• 検索結果がありません。

Nevertheless, it is reasonable since the illegal dumping is a usual waste handling method of HH_NCVs due to inaccessibility to the collection. Furthermore, the increase of generated waste amount would positively change the WTP answers and significantly raise the bid values. Large-volume-waste generators might need a proper mean to manage their waste.

Dissimilarly, low-volume-waste generators would present zero or low WTP if they consider themselves the least or none pollutant. The positive coefficient of variable namely Satisfaction with waste management (X7) was expected; therefore, the willingness is positively high if the management situation were dissatisfactory. In another word, it is not, in case the HH_NCVs are satisfied, even if the collection were not served.

The results of Chi-square and Wald statistics of both models are significant at p-value < 0.01.

In the Logistic model, Chi-square of Hosmer-Lemeshow test results in 2.807 at a significance level of 0.946. The Nagelkerke R2 is 0.231 while the Cox and Snell R2 is low at 0.042. The R2 of the Tobit model is 0.222.

frequency does not meet the users’ needs, especially households whose waste volume is large. The provision of satisfying collection service to all the families seems to be unreachable. Other countermeasures must be considered to manage the uncollected garbage.

References

Adogu POU, Uwakwe KA, Egenti NB, Okwuoha AP & Nkwocha IB (2015) Assessment of waste management practices among residents of Owerri Municipal Imo State Nigeria.

Journal of Environmental Protection 6: 446-456.

Afroz, R., Hanaki, K., Hasegawa-Kurisu, K., (2009). Willingness to pay for waste management improvement in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. J. Environ. Manag. 90, 492-503.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.12.012.

Afroz, R., Masud, M.M., (2011). Using a contingent valuation approach for improved solid waste management facility: Evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Waste Manag.

31, 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.028.

Alberini, A., Cooper, J., (2000). Applications of the contingent valuation method in developing countries: a survey. Food and Agriculture Organization: Economic and Social Development Paper 146, Rome, Italy.

Awunyo-Vitor, D., Ishak, S., Jasaw, G.S., (2013). Urban households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste disposal services in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Urban Stud. Res.

Article ID 659425. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/659425.

Bateman, I.J., Willis, K.G., (2001). Valuing Environmental Preferences: Theory and Practices of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US, EU, and Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

CINTRI, (Cambodia) LTD., (2017). Collection and Transportaion.

http://cintri.com.kh/view.aspx?LID=EN&mID=H08 (accessed December 27, 2017).

Denney, L., (2016). Working politically in practice series - case study No. 8 - reforming solid waste management in Phnom Penh. The Asia Foundation and the Overseas Development Institute, San Francisco, USA.

Halstead, J.M., Lindsay, B.E., Brown, C.M., (1991). Used of the Tobit model in contingent valuation: experimental evidence from the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area. J. Environ.

Manag. 33, 79-89.

Halstead, J.M., Luloff, A.E., Stevens, T.H., (1992). Protest bidders in contingent valuation.

NJARE. 2, 160-169. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/29000/1/21020160.pdf.

Heisler, T., (2004). Lessons from experience: a comparative look at solid waste management policies in Cambodia, India, The Philippines and Sri Lanka. The Waste-Econ Programme.

Hoklis C & Sharp A (2014). Greenhouse gas emission from municipal solid waste in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. GMSARN International Journal 8: 73-78.

Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., (2000). Applied logistic regression, Second ed. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc., New York.

Hu B, Shao J & Palta M (2006). Pseudo-R2 in logistic regression model. Statistica Sinica 16: 847-860.

Hul S., Kouk F., Soy T. & Khoeurn K. (2015). Solid waste generation and life life-span with credible growth forecast waste generation, volume and composition, Phnom Penh:

The Asia Foundation.

Ichinose D & Yamamoto M (2011) On the relationship between the provision of waste management service and illegal dumping. Resource and Energy Economics 33: 79-93.

Kiran KG, Kini S, Ravi K, Santhosh NP & Udaya Kiran N (2015). KAP study of solid waste disposal of households in Kuttar & Manjanadi Panchayath covered under gramaskhema programme of K.S. Hegde Medical Academy. Nitte University Journal of Health Science 5(3): 29-35.

Kum, V., Sharp, A., Harnpornchai, N., (2005). Improving the solid waste management in Phnom Penh city: a strategic approach. Waste Manag. 25(1), 101-109.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.09.004.

Maskey, B., Singh, M., (2017). Households' willingness to pay for improved waste collection service in Gorkha Municipality of Nepal. Environment 4(77), 1 -15.

https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4040077.

Matsumoto S & Takeuchi K (2011). The effect of community characteristics on the frequency of illegal dumping. Environmental Economic Policy Studies 13: 177-193.

Mongtoeun Y, Fujiwara T & Sethy S (2014). Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and management in Phnom Penh city, Cambodia. Journal of Environmental and Waste Management 1(3): 31-38.

Mun V. (2016). Progress and challenges of deconcentration in Cambodia: the case of urban solid waste management, Working paper series No. 110, Phnom Penh: Cambodia Development Resource Institute.

Muny M. (2016). Survey report on "waste management practices at municipality/district level", Phnom Penh: The National League of Local Councils.

Murad MW & Siwar C (2007). Knowledge, attitude and behavior of the urban poor concerning solid waste management: a case study. Journal of Applied Sciences 7(22):

3356-3367.

Parizeau K, Maclaren V & Chanthy L (2006). Waste characterization as an element of waste management planning: lessons learned from a study in Siem Reap, Cambodia.

Resources, Conservation and Recycling 49: 110-128.

Patrick, I.V., Okon, U.E., Solomon, U.U., (2017). Households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am.

J. Env. Protect. 5(3), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.12691/env-5-3-1.

PDPC (Provincial Department of Planning Capital), (2015). Profile on economic and social in year 2015. Provincial Department of Planning Capital, Phnom Penh.

PDPC, (2016). Profile on economic and social in year 2016. Provincial Department of Planning Capital, Phnom Penh.

PPCH, 2003. List of basic monthly tipping fee for solid waste collection service. Phnom Penh City Hall, Phnom Penh.

PPCH (2011). Brief on development of Phnom Penh city, Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Phnom Penh City Hall.

RGC, (2015). Sub-decree on solid waste management. 113 ANKr.BK, Cambodia, Phnom Penh. http://moe.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-Sub_decree113on-Solid-Waste-Management.pdf (accessed December 27, 2017).

Sang-Arun, J., Chau, K.H., Uch, R., Sam, P., (2011). A guide for technology selection and implementation of urban organic waste utilisation projects in Cambodia, IGES policy report-2011-06, Insitute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Šedová B (2016). On causes of illegal waste dumping in Slovakia. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 59(7): 1277-1303.

Seng, B., Fujiwara, T., Seng, B., (2018). Suitability assessment for handling methods of municipal solid waste. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 4(2), 113-126.

Seng, B., Hirayama, K., Katayama-Hirayama, K., Ochiai, S., Kaneko, H., (2013). Scenario analysis of the benefit of municipal organic-waste composting over landfill, Cambodia.

J. Environ. Manag. 114: 216-224.

Seng, B., Kaneko, H., Hirayama, K., Katayama-Hirayama, K., (2010). Municipal solid waste management in Phnom Penh, capital city of Cambodia. Waste Manag. Res. 29(5), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10380994.

Sethy, S., Sothun, C., Wildblood, R., (2014). Municipal solid waste management in Cambodia, in: A., P., M., T. (Eds.), Municipal solid waste management in Asia and The Pacific Islands: challenges and strategic solutions. Springer, Verlag Singapore, pp.

77-94.

Spoann, V., Fujiwara, T., Seng, B., Lay, C., (2018). Municipal solid waste management:

constraints and opportunities to improve capacity of local government authorities of Phnom Penh Capital. Waste Manag. Res. 36(10), 985-992.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18785722.

Uch R., Sam P. & Stäudel J. (2014). Institutional and legal framework of solid waste management and the development of the current landfill operation and management in Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh: The Asia Foundation.

Wasserman L. (2004). All of statistics: a concise course in statistical inference, New York:

Springer Science/Business Media.

Welivita, I., Wattage, P., Gunawardena, P., (2015). Review of household solid waste charges for developing countries - A focus on quantity-based charge methods. Waste Manag.

46, 637-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.018.

Whitehead, J.C., Haab, T.C., (2013). Contingent Valuation Method, Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. Elsevier Inc., pp. 334-341.

Chapter Seven

Modelling of Household Waste Segregation-based Management