Chemicals: hazards
TableA5-1. Chemicals: hazards and precautions PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS AcetaldehydeColourless liquid orMild eye andExtremely flammable;No open flames, noCan form explosive CH3CHOgas with a pungent,respiratory tractvapour/air mixturessparks, no smoking,peroxides in contact fruity odour;irritation. Effects onare explosive;no contact with hotwith air. May polymerize m.p. –121°Cthe central nervousflash point –39°Csurfaces. Store inunder influence of acids, b.p. 21°C.system, respiratoryflammable rangetightly sealedalkaline materials, in tract and kidneys.4–57%.containers in areasthe presence of trace Possible carcinogen.separate frommetals. A strong oxidizers; store only ifreducing agent, reacts stabilized. Use inviolently with oxidants, exhaust cupboard orwith various organic with good ventilation.substances, halogens, Wear rubber gloves,sulfuric acid and safety goggles, andamines. respiratory protection. Acetic acidColourless liquid withCorrosive; causesFlammable;Do not breathe fumes.Violent or explosive CH3CO2Hpungent odour;severe burns; irritatingflashpoint 40°CIn case of contact withreaction with oxidizers. m.p. 17°Cvapour. Effects mayflammable rangeeyes rinse immediately b.p. 118°C;be delayed.5.4–16%.with water and seek miscible with water.medical advice. Wear nitrile gloves and eye protection. AceticColourless liquid withSevere irritation ofFlammable; evolvesNo open flames, noReacts violently with anhydridea strong pungent,eyes and upperirritation or toxicsparks, no smoking.boiling water, steam, (CH3CO)2Ovinegar-like odour;respiratory tractfumes or gases in aPrevent skin and eyestrong oxidants, alcohols, m.p. –73°Cirritation; corrosivefire;contact.amines, strong bases and b.p. 139°C.action. Effects may beflashpoint 49°Cmany other compounds. delayed.explosive limitsAttacks many metals 2.7–10.3%.in presence of water.
AcetoneColourless volatileSlight eye, nose andHighly flammable;Keep container inReacts violently withEarth/ground large CH3COCH3liquid with sweetishthroat irritation.flashpoint –18°Cwell-ventilated area;oxidizers (e.g. chromiccontainers and odour;Inhalation may causeexplosive limitskeep away fromand nitric acids) andvessels to prevent m.p. –95°C,dizziness, narcosis2.2–12.8%.sources of ignition.chloroform in thestatic electricity. b.p. 56°C.;and coma.Do not breathe vapour.presence of base. miscible with water.Use respiratoryIncompatible with protection; wear eyeconcentrated sulfuric protection.and nitric acid mixtures. AcetonitrileColourless liquid withRespiratory, eye andHighly flammable;No open flames, noReacts with aqueous CH3CNan aromatic odour;skin irritation.flashpoint 12.8°Csparks, no smoking,acids and bases, m.p –46°CExposure may result inexplosive limitsno contact with oxidants.producing toxic b.p. 82°C.convulsions3.0–16%.Use only in areas free offumes. Reacts with unconsciousness,ignition sources. Storestrong oxidants. cyanide poisoning.in tightly sealedAttacks some forms containers in areasof plastic, rubber and separate from oxidizers.coatings. Decomposes Work with exhauston burning producing ventilation. Avoid skin,hydrogen cyanide and eye and mucousnitrogen oxides. membrane contact. Use respiratory protection and rubber gloves. AcetyleneColourless gas withSimple asphyxiant;Extremely flammable;For skin protection useStrong reducing agent; HC≡CHa faint, ethereal orfrostbite on skinflammable rangecold-insulating glovesreacts violently with garlic-like odour;contact.2.5–100%.and safety goggles oroxidants and with shipped under pressure,face shield. No openfluorine or chlorine dissolved in acetone;flames, no sparks, nounder influence of light. m.p. –81°Csmoking. Work withReacts with copper, sublimes at –84°C.local exhaust ventilation,silver and mercury or explosion-proof electricaltheir salts, forming shock- equipment and lighting.sensitive compounds.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS AcroleinColourless or yellowLacrimation. SevereHighly flammable;Prevent skin and eyeOxidizers, acids, alkalis, CH2=CHCHOliquid with a piercing,respiratory irritation;flashpoint –26°Ccontact. Work in fumeammonia, amines. Poly- disagreeable odour;lung oedema at highexplosive limitscupboard or with goodmerizes readily unless m.p. –87°Cexposure levels.2.8–31%.ventilation.inhibited, usually with b.p. 53°C.Effects may be delayed.hydroquinone. May form shock-sensitive peroxides over time. AmmoniaColourless liquid withCorrosive to eyes,As ammonia gas;Keep container tightlyReacts violently with solutionspungent odour; for gas:respiratory systemflammable rangeclosed. In case of contactheavy metals such as m.p. –78°Cand skin on ingestion;15–28%.with eyes, rinsemercury and their salts b.p. –33°C;lung oedema at highimmediately and seekto form explosive for 25% solution:levels of exposure tomedical advice. Work inproducts. m.p. –58°Cgas or vapour.fume cupboard. Wear b.p. 38°C;rubber or plastic gloves and miscible with water.chemical-grade goggles. AnilineColourless to brown,Cyanosis due toCombustible;Store in tightly sealedStrong oxidizers, C6H5NH2oily liquid with anmethaemoglobinaemia.flashpoint 70°Ccontainers in areasstrong acids. aromatic amine-likeEye and skin irritation.explosive rangeseparate from oxidizers. odour;May be absorbed1.2–11%.Prevent skin and eye m.p. –6°Cthrough the skin;contact. Work with local b.p. 185°C.repeated or prolongedexhaust ventilation or exposure may causerespiratory protection, sensitization.protective gloves, protective clothing, face shield. AuramineYellow flakes orHarmful by ingestion,Avoid skin contact andStrong oxidizing agents. 4,4'-Carbono-powder;inhalation and skininhalation of dust. Wear imidoylbism.p. 136 °C;contact. May causerubber or plastic gloves (N,N-dimethyl-insoluble in water.eye or skin irritation.and chemical-grade goggles. benzenamine)Possible carcinogen.Work in fume cupboard or wear dust respirator.
BenzeneColourless volatileInhalation of vapourHighly flammable;Keep container in well-Can react violently C6H6liquid withcauses effects onflashpoint –11°Cventilated area and awaywith oxidizers characteristiccentral nervousflammable rangefrom sources of ignition.including chromic acid, aromatic odour;system resulting in1.3–8%.Work in fume cupboardpotassium m.p. 6°Cvertigo and headache;or hood with adequatepermanganate and b.p. 80°C.at high concentrations,ventilation. Wear eyeliquid oxygen. unconsciousness andprotection and nitrile or death. Risk of aplasticPVC gloves. Prevent anaemia, leukaemia,formation of electrical liver damage oncharges by earthing/ prolonged or chronicgrounding. exposure. May be absorbed through skin. BenzidineLight yellow powder;May be absorbedCombustible, givesAvoid all exposure.Use is prohibited or 1,1'-Biphenyl-m.p. 128°Cthrough skin. Mayoff toxic fumesWear eye and skinlegally controlled in 4,4'-diamineb.p. 400°Ccause bladder cancer.(gases) in a fire.protection. Work in fumemany countries. slightly soluble inAvoid all exposure.cupboard with exhaust water but very solubleventilation. in acids and organic solvents. BromineDark reddish-brownCorrosive. Vapour isNot combustible butUse in closed systemStrong oxidant,Attacks some Br2fuming liquid withcorrosive to eyes andenhances combustionand with ventilation.reacts violently withforms of plastic, pungent odour;respiratory tract;of other substances.Wear protective glovescombustible andrubber and m.p. –7.2°Cinhalation may causeMany reactions mayand clothing, safetyreducing materials.coatings. b.p. 58.8°C.lung oedema andcause fire orgoggles, face shieldReacts violently with effects on centralexplosion. Heatingor eye protection inaqueous ammonia, nervous system. Eyewill cause rise incombination withoxidants, metals, contact can causepressure with riskrespiratory protection.organic compounds blurred vision, redness,of burning.and phosphorus. pain, severe tissue burns.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS Carbon dioxideTranslucent whiteRisk of asphyxiationWear protectiveAlkali metals, strong (solid; “drysolid at –79°C;in confined or poorlyinsulated gloves. Storebases. ice”) CO2sublimes to gas atventilated areas; contactonly in ventilated room ambient temperature.with solid “dry ice”or area in open causes frostbite.container. Carbon tetra-Colourless liquid withMay be absorbedNot combustible.Avoid all contact. WorkOn contact with hot chloridecharacteristic ether-through skin; mayGives off irritatingwith ventilation, localsurfaces or flames, CCl4like odour;cause dermatitis onor toxic fumes orexhaust or respiratorydecomposes forming m.p. –23°Cprolonged exposure.gases in a fire.protection; use nitriletoxic and corrosive b.p. 76.5°C.Eye irritation. Maygloves and protectivefumes and gases cause liver and kidneyclothing, face shield or(hydrogen chloride, damage and centraleye protection inchlorine, phosgene). nervous systemcombination withReacts with some disturbances resultingrespiratory protection.metals such as in headache, nausea,aluminium, slight jaundice, loss ofmagnesium, zinc. appetite and narcosis. An animal carcinogen. ChlorineGreenish-yellow gasCorrosive to eyes, skinNot combustible butWork with closed systemSolution in water is aAttacks many Cl2with pungent odour;and respiratory tract.enhancesand ventilation. Wearstrong acid, reactsmetals in m.p. –101°CInhalation of gas maycombustion of othercold-insulating gloves,violently with basespresence of water. b.p. –34°C.cause pneumonitis andsubstances.protective clothing,and many organicAttacks plastics, lung oedema, resultingsafety goggles or eyecompounds, acetylene,rubber and in reactive airways dys-protection in combinationbutadiene, benzenecoatings. function syndrome (RADS).with respiratoryand other petroleum Rapid evaporation of theprotection.fractions, ammonia, liquid may cause frostbite.hydrogen, sodium High exposures maycarbide, turpentine result in death. Effectsand finely divided may be delayed; medicalmetals causing fire observation indicated.and explosion hazard.
ChlorineYellow to red gas orSevere irritation ofNot combustibleWork in closed systemA strong oxidant; reacts dioxide ClO2a red-brown liquid;eyes, skin andbut enhanceswith ventilation. Wearviolently with combustible m.p –59°Crespiratory tract;combustion of otherprotective gloves andand reducing materials. b.p. 10°C.inhalation of gas maysubstances; mayclothing, safety gogglesReacts violently with cause lung oedema.explode on heating,or eye protection inphosphorus, potassium Effects may be delayed;on exposure to sun-combination withhydroxide, sulfur, medical observationlight or if subjectedrespiratory protection.ammonia, methane, indicated.to shock and sparks.phosphine and hydrogen sulfide. ChloroformColourless volatileHarmful by inhalation,Wear protectiveStrong bases; someWhen heated to CHCl3liquid withingestion and skin contact;clothing, nitrile glovesmetals such asdecomposition, characteristic odour;skin irritation. May causeand eye protection.aluminium orforms phosgene m.p. –63°Ceffects on liver, kidneysWork in a fumemagnesium, zincgas. b.p. 61°C;and central nervouscupboard.powder; strongAttacks plastics, slightly soluble insystem resulting inoxidizers.rubber. water.headache, nausea, slight jaundice, loss of appetite, narcosis. Prolonged or chronic exposure causes cancer in animals; sus- pected human carcinogen. Chromic acidDark red odourlessIrritation of eyes, skinDecomposes abovePrevent skin and eyeIn aqueous solution is CrO3flakes or powder oftenand respiratory250°C to chromiccontact; avoid inhalationa strong acid which Chromium VIused in aqueoussystem. Repeated oroxide and oxygenof fine dust and mist.reacts with bases and oxidesolutions;prolonged contact withwith increased fireWork with ventilation,is corrosive. Strong m.p. 197°C.skin may cause derma-hazard. Manylocal exhaust oroxidant, reacts with titis, chrome ulcers andreactions may causerespiratory protection.combustible, organic skin sensitization.hazards.or other readily Inhalation may causeoxidizable materials asthma-like reactions.(paper, wood, sulfur, May cause perforation ofaluminium, plastics nasal septum. Humanetc.). Corrosive to carcinogen.metals.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS CopperReddish, lustrous,Inhalation of copperCombustible.Work with local exhaustShock-sensitive Cumalleable, odourlessfume may cause metalor repiratory protection,compounds are formed solid; red powder,fume fever.protective gloves andwith acetylenic turns green ongoggles.compounds, ethylene exposure to moist air;oxides azides and m.p. 1083°Chydrogen peroxide. b.p. 2567°C.Reacts with strong oxidants like chlorates, bromates and iodates, causing explosion hazard. CyanogenColourless or whiteSevere eye, skin andNot combustible butWork in closed systemDecomposes on heating bromidecrystals, withrespiratory tractforms flammable gaswith ventilation. Wearand on contact with BrCNpungent odour;effects; inhalation ofon heating. Gives offprotective gloves andacids producing highly m.p. 52°Cvapour may cause lungirritating or toxicprotective clothing,toxic and flammable b.p. 61°C.oedema which mayfumes or gases insafety goggles facehydrogen cyanide and result in convulsions,a fire.shield or eye protectioncorrosive hydrogen unconsciousness,in combination withbromide. Reacts with respiratory failure andrespiratory protection.strong oxidants. Reacts death.slowly with water and moisture to produce hydrogen bromide and hydrogen cyanide. Attacks many metals in the presence of water. CytochalasinWhite powder;Toxic by ingestion,Avoid contact with eyes,Strong oxidizing agents. (A–J)m.p. varies.inhalation or absorptionskin, clothing; wear through skin. Maychemical-grade goggles cause congenital fetaland rubber or plastic malformation.gloves.
Diethyl etherColourless highlyIrritation of eyes andExtremely flammable;Keep container in well-Exposure to air and C2H5OC2H5volatile liquid withrespiratory tract . Mayflashpoint –45°Cventilated area; keeplight may result in sweet characteristicaffect central nervousflammable rangeaway from sources offormation of explosive odour;system causing1.7–48%.ignition; earth/groundperoxides. Can react m.p. –116°Cdrowsiness andcontainers to preventviolently with oxidizers b.p. 34°C;unconsciousness.static electricaland halogens. slightly soluble inRepeated inhalationdischarges. Work in water.may cause addiction.fume cupboard. Wear nitrile gloves to prevent defatting of skin. DimethylamineColourless volatileSevere irritation ofExtremely flammable;Keep away from sourcesCan react with oxidizers, (CH3)2NHliquefied gas witheyes and respiratoryflashpoint –26°Cof ignition; in case ofmercury. pungent odour;system; inhalationflammable limitscontact with eyes rinse m.p. –93°Cmay cause lung oedema.2.8–14%.immediately and seek b.p. 7°C;Rapid evaporation maySolution highlymedical advice. Work in miscible with water.cause frostbite.flammable;fume cupboard. Wear Solution is corrosive toflashpoint –18°C.nitrile gloves and eyes and skin.chemical-grade goggles. 2,4-Dinitro-Orange-red crystallineIrritation of skin andKeep moist to reduceCan react vigorously phenyl-hydrazinepowder;eyes. Harmful byexplosion risk. Wearwith oxidizers and C6H3(NO2)2-m.p. 200°C;ingestion, inhalationdust respirator, rubberreducers. NHNH2slightly soluble in water.and skin contact.or plastic gloves and 1-Hydrazino-chemical-grade goggles. 2,4-dinitro- benzene
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS DioxaneColourless liquid,Irritation of eyes andHighly flammable;Work with ventilation,Can form explosive C4H8O2with characteristicrespiratory tract. Maydistant ignitionlocal exhaust. No openperoxides. Reacts Diethyleneodour;affect central nervouspossible; as a resultflames, no sparks, novigorously with strong dioxidem.p. 12°Csystem resulting inof flow, agitation,smoking, no contactoxidants and b.p. 101°C.headache, nausea,etc., electrostaticwith strong oxidants orconcentrated strong cough, sore throat,charges can behot surfaces. Do not useacids. Reacts abdominal pain,generated.compressed air for filling,explosively with some dizziness, drowsiness,discharging or handling;catalysts. Attacks many vomiting, unconscious-use non-sparking tools.plastics. ness. May be absorbedWear protective gloves, through skin. Kidneyclothing, face shield or and liver damage.eye protection, in Probably a humancombination with carcinogen.respiratory protection. EthanolColourless volatileHarmful if ingested.Highly flammable;Keep container tightlyReacts violently with CH3CH2OHliquid with slight,Irritation of eyes. Mayflashpoint 12°Cclosed; keep away fromstrong oxidizers. characteristic odour;affect central nervousflammable limitsignition sources. m.p. –117°Csystem.3–19%. b.p. 79°C; miscible with water. EthanolamineColourless non-volatileCorrosive to eyes,Flashpoint 85 °C.Wear rubber or plasticReacts with strong H2NCH2CH2OHviscous liquid withrespiratory systemgloves and eyeoxidizers. 2-Amino-ammoniacal odour;and skin. May causeprotection. ethanolm.p 10°Cskin sensitization. b.p. 171°C; miscible with water.
FormaldehydeColourless liquid withSeverely irritation ofFlashpoint 50°C.Wear protective clothingCan react vigorouslyConcentrated solutiona pungent odour;eyes and skin, irritationsuch as plastic apron,with oxidizers, withformaldehyde (37–41%b.p. 96°C;of respiratory tract; pro-rubber or plastic glovesnitromethane tosolutions become formaldehydemiscible with water.longed exposure to theand chemical-gradeproduce explosivecloudy if stored with 11–14%vapour may causegoggles. Work in fumeproducts, withbelow 21°C and methanol)asthma-like symptoms,cupboard or well-hydrochloric acid toshould be kept at HCHOconjunctivitis, laryngitis,ventilated area.produce the potent21–25°C. Dilute bronchitis or broncho-carcinogen bissolutions (1–5%) pneumonia. May cause(chloromethyl) ether.and medium- sensitization by skinstrength solutions contact. Possible risk(5–25%) retain of irreversible healthmany of the effects. Possiblehazards of the carcinogen.concentrated form. GlutaraldehydeColourless or paleSevere irritation ofWork in fume cupboardCan react vigorouslyOften supplied in OHC(CH2)3CHOyellow solution witheyes and upperor well-ventilated area.with oxidizers.aqueous solution pungent odour;respiratory tract;Wear rubber or plasticat various concen- m.p. –14°Cprolonged inhalationgloves and eyetrations with added b.p. 189°C;exposure or skin contactprotection.stabilizer to miscible with water.may cause sensitization.enhance stability. HydrochloricColourless fumingCorrosive to eyes,Do not breathe fumes;Reacts violently withReleases highly acid (10–37%)liquid with a pungentrespiratory systemuse respiratory protection.bases (solids andtoxic fumes in HClodour;and skin; repeatedIn case of contact withconcentrated solutions),fires. Hydrogenb.p. –121°C;inhalation of vapoureyes, rinse immediatelyexplosively with chloridemiscible with water.can cause chronicwith water and seeksolid potassium bronchitis.medical advice; in case ofpermanganate. Gives contact with skin, washoff toxic or explosive immediately with plentygases on contact with of water. Work in fumemany metals. cupboard. Wear rubber or plastic gloves and eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS HydrogenColourless liquid;Corrosive at highOxidizing agent;In case of contact withReacts vigorously withCan decompose peroxidem.p. –39°C (70%)concentration (60%),contact withskin, wash immediatelya variety of chemicalevolving oxygen, H2O2b.p. 125°C (70%);and at lowcombustible materialwith plenty of water.reagents includingcausing pressure miscible with water,concentration (6%)can cause fire.Wear nitrile gloves andoxidizers and bases.rise in container. supplied in aqueousif contact with skin iseye protection ifAttacks most metalsStore in dark, cool solution at variousprolonged. Diluteconcentrationor their salts, flammableplace. Do not use concentrations.solutions are irritatingexceeds 20%.liquids and othermetallic containers to eyes, respiratorycombustible materialsor equipment, e.g. system and skin.(paper, textiles), anilinebrass, copper, and nitromethane.iron. HydrogenColourless gas withMay cause effects onExtremely flammable;Work with ventilation,Strong oxidizers andSense of smell sulfidea strong odour ofcentral nervous systemexplosive limitslocal exhaust. Wearstrong nitric acid.becomes rapidly H2Srotten eggs;resulting in headache,4.3–46%.safety goggles or eyeAttacks many metalsfatigued and b.p. –60°Cdizziness, cough, soreprotection inand plastics.cannot be relied m.p. –85°C.throat, nausea, labouredcombination withon to warn of the breathing, unconscious-respiratory protection.continuous ness and death. Inhala-presence of the tion may cause lunggas. oedema. Redness, pain, severe deep burns of eyes. IodineBluish-blackIrritation of eyes,Not combustibleDo not breathe vapour;Reacts violently with I2crystalline scales withrespiratory systembut enhancesavoid contact withmetals including a characteristic odour;and skin. Repeatedcombustion of othereyes. Wear nitrilealuminium, potassium m.p. 114°Cexposure may causesubstances. Manygloves.and sodium, and with b.p. 184°C;skin sensitization.reactions may causeethanol/phosphorus practically insolubleMay have effect onfire or explosion. Givesmixtures, acetylene in water.thyroid.off irritating or toxicand ammonia. fumes (or gases) in a fire.
MercuryHeavy silvery liquid;May be absorbedNot combustible.Keep container tightlyAcetylene, fulminicStore containers Hgm.p. –39°Cthrough skin.Gives off irritating orclosed. Work in fumeacid. Reacts withand use over catch- (Quicksilver)b.p. 357°C;Repeated exposuretoxic fumes in a fire.cupboard or well-ammonia, azides andment trays to insoluble in water.may affect kidneysventilated area. Preventethylene oxide to formcontain spillage; and central nervousspills. Observe strictexplosive products.suck up spilt drop- system, and may causehygiene. Wear nitrileReacts violently withlets into a small vomiting, diarrhoea,gloves.bromine. Formsrespiratory bottle headache, nausea,amalgams with manyfitted with a capillary swollen gums, loosemetals.connecting tube teeth.and connected to a pump; treat spilt areas with zinc dust to form an amalgam. MethanolColourless volatileEffects on centralHighly flammable;Keep container tightlyCan react vigorously CH3OHliquid withnervous system result-flashpoint –16°Cclosed; keep away fromwith oxidizers. Reactions characteristic odour;ing in unconsciousness;flammable rangeignition sources. Avoidwith magnesium or m.p. –98°Cmucous membrane7–37%.breathing vapour andbromine can be violent b.p. 65°C;irritation. Chroniccontact with skin. Workand those with strong miscible with water.exposure can causein fume cupboard or well-oxidants or chloroform damage to retina andventilated area. Wearwith sodium can be optic nerve. Prolongedrubber or plastic glovesexplosive. skin contact may causeand eye protection. dermatitis. May be absorbed through skin. NaphthylamineWhite to pink crystalsBoth forms very toxicCombustible.Avoid all exposure; wearUse is prohibited or (alpha and beta)with characteristic odour;by inhalation, ingestionsuitable protectivelegally controlled in C10H9Nalpha: m.p. 50°Cand skin contact.clothing. Work in fumemany countries. N-phenyl-α-b.p. 301°C;Human carcinogencupboard or hood, or naphthylaminebeta: m.p. 113°Ccausing bladder cancer.with exhaust ventilation. andb.p. 306°C;Experimental mutagen N-phenyl-β-poorly soluble in waterand teratogen. naphthylaminebut hydrochloride isAbsorbed through skin. water-soluble.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS NinhydrinPale yellow solid,Harmful by ingestionFlammable,Avoid inhalation of theContact with skin C9H6O4decomposes beforeand inhalation. Irritationcombustible solid;spray or vapour andproduces a melting at 241°C.of eyes, respiratoryflashpoint 39°C.contact with eyes. Wearpersistent violet Supplied in aerosolsystem and skin.rubber or plastic glovesstain. spray cans as 0.5%Repeated exposure mayand chemical-grade solution in butanol;cause skin sensitization.goggles. soluble in water. Nitric acidColourless or paleCorrosive; causesOxidizer; contactDo not breathe vapour;Acetic acid, chromicConcentrated nitric (50–70%)yellow fuming liquid;severe burns to eyeswith combustibleuse respiratory protection.acid, hydrocyanic acid,acid is involved in HNO3m.p. –42°Cand skin. Inhalation ofmaterial may causeIn case of contact withaniline, carbon,more dangerous b.p. 83–121°C;vapour may cause lungfire. Evolves toxiceyes, rinse immediatelyhydrogen sulfide, bases,reactions than any miscible in water.oedema.fumes in a fire.and seek medical attention;metals and many otherother chemical in case of contact withsubstances.reagent. skin, wash off immediately; remove contaminated clothing. Wear PVC gloves, plastic apron and chemical- grade goggles. Work in fume cupboard. NitrobenzenePale yellow oily liquid,MethaemoglobinanaemiaCombustible; risk ofWork with ventilation,On combustion forms C6H5NO2with characteristic odour;with cyanosis, liverfire and explosion;local exhaust orcorrosive fumes including m.p. 6°Cdamage; symptomsflashpoint 88°C.respiratory protection.nitrogen oxides. Reacts b.p. 211°C.include blue lips orWear protectiveviolently with strong fingernails, blue skin,gloves, protectiveoxidants and reducing dizziness, nausea,clothing, safety goggles.agents, causing fire and weakness, unconscious-explosion hazard. Attacks ness. Absorbed throughmany plastics. Forms ex- skin.plosive (thermally unstable) substances or mixtures with many organic and inorganic compounds.
OsmiumPale yellow crystals withVery toxic by inhalation,Powerful oxidizingKeep container tightly tetroxidepungent odour;ingestion and skinagent. Not combustibleclosed and in a well- OsO4m.p. 40°Ccontact, causing severebut enhancesventilated area. Work with b.p. 130°C;burns and irritation.combustion of othersolid and solutions in fume sublimes below boilingVapour, solid andsubstances.cupboard or hood. Wear point; soluble in water.solutions are corrosivechemical-grade goggles to skin and respiratoryand protective gloves. To tract. Inhalation maymake up solutions, add cause lung oedema.unopened ampoule to required volume of water, stopper and shake to break ampoule. Oxalic acidColourless crystals;Harmful if in contactCombustible. GivesAvoid contact with skinOxidizing agents; also HO2CCO2Hsoluble in water;with skin or if ingested.off irritating or toxicand eyes; wear eyesilver and mercury m.p. 190°C,Dust irritates respiratoryfumes (or gases) in aprotection and gloves.and their compounds. decomposes.tract and eyes. Solutionsfire. irritate eyes and may cause skin burns. OxygenColourless compressedAt very high concen-Not combustible butNo open flames, noA strong oxidant, reacts O2gas;trations, irritation ofenhances combustionsparks, no smoking, nowith combustible and m.p. –218.4°Crespiratory tract.of other substances.contact with flammablereducing materials, b.p. –183°C.Heating will cause risesubstances.causing fire and explosion in pressure of containerhazard. Reacts with oils, with risk of bursting.greases, hydrogen, and flammable liquids, solids and gases.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS Perchloric acidColourless liquid;Corrosive; causes severePowerful oxidizingAvoid breathing vapourCombustible materialsPowerful oxidizing HClO4miscible with water.burns to eyes and skinagent. Not combustibleand other exposure; wearand reducing agents:agent; may form and if ingested. Vapourbut enhancesprotective clothingacetic anhydride,explosive products is corrosive to eyes, skin,combustion of otherincluding nitrile gloves,bismuth and its alloys,if in contact with and respiratory tract.substances.eye and face protection.alcohol, metal, paper,many inorganic and Inhalation of vapoursWith hot solutions workwood and other organicorganic materials; may cause lungin fume cupboard or hood.materials.contaminated wood- oedema.en floors, benches, etc. May explode on percussion. PhenolColourless or paleSubstance and vapoursFlashpoint 80°CDo not breathe vapour;Reacts with oxidants C6H5OHpink crystals withare corrosive to eyes,flammable rangeuse respiratory protection.causing fire and characteristic odour;skin and respiratory1.7–6%.Avoid eye and skin contact.explosion hazard. m.p. 41°Ctract causing severeWork in fume cupboard. b.p. 182°C;burns; absorbed throughWear nitrile gloves and soluble in water.skin. Central nervouseye protection. In case of system disturbance,contact with eyes, rinse coma. Kidney and liverimmediately with water damage. Symptomsand seek medical advice; include abdominal pain,in case of contact with vomiting, diarrhoea, skinskin, remove any irritation, eye pain.contaminated clothing Prolonged contact withand swab the dilute solutions maycontaminated area with cause dermatitis.glycerol, polyethylene glycol 300 or a mixture of liquid polyethylene glycol (70%) and methyl- ated spirit (30%) and then flush with water.
PhosphoricColourless viscousCorrosive; causesAttacks many metalsIn case of contact with acidliquid or hygroscopicburns to the skin andproducing hydrogen.eyes, rinse with water and H3PO4white crystals;eyes.Gives off toxic fumesobtain medical advice. m.p. 42°Cin a fire.Wear nitrile gloves and decomposes beloweye protection. boiling point at 213°C; soluble in water. PhosphorusHygroscopic whiteCorrosive to the eyes,Not combustible butWork with local exhaustSolution in water is a pentoxidecrystals or powder;skin, respiratory tract,enhances combustionprotection. Wearstrong acid; reacts P2O5m.p. 340°C, sublimationleading to sore throat,of other substances.protective gloves andviolently with bases and point 360°C.cough, burningMany reactions mayclothing, face shield, oris corrosive. Reacts sensation, shortness ofcause fire or explosion.eye protection inviolently with perchloric breath; skin burns, pain,Gives off irritating orcombination withacid causing fire and blisters, eye burns.toxic fumes (or gases)respiratory protection.explosion hazard. Reacts Inhalation may causein a fire.violently with water lung oedema. Ingestionforming phosphoric acid. may cause abdominalAttacks many metals in cramps, burningpresence of water. sensation, diarrhoea, sore throat, vomiting. Picric acidYellow crystalsToxic by ingestion,Explosive when dry.Keep moistened withForms salts with manyYellow skin stains. C6H2(NO2)3OHmoistened with waterinhalation or skinwater at all times or usemetals which are more 2,4,6-or dissolved in alcohol;contact. Ingestion mayonly in alcoholic solution.explosive than the acid Trinitrophenolm.p. 122°C;result in headache,itself. In contact with slightly soluble in water.nausea. Irritation ofconcrete may form eyes.calcium picrate, which is a friction-sensitive explosive. May react vigorously with reducing agents.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS PotassiumWhite flakes, powder,Corrosive toIn case of contact withReacts violently withAttacks some hydroxidepellets or sticks;respiratory system,eyes, rinse immediatelyacids and with nitro-metals (aluminium, KOHm.p. 360°Ceyes and skin;with water and seekbenzene and manyzinc, tin) in the b.p. 1320°C;inhalation of dustmedical advice; in caseother detergents.presence of very soluble in water.causes lung oedema.of contact with skin, washEvolves large quantitymoisture. immediately; removeof heat when mixed contaminated clothing.with water; store in a Wear rubber or plasticwell-sealed container. gloves and eye protection even for dilute solutions. PotassiumPurple crystals;Corrosive if swallowedPowerful oxidizingWear protective clothing,Reacts violently or permanganatem.p. 240°Cor if dust is inhaled.agent; may igniteeye protection andexplosively if mixed with KMnO4(decomposes);Extreme irritation ofcombustible materials.particulate respirator ifa wide variety of readily soluble in water.eyes and respiratorydust is produced.inorganic and organic tract, inhalation of dustcompounds or powdered may cause lung oedema.metals. PotassiumWhite deliquescentToxic by ingestion andWear protective telluritecrystals; very solubleinhalation of dust.clothing. K2TeO3in water.Irritation of skin and eyes. Propan-2-olColourless liquid withIrritation of eyes andHighly flammable;Keep container tightlyCan react vigorously70–85% propan-2- (CH3)2CHOHalcoholic odour;respiratory tract. Mayflashpoint 112°Cclosed; keep away fromwith oxidizers to formol in water used as Isopropanolm.p. –89°Caffect central nervousflammable rangeignition sources. Work inunstable peroxides ona disinfectant spray b.p 82°C;system causing2.3–12.7%.fume cupboard. Wearprolonged exposure toremains a miscible with water.headache, dizziness,nitrile gloves and eyeair and light.flammable hazard nausea, vomiting andprotection.and should not be coma.used near ignition sources.
PyridineColourless liquid withAffects central nervousHighly flammable;Work with ventilation,Reacts violently with C5H5Ncharacteristic odour;system causing dizzi-flashpoint 20°Clocal exhaust orstrong oxidants and m.p. 42°Cness, headache, nausea,explosive limits,respiratory protection;strong acids. b.p. 115°C.shortness of breath,1.8–12.4%.wear gloves and unconsciousness. MayGives off irritating orprotective clothing. be absorbed through skintoxic fumes (or gases) causing redness andin a fire. Vapour/ burning sensation. In-mixtures are explosive. gestion causes abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, weakness. Repeated exposure causes liver and kidney effects. SeleniumOdourless solid inIrritation of skin andCombustible. GivesPrevent dispersion ofReacts violently with oxi- Sevarious forms, darkeye. Inhalation of dustoff irritating or toxicdust. Observe strictdants and strong acids. red-brown to bluish-may cause lung oedema.fumes (or gases) inhygiene. Work with localReacts with water at 50°C black amorphous solidRepeated exposure maya fire.exhaust. Wear protectiveforming flammable or red transparentcause loss of nails,gloves, clothing, andhydrogen and selenious crystals or metallic greygastrointestinal effects.safety spectacles.acids. Reacts with incan- to black crystals;descence on gentle m.p. 170–217°Cheating with phosphorus b.p. 685°C.and metals such as nickel, potassium, platinum, sodium and zinc. SilverWhite metal, turns darkInhalation of highNot combustibleWork with local exhaust.Incompatible with Agon exposure to ozone,amounts of metallicexcept as powder.Wear protective glovesacetylene, ammonium hydrogen sulfide orsilver vapours may causeand safety spectacles orcompounds, oxalic acid sulfur;lung damage witheye protection inand tartaric acid. m.p. 962°Cpulmonary oedema. Maycombination with b.p. 2212°C.cause a grey-blue discol-respiratory protection for oration of the eyes, nose,powder or fume. throat and skin on long- term or repeated exposure (argyria).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESHEALTH HAZARDSFIRE HAZARDSSAFETY PRECAUTIONSINCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSOTHER HAZARDS Silver nitrateWhite crystals;May cause severeNot combustible butPrevent dispersion ofAmmoniacal solutions AgNO3m.p. 212°Cirritation and burns toenhances combustiondust. Observe strictcan precipitate explosive b.p. 444°C;eyes and skin. Corrosiveof other substances.hygiene. Wear protectivesilver nitrite in the soluble in water.by ingestion. May causerubber or plastic gloves,presence of base or a red-blue discolorationand face shield or eyeglucose. Can form of the skin on long-termprotection in combinationexplosive products with or repeated exposurewith respiratory protection.ethanol and may cause (argyria).In case of contact withexplosive polymerization eyes, rinse with waterwith acrylonitrile. May and seek medical advice.cause ignition of explosion if mixed with charcoal, magnesium, phosphorus or sulfur. Sodium azideColourless crystallineVery toxic by ingestion,DecomposesIn case of contact withExplosive reactions with N3Nasolid;inhalation and skinexplosively whenskin, wash immediately.bromine, carbon disulfide m.p. 300°C;contact; may causeheated above its melt-Do not inhale dust.or chromyl chloride. Solid soluble in water.burns. Dust anding point. Gives offWear rubber or plasticreacts with heavy metals solution irritate eyes andtoxic fumes whengloves and eyeincluding copper, lead and skin; may be absorbedheated; do not useprotection.mercury to form explosive through skin.water to extinguishmetal azide salts. On fires.contact with acid, develops highly toxic and explosive gas. SodiumColourless, whiteToxic by ingestion andWear protective clothing.Oxidizing agents. biselenitecrystalline powder;inhalation of dust; NaHSeO3soluble in water.possible danger of cumulative effects. Experimental teratogen. Prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis.
Sodium cyanideWhite crystallineExtremely toxic byMay give off toxicDo not inhale dust; useLiberates extremelyTreat spillage of NaCNpowder with almondingestion, inhalationfumes in a fire.respiratory protection.toxic hydrogen cyanidesolutions with odour;and skin contact;Avoid eye and skin contact;(HCN) gas on contactbleaching powder m.p. 563°Cseverely irritating toin case of contact withwith acids or with water(sodium hypo- b.p. 1496°C;eyes. May be absorbedskin, wash immediatelycontaining dissolvedchlorite) and leave very soluble in water.through skin. Repeatedwith water and removecarbon dioxide. Canfor 24h. Sweep up exposure may affectcontaminated clothing.form explosive mixturessolid spills carefully thyroid.Wear chemical-gradewith nitrites.and add to water goggles and rubber orcontaining plastic gloves. Keep in ableaching powder; securely locked, ventilatedleave for 24h store.before discarding. Keep cyanide anti- dote kit available in the laboratory. SodiumColourless flakes,Solid and concentratedNot combustible.In case of contact withEvolves large quantityStore in well-sealed hydroxidepowder, pellets orsolute. Inhalation ofContact with moistureeyes rinse immediatelyof heat when mixed withcontainer in dry NaOHsticks;dust causes damage toor water may generateand seek medical advice;water. Reacts vigorouslyplace. m.p. 318°Crespiratory tract, lungsufficient heat toin case of contact withwith chloroform- b.p. 1390°C;oedema. Corrosive byignite combustibleskin wash immediatelymethanol mixtures and soluble in water.ingestion. Dilutesubstances.with water, removewith strong acids. solutions irritating tocontaminated clothing. eyes or may cause severeWear rubber or plastic damage if eye contact isgloves and eye protection prolonged.even with dilute solutions.