg or 6−7 US＄ in local mean in other sur−

rounding areas． Among the four types of canoes，

the yields of pambuts and pelang motors are the dominant with local means of 62kg or 30 US＄ and 24kg or 19 US＄ respectively． While the yields of

120 Kawilarang W． A． Masengi and Keishi SHiBATA： Comparative Studies on Fishing Canoes in North Sulawesi， lndonesia

londes and pelangs with no motor are smaller

with 9kg or 8 US＄ and 11kg or 9 US＄ re＄pectively．

f） Motorization of the canoes has increased

annually since 1981． Rates of increase of motor canoes were 3．7−5．30／o from 1976−1980， 12．60／o in 1981 and 15．30／o in 1986．

g） The londes originating from the Sangihe ls．

are found only in the northern coasts of this provmce．

   The pambuts were probably imported from the south Philippines． because Sangihe people

have settled there and made their farms on the

Southwest coast of Mindanao． Sangihe fishermen

often import the pambut and it is a common type of inboard motor canoe in the Philippines．

   The pelangs are the most popular type of

fishing canoe in this province and these pelangs differ quietly in construction from the pelangs

from the west coast of Central Sulawesi Which

have short outrigger floats on the front half of the hull．

   From a cluster analysis applied Loa and 8 dimensional ratios， the canoes in this province resemble with various canoes in the other prov−

ince of Sulawesl （excluding 4 sites of South and

Southeast Sulawesi）， Ternate of the Moluccas

and the Sulu Arch．．

h） Respective types of canoes however have

remarkable local variations by site by type． For example， the londes in the Sangihe differ Crom the londes in Sulawesi． The Sangihe londes have a

longer snout and both ends are more elongated than Manado and Minahasa londes．

   The pelangs consist of three local types in the Sangihe， Manado， Minahasa and Gorontalo in this

provmce．

    The pelangs Qf the Sangihe are rather similar to the londes excluding their snouts， those of

Gorontalo have profiles constructed with three

stra ight lihes and straight ends． Other areas have profiles which are mixtures of the above． Only

the pelangs from in South Gorontalo have out−

rigger floatS of wood and are nbt made o・f bamboo like other areas．

i ） Future problems on North Sulawesi canoes

   The outrigger canoes sailed to distance areas of Mindanao and the Moluccas from N orth Su−

lawesi for many generations． Nowadays， the

canoes cover a short range of only 1−5 sea miles from their fishing villages．

   Accordingly ， high sea−going abilities are no longer necessary for the canoes．

   Recently， the canoes have changed in con−

struction as seen in the pelang motors due to

introduce of motorization and modern fishing

techniques including the use of synthetic mate−

rials． This trend will be accelerated annually

with decreasing forest resources， as building the

dugout and semi−dugout canoes is wasteful of

forest resoUrces and hence these should be re−

placed by planked crafts as soon as possible．

Moreover， young manpower resources are flow−

ing out to big cities from the fishing villages．

   With regards to this， Some suggestions on future aspects of fishing canoes in North Sulawesi are shown：

1） lrftroduce of planked crafts without out−

rigger， because the outrigger canes can load only

about 50kg in mean loadable weight in North

Sulawesi． This capacity is too small to enable introduce modern fishing techniques．

     Sabani ， a planked boat of very simple con−

struction is a good example for introduce into this Prb  vince， because the sabani of LBd＝7．5×1．1×

O．5m and about 100kg in dead weight can load about 600kg and it can be pull upon beach by 2 or 3 fishermen．

2 ） The motori zation of the canoes greatly con−

tributes to the increasing fish caught as mentioned before． The motorization of the canoes started from 1981 and reached a maximum

of 380／o in rate in 1982 for the year total， due to the

Govern血ent．stopping financial＄upport in this

years．

    Suitably poWered motors for hUll size of canoe are generally fitted， but in some villages motors of a certain power are often fitted onto the canoes of all hull sizes without consideration of optimum power required． A regressions of motor size in ps， HP and Loa of Sulawesi canoes is：

     HP＝ O．22973 Loa2−3．7253 （ps， cm）

and， HP ＝O．26695 Loa2−17．0079 B・d          −O．7063 Loa／B十6．47613

These equations may provide a useful reference

for determination of HP for a given canoe；

3 ） Fishermen from the east coast of Malaysia go to sea with an ice box of foamed urethan with wooden frames for storing their fish caught． This is a good idea for ensuring freshness of the fish．

We would like to introduced this simple box also into the outrigger canoes of Sulawesi．

Acknowledgements

   We wish to express our sincere gratitudes Prof． Dr． Hideyuki Nishinokubi and Mr． Hisaaki Takayama bf this university and Prof． Dr． Efren Ed． C． Flores of the College of Fisheries， the University of the Philippines in the Visayas， for their kind guidances and advices on this study．

   We greatly  thank Mr． Elof Katiandagho of Faculty of Fisheries， Sam Ratulangi University in Manado and also Mr． Zainal Ashirin Bin Shahar−

din・ of Marine and Fisheries Science Center，

Malaysia・Agricultural University， for their kind collaborations on this study．

   Furthermore， we would like to express our

heartily thanks to the Toyota Foundation for

financial support which was used on a part of this study．

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124 Kawilarang W． A． Masengi and Keishi SHiBATA： Comparative Studies on Fishirig Canoes in North Sulawesi， lndonesia

Appendix−1 Fundamental program

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