3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FDOT USING TOTAL LIGHT APPROACH
3.6 Reconstructed images of simulated data
3.6.8 Computational Cost
As shown in Fig. 3‐19, the computation time for the whole reconstruction process is significantly reduced to about 20% of that using the common method where comparing the emission measurement and calculation for the same number of meshing.
0 50 100 150 200 250
10 20 30 40 50 60
Iteration Number
C o m put at io n Co st (% )
Total Light Common Method
Fig.3-19:Computational cost of total light approach and common method.
3.7 Summary
We have presented the formulation and simulation results of the total light approach in time‐domain FDOT for reconstruction of the fluorophore concentration in biological media.
The validations of the algorithm have been conducted for 2‐D models by showing its performances such as quantitativeness, position accuracy and separation. The effectiveness of using the total light approach has been proven because this approach has reduced the computation time significantly to about 10% of those by the conventional methods and has given excellent reconstructed results of fluorophore concentration showing good quantitativeness, position accuracy and separation.
The total light approach in this study employed the scheme using the mean time‐of‐
flight data which are obtained from a time‐domain measurement technique. The total light approach actually can be performed using a full time‐resolved data scheme but the computation time will be much longer while the result will be better than those of the featured data‐type schemes.
The total light approach could simultaneously reconstruct the absorption coefficient
and the fluorophore concentration. As shown in the simulation results, the approach reconstructed the fluorophore concentration very well even though the absorption coefficient of the target can not be recovered due to some conditions such as noisy data, high absorption coefficient of the background, the existence of the fluorophore in the background, etc. For validations of the approach, in the next chapter we show some results from phantom experiment.
3.8 References
1. J. Lewis, S. Achilefu, J. R. Garbow, R. Laforest, M. J. Welch, “Small animal imaging:
current technology and perspectives for oncological imaging,” Eur. J.o Cancer 38, 2173–
88 (2002).
2. V. Ntziachristos, C.H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8, 757‐760 (2002).
3. M. Patterson and W. Pogue, “Mathematical model for time‐resolved and frequency domain fluorescence spectroscopy in biological tissues,” Appl. Opt 33, 1963–1974 (1992).
4. X. D. Li, M. A. O’Leary, D. A. Boas, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Fluorescent diffuse photon density waves in homogeneous and heterogeneous turbid media: analytic solutions and applications,” Appl. Opt 35, 3746–3758 (1996).
5. D. J. Hawrysz and E.M. Sevick‐Muraca, “Development toward diagnostic breast cancer imaging using near‐infrared optical measurements and contrast agents,” Neoplasia 2, 388‐417 (2000).
6. V. Ntziachristos and R. Weissleder, “Experimental three‐dimensional fluorescence reconstruction of diffuse media by use of a normalized Born approximation.” Opt. Lett.
26, 893‐895 (2001).
7. E. M. Sevick‐Muraca, J.P. Houston, and M. Gurfinkel, “Fluorescence‐enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agent,” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6, 642‐650 (2002).
8. E. E. Graves, J. Ripoll, R. Weissleder, and V. Ntziachristos, “A submillimeter resolution for small animal imaging,” Med. Phys. 30, 901‐911 (2003).
9. A. B. Milstein, S. Oh, K.J. Webb, C.A. Bouman, Q. Zhang, D.A. Boas, and R.P. Millane,
“Fluorescence optical diffusion tomography,” Appl. Opt. 42, 3081‐3094 (2003).
10. T. F. Massoud and S.S. Gambhir, “Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light,” Genes Dev. 17, 545‐580 (2003).
11. A. B. Milstein, S. Oh, K. J. Webb, C. A. Bouman, Q. Zhang, D. A. Boas, and R. P. Millane,
“Fluorescence optical diffusion tomography,” Appl. Opt 42, 3081–3094 (2003).
12. A. B. Milstein, J. J. Stott, S. Oh, D. A. Boas, R. P. Millane, C. A. Bouman, and K. J. Webb,
“Fluorescence optical diffusion tomography using multiple‐frequency data,” J. Opt. Soc.
Am. A 21, 1035–1049 (2004).
13. S.R. Cherry, “In vivo molecular and genomic imaging: new challenges for imaging physics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 49, R13‐48 (2004).
14. V. Ntziachiristos, J. Ripoll, L.H.V. Wang, and R. Weissleder, “Looking and listening to light:
the evolution of whole‐body photonic imaging,” Nat. Biotech. 23, 313‐320 (2005).
15. J. Wu, L. Perelman, R. R. Dasari, ans M. S. Feld, “Fluorescence tomographic imaging in turbid media using early‐arriving photons and Laplace transforms,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 94, 8783‐8788 (1997).
16. K. Chen, L. T. Perelman, Q. G. Zhang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Optical computed tomography in a turbid medium using early arriving photons,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5, 144‐
154 (2000).
17. D. Hattery, V. Chernomordik, M. Loew, I. Gannot, and A. Gandjbakhche, J. Opt. Soc. Am.
A, “Analytical solutions for time‐resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging in a turbid medium such as tissue,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 18, 1523‐1530 (2001).
18. M. Sadoqi, P. Riseborough, and S. Kumar, “Analytical models for time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2725–2743 (2001).
19. D. Hall, G. Ma, F. Lesage, Y. Wang, “Simple time‐domain optical method for estimating the depth and concentration of a fluorescent inclusion in a turbid medium,” Opt. Lett.
29, 2258‐2260 (2004).
20. G. M. Turner, G Zacharakis, A. Sourbet, J. Ripoll, V. Ntziachristos, “Complete‐angle projection diffuse optical tomography by use of early photons,” Opt. Lett. 30, 409‐411 (2005).
21. G. Ma, N. Mincu, F. Lesage, P. Gallant, and L. McIntosh, “System IRF impact on fluorescence lifetime fitting in turbid medium,” Proc. SPIE 5699, 263‐273 (2005).
22. Bloch, F. Lesage, L. Mackintosh, A. Gandjbakche, K. Liang, S Achilefu, “Whole‐body fluorescence lifetime imaging of a tumor‐targeted near‐infrared molecular probe in mice,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 054003 (2005).
23. A. T. N. Kumar, J. Skoch, B. J. Bacskai, D. A. Boas and A. K. Dunn, “Fluorescence lifetime‐
based tomography for turbid media,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3347‐3349 (2005).
24. X. Lam, F. Lesage, and X. Intes, “Time domain fluorescent diffuse optical tomography:
analytical expressions,” Opt. Express 13, 2263‐2275 (2005).
25. F. Gao, H. Zhao, Y. Tanikawa, and Y. Yamada, “A linear, featured‐data scheme for image reconstruction in time‐domain fluorescence molecular tomography,” Optics Express 14, 7109–7124 (2006).
26. S. Keren, O. Gheysens, C.S. Levin, and S.S. Gambhir "A comparison between a time domain and continuous wave small animal optical imaging system." IEEE Trans Med Imaging 27, 58‐63 (2008).
27. S.R. Arridge, “Optical tomography in medical imaging,” Inverse Probl. 15, R41‐93 (1999).
28. F. Gao, H. Zhao, and Y. Yamada, “Improvement of image quality in diffuse optical tomography by use of full time‐resolved data,” Appl. Opt. 41, 778‐791 (2002).
29. R. Model, M. Orlt, and M. Walzel, “Reconstruction algorithm for near‐infrared imaging in turbid media by means of time‐domain data,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 313‐323 (1997).
30. M. Schweiger and S.R. Arridge, “Application of temporal filters to time resolved data in optical tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1699‐1717 (1999).
31. H. Zhao, F. Gao, Y. Tanikawa, K. Homma, and Y. Yamada, “Time‐resolved optical tomographic imaging for the provision of both anatomical and functional information about biological tissue,” Appl. Opt. 43, 1905‐1916 (2005).
32. F. Gao, P. Poulet and Y. Yamada, “Simultaneous mapping of absorption and scattering coefficients from a three‐dimensional model of time‐resolved optical tomography,” App.
Opt 39, 5898‐5910 (2001).
33. R. Schulz, J. Peter, W. Semmler, and W. Bangerth, “Independent modeling of fluorescence excitation and emission with the finite element method,” in OSA Biomedical Optics Topical Meeting, Technical Digest, ThF24, OSA (2004).
34. A. Marjono, S. Okawa, F. Gao, and Y. Yamada, “Light Propagation for Time‐Domain Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography by Convolution Using Lifetime Function,”
Optical Review 14, No. 3, 131‐138 (2007).
35. A. Marjono, Y. Akira, S. Okawa, F. Gao, Y. Yamada, “Full time‐resolved fluorescence diffuse optical tomography using total light approach,” in OSA Biomedical Optics Topical Meeting, Technical Digest, BMD33, OSA (2008).
36. Y. Yamada, “Light‐tissue interaction and optical imaging in biomedicine,” in Annual Review of Heat Transfer Vol. 6, C. L. Tien, ed. (Begell House, 1995), pp. 1–59.
37. M. Patterson and B. W. Pogue, “Mathematical model for time‐resolved and frequency‐
domain fluorescence spectroscopy in biological tissues,” Appl. Opt. 33, 1963‐1974 (1994).
38. L. Hutchinson, R. Lakowicz, , and M. Sevick‐Muraca, “Fluorescence lifetime based sensing in tissues: a computational study,” Biophys. J. 68, 1574–1582 (1995).
39. S. Muraca and L. Burch, “Origins of phosphorescence signals reemitted from tissues,”
Opt. Lett. 19, 1928–1930 (1994).
40. K. Furutsu and Y. Yamada, “Diffusion approximation for a dissipative random medium and the application,” Physical Review E 50, 3634–3640 (1994).
41. T. Farrel and M. Patterson, “Diffusion modelling of fluorescence in tissue,” in Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, M. Mycek and W. Pogue, eds. (Marcel Dekker, 2003), pp.
29–60.
42. F. Gao, H. Zhao, Y. Tanikawa, and Y. Yamada, “Time‐resolved diffuse optical tomography using a modified generalized pulse spectrum technique,” IEICE Trans. Inf. and Syst. E85‐D, 133–142 (2002).
43. R. A. J. Groenhuis, H. A. Ferwerda, and J. J. T. Bosch, “Scattering and absorption of turbid material determined from reflection measurements. 1. theory,” Appl. Opt 22, 2456–
2462 (1983).
44. W. G. Egan and T. W. Hilgeman, Optical properties of inhomogeneous materials (Academic, 1979).
45. P. A. Jansson, Deconvolution With Applications in Spectroscopy (Academic Press Inc., 1984).
46. P. A. Jansson, R. H. Hunt, and E. K. Plyler, “Resolution enhancement of spectra,” J. Opt.
Soc. Am. 60, 596–599 (1970).
47. V. Ntziachristos, X. Ma, A. G. Yodh, and B. Chance, “Multichannel photon counting
instrument for spatially resolved near infrared spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 193–
201 (1999).
48. F. Gao, H. Zhao, and Y. Yamada, “Improvement of image quality in diffuse optical tomography by use of full time‐resolved data,” App. Opt. 41, 778–791 (2002).
49. F. Gao, P. Poulet, and Y. Yamada, “Simultaneous mapping of absorption and scattering coefficients from a three‐dimensional model of time‐resolved optical tomography,” App.
Opt. 39, 5898–5910 (2000).
50. M. Sevick‐Muraca, A. Godavarty, J. Houston, A. Thompson, and R. Roy, “Near‐infrared imaging with fluorescent contrast agents,” in Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, M.
Mycek and W. Pogue, eds. (Marcel Dekker, 2003), pp. 445–528.
51. M. Schweiger, "Application of the Finite Element Method in Infrared Image Reconstruction of Scattering Media", PhD thesis, University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering (1994).