ALTN．
Chapter 4 Con clusion
Chapter 4
significant impact on ratings. Investigating the interviewees' utterance, we found that one interviewer (JTE) tended to ask 'display questions' frrst and then to ask the
simple questions to compensate for the interviewee's breakdown. The other
interviewer (ALT) tended to move to the next topic or the next part of the interview straight afier she elicited the interviewee's utterance even afier he or she broke down. The way the ALT tended to conduct interviews may be characterizedas ' oreigner talk'. She spoke slowly and ofien rephrased her questions.
The present study shows the variations amongst interviewers in the interview test designed for junior and senior high school students in Japan. There is much room which the interviewer frame or procedure can't prescribe in this interview test.
It is likely that the interaction unfolds in a conversational manner. Such unpredictability gives this test valid measure of conversational communicative competence (Browl 2003).
We also found that some interviewers were able to use the way they
intentionally control the development of topics. The numbcr oftopics which they introduced into the interviews was more than that in the interview in which information from the interviewee utterance triggers to ask a question. There are two aspects which interviewers manage in the interview, content and fimction. It is difficult to elicit the utterance to demonstrate the ability fiom the lower level of interviewees with controlling functions. Therefore, it is appropriate to present as many topics as possible so as to elicit the ratable utterance from them. This mayraise the test reliability.
Unpredictability of the interview depends on how much both interviewer's and interviewee's utterances contains the entrusting behaviors. As we have seel in some interviews there were the entrusting behaviors and the grounding behaviors
which refiected the uncertainty of the interaction. However, there were also the typical classroom discourse structures in the interviews in which interviewers could not endure the uncertainty of interaction. Although the loss of unpredictability results from not interviewer's but interviewee's responses, it is interviewers who need to maintain their entrusting behaviors to control the unpredictable interviews.
The distinction between the natural interaction and the typical classroom discourse depends on whether it has the entrusting behaviors. As we have seen, this study has demonstrated various patterns of interview samples which include entrusting behaviors. At the same time, the study has also shown such variety of interview styles didn't affect ratings. These findings suggest that this oral test, keeping the natural and unpredictable discourse, may still bc a reliable and valid
test.
As we didn't find that the interviewer variation affect the ratings, the variability within interviewer's performance in this study doesn't necessarily seem to be controlled through interviewer training and interviewer frames that limit the possibilities for construct‑irrelevant variability to affect test score (Fulcher, 2003).
The highest score of the interviewees in this test was 3, while the scale is up to 8.
Therefore, we can't exclude the possibility that the differences of interview styles may impact on the ratings for the higher level of interviewees. From this point, we might go on to fiuther investigation into the interviews with the higher level of
mtemewees. Furthermore, there was only one AIJT who participated in the
present study. In the light of the present pedagogical condition in Japan AIJTS have the significant role to cooperate in assessing student's ability. I would like to go on to clarify the variations ofALTS as interviewers and the impact on the ratings.Bibl韮ography
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Appendix 2
Interview Ttst Step Descriptor Stepl
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Appe皿 ix3
The重mnscr垂p重sof蓋n重erv垂ewsbyJTEA蓋nStodylI With ln亡ervieweeP
A；So Leゼs begin．Hello．
P：Hello．
A：Mynameis（）。Pleasetellmeyoumame．
P：My盤ame is（ ）、
A：Oh，（）．Howwasthemarath㎝t曲y？Marath㎝。Howwasthemarath㎝？
PlHow was？
A：隔marath㎝hot？
P：Y￠s．
A：Ah。AreyouOKnow？
P：Yes．
A：So癒st ofall亘ook at this pic血re．Please teII me about出is pic蹴e，
P：Mu．Tree．M臆ke isreada book．Sheisread abook．（LP）He ista1kto丘iends．
A：ハ甫yth血1g else？
P：W註ter．
A：Muhu．OK。Th鋤kyou．Ihavequestjons。Ah Doyou】ikereadingbooks？
1》：Y￠s．
A：La蕊night did you read a book？
P：No，ldidn t．
A；O姐as嘘ni3ht wわat did you do？
P：I watch TVl．
A：Please te】1me about the TV pfogram。
P：M購．Iwatch TVprogram，Ainori，and Sumas秘ma．
A：Muh肱
P：Y￠s．
A二V㎞that㎞terest血9？
P：Y合s．
A：Af祉ef that。Aftef wat￠hing W what di 1you do？
P＝lsle印．
A：What t㎞e go to bed？
P：about mo at eieven。
A：Muhu．OK．T』ankyou．Thenextisro量ep蜘Lookatthlscard，Wh㎝youareready，rH begin．
ノ馳re you∫eady？
P：Ye yes．
A：OK。He蓋10．
P二Hello，（LP）MuNext Saturdaylet7sgowatcぬmovie．
A：MuhuOK．So皿dsni㏄．
P：（LP）T㎞et元me is （LP）wakar㎞as㎝．
A：T㎞eis
P：（LP）
A＝1鍛the mom蓄ng or㎞出e a食emoon？
P＝（pause）T㎞e is a食emo㎝【．
A二muhu．OK．
P：Ah艶go to by car。
A：Y￠s，OK so letls go by car to the movie。OK so see you豊atαr．
P：See you late監
A：OK，Thank you。This is the㎝ld oftherolep藍ay Do you go to see a movie？
P：Yes，I do．
A＝0弛，usuallywithwhodoyougotoseeamovie？
P：My含iends．
A：Oh your倉iends．Te薮meaboutyour倉i㎝ds。
P：（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）。
A：P嚢easetel董me abouthow幡at寅hat do you董ike aboutth㎝？
P：Abou重？
A＝Abo厩thcm．About your倉i㎝ds。V岡hat do you l派e abo滋your倉iends？
P：（LP）snklsukidesuka？
A：Muhu．
P：I like m㎞a．
A：Muh越muhu．Whywむydoyou likethan？
P；Tぬeya面nteresting．
A：muhu and？
P：㎞d（LP）
A：Arethey㎞d？
P：Y◎s．
A：OK。Good。Thank you．A食erthis a食er this i誼er樋ev吟w簸at are you goingto do？
P：I I want to voUeybalL
A：Ok good．So pradヒ量ce hard．丁血ank you v｛野much．
P：Thank you verymuch．
W董出i駐tervieweeX
A：He皿o．
X：Hello．
A：Mynameis（）．Pleasetellmeyoumame。
X：Mynameis（）．
A：0鼓（ ），how are you today？
X：Mu rm so so．
A：Ohsoso．Lastnightdidyou蕊udy？
X：No，ld㎝ t．
A：Oh really What did you do last night？
X：MuIplayedt㎝nis。
A：Oh you played tennis．At night？
X＝Ahhrcadingreadabook
A：Oh reaUy OK。OK so First ofamook at this picture。Please ten me about this picture．
舳yth㎞g is OK．
X：Th孟sischak Musheisreadingabook．Catisunderthetab璽c．Heiseatingacake．
A：Anythlnge萱se？
X：They are talk血g．
A：M hu．OK．Thankyou verymuch。Ah doyouhaveapartylikethiswithyour倉i㎝dorwithyour 魚mily？
X：Ahyes．
A：Oh yes．P翌ease tell me about the party．
X：（LP）
A；Wh㎝did you have the party？
X：lt。s my birthda》こ A：How was that？
X：（LP）
A：Did youhave a party with your飴mily or with your f｝i㎝d？
X：Ah with my㎞il》し
A：Ah th㎝please te me about your f註m窪b七
X：AhMy㎞ilyis飴thermothergr㎝dmothergra簸d飽thersisterandbf面er．
A：Andyousev㎝m㎝bers．
X：Y￠s．
A：Muhu．And？Ah do youIikeyour bfotわer？
X：Mu rm soso．
A＝A董血ahaha．How about your sister？
X：Murm so so．
A；Muisyours撤erk血1d？
X：No．
A：Oh rcally｝】ahaha OK OK．Thank you．
So Next蓋s a role play．Look at this card．V明b㎝you are ready，rll beg血．Are you ready？
X：Mu
A：OK．May I help you？X：Ah Y￠s．（LP）I want to buy some buy a t−sh動ts．
A；Ah T艘sh協踊．W￠have ma皿y T・shhts．
X：ManyT−shhts．Ah IhaveIw鋤ttoye】Iow
A：Oh yellow o蛾e。Y6s wehave two kinds ofyellow T−shh？t．This one and面s one．
X；Please smal垂sセe。
A＝紬sma皿sセe．Yes this is small size，Is this OK？
X：OK．
A＝MuOh臨sis㎝etho砥sandy㎝．lsitOK？
X：Yes．
A：OK here you arc．
X：Th鉱you．
A：Tha盈youverymuc曇｝，Sothis量s㎝doftherolep星a》へAh doyoulikeshopping？
X：Y￠s，ldα
A二〇h sua翌璽y曲erc do you go shqpP血9？
X：I went to Yωago。
A＝Y6nago．V職ich store？
X：Mu肱y。
A：Muhu．Ohtellmeaboutyoロrshoppln昏
X二1w㎝t shoppi丑gwit薮mymother．M I bouゆtma yt・sh姐s《LP）
A：MudidyoubuyyeIIowt−sh㎞？
X：Nono．
A：Oh w簸at㎞d oft−sh廿t did you buy？
X：I bou菖htb蛤ck t−sh玉rt。
A：Oh black one。Do you likethat？Do you Iikethat t・s戴kt？Y6s or no so so？
X：Soso．
A：So so，Ok this is a㎞os匙at the㎝d ofthe1ntcr頓ew ARer this intefview糎hat are you going to do？
X：（LP）
A：Are you go血g to P蓋ay tcnn量s or are you go童ng to s撫dy？
X：Ah p里ayt㎝nis．
A：How about tonight are you goillg to study？
X二Ybs．
A：YOs，youmust』1ahah鼠yo曲avetostu醇 X＝Yes．hahaha
A：Sostuαyhard。Okth鋤kyouverymuch。